Download Appendix E

Microsoft Word - Appendix E Data Tables and Assessments FinalRevised April 6, 2016
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Overview Appendix E contains two sections. Section 1 contains the community health assessment data table which identifies the location from which the data was obtained for use in the main Milwaukee CHA report along with any data presented in appendix A through D. Section 2 contains copies of the major assessments used in completing the Milwaukee CHA.
Section 1: Community Health Assessment Data Table Section 2: Secondary Data Assessments Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Milwaukee County Community Health Report, 2015-2016 Executive Summary Key Informant Interviews Survey Report Secondary Data Report Community Commons Report for the City of Milwaukee, 2016 Community Commons Report for Milwaukee County, 2016 CDC Community Health Status Indicator (CHSI) Report for Milwaukee County, 2016 Milwaukee County Environmental Health Profile, 2015 Milwaukee County Health Profile, 2015 Milwaukee (City) Health Report, 2013 Milwaukee County Health Ranking, 2016
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Section Title Page Data Source(s)/Comments Health Department Profile
Local Health Department Staffing, 2013 13 Wisconsin Division of Public Health Local Health Department Survey https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/stats/lhdsurvey.htm Health Department Profile
Health Department Services, Milwaukee versus National Profile of Local Health Department Findings
14 National Association of City and County Health Officials – Profile of Local Health Departments http://nacchoprofilestudy.org/ Demographics Total Population 16 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Demographics Population Density 16 Community Commons http://www.communitycommons.org/ Demographics Population by Age Group 16 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Demographics Households with Children (Age 0-17), Percent by Tract 17 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Demographics Percent Population by Race Alone, 2014 17 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Demographics Total Population by Ethnicity Alone, 2014 17 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Demographics Population with Limited English Proficiency 18 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Demographics Change in Total Population 18 Community Commons http://www.communitycommons.org/ Demographics Population Change, Percent by Tract 18 US Census Bureau, 2000 - 2010 Demographics Occupation, Civilian Employees Ages 16 and Older, 2010-2014 19 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Demographics Industry, Civilian Employees Ages 16 and Older, 2010-2014 19 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Mortality Years of Potential Life Lost, Rate per 100,000 Population 20 Health Indicators Warehouse http://www.healthindicators.gov/ Mortality Life Expectancy at Birth (Years), City of Milwaukee 20 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Death Records Mortality Age-adjusted Mortality Rate per 100,000 Population, City of Milwaukee
20 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Death Records Mortality Deaths (All Causes) by Age Group, City of Milwaukee, 2014 20 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Death Records Mortality Selected Underlying Cause of Death, City of Milwaukee, 2014 20 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Death Records Mortality Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 Live Births, City of Milwaukee 20 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth & Death Records Morbidity Percent Reporting Health as Fair or Poor, City of Milwaukee 21 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Morbidity Poor Physical Health Days (Number of Days Physical Health Was Not Good)
21 Milwaukee (City) Health Report, 2013 City of Milwaukee
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Section Title Page Data Source(s)/Comments Morbidity Low Birth Weight (percent of babies born <2500 grams), City of Milwaukee
21 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records Morbidity Total Hospitalizations per 1000 Population, Milwaukee County 21 Milwaukee County Health Profile, 2015 2013 Data for Milwaukee County Morbidity Total Preventable Hospitalizations per 1000 Population, Milwaukee County
21 Milwaukee County Health Profile, 2015 2013 Data for Milwaukee County Morbidity Coronary Heart Disease Hospitalizations per 1000 Population, Milwaukee County
21 Milwaukee County Health Profile, 2015 2013 Data for Milwaukee County Morbidity Cerebral Vascular Disease Hospitalizations per 1000 Population, Milwaukee County
21 Milwaukee County Health Profile, 2015 2013 Data for Milwaukee County Morbidity Drug-Related Hospitalizations per 1000 Population, Milwaukee County
21 Milwaukee County Health Profile, 2015 2013 Data for Milwaukee County Morbidity Alcohol-Related Hospitalizations per 1000 Population, Milwaukee County
21 Milwaukee County Health Profile, 2015 2013 Data for Milwaukee County Morbidity Cancer-Related Hospitalizations per 1000 Population, Milwaukee County
21 Milwaukee County Health Profile, 2015 2013 Data for Milwaukee County Morbidity Emergency Department Visits age Adjusted Per 100,000 Involving Heroin for Milwaukee County
21 WISH - Wisconsin Interactive Statistics on Health https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/wish/index.htm Access to Care Percent of Adults (18+) not Currently Covered by Health Insurance, City of Milwaukee
22 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015
Access to Care Percent of Adults (18+) not Currently Covered by Health Insurance Anytime in Past 12 Months, City of Milwaukee
Access to Care Percent of Households with One or More Members not Covered by Health Insurance Anytime in the Past 12 Months, City of Milwaukee
Access to Care Percent of Population Uninsured all Year Over Past Year, City of Milwaukee 22 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
Access to Care Percent of Children without Health Insurance, City of Milwaukee 22 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
Access to Care Percent of Population Reporting Someone in Their Household had not Taken Their Prescribed Medication due to Cost (Past 12 Months), City Of Milwaukee
Access to Care Percent of Adults with Unmet Care (Past 12 Months), City of Milwaukee 22 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015
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Section Title Page Data Source(s)/Comments Access to Care Percent of Children with Unmet Care (Past 12 Months), City of Milwaukee
Access to Care Ratio of Health Care Providers to the Population, 2014 22 County Health Rankings http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/ Alcohol & Other Drug Use Adults 18 Years and Older Reporting Binge Drinking in Past 30 Days
23 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report - 2015
Alcohol & Other Drug Use Proportion of the Population Reporting Heavy Drinking in the Last 30 Days 23 Wisconsin Behavioral Risk Factor Survey https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/wish/brfs/form.htm
Alcohol & Other Drug Use Percentage of students who ever had at least one drink of alcohol on at least 1 day during the past 30 days
23 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillances System https://nccd.cdc.gov/YouthOnline/App/Default.aspx
Alcohol & Other Drug Use Percentage of students who drank alcohol before age 13 years (for the first time other than a few sips)
Alcohol & Other Drug Use Alcohol & Drug Abuse as Underlying or Contributing Cause of Death, City of Milwaukee 2014 23 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Death Records
Alcohol & Other Drug Use Age-adjusted Rate of Cirrhosis Deaths in Milwaukee County per 100,000 23 WISH - Wisconsin Interactive Statistics on Health https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/wish/index.htm
Alcohol & Other Drug Use Rate of Alcohol-related Motor Vehicle Deaths in Milwaukee County per 100,000 23 WISH - Wisconsin Interactive Statistics on Health https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/wish/index.htm
Alcohol & Other Drug Use Alcohol Licenses Issued by City Clerk’s Office, City of Milwaukee 2014 23 Milwaukee Data - City Clerk’s Office; State/National - Health Indicators Warehouse http://www.healthindicators.gov/
Alcohol & Other Drug Use Drug Arrests (Adult and Juvenile)* per 100,000 - Milwaukee County 23 County Health Rankings http://www.countyhealthrankings.org Built Environment Food Access by Census Tract, 2012 24 USDA Food Access Research Atlas http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-access-research-atlas.aspx Built Environment Prevalence of Elevated Blood Lead Levels (Lead Poisoning) among Children Age Six and Under (10ug/dL)
24 City of Milwaukee Home Environmental Health, Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program
Built Environment Structure by Year Built, City of Milwaukee 24 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Built Environment Recreation and Fitness Facilities, Rate (Per 100,000 Population) 24 Community Commons Report for the City of Milwaukee, 2016 Chronic Disease Asthma (Percent who Currently have Asthma), City of Milwaukee 25 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Chronic Disease Diabetes (Treated or Told Had it in Past 3 Years), City of Milwaukee 25 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Chronic Disease Percent of Diabetic Medicare Enrollees Ages 65 to 75 that Received HbA1c Screening in Past Year, Milwaukee County
25 Health Indicators Warehouse / Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care
Chronic Disease Heart Disease/Heart Condition, City of Milwaukee 25 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015
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Chronic Disease High Cholesterol (Treated or Told Had it in Past 3 Years), City of Milwaukee 25 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015
Chronic Disease Cholesterol Screening (4 years ago or less), City of Milwaukee 25 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Chronic Disease Cervical Cancer Screening (18-65) – Pap Smear Within Past 3 years, City of Milwaukee
Chronic Disease Mammography Screening (50 and older; within past 2 years), City of Milwaukee 25 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015
Chronic Disease Percentage of Female Medicare Enrollees Ages 67 to 69 that Received a Mammogram, Milwaukee County
25 County Health Rankings http://www.countyhealthrankings.org
Chronic Disease Blood Stool Test to Screen for Colon Cancer in in Adults, 50 and Older within the Past Year, City of Milwaukee
Chronic Disease Sigmoidoscopy within Past 5 Years in Adults 50 And Older, City of Milwaukee 26 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015
Chronic Disease Colonoscopy within Past 10 years in Adults 50 And Older City of Milwaukee 26 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015
