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Republic of Zambia

PHYSICS HIGH SCHOOL SYLLABUS

GRADES 10 – 12

Prepared by:Curriculum Development Centre

P.O. Box 50092LUSAKA

© Curriculum Development Centre

All rights are reserved, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder (Publisher).

CONTENTSPage

Preface ..................................................................................................................................................................................... iAcknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................................ iiIntroduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... iiiGeneral Aims of the Syllabus................................................................................................................................................. ivGeneral Structure of the Syllabus .......................................................................................................................................... vMathematical Requirements .................................................................................................................................................. viAssessment Objectives .......................................................................................................................................................... viiStructure of the Examination ................................................................................................................................................ viiiTime Allocation .................................................................................................................................................................... ixTopics of the Syllabus .......................................................................................................................................................... xUnit 1.0 Measurements ............................................................................................................................................... 1Unit 2.0 Mechanics ..................................................................................................................................................... 4Unit 3.0 Thermal Physics ........................................................................................................................................... 11Unit 4.0 Light ............................................................................................................................................................. 17Unit 5.0 Sound ........................................................................................................................................................... 20Unit 6.0 Wave motion theory ..................................................................................................................................... 22Unit 7.0 Magnetism .................................................................................................................................................... 24Unit 8.0 Static electricity ............................................................................................................................................ 25Unit 9.0 Current electricity ......................................................................................................................................... 27Unit 10.0 Electromagnetic induction ............................................................................................................................ 33Unit 11.0 Basic electronics ........................................................................................................................................... 36Unit 12.0 Atomic Physics ............................................................................................................................................. 41

Practical Physics .......................................................................................................................................... 43

PREFACE

The review of this Syllabus was necessitated by the need to improve the quality of education at High School Level as stipulated in the national policy document “Educating Our Future - 1996”.

Quality education raises the standard of living for all. This leads to sustainable national development. The syllabus also addresses issues of national concern such as Environmental Education, Gender and Equity, Health Education and HIV/AIDS, Family Life Education, Human Rights, Democracy, Reproductive Health, Population Education, Entrepreneurship and Vocation Skills, Life and Values Education.

Another reason for revising this syllabus was to fully localize the High School Examinations which were formerly set by University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate, UK.

It is hoped that this syllabus will provide the users with a sound premise on the basis of which meaningful and effective learning experiences will be developed in order to provide a good foundation for further study of this subject area.

James Mulungushi (Dr.)PERMANENT SECRETARYMINISTRY OF EDUCATIONLUSAKA-ZAMBIA

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Curriculum Development Centre wishes to pay tribute to the contributors of this Physics Syllabus. These are:

1. Mary Mulaula Lungu - Principal Curriculum Specialist – SciencesCurrirulum Development Centre

2. Paison Luka Katambala - Curriculum Development SpecialistActing Head of Science DepartmentCurriculum Development Centre

3. Ilya Wamulwange - Principal Inspector of Schools – Teacher EducationMinistry of Education

4. Simon Hikaula - Acting Curriculum Development Specialist – ScienceCurriculum Development Centre

5. Hatwambo - Lecturer and Head of Physics DepartmentUNZA

6. Mary G. Mulenga - Senior Examinations Specialist – ScienceExaminations Council of Zambia

7. Leonard K. Shampile - Acting Curriculum Development Specialist – ScienceCurriculum Development CentreFormerly Head of Science Department at Kabulonga Boys, Mumbwa and Helen Kaunda High SchoolsFormerly ZASE National Chairman and National JETS Executive Secretary

8. Christopher Haambokoma - Lecturer, Science Education – School of EducationUniversity of Zambia

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9. Edward Tindi - Senior Inspector of ScienceMinistry of Education Headquarters

10. James M’chenga - Lecturer – Head of Science DepartmentNkrumah Teachers Training College, Kabwe

11. Muzumara P. - Deputy Principal, NISTCOL – ChalimbanaFormerly Head of Science Department

12. Richard Chikwanda - Science Teacher – Head of Science DepartmentChongwe Secondary School, Chongwe

13. Arnold Chengo - Senior Curriculum Development SpecialistFormerly Head of Science DepartmentCurriculum Development Centre

