DPAC Socorro 2003

SOCORRO DOWNTOWNREVITALIZATION

SOCORRO, NEW MEXICO

Design and Planning Assistance CenterSchool of Architecture and PlanningUniversity of New Mexico

Spring 2003

SOCORRO

SOCORRO DOWNTOWNrevitalization suggestions

Socorro, NM

drawing by: Steve Miller on underlay by Jose Zelaya Printing courtesy of Mesa Reprographics

Design and Planning Assistance CenterSchool of Architecture and Planning

University of New Mexico2414 Central Ave. SE

Albuquerque, NM 87131

Spring 2003

Faculty Advisors: Chris WilsonMark Childs

Design and Planning Assistance Center(DPAC) is a community service of the School ofArchitecture and Planning at the University ofNew Mexico. We work with community groupsand not-for-profit organizations throughout NewMexico on architectural, planning, and landscapeprojects. DPAC was established in 1969 and isstaffed by students in architecture, planning, andlandscape degree programs.

To obtain additional copies of this publication, contact:School of Architecture and PlanningUniversity of New MexicoMark Childs, Director of DPAC, UNMemail: [email protected]

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I. IntroductionGeorge Hubert

II. PlazaSocorro Plaza ParkYvette Tovar

Plaza Floor DesignSajini Mysore

Veterans ParkSusanne Greene

III. InfillSocorro Shopping MarketTamarah Begay

Veterans ParkBill Slettom

Proposed Commercial DevelopmentDarren Huval

Farmers Market and Mixed Use ActivitiesSmitha Mysore

Re-Organization of Space and Flow at theWest End of the PlazaBill Suttles

El Nuevo Val VerdeGeorge Hubert

Fisher Avenue and the Second Layer of thePlaza DistrictTom Vliet

Urban Infill Around The PlazaEthan Kane

The Corner Shopping ComplexSejal Panchal

Development of Vacant North BlockGauri Vengurlekar

IV. Block LayoutStreet Adjustment and Block LayoutSteve Miller

V. Public ArtSocorro SignsKatie Maguire

VI. References

VII. Appendices

1

Socorro does not need “fixing” any more than itneeds “preservation” under glass. Socorro is aunique and beautiful place with abundant culturaland natural resources. The city stands as a placeand a destination with a vibrant history and a wayof life all its own.

However, the economic circumstance of Socorrocasts a shadow on its future. This demandsaction from the people who live in this place andwho desire that their way of life continue. Solidify-ing the economic foundation of Socorro motivatedthe City of Socorro to contract with the Universityof New Mexico’s Design Planning and AssistanceCenter (DPAC).

Over a seven-week period, 15 students in DPACcontemplated urban design issues in the area ofthe Plaza and on Manzanares Street to therailroad depot. The students developed designsuggestions that sought to celebrate Socorro’scivic identity and enhance tourism revenuesimultaneously.

The particular value of any one of these sugges-tions remains for the people of Socorro to deter-mine. Whether or not any suggestion has specialrelevance is far less important than the discus-sion of relevance itself. We encourage the peopleof Socorro to engage in a frank discussion aboutour work. We encourage this in the hope thatcriticism and discussion of our work willstrengthen Socorro’s civic identity.

Image Description

As outsiders with a particular view of urbandesign, we close this introduction with twogeneral observations and principles that informour thinking and general reflect current thought inthe disciplines of planning, landscape architec-ture, and architecture.

The first concerns California Street. Californiaamounts to a business loop for I-25. The trafficthat California generates presents both advan-tages and disadvantages. In our view, the traffic atthe intersection of California and Manzanaresshould be slowed down with either a round-a-about or signage in order to direct drivers’ atten-tion towards the plaza.

The second concerns the issue of parking. Acommon misconception is that all parking mustbe at the front door of the destination. Currentthought by a number of academics and practitio-ners argues that too much parking often dilutesthe vibrancy of pedestrian oriented spaces andactually inhibits economic growth.