Chronic Disease Meeting the Current Colorectal Cancer Screening Recommendations in Adults 50 And Older, City of Milwaukee
Chronic Disease Age-Adjusted Cancer Rates per 100,000 Population 2008-2012, Milwaukee County 26 WISH - Wisconsin Interactive Statistics on Health https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/wish/cancer/index.htm
Communicable Disease Percent of Adults 65 Years and Older that Received Annual Influenza (“Flu”) Shot 27 Wisconsin Immunization Registry
Communicable Disease Percent of Children Less than 18 Years of Age that Received Annual Influenza (“Flu”) Shot 27 Wisconsin Immunization Registry
Communicable Disease Percent of Children Ages 24 Months who Completed Primary Vaccination Series (4:3:1:3:3:1:4 series*)
27 Wisconsin Immunization Registry
Communicable Disease Percent of Adolescents 13 to 18 Years Immunized with 1 or More Doses of the Tdap Vaccine* 27 Wisconsin Immunization Registry
Communicable Disease Percent of Adolescents 13 to 18 Years that Received 3 or more Doses of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
27 Wisconsin Immunization Registry
Communicable Disease Hepatitis C, Chronic Per 100,000 Population, City of Milwaukee 27 Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System
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27 Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System
Communicable Disease Salmonella Per 100,000 Population, , City of Milwaukee 27 Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System Communicable Disease Campylobacter Per 100,000 Population, City of Milwaukee 27 Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System Education / Health Literacy Milwaukee Public Schools High School Completion Rate Within 4 Years
28 Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, District Report Card
Education / Health Literacy Highest Education Level Obtained, Persons Ages 25 or Older, City of Milwaukee 28 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
Education / Health Literacy Milwaukee Public Schools Fourth Graders Either Advanced or Proficient 28 Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, District Report Card
Education / Health Literacy Milwaukee Public Schools Eighth Graders Either Advanced or Proficient 28 Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, District Report Card
Education / Health Literacy Percentage of Students Habitually Truant, Milwaukee Public Schools 28 Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, District Report Card Education / Health Literacy Population 3 Years and Over Enrollment by Grade, City of Milwaukee
28 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Education / Health Literacy Percent of Population with a Disability, City of Milwaukee 28 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, District Report Card Employment / Income Annual Unemployment Rate, City of Milwaukee 29 U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey Single Year Estimates Employment / Income Percentage of Households Receiving Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), City of Milwaukee
29 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey Single Year Estimates
Employment / Income Count of Individuals enrolled in W-2 (Wisconsin Works) on the Last Working Day of the Month, Milwaukee County
29 Wisconsin Department of Children & Families http://dcf.wi.gov/researchandstatistics/rsdata/w2data.htm
Employment / Income Income, City of Milwaukee 29 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Employment / Income Income in Past 12 Months at or Below the Federal Poverty Line (FPL), City of Milwaukee
29 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Employment / Income Percent Students Eligible for Free or Reduced Price Lunch 29 Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, District Report Card Employment / Income Percent Occupied Housing Units with One or More Substandard Conditions
29 United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
Injury Unintentional Injury (Accident) Mortality, Age-Adjusted Death Rate Per 100,000 Population, Milwaukee County, 2014
30 Health Indicators Warehouse http://www.healthindicators.gov/
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Section Title Page Data Source(s)/Comments Injury Top 15 Injuries Resulting in Hospitalizations Age-Adjusted per 100,000 Population, Milwaukee County, 2014
30 Wisconsin Interactive Statistics on Health (WISH) Query: Injury Related Hospitalizations https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/wish/injury-hosp/form.htm Injury Injury Deaths Due to falls for Age 65 and Older per 100,000 Population, Milwaukee County
30 Wisconsin Interactive Statistics on Health (WISH) Query: Injury Related Mortality – 1999 and Later, https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/wish/injury-mortality/icd10-form.htm Injury Profile for Milwaukee County Motor Vehicle Crashes, 2013 30 Milwaukee County Health Profile, 2015 Injury Percentage of High School Students Who Never or Rarely Wore a Seat Belt When Riding in a Car Driven by Someone Else, City of Milwaukee
Mental Health Average Number of Mentally Unhealthy Days Reported in Past 30 Days (Age-Adjusted), Milwaukee County
31 County Health Rankings http://www.countyhealthrankings.org
Mental Health Mental Health Condition (Treated for or Told you had it in the Past 3 Years), City of Milwaukee
Mental Health Felt Sad, Blue or Depressed Always or Nearly Always in the past 30 days, City of Milwaukee
Mental Health Suicide Rate per 100,000, City of Milwaukee 31 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Death Records Mental Health Considered Suicide in the Past Year, City of Milwaukee 31 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Mental Health Self-Inflicted Hospitalization Rate Per 100,000 Population, Milwaukee County
31 Wisconsin Interactive Statistics on Health (WISH) Query: Injury Related Hospitalizations, https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/wish/injury-hosp/form.htm Mental Health Percent of High School Students Who Seriously Considered Attempting Suicide in the Past Year, City of Milwaukee
Mental Health Psychiatric Hospitalizations Per 1000 Population Milwaukee County 31 Milwaukee County Health Profile, 2015
Natural Environment Annual Days Above Standard, Ground Level Ozone, Milwaukee County 32 Wisconsin Environmental Health Tracking Program http://gis.wi.gov/DHS/tracking/#/map
Natural Environment Annual Percent of Days Above Standard, Particulate Matter, Milwaukee County 32 Wisconsin Environmental Health Tracking Program http://gis.wi.gov/DHS/tracking/#/map
Natural Environment Annual Ambient Concentration of Particulate Matter, Milwaukee County (ug/m3) 32 Wisconsin Environmental Health Tracking Program http://gis.wi.gov/DHS/tracking/#/map
Natural Environment Detection of Select Contaminants Milwaukee Drinking Water, 2014 32 Milwaukee Water Works
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Section Title Page Data Source(s)/Comments Natural Environment Percentage of Days Milwaukee Beaches are Open with No Advisory or Closing from Memorial Day to Labor Day
32 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Beach Monitoring Program
Natural Environment Rate of Heat Stress Emergency Department Visits per 100,000 Population, Milwaukee County 32 Milwaukee County Environmental Health Profile, 2015
Oral Health Fluoride Levels in Milwaukee Water, 2014 33 Milwaukee Water Works Consumer Confident Report, 2014 http://milwaukee.gov/WaterConsumerConfidenceReport Oral Health Percent Adults with Poor Dental Health, Milwaukee County 33 Community Commons Report for Milwaukee County, 2016 Oral Health Percent of Adults with a Dental Checkup within the Past Year, City of Milwaukee
Oral Health Percent of Medicaid Members Receiving Dental Service, Milwaukee County 33 County Oral health Wisconsin Surveillance System (COWSS) https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/oral-health/cowss/index.htm
Oral Health Adults Age 65+ Who Have Had All Their Natural Teeth Extracted, Milwaukee County 33 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System https://chronicdata.cdc.gov/health-area/behavioral-risk-factors
Oral Health No Tooth Loss Among Adults 18 to 64 Years of Age, Milwaukee County 33 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System https://chronicdata.cdc.gov/health-area/behavioral-risk-factors
Physical Activity & Nutrition Percent of Overweight Adults, City of Milwaukee 34 Wisconsin Behavioral Risk Factor Survey https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/wish/brfs/form.htm Physical Activity & Nutrition Percent of High School Students Who are Overweight, City of Milwaukee
34 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillances System https://nccd.cdc.gov/YouthOnline/App/Default.aspx Physical Activity & Nutrition Percent of Adults Reporting Recommended Moderate or Vigorous Activity, City of Milwaukee
34 Wisconsin Behavioral Risk Factor Survey https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/wish/brfs/form.htm
Physical Activity & Nutrition Percent of Adults Reporting No Leisure Time Physical Activity, City of Milwaukee 34 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015
Physical Activity & Nutrition Percent of Students Who Were Not Physically Active at Least 60 Minutes Per Day On 5 Or More Days, City of Milwaukee
Physical Activity & Nutrition Percent of Adults Reporting Two or More Servings of Fruit Daily, City of Milwaukee 34 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015
Physical Activity & Nutrition Percent of Adults Reporting Three or More Servings of Vegetables Daily, City of Milwaukee 34 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015
Physical Activity & Nutrition Percent of Infants in WIC Breastfed Exclusively Through 3 Months, Milwaukee County 34 Wisconsin WIC Program, Breastfeeding Incidence and Duration Report, 2009 & 2012
Physical Activity & Nutrition Percent of City of Milwaukee Children 5 to 17 Years of Age Eating Fruits/Vegetables 34 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015
Racism Race/Ethnicity by Census Block, 2010 City of Milwaukee / Milwaukee County 35 University of Virginia Weldon Cooper Center for Public Service http://www.coopercenter.org/demographics/Racial-Dot-Map
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35 University of Michigan Populations Study Center http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/dis/census/segregation2010.html Racism Hate Crimes (All Types) per 100,000 Population 35 http://www.usa.com/milwaukee-wi-crime-and-crime-rate.htm
Reproductive & Sexual Health Birth Rate per 1,000 Females age 15-17 , City of Milwaukee 36 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records Reproductive & Sexual Health Birth Rate per 1,000 Females age 18-19, City of Milwaukee 36 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records Reproductive & Sexual Health Percent of Women Receiving Late or No Prenatal Care, City of Milwaukee