14. D. Chapi - Education Specialist – Examinations Council of Zambia

15. G. Muwowo - Education Officer – World Wide Federation

16. Georgina Hamaimbo - Principal Curriculum Development Specialist – Book Certification andEvaluation System, Curriculum Development Centre

17. Mr. W. Kaiba - UNZA School of Education

18. Mr. Kaimika - Deputy Head – Matero Boys High School

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19. Mr Ngalande - HOD Science – Munali High School

20. Mr. S. Nsengela - Environmental Council of Zambia

21. Mr. F. Mwape - Arakan High School

22. Margaret M. Chikolokoso - Typist – Curriculum Development Centre

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The Curriculum Development Centre also wishes to thank the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources through the Environmental Education Programme for Awareness (EEPA) for providing the necessary funds and the persons who made the production of this syllabus possible. The institution wishes to express its heartfelt gratitude to WWF, UNZA, Kwame Nkrumah Teacher’s College and all who participated in the production of this syllabus whose names might not have been included above.

F.M. Mfula (Mrs.)Director, Standards and CurriculumMINISTRY OF EDUCATION

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INTRODUCTION

This syllabus has taken into consideration relevant aspects of the 1996 National Policy on Education entitled “Educating Our Future”, which demands that the education system should aim at producing a learner capable of appreciating the relationship between scientific thought, action and technology on the one hand, and sustenance of the quality of life on the other. Furthermore, it is part of the policy of the Ministry of Education to improve the teaching and learning of Mathematics and Science in High School.

Another major aspect of this syllabus is that it has taken into consideration environmental issues with emphasis on application of Physics in everyday life.

The syllabus takes into account the fact that the pupils who will follow it will be of different background. Some will study further Physics, some will require the knowledge of this background Physics in pursuing other scientific studies, while some will join the world of work.

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GENERAL AIMS OF THE SYLLABUS

The Syllabus aims at contributing to pupils’ general education by using the impact of well-known applications of physics concepts and principles on society. This approach is intended to stimulate pupils’ curiosity and sense of enquiry which will in turn not only provide a suitable basis for further study of the subject, but also provide pupils with sufficient knowledge and understanding to make them become useful and confident citizens. The essence of such an enquiry is related to problem solving. This further aims at developing the skills necessary to find solutions to scientific problems.

During this course pupils should be acquire the following:

1. Knowledge and understanding of facts, ideas techniques and the applications of Physics.

2. Skill in applying their knowledge and understanding in problem solving.

3. Practical abilities associated with investigation of certain phenomena and principles in Physics.

4. Positive Scientific attitudes such as open mindedness and willingness to recognise alternative points of view.

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GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE SYLLABUS

The syllabus is divided into units. Every effort has been made to arrange the topics in a logical order but this is not intended to suggest a teaching order. It is hoped teachers will develop a considerable flexibility in planning their presentations.

Each of the Units is described under the headings of “Content”, “Objectives” and “Notes”. The column headed “Notes” is intended as an extension and illustration of the objectives and is not to be regarded as exhaustive. The teach can still extend it by relating the factual contents and objectives of the syllabus to social, economic and industrial life at both local and national levels.

In view of the increasing impact of electronics and computers, bipolar transistors and logic gates have been included in the syllabus. It is envisaged that an experimental approach will be adopted and that pupils will spend adequate time on individual experimental work.

MATHEMATICAL REQUIREMENTS

The study of Physics through this syllabus strengthens the applications of mathematical skills. It is assumed the pupils will be computer in the following mathematical techniques:-

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1. Taking account of accuracy in numerical work and handling calculations so that significant figures are neither lost unnecessarily nor carried beyond what is justified.