I. Introduction

2

II. Process

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Process DescriptionTo understand the context of the project, the DPAC studio wasinvolved in research on Socorro including data collection, site vis-its, and meetings with community members.Initialization of the project:a) Background workb) Site visitsc) Initial design ideas and identification of issues.

Background WorkThe class collected data on the history of Socorro, demograph-ics, environmental facts and issues, tourism, historical and basemaps, and study photographs of the plaza and the plaza corridor.Information was also gathered through meetings with ConsensusPlanning of Albuquerque. Information and issues gathered at thisstage included:- Flooding, water shortage, earthquakes and other environmental issues- Changes in the plaza area over time- Importance of Bosque del Apache, Very Large Array, and the School of Mines.- A Cultural corridor for Socorro considering the corridor connecting San Miguel Church and the Courthouse.

An early map of Socorro identifying the areas in and aroundthe plaza.

A 1930 Map of Socorro showing physical changes takenplace over the years.

A Flooded city.Socorro County Historic Society-Vol. 2

San Miguel Church processionSocorro, A Historic Survey- John P Conron

School of MinesSocorro, A Historic Survey-John P Conron

II. P

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Site identified for Farmer’s MarketView towards the post office

Visits to Socorro

During visits to Socorro, theclass engaged in studying the surround-ings at different times of the day, and ondifferent days of a week to get a feelingof the life in Socorro.

Much information was also gathered byhaving informal conversations with theresidents and visitors and a formalmeeting with city officials.

-Economic Development

-Youth Engagement

- Commercial Development

- Historic Fabric

- Plaza Activities

Visual and verbal information gatheredfrom the preliminary studies evolvedvarious thoughts pertaining to the physi-cal space and layout of the city, architec-tural features unique to Socorro, andidentification of various issues. Thesefinally progressed to establishing basicideas into definite categories-

Initial design Ideas and concerns

Respecting and realising the concernsof the people for their city became thegoal for the design studio in arriving atproposals that would reflect a desiredenvironment.

Identification of possible projectsthrough on-site sketches, photographsand discussions of existing conditionsincluded:- curbs and walkways- width of roads and islands- street texture- possible infill projects- edge definition- containing the plaza space visually- enhancing public involvement at the plaza- signage at the plaza and the entry to Socorro from I-25- Farmer’s Market space- parking around the plaza area- impact of the post office on the plaza- flooding issues

View of the gazebo, Plaza.

III. Plaza Design

Scheme One

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FacultyMark ChildsChris Wilson

StudentYvette Tovar

Image DescriptionImage DescriptionImage Description

6

III.

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The current flooding of the Plaza Park provides an opportunity to celebrate this valuable resource when it rains. The grade of thestreet around the Plaza Park would be raised when the asphalt is removed. This grade change converts the park itself into a gentleswale that would invite the water coming from the west. The park edges would also be extended by 20’ on the north, west and south

sides and 10’ on the east side. Additionally there would be detention swales inserted along the central axis of the park walkway, theywould measure 20x6 and would have a groundcover vegetation as well as a sculpture formed of copper(copper because NM Tech

mines copper), that would rise up and out of the swale. The importance of this is that the sense of water is present the majority of theyear when it is not raining, but can accommodate the rain when it comes. In a 2 year storm, the rain would fill the swales in the park,

in a 20 year storm the park would flood and in a 100 year storm the whole plaza would flood.

With the grade change in the street around the park, the sidewalk and street are at the same level, thus, creating a need to delineatea boundary at the street edge for cars. This would be forms cast in concrete, 8” high and 5” apart all around the park sidewalk. The

shape of this form echoes the copper sculpture in the swales; is low enough to not inhibit entering the park from any side, and alsomarks the boundary for cars.

There is also the opportunity to capture the water from roof runoff from the buildings in the plaza. Here I have designed a capturefunnel, made of copper and tying into the design of the copper swales and parking forms. There would be a 6” separation in the

copper downspout so that the water can be seen as it passes. That viewing and hearing the water is part of the celebration of thewater when it rains/floods in the Plaza Park.