36 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records Reproductive & Sexual Health Percent of Births < 37 Weeks Gestation, City of Milwaukee 36 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records Reproductive & Sexual Health Percent of High School Students who Have Ever had Sexual Intercourse, City of Milwaukee
36 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillances System https://nccd.cdc.gov/YouthOnline/App/Default.aspx Reproductive & Sexual Health Percentage of High School Students who did not use a Condom During Last Sexual Intercourse (Among Students Who Were Currently Sexually Active), City of Milwaukee
Reproductive & Sexual Health Chlamydia Cases per 100,000 Population, City of Milwaukee 36 Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System Reproductive & Sexual Health Gonorrhea Cases per 100,000 Population, City of Milwaukee 36 Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System Reproductive & Sexual Health Primary and Secondary Syphilis Cases per 100,000 Population, City of Milwaukee
36 Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System
Reproductive & Sexual Health New HIV Diagnoses per 100,000 Population, City of Milwaukee 36 Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System Social Support Percentage of Adults Without Adequate Social / Emotional Support, Milwaukee County
37 Health Indicators Warehouse http://www.healthindicators.gov/ Social Support Single-parent Households, City of Milwaukee 2010-2014 37 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates Social Support Older Living Alone (Defined as householder living alone age 65 years and over), City of Milwaukee 2010-2014
37 U.S. Census Bureau, 2010-2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
Tobacco Current Tobacco Cigarette Smoker (Adults), City of Milwaukee 38 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Tobacco Tried to Quit (Quit Smoking 1 Day or More in Past Year) , City of Milwaukee
Tobacco Advised by Health Care Professional in Past Year to Quit, City of Milwaukee 38 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015
Tobacco Smoking Prohibited in Home, City of Milwaukee 38 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Tobacco Nonsmokers Exposed to Secondhand Smoke in Past 7 Days, City of Milwaukee
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Section Title Page Data Source(s)/Comments Tobacco Youth Tobacco Use: Smoked Cigarettes on at Least 1 day During Past 30 days, City of Milwaukee
Tobacco Tobacco Sales to Minors, Milwaukee County 38 Synar Report – Tobacco Sales to Youth - http://www.samhsa.gov/ Tobacco Tobacco Licenses Issued by City Clerk’s Office, 2014 38 City Clerk's Office / LIRA Tobacco Smoking and Pregnancy 38 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records Tobacco Use of Other Tobacco Products, City of Milwaukee 38 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Violence and Community Safety
Number of Assault Offenses per 100,000 Residents, City of Milwaukee 39 Milwaukee Police Department http://city.milwaukee.gov/DownloadCityData
Violence and Community Safety Number of Homicides per 100,000 Residents, City of Milwaukee 39 Milwaukee Police Department http://city.milwaukee.gov/DownloadCityData
Violence and Community Safety Number of Robberies per 100,000 Residents, City of Milwaukee 39 Milwaukee Police Department http://city.milwaukee.gov/DownloadCityData
Violence and Community Safety Number of Sexual Offenses per 100,000 Residents, City of Milwaukee
39 Milwaukee Police Department http://city.milwaukee.gov/DownloadCityData Violence and Community Safety
Maltreatment Substantiation Rate, Milwaukee County 39 http://dcf.wisconsin.gov/cwreview/reports/CAN-Y.htm
Violence and Community Safety Percent of High School Students Who Have Been Bullied on School Property During the Past 12 Months, City of Milwaukee
Violence and Community Safety Percent of High School Students Who Experienced Physical Dating Violence in the Past Year, City of Milwaukee
Violence and Community Safety Percent of Children 8 to 17 Afraid for their Personal Safety in the Past Year, City of Milwaukee
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Section Title Page Data Source(s)/Comments Community Health Priorities Key Informant Health Priorities A-6 Milwaukee County Community Health Report, 2015-2016 Community Health Priorities Community Survey Key Health Priories by Year A-6 Milwaukee County Community Health Report, 2015-2016
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CHA Data Table for Appendix B
Section Title Page Data Source(s)/Comments Chronic Disease Cholesterol Screening B-3 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Chronic Disease High Cholesterol B-3 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Chronic Disease High Blood Pressure B-4 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Chronic Disease Mammogram (Screening for Breast Cancer) in Women 50 and Older
B-4 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015
Chronic Disease Colorectal Cancer Screening for Adults Ages 50 and Older B-4 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Chronic Disease Heart Condition B-5 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Chronic Disease Diabetes B-5 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Chronic Disease Asthma B-6 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Chronic Disease Cervical Cancer Screening (Pap Test) in the Past 3 Years in Women 18 to 65 Years of Age
B-6 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015
Chronic Disease Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Per 100,000 B-7 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records Chronic Disease Cancer Mortality Per 100,000 B-8 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records Chronic Disease Breast Cancer Mortality Per 100,000 B-9 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records Chronic Disease Colorectal Cancer Mortality Per 100,000 B-10 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records Chronic Disease Lung Cancer Mortality Per 100,000 B-11 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records Chronic Disease Current Tobacco Cigarette Smokers B-12 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Chronic Disease Recommended Moderate or Vigorous Activity B-12 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Chronic Disease Overweight B-13 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Chronic Disease Fruit and vegetable expenditures B-14 Community Commons Alcohol and Other Drug Use Heavy Drinking B-15 WISH - Wisconsin Interactive Statistics on Health https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/wish/index.htm Alcohol and Other Drug Use Binge Drinking B-15 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Alcohol and Other Drug Use Excessive Drinking B-16 Health Indicators Warehouse http://www.healthindicators.gov/ Alcohol and Other Drug Use Deaths Due to Drug Poisoning B-17 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records Alcohol and Other Drug Use Drug Poisoning Deaths Statewide, 2011-2013 B-18 Health Indicators Warehouse http://www.healthindicators.gov/ Alcohol and Other Drug Use Illicit Drug Use in the Past Month and Illicit Drug Use Other Than Marijuana in the Past Month among Persons Aged 12 or Older
B-18 National Survey on Drug Use and Health - http://www.samhsa.gov/data/online-analysis-public-use-files/
Alcohol and Other Drug Use Alcohol Dependence in the Past Year and Illicit Drug Dependence in the Past Year among Persons Aged 12 or Older
Alcohol and Other Drug Use Needing But Not Receiving Treatment for Alcohol Use in the Past Year and Needing but Not B-19 National Survey on Drug Use and Health - http://www.samhsa.gov/data/online-analysis-public-use-files/
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Receiving Treatment for Illicit Drug Use in the Past Year Alcohol and Other Drug Use Cocaine Use in the Past Year among Persons Aged 12 or Older B-19 National Survey on Drug Use and Health - http://www.samhsa.gov/data/online-analysis-public-use-files/ Alcohol and Other Drug Use Nonmedical Use of Pain Relievers in the Past Year among Persons Aged 12 or Older
B-19 National Survey on Drug Use and Health - http://www.samhsa.gov/data/online-analysis-public-use-files/ Alcohol and Other Drug Use Problems Associated with Drug or Alcohol Use B-19 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Alcohol and Other Drug Use Drug-Related Deaths B-19 Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) http://www.samhsa.gov/data/emergency-department-data-dawn Alcohol and Other Drug Use Deaths Due to Heroin Poisoning B-21 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records Alcohol and Other Drug Use Alcohol and Drug Use among City of Milwaukee Youth, Grades 9 through 12
B-22 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillances System https://nccd.cdc.gov/YouthOnline/App/Default.aspx Injury and Violence Youth Behavioral Risk: Violence B-24 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillances System https://nccd.cdc.gov/YouthOnline/App/Default.aspx Injury and Violence Domestic Abuse Incidents B-24 Wisconsin Department of Justice Domestic Abuse Incident Reports https://www.doj.wisconsin.gov/ocvs/not-crime-victim/domestic-abuse-incident-reports Injury and Violence Firearm-Related Deaths (Per 100,000) B-25 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records Injury and Violence Homicide Deaths B-26 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records Injury and Violence Homicide and Gun Violence Rates B-28 Federal Bureau of Investigation/U.S. Department of Justice Unified Crime Report - http://www.ucrdatatool.gov/Search/Crime/Crime.cfm Injury and Violence Violent and Property Crime Rate per 100,000, City of Milwaukee B-29 Federal Bureau of Investigation/U.S. Department of Justice Unified Crime Report - http://www.ucrdatatool.gov/Search/Crime/Crime.cfm Injury and Violence Violent Crime Rate, 2007 to 2014 B-29 Milwaukee Police Department http://city.milwaukee.gov/DownloadCityData Injury and Violence Child Protective Service (CPS) Reports B-29 Wisconsin Department of Children and Families Child Abuse and Neglect Report http://www.dcf.wisconsin.gov/cwreview/reports/CAN.htm Injury and Violence Child Victimization B-29 Wisconsin Department of Children and Families Child Abuse and Neglect Report http://www.dcf.wisconsin.gov/cwreview/reports/CAN.htm Injury and Violence Maltreatment Allegation Substantiation Rate by Maltreatment Type
B-29 Wisconsin Department of Children and Families Child Abuse and Neglect Report http://www.dcf.wisconsin.gov/cwreview/reports/CAN.htm Mental Health Mental Health – Access to Care B-31 County Health Rankings http://www.countyhealthrankings.org Mental Health Mental Health Condition B-31 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Mental Health Considered Suicide in Past Year B-32 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Mental Health Always/Nearly Always Felt Sad, Blue or Depressed in Past 30 Days B-33 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Mental Health Seldom/Never Find Meaning and Purpose in Daily Life B-34 Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report, 2015 Mental Health Suicide Rate per 100,000, City of Milwaukee B-34 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records
