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Embracing the Changing Nature of Enterprise Architecture

David S. [email protected]

Copyright 2007 The Linthicum Group, LLC

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Current Issues

• Competing frameworks/approaches– Zachman Framework– Gartner/Meta Group– Open Group’s TOGAF (SOA Reference Architecture)– Vendors (IBM, Oracle, BEA, etc.)– Roll-your-own

• Hype-driven confusion (e.g., “SOA 2.0”)• Lack of leadership• Processes moving outside of the firewall• Departments operating independent of oversight• More enterprise applications are Web-delivered• Technology as a business advantage and cost saving

mechanism


Understanding the Forces at Work

SOA

SaaS

Web 2.0

Emerging Standards

Hype

Enterprise Architecture

Cost Reduction


EA and SOA…Let’s Face Facts

• There seems to be two worlds out there, the world of enterprise architecture and the world of SOA. – “The funny thing is that those in each world thinks that

they can do the other world's jobs.” – “The end result...there is not a lot of synergy there

yet.”


More good news…

Some traditional enterprise architects have not done a stellar job in understanding the opportunities within SOA, generally speaking, and the SOA guys have not figured out how SOA meshes with existing enterprise architecture standards, notions, and practices, again generally speaking.


Understanding the Pain Points

“A recent survey by the Business Performance Management Institute found that:

• Only 11 percent of executives say they're able to keep up with business demand to change technology-enabled processes.

• 40 percent of which, according to the survey, are currently in need of IT attention.

• Worse, 36 percent report that their company's IT departments are having either "significant difficulties" (27 percent) or "can't keep up at all" (9 percent).”

– CIO Magazine

http://www.cio.com/


So, the EA “Mega Trends”

1. SOA, SOA, SOA!

2. SaaS

3. “Web 2.0”

4. “Enterprise 2.0”– Mashups– Inside-out– Outside-in

5. Incorporating existing Enterprise Architecture concepts and practices…how?


State of Things

The survey was of 196 Information Technology (IT) decision makers.

"Indicators point to the fact that IT professionals overwhelmingly support the SOA concept with 56 percent reporting they believe their company would benefit from a SOA. Among those who have experienced a SOA implementation, 73 percent would recommend other companies follow suit and adopt a SOA approach. “


But, there is Reality

• Hype is huge, and management by magazine is the way of the world these days.– “I got to git me one of them SOAs”– “A SOA will fix that.”– “SOA 2.0”

• Bad practices:– Selecting technology before understanding your

requirements and needs.– Not linking back to accepted EA best practices.– Not creating a business case.– Using the wrong people.– Lacking funding and empowerment.


So, Why SOA?

• Improved Adaptability and Agility

– Respond to business needs in near real-time

• Functional Reusability

– Eliminate the need for large scale rip and replace

• Independent Change Management

– Focus on configuration rather than programming

• Interoperability instead of point-to-point integration

– Loosely-coupled framework, services in network

• Orchestrate rather than integrate

– Configuration rather than development to deliver business needs


Data Abstraction

Data Data

Data Services/Messaging

LegacyLegacy LegacyLegacy

Services

Process/Orchestration

Monitoring/Event Management

Govern

ance

Rep

Secu

rity

Internet-

Based

ServicesNew Services

SOA Meta Model


The Value Proposition of a SOA

• We implement SOA for two major reasons. – First is the ability to save development dollars

through reuse of services.

– Second is the ability to change the IT infrastructure faster to adapt to changing

needs of the business, or agility.

– Enhance, not replace, existing EA.


Reuse…Yes Again

• Under the concept of service reuse, we have a few things we need to determine to better define the value. These include:– The number of services that are reusable.

Complexity of the services. The degree of reuse from system to system.

• The number of reusable services is the actual number of new services created, or, existing services abstracted, that are potentially reusable from system to system.

• The complexity of the services is the number of functions or object points that make up the service.

• Finally, the degree of reuse from system to system is the number of times you actually reuse the services. We look at this number as a percentage.


So, What do you Do?• In order to determine their value we must first determine

the Number of Services that are available for Reuse (NSR), the Degree of Reuse (DR) from system to system, as well as the Complexity (C) of each service.

• The formula to determine value looks much like this:

Value = (NSR*DR) * C


SOA=Agility

• Agility is a strategic advantage that is difficult to measure in hard dollars, but not impossible. We first need to determine a few things about the business, including:

• The degree of change over time is really the number of times over a particular period that the business reinvents itself to adapt to a market.

• The ability to adapt to change is a number that states the company’s ability to react to the need for change over time.

• Finally, the relative value of change is the amount of money made as a direct result of changing the business.


How Do you Build A SOA?

