Embedded Systemsan introduction

Dr ALI El-Mousa

University of Jordan

Computer Engineering Department

Content

1. History of embedded systems

2. State of the practiceEmbedded Systems Markets

3. Definitions & Requirements

4. ....

1. History of ES

History of ES: the elevator example

Elevator history From ancient times through the Middle Ages,

and into the 13th century, man, animal, wind and water power was the driving force behind hoisting devices.

http://www.columbia-elevator.com/info/index.html http://www.otis.com/aboutotis/elevatorsinfo/0,1361,CLI1,00.html

Elevator history By 1850 steam and hydraulic

elevators had been introduced

Elevator history: OTIS in 1852 the invention of the world's

first safety elevator by Elisha Graves Otis.

“parachute”

OTIS story

The first passenger elevator was installed by Otis in New York in 1857. After Otis' death in 1861, his sons, Charles and Norton, built on his heritage, creating Otis Brothers & Co. in 1867.

By 1873 over 2,000 Otis elevators were in use in office buildings, hotels and department stores across America, and five years later the first Otis hydraulic passenger elevator was installed.

OTIS story

The Era of the Skyscraper followed.... and in 1889 Otis revealed the first successful direct-connected geared electric elevator machines.

In 1898 overseas business had added to the company's growth, and Otis Brothers merged with 14 other elevator entities to form the Otis Elevator Company.

OTIS story 1903: the gearless traction electric

elevator

Elevator control

Throughout all these years, Otis innovations in automatic controls have included:

the Signal Control System Peak Period Control 1948: the Otis Autotronic System

(first elevators without operators) Multiple Zoning.

Todays added value Remote elevator

monitoring The control unit has a

webserver included Elevators are

networked

History of ES: telephone switching

systems

The switching system story

Manual switching

Electro-mechanical switching

The switching system story

1965: first electronic switching central officethe 1 ESS

The switching system story

1980: Digital switching systems:

Today

Increasing number of services New services every 2 years => how to quickly

adapt massive software??? Switching system is part of “the internet”

History of ES: the advent of electronics &

computer technology

1961: Autonetics D-17 The first mass-produced embedded

system guidance computer for the Minuteman

missile, released in 1961. It was built from discrete transistor logic

and had a hard disk for main memory. When the Minuteman II went into

production in 1966, the D-17 was replaced with a new computer that was the first high-volume use of integrated circuits. This program alone reduced prices on quad NAND gate ICs from $1000/each to $3/each, permitting their use in commercial products.

The crucial design features of the Minuteman computer were that its guidance algorithm could be reprogrammed later in the program, to make the missile more accurate, and the computer could also test the missile, saving cable and connector weight.

1964: Apollo Guidance Computer The first recognizably modern embedded system developed by Charles Stark Draper at the MIT

Instrumentation Laboratory. Each flight to the moon had two. They ran the

inertial guidance systems of both the command module and LEM.

At the project's inception, the Apollo guidance computer was considered the riskiest item in the Apollo project.

The use of the then new monolithic integrated circuits, to reduce the size and weight, increased this risk.

Apollo guidance computer

1960: PDP-1….11....

Factory automation

Pdp11 - QBus

PDP-11…RT-11

First Real-Time Operating Systems Still alive

History of ES: the advent of the microprocessor

Intel 4004

For calculators and other small systems. required external memory chips and other

external support logic. More powerful microprocessors, such as the

Intel 8080 were developed for military projects, but also sold for other uses.

Mid 70s

8-bit microprocessors were the norm, but usually needed external memory chips, and logic for decoding and input/output.

prices rapidly fell and more applications adopted small embedded systems in place of (then more common) custom logic designs.

Some of the more visible applications were in instrumentation and expensive devices

Mid 80s

external system components had been integrated into the same chip as the processor.

The result was a dramatic reduction in the size and cost of embedded systems. Such integrated circuits were called microcontrollers rather than microprocessors, and widespread use of embedded systems became feasible.

As the cost of a microcontroller fell below $1, it became feasible to replace expensive analog components such as potentiometers and variable capacitors with digital electronics controlled by a small microcontroller.

By the end of the 80s, embedded systems were the norm rather than the exception for almost all electronics devices, a trend which has continued since.

END of history

2. Market & Examples

Market shares and sales

Global embedded systems market

OS used today

Source: http://www.vdc-corp.com

CMP survey: http://www.embedded.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=187203732

Markets

Automotive Avionics/Aerospace/Defence Industrial Automation Telecommunications Consumer Electronics & Intelligent Homes &

Retail (Thin Clients/POS) Scientific & Medical Equipment Computer peripherals

Automotive

Automotive

Automotive

• Electronic control units in chassis systems • Power train electronics• Body electronics/security systems• Driver Information and in-car entertainment• Safety & vehicle dynamics• Information and computing systems• Automatic & remote diagnosis

Source: INFINEON during SURGE meeting dec 2000

Source: INFINEON during SURGE meeting dec 2000

Source: INFINEON during SURGE meeting dec 2000

Some Large Players DaimlerChrysler: http://www.daimlerchrysler.com PSA-Peugeot-Citroen: http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com Renault: http://www.renault.com Audi AG: www.audi.com Volkswagen AG: www.vw.com BMW Group: www.bmw.com Ford Motor Company: www.ford.com Toyota: www.toyota.com Opel: www.opel.com Siemens VDO: www.siemensvdo.com Bosch: www.bosch.com Delphi: www.delphi.com Valeo: www.valeo.com Johnson Controls: http://www.johnsoncontrols.com/

Avionics/Aerospace/Defense

Avionics/Aerospace/Defense

It includes commercial aircraft, military aircraft, satellite & radar systems.