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Mental Health Any Mental Illness or Serious Mental Illness in the Past Year among Persons Aged 18 or Older B-35 National Survey on Drug Use and Health - http://www.samhsa.gov/data/online-analysis-public-use-files/
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CHA Data Table for Appendix C
Section Title Page Data Source(s)/Comments Healthy Birth Outcomes Stillbirths C-3 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records Healthy Birth Outcomes Infant Deaths C-3 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records Healthy Birth Outcomes Preterm and Low Birthweight Births C-4 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records Teen Pregnancy Prevention Teen Birth Rates C-6 City of Milwaukee Health Department, Vital Statistics, Birth Records Sexually Transmitted Infections
Demographic Information for STD Cases Reported in the City of Milwaukee, 2014 C-7 Wisconsin Electronic Disease Surveillance System / WI PHIN AVR
Sexually Transmitted Infections Comparison of Reported Cases of HIV Infection in Milwaukee County and Wisconsin, 2014
C-8 WI DHS Interactive Map and Table of County HIV Case Surveillance Data Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention
Prevalence Blood Lead Levels of > = 5µg/dL in City of Milwaukee Children 6 Years of Age and Under C-9 City of Milwaukee Home Environmental Health, Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program
Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Prevalence Blood Lead Levels of > = 10µg/dL in City of Milwaukee Children 6 Years of Age and Under
C-10 City of Milwaukee Home Environmental Health, Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention
Number of Unique Reported Cases of Lead Poisoning (> 5 µg/dL) in Children 6 Years of Age or Under by Zip Code, City of Milwaukee
C-10 City of Milwaukee Home Environmental Health, Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program
Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Housing Units Made Lead Safe, City of Milwaukee C-11 City of Milwaukee Home Environmental Health, Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program
Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Proportion of Children 12 to 35 Months Tested for Lead, City of Milwaukee
C-11 City of Milwaukee Home Environmental Health, Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program
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CHA Data Table for Appendix D
Section Title Page County Health Rankings County Health Ranking & Roadmaps Report D-2 County Health Rankings Adult obesity D-5 County Health Rankings Adult smoking D-6 County Health Rankings Children in poverty D-6 County Health Rankings Children in single parent households D-8 County Health Rankings Excessive drinking D-9 County Health Rankings High school graduation rate D-10 County Health Rankings Income inequality D-11 County Health Rankings Preventable hospital stays D-12 County Health Rankings Severe housing problems D-13 County Health Rankings Sexually transmitted infections D-14 County Health Rankings Social associations/networks D-15 County Health Rankings Teen births D-16 County Health Rankings Unemployment D-17 County Health Rankings Uninsured D-18 County Health Rankings Violent crime D-19 Community Health Status Indicators Community Health Status Indicators Report D-20 Community Health Status Indicators Unintentional injury D-21 Community Health Status Indicators Adult binge drinking D-22 Community Health Status Indicators Adult female routine pap tests D-23 Community Health Status Indicators Teen births D-24 Community Health Status Indicators Particulate air pollution D-25 Community Health Status Indicators Chronic lower respiratory disease deaths D-26 Community Commons Community Commons Indicators D-27 Community Commons Linguistically Isolated Population D-28 Community Commons Population with Limited English Proficiency D-29 Community Commons High School Graduation Rate D-29 Community Commons Population with No High School Diploma D-30 Community Commons Population with Associate's Degree or Higher D-32 Community Commons Income – Families Earning over $75,000 D-32 Community Commons Income Per Capita D-33 Community Commons Poverty – Children Below 100% FPL D-33 Community Commons Poverty – Children Below 200% FPL D-34 Community Commons Poverty – Population Below 100% FPL D-35 Community Commons Poverty – Population Below 200% FPL D-37 Community Commons Poverty – Population 50% FPL D-37 Community Commons Income – Public Assistance Income D-38 Community Commons Insurance– Population Receiving Medicaid D-38 Community Commons Population Receiving SNAP Benefits D-39 Community Commons Children Eligible for Free/Reduced Price Lunch D-40 Community Commons Food Insecurity Rate D-40 Community Commons Population with Any Disability D-41 Community Commons Households with No Motor Vehicle D-41 Community Commons Housing Cost Burden D-42 Community Commons Unemployment Rate D-42 Community Commons Insurance – Uninsured Adults D-43 Community Commons Violent Crime D-44
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Section Title Page Community Commons Mortality -Homicide D-44 Community Commons Air Quality - Particulate Matter D-46 Community Commons Food Access - Fast Food Restaurants D-47 Community Commons Housing – Overcrowded Housing D-47 Community Commons Housing – Substandard Housing D-48 Community Commons Housing – Housing Unit Age D-48 Community Commons Housing Cost Burden D-49 Community Commons Liquor Store Access D-49 Community Commons Recreation and Fitness Facility Access D-50 Community Commons Physical Inactivity D-50 Community Commons Tobacco Usage - Current Smokers D-51 Community Commons Tobacco Usage - Former Or Current Smokers D-51 Community Commons Access to Primary Care D-52 Community Commons Cancer Screening - Mammogram D-52 Community Commons Cancer Screening - Pap Test D-53 Community Commons Cancer Screening - Sigmoidoscopy or Colonoscopy D-53 Community Commons Diabetes Management - Hemoglobin A1c Test D-54 Community Commons Dental Care Utilization D-54 Community Commons Lack of A Consistent Source of Primary Care D-55 Community Commons Population Living in a Health Professional Shortage Area D-55 Community Commons Preventable Hospital Events D-56 Community Commons Depression Medicare Population D-56 Community Commons Diabetes (Adult) D-57 Community Commons Heart Disease Medicare Population D-58 Community Commons High Blood Pressure Medicare Population D-58 Community Commons High Cholesterol Medicare Population D-59 Community Commons Obesity D-59 Community Commons Asthma Prevalence D-60 Community Commons Poor Dental Health D-60 Community Commons Poor General Health D-61 Community Commons HIV prevalence D-61 Community Commons Chlamydia Incidence D-62 Community Commons Gonorrhea Incidence D-62 Community Commons Cancer Mortality D-63 Community Commons Cancer Incidence - Breast D-64 Community Commons Cancer Incidence - Cervical D-65 Community Commons Cancer Incidence - Colon And Rectum D-66 Community Commons Cancer Incidence - Lung D-67 Community Commons Cancer Incidence - Prostate D-67 Community Commons Mortality – Premature Death D-69 Community Commons Mortality - Heart Disease D-69 Community Commons Mortality - Lung Disease D-71 Community Commons Mortality - Stroke D-72 Community Commons Unintentional Injury Mortality D-73 Community Commons Mortality - Pedestrian Accident D-74 Community Commons Teen Birth Rate D-74 Community Commons Infant Mortality Rate D-75 Community Commons Low Birth Weight D-76
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Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report
2015
Commissioned by: Aurora Health Care
Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin Columbia St. Mary’s Health System
Froedtert Health Wheaton Franciscan Healthcare
In Partnership with: Milwaukee City Health Department Center for Urban Population Health
Prepared by: JKV Research, LLC
Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report—2015
Section Title Page Number Purpose ................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 Summary .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Key Findings ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 Rating Their Own Health ............................................................................................................................ 12 Health Care Coverage ................................................................................................................................. 16 Health Care Needed .................................................................................................................................... 23 Health Information and Services................................................................................................................. 33 Routine Procedures ..................................................................................................................................... 45 Vaccinations ................................................................................................................................................ 54 Prevalence of Select Health Conditions ...................................................................................................... 59 Physical Well Being and Body Weight ....................................................................................................... 77 Nutrition ...................................................................................................................................................... 90 Women’s Health ....................................................................................................................................... 101 Colorectal Cancer Screening ..................................................................................................................... 108 Tobacco Cigarette Use .............................................................................................................................. 115 Exposure to Cigarette Smoke .................................................................................................................... 122 Other Tobacco Products ............................................................................................................................ 127 Alcohol Use .............................................................................................................................................. 130 Household Problems ................................................................................................................................. 135 Distracted Driving ..................................................................................................................................... 