Understand your business

objectives and

define success.

Define your problem domain.

Understand all application

semantics.

Understand all services.

Understand all processes.

Define new services.

Define new processes.

Select your technology set.

Deploy SOA technology.

Test and evaluate SOA solution.


Understand your business

objectives and

define success.

ROIROIDefine ROI

Create Business Case

Business

Case

Business

Case


Define your problem domain

System

Descriptions

System

Descriptions

System Complexity Analysis

SOA POC

POC

Results

POC

Results

Domain

Descriptions

Domain

Descriptions

Vendors


Understand all application

semantics in your domain.

SOA

Metadata

SOA

MetadataMeta data analysis

Data abstraction

layer definition

Data

Abstraction

Layer

Data

Abstraction

Layer

Data services definition

Data

Services

Data

Services

Legacy

Metadata

Legacy

Metadata

External

Metadata

(B2B)

External

Metadata

(B2B)


Understand all services

in your domain.

Candidate

Services

Candidate

ServicesService analysis

Metadata and

services analysis

Services

And

Information

Services

And

Information

Performance analysis

Services

And

Performance

Services

And

Performance

Legacy

Services

Legacy

Services

External

Services

(B2B)

External

Services

(B2B)

SOA

Metadata

SOA

Metadata


Understand all processes

in your domain.

Candidate

Processes

Candidate

ProcessesProcess analysis.

Define metadata, services,

and processes

Processes,

Services,

And

Information

Processes,

Services,

And

Information

Process integration

analysis.

Process

Integration

Diagrams

Process

Integration

Diagrams

Candidate

Services

Candidate

Services

External

Processes

(B2B)

External

Processes

(B2B)

SOA

Metadata

SOA

Metadata


Define new services.

Candidate

Processes

Candidate

Processes

Service definition.

Service design.

Processes,

Services,

And

Information

Processes,

Services,

And

Information

Service implementation.Process

Integration

Diagrams

Process

Integration

Diagrams

SOA

Metadata

SOA

Metadata

Candidate

Services

Candidate

Services

Service

Definition

Service

Definition

Service

Design

Service

Design

Service

Implementation

Service

Implementation


Define new processes.

Candidate

Processes

Candidate

Processes

Process definition.

Process design.

Processes,

Services,

And

Information

Processes,

Services,

And

Information

Process implementation.Process

Integration

Diagrams

Process

Integration

Diagrams

MetadataMetadata

Candidate

Services

Candidate

Services

Process

Definition

Process

Definition

Process

Design

Process

Design

Process

Implementation

Process

Implementation


Select your technology set.

Technology

Requirements

Technology

Requirements

Define requirements.

Technology analysis.

Technology

solution

Technology

solution

Vendors

Define candidate technology.

Technology selection.

Technology validation.


“SOA is Good EA…”

• Pay me now, or pay me later. Make sure you do it right the first time…get the help you need.

• Don’t be afraid to experiment, and admit you’re wrong…backup and try again.

• Keep your vendors working with you.• Empower those working, so they can work to get things

done. Avoid politics, if possible.• Learn all you can, but don’t get caught up in the hype. • Put standards in their proper place. • Small battles win the war…Keep that in mind.• Give yourself plenty of time, never skimp on any of the

steps.


Beyond SOA…SaaS, Web 2.0, Mashups, Oh My!

• We are moving toward a day when many of our enterprise applications may be delivered as services, and thus provide a more economical way to approach information technology management with businesses going forward.

• This is also the great equalizer since businesses, large and small, will have access to the same number and quality of services, much like they do with Web sites today.

• Shared services will create many opportunities, including better agility and the ability to operate a business with fewer IT resources.

• In essence, we're moving to Web 2.0 where service delivery over the Internet will be added to information deliver as the key strategic value of the Web to businesses, as well as extending the Web as a true platform.


Fast Growing Web Services Market

• “IDC estimates that $2.3 billion was spent worldwide on total Web services software in 2004, more than double the amount from the previous year. IDC expects spending to continue to increase dramatically over the next 5 years, reaching approximately $14.9 billion by 2009.”

– IDC

• “According to Evans Data Corp's latest Web Services Development Survey, this year the percentage of functioning Service-Oriented Architectures (SOAs) has almost doubled.”

– Evans Data Corp.•

“Mash-ups portend big changes for software companies, Web sites, and everyone online. No longer just a collection of pages, the Web is morphing into a sort of global operating system …”

– Business Week

• “Why reinvent the wheel by having your staff spend time building service components, when you can quickly subscribe to a component, that's been tested and uptime certified, and pay for it on as-used basis?”