Command & Control & Communications & Intelligence

Air-traffic control Telemetry Avionics & test equipment Vehicle simulation Automatic test systems Missile guidance systems Vehicle control systems

Space

Dedicated Systems & DIFA

Data Interface Front End Assembly (DIFA)-systeem - Alcatel Bell Space

Dedicated Systems was subcontractor for the DIFA software

Radar

Aircraft simulation

Avionics

C4I

http://www.c4i.org

Air Traffic Control

Test benches

Some Major Players

Airbus: http://www.airbus.com Thales: http://www.thalesgroup.com Boeing: http://www.boeing.com BAE: www.baesystems.com Bombardier: www.bombardier.com Embraer : www.embraer.com

Industrial automation

Industrial Automation

Manufacturing and process control motion controllers & operator interfaces Intelligent Homes Robotics, HVAC: heating, ventilation and airco Energy distribution. general Transport infrastructure (route, rail) Building automation Construction, mining, oil & gas Agricultural machinery Financial systems & Postal systems

Manufacturing Supervisor/Control Process monitoring Factory-data collection Manufacturing test Quality control Factory-floor control Robotics control Nuclear power plants control & simulation

Automation

Process monitoring & control

Pick & place – inspection - litho

Transport infrastructure(route, rail) Vehicle control systems

(manned or unmanned) Vehicle management systems

(intelligent automobiles) Vehicle guidance - positioning - localisation (GPS) Route Traffic control Baggage handling systems Pipeline inspection systems ABS, fuel injection, active suspension

Rail

Building automation, domotics

DOMus infOrmaTICS

Construction, mining, oil & gas & agricultural machinery

Pipeline inspection

Financial systems

Audio/photo/video industry Photolab equipment Video production & mastering equipment Audio production & mastering equipment CD/DVD production & mastering equipment

Postal systems

Power production & distribution

Power production Nuclear Thermal Windmills

Power distribution

Powerplants & Power distribution

Some Players ABB: http://www.abb.com/ Allen Bradley: http://www.ab.com/products.html Automation Direct: http://web4.automationdirect.com/adc/Home/Home Comau: http://www.comau.com GE Fanuc: http://www.gefanuc.com/ Honeywell: http://www.honeywell.com/sites/acs/ Klockner Moeller: http://www.klocknermoeller.com Mitsubishi: http://www.mitsubishi-automation.com/ Omron: http://omron-industrial.com/uk/home/ Rockwell: http://www.rockwellautomation.com/

Reliance: http://www.reliance.com/

Toshiba: http://www.toshiba.com/tai/support/support_ind.jsp# Schneider Electric: http://www.schneider-electric.com/wps/portal/corp/

Merlin Gerin: http://www.merlin-gerin.com/MG/en/index.htm Square D: http://www.squared.com/ Telemecanique: http://www.telemecanique.com/en/index.htm

Siemens: http://www.automation.siemens.com/_en/portal/index.htm Westinghouse: http://rras.westinghousenuclear.com/

Telecommunications

Telecommunications

It includes infrastructure, services and end devices.

Switching systems, PBXs Operational support systems, Network planning,

Customer services Testing, Monitoring Data transmission & protocol conversions Network controllers Modems, Fax servers, Fire walls Interactive voice response systems

Telephone

Telecom

Networks

Consumer Electronics, Intelligent Homes,

Retail

Consumer Electronics, Intelligent Homes, Retail

It includes set-top boxes, Internet access devices, home audio/video, and white goods.

Video games Interactive CD Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) Car PC Set top boxes Cell phones (GSM)

Consumer

Smart devices

Retail (Thin Clients/POS)

Scientific & MedicalEquipment

Scientific & Medical Equipment

It includes patient monitoring equipment medical therapy equipment imaging systems (x-ray, scanners, therapy systems) diagnostic equipment imaging equipment surgical systems laboratory tests control & acquisition seismic data acquisition automatic liquid (&..) analysing systems life supporting equipment equipment for the handicapped oscilloscopes, logic analysers, spectrum analysers,

network analysers

Instrumentation

medical

surgical

Computer peripherals

Computers and their peripherals Copy machines Printing office equipment Multimedia equipment Mass storage equipment Display systems

Computer peripherals

Conclusion 1

An extreme variety of application areas. Each application area has its “habits”. An increasing amount of money is involved. Only few engineers worldwide involved

(maximum 200K ?) having influence on our daily lives of all of us.

Conclusion 2

Hardware is important and will produce the money

However – the intelligence in the software is the sales driver:smart – smarter – smartest….

In industry most people are hardware educatedMartin’s statement: “embedded systems = the world of electronic hobbyists”

Is it art, technology or science?

END ofMarket & Examples