Copper Downspout Rainwater storage Under street level

III. Plaza Design

THE VISION....THE MISSION

The Plaza Floor may be considered as the majorelement responsible for containing the entireplaza space along with the structural elements partially binding it. Recogninzing this factor, the chief concernwas to bring in a difference in the street texture,create an aura of cultural and historicalenvironment and lay out a defined floor-edge. This proposal makes an effort to harness andelevate the unique cultural identity of Socorro. New structures introduced at the plazato visually tie the Plaza.

FacultyProf. Mark ChildsProf. Chris Wilson

StudentSajini Mysore

Image Description

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WATER-FALL

Section along the Plaza-Street- Placing a closer llinkbetween the structure, street and the plaza park.

Graphical representation of the street, parking area and theplaza-park.

Streets- Repaved with concrete pavement tiles in ‘Herringbone pattern’to suit vehicular movement. Paved streets terminated at specific junc-tions to emphasize the spatial entity of the plaza.Plaza-park and walkway- An effort to visually link the park with the walk-way by the use of materials and elements.

Clay-Brick and cement pavement tiling usedfor pedestrian walkway and vehicular streetrespectively.

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CONCEPT VISUALIZATION

Elements of design suchas the arcaded walkway, parking shel-ter, seating parapet around the park,and the night lamps have been incor-porated to enhance the spirit of theplaza at Socorro.

Public canopied walkway, framing theentranceway to the Plaza park.

Existing Plaza-park. Pictorial depiction of Ideas Influencing the Design Process.

The picture below shows the streetabutting capitol bar, where the existingroad is terminated and a canopied walk-way is designed,framing the entrance wayand also creating an edgeto the plazaarea.

Overview of the Plaza-park from the SouthEast corner.

Plaza park-Viewfrom inside.

View of the Parking Shelter fromthe North West corner of the Plaza.

Night ViewExisting and proposedlamposts.

Elevation from the South of Plaza.

Parking Shelter

III. Plaza Design

10

Site Context


StudentSuzanne Greene

Socorro City Plaza Project

Veterans Park, located on the Southaxis off the Plaza, is anchored on thesouth end by the county courthouse.

The park redesign solution continues tohonor the Baca memorial that is cen-

trally located, as well as, Jumbo – afragment of the container which origi-

nally was to hold the atomic bombtested at Trinity Site in 1945. The

historic marker is moved to a locationat the North end of the park.

A reflecting pool connects the twomemorials and provides a place for

contemplation and reflection. Thisdesign concept partitions to an area of

natural beauty and inspiration. A naturalpond serves to attract native wildlifeand migrating birds with native plant

communities providing sanctuary.Inspired by the Bosque del Apache to

the south of Socorro, the wildlife sanctu-ary garden rewards the visitor with

peace and relaxation. Gravel pathswind around the pond and stone

benches provide seating for observa-tion. Installations of play equipment on

the southern end of the park invitesfamilies to share in the adventure.

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III. Infill Design


StudentTamarah Begay

Proposed Site PlanArial Perspective

Perspective

Concept Sketch

12Perspective

Visiting Socorro for the first time I was attractedto the open lot next to the Brew Pub. Upon furtherinvestigation of the lot I wanted to continue theexisting context of the site and building elementsinto a potential Shopping Market. Some of thebuildings and design elements included portals,pedestrian walkways (sidewalks), and courtyardspaces.

The first concept for the Socorro Shopping Marketwas to look at the Brew Pub and its significantarchitectural features and overlay it onto to thenew Shopping Market. The Second concept wasto look at City Hall and overlay its architecturalcomposition into a type two building for a shop-ping market.