– Joe McKendrick, WebServices.org


Moving to “Outside In”

• Today, more services exist outside the enterprise for use within the enterprise.– Examples:

• Amazon.com • eBay• Salesforce.com• NetSuite• Many others

• Leveraging outside services provides enterprises with:– More agility with their ability to add, change, and delete

services as needed– Reuse of services they did not need to create or maintain– Better value chain integration incorporating both customers

and suppliers– Exposing business services outside of the enterprise “Inside

out”


Salesforce Subscriber Growth

70,000 75,00087,000

110,000120,000

161,000

195,000

227,000

267,000

351,000

399,000

-

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000

Sep-0

2

Nov-0

2

Jan-

03

Mar

-03

May

-03

Jul-0

3

Sep-0

3

Nov-0

3

Jan-

04

Mar

-04

May

-04

Jul-0

4

Sep-0

4

Nov-0

4

Jan-

05

Mar

-05

May

-05

Jul-0

5

Sep-0

5

Nov-0

5

Jan-

06


However, it will Take Some Work

• In order to make this a reality, we must learn to how to bridge the gaps between our enterprise systems and SOAs, and Web service providers that exist across the Internet.

• Special consideration must be given to connectivity, interoperability, security, and shared processes.

• Problems are easily solvable with the right technology and approaches, but I would say that most out there looking at this new opportunity don’t have a clue as to how to make the new and old work and play well together.

• EA needs to lead the charge.


Understand Outside Interfaces

New Accounts

Finance/ Operations

CommissionCalculation

Sales

DataCleaning

On DemandApplications and Service Markets

Best Practices asShared Processes

Sales Order Update

SOA

http://www.salesforce.com/us/

http://www.dnb.com/us/index.asp


Understanding the Problem

• Service providers must integrate with existing enterprise systems to become more valuable.

• However, existing internal integration needs to exist to ensure:– Production and consumption of structured information– Semantic mediation– Security mediation– Service enablement– Firewall management– Transactional integrity– Holistic management of complete integration chain


Getting Ready

• So, how do you prepare yourself? I have a few suggestions:– First, accept the notion that it's okay to leverage services

that are hosted on the Internet as part of your SOA. Normal security management needs to apply, of course.

– Second, create a strategy for the consumption and management of outside-in services, including how you'll deal with semantic management, security, transactions, etc.

– Finally, create a proof of concept now. This does a few things including getting you through the initial learning process and providing proof points as to the feasibility of leveraging outside-in services.


Remember, there are a few technical issues that you must address…

• Semantic and metadata management, or, the management of the different information representations amount the external services and internal systems.

• Transformation and routing, or, accounting for those data differences during run time.

• Governance across all systems, meaning, not giving up the notion of security and control when extending your SOA to the global SOA.

• Discovery and service management, meaning, how to find and leverage services inside or outside of your enterprise, and how to keep track of those services through their maturation.

• Information consumption, processing, and delivery, or, how to effectively move information to and from all interested systems.

• Connectivity and adapter management, or, how to externalize and internalize information and services from very old and proprietary systems.

• Process orchestration and service, and process abstraction, or, the ability to abstract the services and information flows into bound processes, thus creating a solution


Understanding the Change

• It doesn’t take a rocket scientist to figure out that the creation of an SOA on top of these applications, including process/orchestration layers, directory services layers, identity management, monitoring, semantic management, etc., would add a tremendous amount of value, considering the use of those applications and abstraction into real business solutions.

• Indeed, you’ll find that many SOA's for many businesses actually exist outside of their firewalls, making their on-demand applications work well together.

• This trend is only accelerating as “Web 2.0” becomes more valuable for enterprises.


Final Thoughts• EA is an evolving discipline. New notions and business events

will drive EA activities going forward. • EA=SOA and SOA=EA. We have a tendency to forget that. The

“A” in SOA is architecture.• Learn how to see beyond the SOA hype, and make sure to

understand your own business issues. • Accept the emerging Web as a resource that is to be leveraged

for the good of the company. There will be much change here.• The enterprise architect should drive change for the good of

the company. However, never “manage by magazine.”• It is the most exciting time for enterprise architects.

Opportunities are plentiful, but so are pitfalls. • The lines are blurring between enterprise applications and the

emerging Web. There is a fundamental shift in how we deploy and manage enterprise applications and services going forward.


Thanks!

• Blogs:– eBizq.net “Linthicum Channel”– InfoWorld “Real World SOA”– Intelligent Enterprise “SaaS Advisor”

• Weekly Podcast– InfoWorld SOA Report

• Columns– Web Services Journal– Business Integration Journal

http://weblog.infoworld.com/realworldsoa/

http://webservices.sys-con.com/author/3392linthicum.htm

http://www.bijonline.com/index.cfm?section=home

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