Doğal Dil İşleme - Giriş

Yılmaz Kılıçaslan

Sunu Planı

· Bugün,– Ne yapacağız?– Nasıl yapılır?– Niçin yapmalıyız?

sorularına yanıt arayarak derse giriş giriş yapacağız.

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Ne Yapacağız?

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· Dil· Zihin· Gerçeklik

· Bilgisayarlı· Kuramsal· Felsefi

üzerineçalışmalaryapacağız.

· Edebiyat· Yazım kuralları· Dil ağızları vs.

üzerine çalışmayacağız.

Dilin anlamı vardır: totoloji

· Dilin varoluş gerekçesi anlam kodlamaktır.

· Bir dil eylemi, ancak birilerinin birşeyleri anlamasını sağladığı zaman başarıya ulaşır.

· Anlamını bilmediğimiz sesler, dinleyen için gürültüden ibarettir.

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Anlamın anlamı: paradoksal

· We are all homo significans. However, ...

· “[though] it is tautological that meaningful expressions are just that, meaningful, it has proven extremely difficult to say much more about this property of meaning” (p. 3). (Barwise and Perry 1999)

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Anlam üç öğeli bir ilişkidir

· Smoke means fire.· Fire causes smoke.· Smoke means fire to us. · *Fire causes smoke to us.

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Anlamın üç öğesi

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WORDS REALITY

MINDS

LINGUISTIC MEANING

Words can be constituents of meanings.

Donald Davidson

The external world accommodates meanings.

Jon Barwise

Meaning’s natural home is the mind.

John locke

VIEWS OF REALITY:

1.ARISTOTELIAN

2. PLATONIC

3 NOMINALIST

4. CONCEPTUALIST

5. SOLIPSIST

NATURAL WORLD

REALM OF IDEAS

NO STRUCTURE

MIND

NO REALITY

SOURCE OF STRUCTURE:

İşaretler: anlam üretme araçları

· As Chandler (1984) points out, we, as homo significans, make meanings through our creation and interpretation of signs.

· Some philosophers, such as Peirce, argue that we think only in signs.

· Piaget goes one further step and claims that there is no difference between sign usage and (conceptual) thought.

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Saussurean SignA dyadic matrix excluding the non-mental

· The signifier is the form which the sign takes and the signified is the concept it represents.

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· The signifier is the form which the sign takes and the signified is the concept it represents. A sign is always a combination of these two.

Peircean Sign A triadic structure with an exit to external reality

A sign, or representamen, is something which stands to somebody for something in some respect or capacity. It addresses somebody, that is, creates in the mind of that person an equivalent sign, or perhaps a more developed sign. That sign which it creates I call the interpretant of the first sign. The sign stands for something, its object. (Peirce 1931)

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Properly speaking, semiosis starts because a representamen is opaque, but, when the representamen is transparent semiosis becomes a blind process. (Peirce 1931)

Typology of Signs indices, icons and symbols

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Icon: a mode in which the signifier is perceived as resembling or imitating the signified (recognizably looking, sounding, feeling, tasting or smelling like it): e.g. a portrait, a cartoon, a scale-model, metaphors, 'realistic' sounds in 'programme music', sound effects in radio drama, a dubbed film soundtrack, imitative gestures.

Index: a mode in which the signifier is directly connected in some way (physically or causally) to the signified: e.g. 'natural signs' (smoke, thunder, footprints, echoes and flavours), medical symptoms (pain, a rash, pulse-rate), measuring instruments (weathercock, thermometer, clock), 'signals' (a knock on a door, a phone ringing), pointers (a pointing 'index' finger, a directional signpost), recordings (a photograph, a film, video or television shot, an audio-recorded voice), and indexical words ('that', 'this', 'here', 'there').

Symbol: a mode in which the signifier does not resemble the signified but which is fundamentally arbitrary or purely conventional: e.g. language in general (plus specific languages, alphabetical letters, punctuation marks, words, phrases and sentences), numbers, morse code, traffic lights, national flags.

Semiyotik üçgen· Syntax—how signs relate to other

signs (e.g. how the word “dog” relates to the other words in the sentence “The dog ate my homework.”)

· Semantics—study of how signs relate to things (e.g. how the word “dog” relates to an actual dog)

· Pragmatics—actual use of codes in everyday life; effects of signs on human behavior and how people mold signs and meanings in their actual interaction (e.g. How would the sentence “The dog ate my homework” be used in everyday life? How would my teacher react to it?)

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Dil sembolik bir semiyotik sistemdir.

Dilbilimin alt disiplinleri

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COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS

SuBFIELDS STUDYING MEANING

SuBFIELDS STUDYING FORM

MORPHOLOGY

PHONOLOGY SYNTAX SEMANTICS PRAGMATICS

ONTOLOGY

ZİHİNSELTEMSİL

GÖZLEM AKIL YÜRÜTME

DIŞ DÜNYA

ALGI

REFLEKS

✓P

✓Q

? P ise Q ✓ P ise Q

✓P

? Q

? P

✓ Q

Tümevarı

mlı

Çıkarı

m

Tümdengeli

mli

Çıkarı

m

Abductive

Çıkarı

m

Mantıksal düşünce tarzları

Dil ve matematik

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COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS

SuBFIELDS STUDYING FORM

MORPHOLOGY PHONOLOGY SYNTAX ONTOLOGY SEMANTICS PRAGMATICS

REPRESENTATION:

SuBFIELDS STUDYING MEANING

MACHINERY:

Strings

Acylic Finite State Automata

Lists

Finite State Automata

Regular Grammars

Regular Expressions

Trees

Push-Down Automata

Context-Free Grammars

Recursive Transition Netwworks

Concept Algebra

Concept Lattices

Logical Induction λ- calculus

Intensional Logic

Turing Machines

Niçin?

· ???

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