Concept 1

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Perspective

Massing Model

Concept 2

Veterans Park offers a great opportunity for apedestrian friendly connection from the CourtHouse area to the Plaza and City Hall. This well-used park has playground equipment, a VeteransMonument, benches for sitting, and mature trees.This plan enlarges the park and restricts theparking to the business side of the street. Thestreet is narrowed to the parking lane and twolanes in the present one-way scheme. At theentrances to the park, the pavement is raised tothe level of the curb, alerting drivers that they areentering a pedestrian-priveleged area. Traffic isalso calmed by closing the Court Street northentrance to the park. The exit to the Plaza wouldremain as is.

View to Court House

View to Plaza

Design for Trellis

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lll. Infill Design: Veterans Park


StudentBill Slettom

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Aerial view of Veterans Park

The space between these streetsoffers a great site for a patiorestaurant.

Filling in the voids will define theedges of the Park.

Existing vacant lots could beconverted to parking.

This pedestrian way connects thepark to the parking area.

A trellis surrounds the park offeringshade and beauty to a pedestrian-friendly street.

Raised driveways guard entrances topark loop, slowing traffic.

Brick-patterned paving surrounds parkand identifies pedestrian walkways.

III.

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III. Infill Design

Proposed CommercialDevelopment for Manzanaresand California Block

My design focuses on the importantcommercial block that anchors the cornerof Manzanares and California street.

Two designs were developed, thefirst is a single level structure that retainssome of the existing parking at the site.Although limiting the amount of buildablespace, this was well received by the peopleof Socorro for primarily keeping the park-ing and adding new facilities to the area.

The second design is a two storystructure with retail on the lower floor andoffice space above. The overall scale ofthe building and the seemingly lack of in-terest in the office space above made thisa less popular option to the community.


StudentDarren Huval

Section of building heightsElevation of one level design

Floorplan of one level design16

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Second level, office spaces

Front Entrance

Elevation of two level design

First level, small retail spaces

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III. Infill Design

Activities :Mixed use and Farm-ers Market

The design arises out of adesire to create a spacecondusive for multiple activi-ties throughout the week andto explore the potential to ca-ter to the interests of all agegroups.The concept primarily ad-dresses two situations:market and non-marketdays.The percieved activities onthese days, the relationshipof any such proposal with theplaza,the adjoining buildingsand the street scape formedthe main determinants.


Student(s)Smitha Mysore

PROPOSED DESIGN18

A collonade defines the proposed court (between the bankof america and the city hall) and the edge along the street.

The hopscotch courtwith hopscotch designsin the paving, trees andseating, the entry courtat the plaza and thesubtle staggering of thetwo stall ’arms’ breakthe linerarity of the siteand creates points ofinterest, pulling peopleinto these areas.

HERITAGE PARK LOOKING WESTPhoto by Thomas V, SAAP, UNM

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19

VIEW OF THE MARKET FROM THE PLAZA

Photo by Sejal PanchalSAAP,UNM

THE PLAN WITH CIRCULATION PATHS

Olympics Village: Sydney, Australia.Company : Unknown

Shade Structures by Birdair : Quasar typehttp://www.shade.birdair.com

Shade Structures by Birdair : Monaco typehttp://www.shade.birdair.com

OPTION 1 OPTION 2

Tensile fabricstructures at theentry court and thehistory wheel form avisually definableedge to the plaza,also marking theextents of themarket.Shade structures ofthe market stallsenhance the dy-namic quality.Displays of light onthem at night con-tribute to a stimulat-ing environment.

On the fullest days, the marketis expected to extend into theadjoining streets.

III. Infill Design


StudentBill Suttles

20

AREAS OF CONCERN ON THE PLAZA

With a little focus and a little visualdetermination my initial intent was to lookat possible ways to “warm” up the west endof the plaza by making the space moreinviting. The current postal building is “cold”looking and doesn’t really relate to the plazaat all. How would I relate it to the centralarea and how would I make it a more invit-ing space to come to? Simply by giving thePostal building a new “warm” facade make-over and a simple “portal” mall structure, aswell as tightning up the street width betweenthe plaza and the far west end. By re-invit-ing the west end back into the central plazaI beleive the entire plaza would benefit in apossible revitalization.