138 Mental Health Status ................................................................................................................................. 142 Personal Safety Issues ............................................................................................................................... 149 Children in Household .............................................................................................................................. 156 Community Health Issues ......................................................................................................................... 168 Appendix A: Questionnaire Frequencies ......................................................................................................... 187 Appendix B: Survey Methodology .................................................................................................................. 205 Table Title Page Number Table 1. Weighted Demographic Variables of Community Health Survey Respondents for 2015 ..................... 3 Table 2. Fair or Poor Health by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ............................................... 15 Table 3. Personally No Health Care Coverage by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ................... 19 Table 4. Personally Not Covered by Health Insurance in Past 12 Months by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ........................................................................................................... 21 Table 5. Someone in Household Not Covered by Health Insurance in Past 12 Months by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ........................................................................................................... 22 Table 6. Delayed or Did Not Seek Medical Care Due to Cost in Past 12 Months by Demographic Variables for 2015 ................................................................................................................................ 25 Table 7. Prescription Medications Not Taken Due to Cost in Past 12 Months by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year (Household Member) ........................................................................ 26 Table 8. Unmet Medical Care in Past 12 Months by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ............... 28 Table 9. Unmet Dental Care in Past 12 Months by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ................. 30 Table 10. Unmet Mental Health Care in Past 12 Months by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ... 32 Table 11. Doctor as Health Information Source by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ................. 36 Table 12. Internet as Health Information Source by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ................ 38 Table 13. Have a Primary Care Physician by Demographic Variables for 2015 ............................................... 40 Table 14. Doctor’s or Nurse Practitioner’s Office as Primary Health Care Service by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ......................................................................................................... 42 Table 15. Advance Care Plan by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ............................................. 44 Table 16. Routine Checkup Two Years Ago or Less by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ......... 47
Table of Contents
Table Title Page Number Table 17. Cholesterol Test Four Years Ago or Less by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ........... 49 Table 18. Dental Checkup Less than One Year Ago by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year .......... 51 Table 19. Eye Exam Less than One Year Ago by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ................... 53 Table 20. Flu Vaccination by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year .................................................. 56 Table 21. Pneumonia Vaccination Ever (65 and Older) by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ..... 58 Table 22. High Blood Pressure in Past Three Years by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year........... 62 Table 23. High Blood Cholesterol in Past Three Years by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ...... 65 Table 24. Heart Disease/Condition in Past Three Years by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year .... 68 Table 25. Mental Health Condition in Past Three Years by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year .... 70 Table 26. Diabetes in Past Three Years by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year .............................. 73 Table 27. Current Asthma by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year .................................................. 76 Table 28. Recommended Moderate Physical Activity by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ....... 80 Table 29. Recommended Vigorous Physical Activity by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ........ 83 Table 30. Recommended Moderate or Vigorous Physical Activity by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year .............................................................................................................................. 86 Table 31. Overweight by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ......................................................... 89 Table 32. Two or More Servings of Fruit on Average Day by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ........................................................................................................................................ 93 Table 33. Three or More Servings of Vegetables on Average Day by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ........................................................................................................................................ 96 Table 34. Often Read Food Labels When Purchasing a Product for the First Time by Demographic Variables for 2015 .............................................................................................................................. 98 Table 35. Restaurant Food Two or Fewer Times in the Past Seven Days by Demographic Variables for 2015 ............................................................................................................................................ 100 Table 36. Mammogram Within Past Two Years by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year (Respondents 50 and Older) ............................................................................................................. 103 Table 37. Pap Smear Within Past Three Years by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year (Respondents 18 to 65 Years Old and With a Cervix) ..................................................................... 105 Table 38. HPV Test Within Past Five Years by Demographic Variables for 2015 (Respondents 18 to 65 Years Old and With a Cervix) ..................................................................... 106 Table 39. Cervical Cancer Screening in Recommended Time Frame by Demographic Variables for 2015 (Respondents 18 to 65 Years Old and With a Cervix) ..................................................................... 107 Table 40. Blood Stool Test Within Past Year by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year (Respondents 50 and Older) ............................................................................................................. 110 Table 41. Sigmoidoscopy Within Past Five Years by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year (Respondents 50 and Older) ............................................................................................................. 111 Table 42. Colonoscopy Within Past Ten Years by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year (Respondents 50 and Older) ............................................................................................................. 113 Table 43. Colorectal Cancer Screening in Recommended Time Frame by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year (Respondents 50 and Older) ......................................................................... 114 Table 44. Current Tobacco Cigarette Smokers by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ................. 117 Table 45. Current Smokers Quit Smoking for One Day or Longer in Past Year by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ........................................................................... 120 Table 46. Doctor, Nurse or Other Health Professional Advised Respondent to Quit Smoking in Past Year by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ....................................................... 121 Table 47. Smoking Not Allowed in Home by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ....................... 124 Table 48. Nonsmokers Exposed to Second-Hand Smoke in Past Seven Days by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ........................................................................... 126 Table 49. Other Tobacco Products in Past Month by Demographic Variables for 2015 ................................. 129 Table 50. Binge Drinking in Past Month by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year .......................... 132 Table 51. Driver or Passenger in Vehicle When Driver Perhaps Had Too Much to Drink in Past Month by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ........................................................................... 134
