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Chapter Summary

F2032 Fundamental Of Operating System

At the end of this chapter, student will be able to:

1) Define operating system

2) List the use of operating system in computer

system3) List the evolution of operating system

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n ro uc on o pera ng ys em(OS)


Software program that controls the hardware. Definition of an operating system can be seen in four

aspects:

1) A group of program that acts as an intermediary

between a user and the computer hardware.2) Controls and co-ordinates the use of computer

resources among various application programs and

user.

3) Acts as a manager4) Allow the program to communicate with one another

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Basically, two types of software available:1) System software

- Groups of program that control the hardware

2) Application software

- Groups of programs that used by the end-user forvarious

applications such as text processing, spreadsheet, etc

OS categorized as system software

- Build to act as an intermediary between user of a

computer and computer hardware

- Goal: Provide convenient and efficient environment for

the user

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User1 User2 User3

System and application programs

Operating system

Hardware

Figure 1: Abstract view of the components of a computer

system

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OS has three objectives:1) Convenience

- An OS make a computer more convenient to be used

2) Efficiency

- An OS allows the computer system resources to beused in an efficient manner

3) Ability to evolve

-An OS is constructed in such a way to as to permit the

effective development, testing and introduction of newsystem function without at the same time interfering with

service.

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History of Operating System (OS)


Operating systems have been evolving through the

years.

The first true digital computer was designed by the

English mathematician Charles Babbage (1792-1871).

Babbage spent most of his life and fortune trying to built

his analytical engine but he never got it working

properly.

It was a purely mechanical design and the technology of

his day could not produce the wheels, gears, cogs and

other mechanical parts to the high precision that heneeded

Needless to say, the analytical engine did not have an

operating system.

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First Generation (1945-1955): Vacuum Tubes and Plug

boards

Mid-1940s- Howard Aiken (Harvard), John von

Neumann (Princeton) , J. Presper Eckert and William

Mauchley (Pennsylvania), and Konard Zuse(Germany), among other, all succeeded in building

calculating engines using vacuum tubes.

Machines were enormous,filling up entire rooms with

tens of thousands of vacuum tubes, but were muchslower than even the cheapest home computer

available to day.

All programming was done in absolute machine

language, often by wiring up plug boards to control

the machines basic functions.

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First Generation (1945-1955): Vacuum Tubes and Plug

boards

Early 1950- Routine had improved somewhat with the

introduction of punched cards.

- It was now possible to write programs on cards andread them in, instead of using plug boards

-Otherwise the procedure was the same.

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Second Generation (1955-1965): Transistors and Batch

Systems

Introduction of the transistor in the mid-1950s changed the

picture radically.

Computers became reliable enough that they could bemanufactured and sold to paying customer with the

expectation that they would continue to function long

enough to get some useful work done.

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How computer work during the second generation using batch

system?

1) Collect tray full of jobs in input room.

2) Read them onto magnetic tape using small inexpensive

computer (ex: IBM 1401)

3) After collecting batch of job, tape rewound , brought intomachine room and mounted on tape drive.

4) Operator load special program (ancestor of today OS)

which read first job from tape and run it. Output is written

into second tape.

5) System automatically read the next job from tape andrun it until the whole batch is processed and run.

6) Operator remove input and output tape and brought

them to small computer (ex:IBM 1401) for printing.

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Third Generation (1955-1965): ICs and Multiprogramming

Early 1960Most manufacturer had two distinct, totally

incompatible, produce lines.

1) Word Oriented

- large scale scientific computer, example: IBM 7094

2) Character Oriented

- commercial computer, example: IBM 1401

IBM 360first major computer line to use small scale

integrated circuit (IC)

- major price/ performance advantage over second

generation machine

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Third Generation (1955-1965): ICs and Multiprogramming

IBM 7094used a technique called multiprogramming.

- Ability to process the next before the first job is finished.

Spooling (Simultaneous peripheral operation on line)

- Ability to read jobs from cards onto disk

- Whenever a running job is finished, OS could load a new

job from disk into the now empty partition and run it

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Fourth Generation (1980-1990): personal computers

The development of LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuits

introduce the use of personal computer

- chips containing thousands of transistors on a square

centimetre of silicon Powerful personal computer use by business, universities

and government are usually called workstations

1980s Growth of personal computer running network

OS and distributed OS. Network OSUser can log in into remote machine and

copy file from one machine to another

- Each machine run it own local OS and has it own user

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Fourth Generation (1980-1990): personal computers

Distributed OS

- Appears to its users as a traditional unit processor

system, actually composed of multiple processor system

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Activity


1) List four functions of operating system.

2) What is the main technology evolved during the second

generation (1955-1965)?

3) What is the main difference between the computer

process using batch system and without a batch systemduring the second generation?

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