EXISTING PLAZA AXIS DIAGRAMEXISTING PEDESTRIAN DIAGRAMEXISTING TRAFFIC DIAGRAM

EXISTING STREET SECTION (LOOKING NORTH)

WIDE ANGLE OF WEST END OF PLAZA STRAIGHT SHOT OF WEST END

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21 A POSSIBLE IDEA OF WHAT THE WEST ENDOF THE PLAZA COULD LOOK LIKE AFTER ANEW FACADE AND A SIMPLE “PORTAL”STRUCTURE

Imag

es re

nder

ed b

y Bi

ll Su

ttles

PROPOSED NEW PLAN (EMPHASIS ONPLAZA AXIS AND COLUMN SPACING

PROPOSED NEW PLAN (EMPHASIS ONNEW “PORTAL” STRUCTURE INTERFACINGW/ NEW POSTAL BUILDING FACADE ANDENTRY POINTS

NEW TRAFFIC DIAGRAM NEW PEDESTRIAN DIAGRAM

PERSPECTIVE VIEW (LOOKING NORTH)

PERSPECTIVE VIEW (LOOKING NORTH WEST )

NEW PROPOSED STREET SECTION (LOOKING NORTH)

“PORTAL” STRUCTURE CONCEPT

NEW PLAZA AXIS DIAGRAM

El Nuevo Val Verde HotelIII. Infill Design Proposed El Nuevo Val Verde. Northeast corner of California & Manzanares

Front Facade of the Historic Val Verde Hotel

In numerous interviews, business ownersand city officials consistently expressed adesire to increase tourism in Socorro. Atpresent only national chain motels provideaccommodations. The placement of a bou-tique hotel at the northeast corner of

Historic Val Verde Hotel


StudentGeorge Hubert

California and Manzanares Streets couldfill this market niche. In addition, the hotelcould provide a much needed bridgeacross California between the plaza districtand the east end of Manzanares Street. Inthe short term, this project could

complement the larger effort to increasetrade in the plaza vicinity as well as the res-taurant located in the historic Val VerdeHotel. Over the longer term, revenue fromthe new hotel could provide capital for therestoration of the historic hotel, an irreplace-able Socorro landmark.

22

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23

On my first visit to the city of Socorro, New Mexico,I came across an abandon church and beautiful stonebuilding sitting side by side. I was immediately at-tracted by the simplicity of the buildings and thewonderful geometry the two had together. I de-cided that I wanted to concentrate my part of thisclass project on these two buildings.

After the first progress critique in class, it was sug-gested by a guest critic that I broaden my effortsto not just the two buildings on Fisher Avenue, butcome up with a plan that looks at the buildings aroundthe outside of the plaza.

I developed Fisher Avenue with new shops, apart-ments, and housing which make up the “SecondLayer” of the plaza district, and suggested examplesof the types of businesses that people could re-model existing buildings and lots on other streets inthat second layer. I also focused on two conceptsfor the Fisher Avenue Site. One was a Chapel andReception Hall with Catering Services and storagefor push-cart vendors, and the other was a One RoomSchool or Day Care type facility.

Fisher Avenueand the

of thePlaza District

24

Second LayerPlaza District Layers Arial Perspective of Plaza Examples of Businesses

North Elevation of Fisher Avenue

South Elevation of Fisher Avenue

Site Plan of Fisher Avenue

III. Infill Design


StudentTom Vliet

III.

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One Room SchoolConcept One

Wedding ChapelConcept Two

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Perspective of One Room School Perspective of Chapel

Floor Plan of One Room School Floor Plan of Chapel 25

Designing readilybuildable spaces

in proximity toSocorro Plaza.

Revitalizingdowntown Socorro

by creatingnodes of interest

that engage communitymembers and tourists

alike.