Table Title Page Number Table 52. Household Problem Associated with Alcohol in Past Year by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ....................................................................................................................... 136 Table 53. Driving with Technology Distractions in Past Month by Demographic Variables for 2015 ........... 139 Table 54. Driving with Non-Technology Distractions in Past Month by Demographic Variables for 2015 ... 141 Table 55. Always/Nearly Always Felt Sad, Blue or Depressed in Past 30 Days by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ....................................................................................................... 144 Table 56. Considered Suicide in Past Year by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ...................... 146 Table 57. Seldom/Never Find Meaning and Purpose in Daily Life by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ............................................................................................................................. 148 Table 58. Afraid for Personal Safety by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ................................ 151 Table 59. Someone Pushed, Kicked, Slapped or Hit Respondent by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ............................................................................................................................. 153 Table 60. At Least One of the Personal Safety Issues by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ...... 155 Table 61. Child’s Personal Doctor/Nurse by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ......................... 159 Table 62. Child’s Unmet Care by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year .......................................... 160 Table 63. Child’s Current Asthma by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year .................................... 161 Table 64. Child Seldom/Never Safe in Community or Neighborhood by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ....................................................................................................................... 162 Table 65. Child’s Nutrition and Exercise by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year (Children 5 to 17 Years Old) ............................................................................................................ 165 Table 66. Child Always/Nearly Always Felt Unhappy, Sad or Depressed by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year (Children 8 to 17 Years Old) ....................................................................... 166 Table 67. Child Experienced Bullying in Past 12 Months by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year (Children 8 to 17 Years Old).............................................................................. 167 Table 68. Alcohol or Drug Use as a Top Community Health Issue by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ...................................................................................................................................... 171 Table 69. Chronic Diseases as a Top Community Health Issue by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ...................................................................................................................................... 173 Table 70. Mental Health or Depression as a Top Community Health Issue by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ....................................................................................................................... 175 Table 71. Teen Pregnancy as a Top Community Health Issue by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ...................................................................................................................................... 177 Table 72. Infectious Diseases as a Top Community Health Issue by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ...................................................................................................................................... 179 Table 73. Violence as a Top Community Health Issue by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year .... 181 Table 74. Infant Mortality as a Top Community Health Issue by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ...................................................................................................................................... 183 Table 75. Lead Poisoning as a Top Community Health Issue by Demographic Variables for Each Survey Year ...................................................................................................................................... 185 Figure Title Page Number Figure 1. Rate Own Health for 2015 .................................................................................................................. 12 Figure 2. Fair or Poor Health ............................................................................................................................. 16 Figure 3. Type of Health Care Coverage for 2015 ............................................................................................. 17 Figure 4. Health Care Coverage ......................................................................................................................... 23 Figure 5. Unmet Health Care in Past 12 Months ............................................................................................... 33 Figure 6. Health Information and Services ........................................................................................................ 45 Figure 7. Routine Procedures ............................................................................................................................. 54 Figure 8. Vaccinations........................................................................................................................................ 58 Figure 9. Health Conditions in Past Three Years for 2015 ................................................................................ 60 Figure 10. Health Conditions in Past Three Years ............................................................................................. 77 Figure 11. Physical Activity/Week for 2015 ...................................................................................................... 84 Figure 12. Physical Well Being and Body Weight ............................................................................................ 90
Figure Title Page Number Figure 13. Dietary Behavior ............................................................................................................................. 101 Figure 14. Women's Health Tests .................................................................................................................... 108 Figure 15. Colorectal Cancer Screenings (Respondents 50 and Older) ........................................................... 115 Figure 16. Current Tobacco Cigarette Smokers (Past 30 Days) ...................................................................... 118 Figure 17. Smoking Cessation in Past 12 Months (Current Smokers) ............................................................. 122 Figure 18. Smoking Policy Inside Home for 2015 ........................................................................................... 123 Figure 19. Exposure to Cigarette Smoke ......................................................................................................... 127 Figure 20. Alcohol Use in Past Month ............................................................................................................. 135 Figure 21. Household Problems in Past Year .................................................................................................. 137 Figure 22. Felt Sad, Blue or Depressed in Past 30 Days for 2015 ................................................................... 142 Figure 23. Mental Health Status ....................................................................................................................... 149 Figure 24. Personal Safety Issues in Past Year ................................................................................................ 156 Figure 25. Child Experienced Bullying in Past Year ....................................................................................... 168 Figure 26. Community Health Issues for 2015 ................................................................................................ 169 Figure 27. Community Health Issues ............................................................................................................... 186
Milwaukee City Community Health Survey Report—2015 1
The purpose of this project is to provide Milwaukee with information for an assessment of the health status of residents. Primary objectives are to:
1. Gather specific data on behavioral and lifestyle habits of the adult population. Select information will also be collected about the respondent’s household.
2. Gather data on the prevalence of risk factors and disease conditions existing within the adult population. 3. Compare, where appropriate, health data of residents to previous health studies. 4. Compare, where appropriate and available, health data of residents to state and national measurements
along with Healthy People 2020 goals. This report was commissioned by Aurora Health Care, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Columbia St. Mary’s Health System, Froedtert Health and Wheaton Franciscan Healthcare in partnership with the Center for Urban Population Health and the Milwaukee City Health Department. The survey was conducted by JKV Research, LLC. For technical information about survey methodology, contact Janet Kempf Vande Hey, M.S. at (920) 439-1399 or [email protected]. For further information about the survey, contact the Milwaukee CityHealth Department, at (414) 286-3521. Data Collection Respondents were scientifically selected so the survey would be representative of all adults 18 years old and older in the service area. The sampling strategy was two-fold. 1) A random-digit-dial landline sample of telephone numbers which included listed and unlisted numbers. The respondent within each household was randomly selected by computer and based on the number of adults in the household (n=690). 2) A cell phone-only sample where the person answering the phone was selected as the respondent (n=510). At least 8 attempts were made to contact a respondent in both samples. Screener questions verifying location were included. Data collection was conducted by Management Decisions Incorporated. A total of 1,200 telephone interviews were completed between March 16 and July 14, 2015. Weighting of Data For the landline sample, weighting was based on the number of adults in the household and the number of residential phone numbers, excluding fax and computer lines, to take into account the probability of selection. For the cell-phone only sample, it was assumed the respondent, if an adult, was the primary cell phone user. Combined, post-stratification was conducted by sex and age to reflect the 2010 census proportion of these characteristics in the area. Margin of Error With a sample size of 1,200, we can be 95% sure that the sample percentage reported would not vary by more than ±3 percent from what would have been obtained by interviewing all persons 18 years old and older with telephones in the service area. This margin of error provides us with confidence in the data; 95 times out of 100, the true value will likely be somewhere between the lower and upper bound. The margin of error for smaller subgroups will be larger than ±3 percent, since fewer respondents are in that category (e.g., adults 65 years old or older who were asked if they ever received a pneumonia vaccination). In 2013, the Census Bureau estimated 436,012 adult residents in the health department’s service area. Thus, in this report, one percentage point equals approximately 4,360 adults. So, when 21% of respondents reported their health was fair or poor, this roughly equals 91,560 residents ±13,080 individuals. Therefore, from 78,480 to 104,640 residents likely have fair or poor health. Because the margin of error is ±3%, events or health risks that are small will include zero.