Working withabandoned land.

THE GARDEN

Utilizing runoff waterby catching it,

filtering it,and storing it.

Bringing backthe waffle garden.

A usable,educational,

accessible space.

III. Infill Design

26


StudentEthan Kane

MANZANARES/CALIFORNIA

Maintaining functional aspectsof parking facilities while definingedges of the space and empha-sizing entry corridor to the Plaza.

Multiple uses;Farmer’s Market Stalls

KiosksSigns for Community Events

all contribute to the celebration ofdiversity within the community.

27

III.

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III. Infill Design

Creating an outdoor room.Celebrating community talent.

A place to demonstrate the beautyand variety of plants.

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StudentEthan Kane

In the event of larger theatrical productions, the entire street can be blocked off and used for seating. There should be the option ofmultiple layers of screens for backdrops and props. A film club could take on the task of projecting films on warm evenings.

Informal gathering space.

Bring your own chair.Ethan Kane 29

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III. Infill Design

The Corner Shopping Complex

The Plaza as we see it now seems very disintegrated and doesnot seem contained due to various reasons like the scale of thebuildings around it, lack of pedestrian and other human activities.For the same reason the building proposed on the northeastcorner plot would emphasize more on the pedestrian activitiesrecommending more of retail spaces at the groundfloor, a cornercafe at the plot, a bookstore and a boutique are a fewsuggestions. Moreover, a common lobby area between the newbuilding and the existing would help utilize the second floor ofthe chamber of commerce building, which is otherwise not used.The office spaces are suggested on the second floor.


StudentSejal Panchal

Perspective from Inside the PortalesBay Elevatioin-1

First Floor plan

Section through Bay Option-1

Pict

ures

by

Tom

Vlie

t

30

Site Pictures - Empty lot at Northeast corner

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31

Elevation of building from Plaza

Perspective of building from Plaza

Elevation of the building from Bernard street

Second Floor Plan

Bay Elevation-2 Bay Elevation-2 Existing Portales atBrew Pub

The architectural language of the Portales is carried on in the newbuilding with glass and steel emphasizing the corner. The Portales is20 feet wide, so as to facilitate the seating under it without disturbingthe pedestrian traffic. The Portales is wide enough to cater to vendorsas well as the stalls for Farmer’s Market. Moreover, the built in furniturewould make it a more friendly everyday environment.

III. Infill Design:North Block

North block designNorth block designNorth block designNorth block designNorth block design

Faculty Mark ChildsChris Wilson

StudentGauri Vengurlekar

Location of plot View of cafe from plazaplan overview

32

Phot

ogra

ph b

y Th

omas

Vie

ly

Plan

view of existing vacant plot

view of plot with proposed scheme

The proposed schemeconsists of a vibrantarcade,a cafe overlookingthe plaza and a bowlingalley, all of which wouldcontribute towards creat-ing a ‘hangout place’

rend

ered

by

Stev

e M

iller

The intent was to de-velop the block north ofthe plaza into an enter-tainment area as a wayof attracting moreyounger generationmembers and families tothe plaza

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Des

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33

view of scheme from plaza

sections through arcade showing the different phases of the collinade

view of cafe from plaza

view through arcade

view of massing of scheme

perspective looking north from the plaza towards the brewery

street section &block layout

s t e v e m i l l e r

In the following study, I’ve located a num-ber of areas around the plaza that couldbe reconsidered for traffic direction orjust need the space occupied by thestreet to be better defined.

Images of suggestedstreet manipulationsare keyed to the 3-dmap (at right)

general layout

At a glance, here’s the new suggested street layout. The gazebo ismoved so as to be the focus of as many streets as possible.

keyed 3-d map

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III. Design

35

22222 bernard st. at brewery

Suggested building holds the cornerwhere a crucial piece of the plaza is miss-ing.

Accentuates the connection be-tween the plaza and the historic church.