Purpose
Methodology
In 2013, the Census Bureau estimated 228,935 occupied housing units in Milwaukee. In certain questions of the Community Health Survey, respondents were asked to report information about their household. Using the 2013 household estimate, each percentage point for household-level data represents approximately 80 households. Statistical Significance The use of statistics is to determine whether a true difference between two percentages is likely to exist. If a difference is statistically significant, it is unlikely that the difference between the two percentages is due to chance. Conversely, if a difference is not statistically significant, it is likely there is no real difference. For example, the difference between the percentage of adults reporting they had an eye exam in the past year in the 2003 Community Health Survey (50%) and the percentage of adults reporting this in 2015 (47%) is not statistically significant and so it is likely not a real difference; it is within the margin of error of the survey. Data Interpretation Data that has been found “statistically significant” and “not statistically significant” are both important for stakeholders to better understand residents as they work on action plans. Additionally, demographic cross- tabulations provide information on whether or not there are statistically significant differences within the demographic categories (gender, age, education, household income level and marital status). Demographic data is available for race and ethnicity for the questions that had enough respondents. Finally, Healthy People 2020 goals as well as Wisconsin and national percentages are included to provide another perspective of the health issues. Throughout the report, some totals may be more or less than 100% due to rounding and response category distribution. Percentages occasionally may differ by one or two percentage points from previous reports or the Appendix as a result of rounding, recoding variables or response category distribution. Definitions Certain variables were recoded for better analysis and are listed below. Marital status: Married respondents were classified as those who reported married and those who reported a member of an unmarried couple. All others were classified as not married. Household income: It is difficult to compare household income data throughout the years as the real dollar value changes. Each year, the Census Bureau classifies household income into five equal brackets, rounded to the nearest dollar. It is not possible to exactly match the survey income categories to the Census Bureau brackets since the survey categories are in increments of $10,000 or more; however, it is the best way to track household income. This report looks at the Census Bureau’s bottom 40%, middle 20% and top 40% household income brackets each survey year. In 2003 and 2006, the bottom 40% income bracket included survey categories less than $30,001, the middle 20% income bracket was $30,001 to $50,000 and the top 40% income bracket was at least $50,001. In 2009, 2012 and 2015, the bottom 40% income bracket included survey categories less than $40,001, the middle 20% income bracket was $40,001 to $60,000 and the top 40% income bracket was at least $60,001. The 2009 recommended amount of physical activity by the Centers for Disease Control is moderate activity for at least 30 minutes on five or more days of the week or vigorous activity for at least 20 minutes on three or more days of the week. Moderate physical activity includes walking briskly, bicycling, vacuuming, gardening or anything else that causes small increases in breathing or heart rate. Vigorous physical activity includes running, aerobics, heavy yard work, or anything else that causes large increases in breathing or heart rate. Insufficient physical activity includes participation in either activity, but not for the duration or the frequency recommended. Inactive respondents reported no moderate or vigorous physical activity in a typical week. Overweight status was calculated using the Center for Disease Control’s Body Mass Index (BMI). Body Mass Index is calculated by using kilograms/meter2. A BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 is considered overweight and 30.0 or more as obese. Throughout the report, the category “overweight” includes both overweight and obese respondents. Current smoker is defined as someone who smoked a tobacco cigarette at least some days in the past 30 days.
The definition for binge drinking varies. Currently, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) defines binge drinking as four or more drinks per occasion for females and five or more drinks per occasion for males to account for weight and metabolism differences. Previously, the CDC defined binge drinking as five or more drinks at one time, regardless of gender. In 2003, 2012 and 2015, the Milwaukee Health Survey defined binge drinking as four or more drinks per occasion for females and five or more drinks per occasion for males to account for weight and metabolism differences. In 2006 and 2009, the definition was five or more drinks, regardless of gender. Demographic Profile The following table includes the weighted demographic breakdown of respondents in the health department service area. Table 1. Weighted Demographic Variables of Community Health Survey Respondents for 2015 Survey Results TOTAL 100% Gender Male 47% Female 53 Age 18 to 24 19% 25 to 34 22 35 to 44 17 45 to 54 17 55 to 64 13 65 and Older 12 Race1 White 51% African American 38 Other 11 Hispanic Origin Hispanic 13% Non-Hispanic 87 Education High School Graduate or Less 34% Some Post High School 35 College Graduate 31 Household Income Bottom 40 Percent Bracket 50% Middle 20 Percent Bracket 15 Top 40 Percent Bracket 21 Not Sure/No Answer 14 Married 27%
Percentages occasionally may differ by 1 or 2 percentage points from the Appendix as a result of rounding, recoding variables and response category distribution. 1Other includes the following: Asian, American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, another race or multiple races.
This research provides valuable behavioral data, lifestyle habits, and the prevalence of risk factors and disease conditions of Milwaukee residents. The following data are highlights of the comprehensive study.
Overall Health Vaccinations (65 and Older) Milwaukee 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Milwaukee 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Excellent 18% 16% 16% 15% 15% Flu Vaccination (past year) 71% 69% 65% 60% 76% Very Good 32% 31% 29% 32% 33% Pneumonia (ever) 58% 66% 64% 67% 77% Fair or Poor 17% 21% 22% 24% 21% Other Research: (2013) WI U.S. Other Research: (2013) WI U.S. Flu Vaccination (past year) 55% 63% Fair or Poor 15% 17% Pneumonia (ever) 73% 70% Health Care Coverage Health Conditions in Past 3 Years Milwaukee 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Milwaukee 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Not Covered High Blood Pressure 23% 27% 29% 29% 30% Personally (currently) 11% 13% 15% 17% 6% Mental Health Condition 14% 16% 19% Personally (past 12 months) 26% 22% 14% High Blood Cholesterol 17% 21% 21% 19% 18% Household Member (past 12 months) 27% 30% 30% 25% 16% Asthma (Current) 10% 12% 14% 14% 15% Diabetes 7% 8% 10% 10% 11% Other Research: (2013) WI U.S. Heart Disease/Condition 7% 8% 9% 9% 8% Personally Not Covered (currently) 12% 17% Condition Controlled Through Meds, Did Not Receive Care Needed Therapy or Lifestyle Changes Milwaukee 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 High Blood Pressure 96% 93% Delayed/Did Not Seek Care Due to Mental Health Condition 81% 87% Cost (past 12 months) 20% High Blood Cholesterol 84% 87% Prescript. Meds Not Taken Due to Asthma (Current) 93% 95% Cost (Household) (past 12 months) 15% 12% Diabetes 90% 90% Unmet Care (past 12 months) Heart Disease/Condition 89% 93% Medical Care 14% -- 13% 14% Dental Care 21% 21% Routine Procedures Mental Health Care 6% 5% Milwaukee 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Routine Checkup (2 yrs. ago or less) 87% 87% 85% 84% 87% Health Information and Services Cholesterol Test (4 years ago or less) 73% 70% 70% 70% 69% Milwaukee 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Dental Checkup (past year) 66% 58% 52% 51% 57% Primary Source of Health Information Eye Exam (past year) 50% 43% 40% 41% 47% Doctor 52% -- 44% 45% 48% Internet 8% -- 21% 28% 30% Other Research: WI U.S. Have a Primary Care Physician 84% Routine Checkup (≤2 years; 2013) 82% 81% Primary Health Services Cholesterol Test (≤5 years; 2013) 77% 76% Doctor/nurse practitioner’s office 74% 67% 65% 61% Dental Checkup (past year; 2012) 72% 67% Urgent care center 3% 7% 7% 12% Public health clinic/com. health center 6% 8% 8% 5% Physical Health Hospital emergency room 8% 10% 9% 13% Milwaukee 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Hospital outpatient 4% 3% 3% 2% Physical Activity/Week No usual place 6% 5% 6% 5% Moderate Activity (5 times/30 min) 27% 33% 31% 33% 37% Advance Care Plan 25% 28% 26% 23% 27% Vigorous Activity (3 times/20 min) 20% 18% 25% 28% Recommended Moderate or Vigorous 43% 40% 46% 48% Overweight 62% 65% 67% 66% 74% Colorectal Cancer Screenings (50 and Older) Fruit Intake (2+ servings/day) 63% 58% 56% 61% 59% Milwaukee 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Vegetable Intake (3+ servings/day) 29% 22% 20% 25% 26% Blood Stool Test (within past year) 36% 23% -- 15% 15% Often Read Food Label of New Product 51% Sigmoidoscopy (within past 5 years) 10% 12% 13% Restaurant Food Meals (2 or fewer/past week) 71% Colonoscopy (within past 10 years) 54% 59% 67% Screening in Recommended Time Frame 57% 65% 73% Other Research: WI U.S. Overweight (2013) 67% 64% Recommended Mod. or Vig. Activity (2009) 53% 51%
Summary
Women’s Health Alcohol Use in Past Month Milwaukee 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Milwaukee 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Mammogram (50+; within past 2 years) 82% 76% 76% 77% 82% Binge Drinker 17% 20% 19% 32% 35% Bone Density Scan (65 and older) 60% 64% 64% 80% Driver/Passenger When Driver Cervical Cancer Screening Perhaps Had Too Much to Drink 3% 4% 4% 2% 3% Pap Smear (18 – 65; within past 3 yrs) 90% 90% 88% 85% 81% HPV Test (18 – 65; within past 5 yrs) 64% Other Research: (2013) WI U.S. Screening in Recommended Time Frame Binge Drinker 23% 17% (18-29: Pap every 3 yrs; 30 to 65: Pap and HPV every 5 yrs or Pap only every 3 yrs) 82% Household Problems Associated With… Milwaukee 2006 2009 2012 2015 Other Research: WI U.S. Alcohol 3% 3% 3% 2% Mammogram (50+; within past 2 yrs; 2012) 82% 77% Marijuana 2% 2% Pap Smear (18+; within past 3 years; 2010) 85% 81% Misuse of Prescription or OTC Drugs 1% 2% Gambling 1% 1% Tobacco Cigarette Use Cocaine, Heroin or Other Street Drugs <1% <1% Milwaukee 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Current Smokers (past 30 days) Distracted Driving Of Current Smokers… 28% 29% 29% 28% 21% Milwaukee 2015 Quit Smoking 1 Day or More in Past Driving with Technology Distractions (1+ times/day) 18% Year Because Trying to Quit 53% 55% 58% 66% 61% Driving with Other Distractions (1+ times/day) 13% Saw a Health Care Professional Past Year and Advised to Quit Smoking 78% 72% 83% 80% Mental Health Status Milwaukee 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Other Research: WI U.S. Felt Sad, Blue or Depressed Current Smokers (2013) 19% 19% Always/Nearly Always (past 30 days) 9% 10% 9% 9% 8% Tried to Quit (2006) 49% 56% Find Meaning & Purpose in Daily Life Seldom/Never 7% 6% 7% 7% 9% Exposure to Smoke Considered Suicide (past year) 4% 7% 7% 6% 8% Milwaukee 2009 2012 2015 Smoking Policy at Home Children in Household Not allowed anywhere 59% 71% 72% Milwaukee 2012 2015 Allowed in some places/at some times 17% 11% 12% Personal Health Doctor/Nurse who Allowed anywhere 5% 4% 2% Knows Child Well and Familiar with History 88% 91% No rules inside home 19% 13% 15% Visited Personal Doctor/Nurse for Nonsmokers Exposed to Second-Hand Preventive Care (past 12 months) 96% 92% Smoke In Past Seven Days 32% 25% 26% Did Not Receive Care Needed (past 12 months) Medical Care 3% 3% Other Research: (WI: 2003; US: 2006-2007) WI U.S. Dental Care 10% 11% Smoking Prohibited at Home 75% 79% Specialist 2% 1% Current Asthma 14% 11% Other Tobacco Products in Past Month Safe in Community/Neighborhood (seldom/never) 6% 6% Milwaukee 2015 Children 5 to 17 Years Old Electronic Cigarettes 6% Fruit Intake (2+ servings/day) 75% 82% Cigars, Cigarillos or Little Cigars 5% Vegetable Intake (3+ servings/day) 31% 30% Smokeless Tobacco 4% Physical Activity (60 min./5 or more days/week) 66% 70% Children 8 to 17 Years Old Top Community Health Issues Unhappy, Sad or Depressed Milwaukee 2006 2009 2012 2015 Always/Nearly Always (past 6 months) 8% 3% Chronic Diseases 48% 44% 50% 66% Experienced Some Form of Bullying (past 12 months) 23% 14% Violence 58% 57% 56% 55% Verbally Bullied 18% 12% Alcohol or Drug Use 49% 62% 57% 54% Physically Bullied 11% 5% Mental Health or Depression 25% 19% 21% 31% Cyber Bullied 2% 2% Teen Pregnancy 46% 50% 36% 28% Infectious Diseases 33% 31% 29% 21% Personal Safety in Past Year Infant Mortality 7% 15% 20% 10% Milwaukee 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Lead Poisoning 5% 6% 3% 2% Afraid for Their Safety 7% 13% 10% 8% 8% Pushed, Kicked, Slapped, or Hit 4% 7% 6% 4% 3% At Least One of the Safety Issues 10% 16% 13% 10% 9%
Overall Health and Health Care Key Findings In 2015, 48% of respondents reported their health as excellent or very good; 21% reported fair or poor. Respondents who were female, 55 and older, African American, non-Hispanic, with a high school education or less, in the bottom 40 percent household income bracket, unmarried, overweight, inactive or smokers were more likely to report fair or poor conditions. From 2003 to 2015, there was a statistical increase in the overall percent of respondents who reported their health as fair or poor. In 2015, 6% of respondents reported they were not currently covered by health care insurance; respondents 18 to 24 years old, 45 to 54 years old, non-white and non-African American, Hispanic, with some post high school education, in the bottom 60 percent household income bracket or unmarried respondents were more likely to report this. Fourteen percent of respondents reported they personally did not have health care coverage at least part of the time in the past 12 months; respondents who were 18 to 24 years old, 35 to 44 years old, non-white and non-African American, with some post high school education, in the bottom 40 percent household income bracket or unmarried were more likely to report this. Sixteen percent of respondents reported someone in their household was not covered at least part of the time in the past 12 months; respondents who were in the bottom 40 percent household income bracket or unmarried were more likely to report this. From 2003 to 2015, the overall percent statistically decreased for respondents 18 and older as well as for respondents 18 to 64 years old who reported no current personal health care coverage. From 2009 to 2015, the overall percent statistically decreased for respondents who reported no personal health care coverage at least part of the time in the past 12 months. From 2003 to 2015, the overall percent statistically decreased for respondents who reported someone in the household was not covered at least part of the time in the past 12 months. In 2015, 20% of respondents reported they delayed or did not seek medical care because of a high deductible, high co-pay or because they did not have coverage for the care in the past 12 months; respondents who were 18 to 24 years old, 45 to 54 years old, non-white and non-African American, with some post high school education or unmarried were more likely to report this. Twelve percent of respondents reported that someone in their household had not taken their prescribed medication due to prescription costs in the past 12 months; respondents in the bottom 40 percent household income bracket were more likely to report this. Fourteen percent of respondents reported there was a time in the past 12 months they did not receive the medical care needed; non- Hispanic respondents were more likely to report this. Twenty-one percent of respondents reported there was a time in the past 12 months they did not receive the dental care needed; respondents who were female, 18 to 24 years old, non-white, with some post high school education, in the bottom 40 percent household income bracket or unmarried were more likely to report they did not receive the dental care needed. Five percent of respondents reported there was a time in the past 12 months they did not receive the mental health care needed; respondents who were female, 18 to 24 years old, non-Hispanic or unmarried were more likely to report this. From 2012 to 2015, the overall percent statistically remained the same for respondents who reported someone in their household had not taken their prescribed medication due to prescription costs in the past 12 months. From 2006 to 2015, the overall percent statistically remained the same for respondents who reported an unmet medical need. From 2012 to 2015, the overall percent statistically remained the same for respondents who reported an unmet dental need or unmet mental health need in the past 12 months. In 2015, 48% of respondents reported they contact their doctor when they need health information while 30% reported they go to the Internet. Respondents who were 65 and older, African American, with a high school education or less or in the bottom 40 percent household income bracket were more likely to report they contact their doctor. Respondents who were 25 to 34 years old, non-white and non-African American, with a college education or in the middle 20 percent household income bracket were more likely to report the Internet as their source for health information. Eighty-four percent of respondents reported they have a primary care physician they regularly see for check-ups and when they are sick; respondents who were female, 65 and older, white, non- Hispanic, in the top 40 percent household income bracket or married were more likely to report a primary care physician. Sixty-one percent of respondents reported their primary place for health services was from a doctor’s or nurse practitioner’s office; respondents who were female, 65 and older, white, non-Hispanic, with at least some post high school education, in the top 60 percent household income bracket or married were more likely to report this. Twenty-seven percent of respondents had an advance care plan; respondents who were 65 and older, white, non-Hispanic, in the top 40 percent household income bracket or married were more likely to report an advance care plan. From 2003 to 2015, there was no statistical change in the overall percent of respondents
reporting their source for health information was their doctor. From 2003 to 2015, there was a statistical increase in the overall percent of respondents reporting their source of information was the Internet. From 2006 to 2015, there was a statistical decrease in the overall percent of respondents reporting their primary place for health services was from a doctor’s or nurse practitioner’s office. From 2003 to 2015, there was no statistical change in the overall percent of respondents having an advance care plan. In 2015, 87% of respondents reported a routine medical checkup two years ago or less while 69% reported a cholesterol test four years ago or less. Fifty-seven percent of respondents reported a visit to t

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