3 3 3 3 3 bernard st. at abstract titleAids pedestrian by condensing ve-

hicular traffic to one set of lanes.Does not require moving curb on

east side of current median.Street terminates in historic

brewerey building.Gives potential area for farmers’

market (or just expansion to current site).

11111 school of mines rd.Improves pedestrian useage by pro-

viding continuous sidewalks, lighting, andslowing vehicular traffic

Makes a more formal connectionbetween the plaza and NM Tech.

existingproposed plan and

street section

s t e v e m i l l e rcontinued...

36

4 SW corner of plazaImproves pedestrian usage in plaza by elimi-

nating the Park st. exit, thereby limiting the number ofvehicular ways that a pedestrian crosses when walk-ing around the plaza. Infill building(or pavillion, land-scaping, etc.) helps to define the space of the plazawhile still allowing pedestrian access from Park st.

55555 south of plazaAids pedestrian by condensing vehicular

traffic to one set of lanes.Increases area and safety for children’s play

area. Pedestrian park teminates into courthouseon south end.

66666 SE corner of plazaImproves pedestrian usage in plaza by elimi-

nating Mechem st. vehicular access, thereby limit-ing the number of vehicular ways that a pedestriancrosses when walking around the plaza.

Infill building(or pavillion, landscaping, etc.)helps to define the space of the plaza while stillallowing pedestrian access from Mechem st.

exis

ting

prop

osed

pla

n an

dst

reet

sec

tion

2 views of Manzanares/California intersection redisigned to bring people into the plaza. Perspectiveindicates towers (looking west) with projected signs for at night time.

37

Image Description Image Description

a look at some earlier ideas

III. Public Art Design

Socorro Signs

•freeway sign: 30’ stainless streel crane lo-cated at both Socorro exits•”crane” streetlight attachments: from free-way all along California Street•archway: across intersection of Californiaand Manzanares•”wing” signs and pedestrain lights: on Cali-fornia between abeytia and Winkler-signscould be made of solar panels to generateenergy for the lights (all projects could pos-sibly be funded by NEA or State Public Art)•plaza funiture: continue lights and benchesdown Manzanares to the Val Verde

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StudentKatie Maguire

WPA posters

WPA on sidewalk in front of Post Office

intersection of California and Manzanares

freeway exit from the north

images from: Posters of the WPA, Christopher DeNoon, 1987

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freeway sign

“wing” lights and pedestrian lights

archway

plaza furnitureSocorro Icons

“crane” streetlight attachments

IV.

Ref

eren

ces

Bibliography

DeNoon, Christopher. Posters of theWPA. Los Angeles: The WheatleyPress, 1987

Doolittle, William Emery. CultivatedLandscapesOf Native NorthAmerica, Oxford, New York:Oxford University Press, 2000

Gallo, Max. The Poster In History, Milan:Arnoldo Mondadori, 1972

Hayden, Dolores. The Power of Place:Urban Landscapes As PublicHistory, Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 1997

Heon, Laura. (editor) additional editors;Diggs, Peggy; Thompson, JosephBillboard Art on The Road, ARetrospective Exhibition of Artist’sBillboards of the Last 30 Years

North Adams, MA: Mass MOCA, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1999

Hood, Walter ed. by Levy, Leah; Urban Diaries, Washington DC: Space- maker Press, 1997

Lippard, Lucy. The Lure of the Local.New York: New Press 1997

Morrow, Baker. Best Plants for NewMexico Gardens and Land-scapes, Albuquerque: UNMPress, 1995

Mukoda, Naoki. Street Furniture=SutoritoFanicha, Tokyo: Bijutsu Suppan-sha, 1990

Solomon, Barbara Stauffacher. GreenAchitecture and the AgrarianGarden, New York: Rizzoli, 1988

Vance, Mary. Gates and Gateways:References 1970-1987,Monticello IL: Vance Bibliogra-phies, 1988

DPAC Socorro 2003

Documents

Transcript of DPAC Socorro 2003