2. Making approximate evaluation of numerical expressions.

3. Formulating simple algebraic equations as mathematical models from physics situations and be able to solve them.

4. Changing the subject of a formula.

5. Expressing small changes or errors as percentages.

6. Calculating areas of various shapes.

7. Dealing with vectors in all simple forms.

8. Plotting results graphically after selecting appropriate variables and scales.

9. Interpreting, analysing and translating graphical information.

NOTE: The list of mathematical abilities above is intended as a guide but is in no way limited nor exhaustive.

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ASSESSMENT OF OBJECTIVES

The syllabus will stress:

1. Knowledge and understanding in the following:

(a) Scientific phenomena, facts, concepts, theories and laws.

(b) Scientific terminology, use of symbols, quantities and units.

(c) Scientific apparatus and instruments and their safe operation.

(d) Scientific and technological applications with social, economic and environmental relevance.

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2. Handling information and solving problems including to:

(a) locate, select, organise and present information from a variety of sources;

(b) translate information from one form to another;

(c) manipulate numerical data;

(d) identify patterns and draw inferences from information;

(e) give reasonable explanations for patterns and relationships;

(f) make predictions and phypotheses.

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3. Experimental skills including those involving how to:

(a) follow instructions;

(b) use techniques, apparatus and materials;

(c) observe, measure and record;

(d) plan investigations;

(e) interpret and evaluate observations and results;

(f) evaluate methods and suggest possible improvements.

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STRUCTURE OF THE EXAMINATION

The following will be the structure of the examinations.

There will be three (3) question papers as follows:-PAPER TYPE OF PAPER DURATION MARKS

1 Multiple choice – 40 compulsory items with 60% testing knowledge and comprehension.

1 hour 40

2 Section A – 8 structured questions Candidates attempt all the questions

Section B – 4 essay type questions. Candidates attempt 3 of them.

2 hours

50

45

3 Practical Examination 2¼ hours 30

TIME ALLOCATION

A minimum of six periods of forty minutes each per week, preferably with one (1) double period taken in laboratory for practical work.

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TOPICS OF THE SYLLABUS

UNIT TOPIC PAGE

1.0 MEASUREMENTS ...................................................................................................... 1

1.1 International System of Units (SI) for fundamental physical quantities ......................... 1

1.2 Lengths, mass, weight and time ...................................................................................... 1

1.3 Density ............................................................................................................................ 2

2.0 MECHANICS................................................................................................................. 4

2.1 Scalar and vector quantities ............................................................................................ 4

2.2 Speed, velocity and acceleration ..................................................................................... 4

2.3 Dynamic forces and Newtons laws of motion ................................................................ 5

2.4 Static forces ..................................................................................................................... 7

2.5 Work, energy and power ................................................................................................. 7

2.6 Simple machines ............................................................................................................. 8

2.7 Pressure ........................................................................................................................... 9

UNIT TOPIC PAGE

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3.0 THERMAL PHYSICS ................................................................................................ 11

3.1 Simple kinetic theory of matter ...................................................................................... 11

3.2 Measurement of temperature .......................................................................................... 12

3.3 Expansion of solids, liquids and gases ........................................................................... 13

3.4 Heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation.................................................. 14

3.5 Measurement of heat ...................................................................................................... 15

4.0 LIGHT........................................................................................................................... 17

4.1 Rectilinear propagation of light ..................................................................................... 17

4.2 Refraction of light .......................................................................................................... 18

4.3 Thin converging and diverging lenses ........................................................................... 19

4.4 Dispersion of light .......................................................................................................... 19

5.0 SOUND .......................................................................................................................... 20

5.1 Properties of Sound ........................................................................................................ 20

UNIT TOPIC PAGE

6.0 WAVE MOTION THEORY ....................................................................................... 22xv

6.1 Simple ideas of the wave motion theory ......................................................................... 22

6.2 Propagation, transmission and diffraction of waves........................................................ 22

6.3 Superposition and interference of waves ........................................................................ 23

6.4 Electromagnetic spectrum ............................................................................................... 23

7.0 MAGNETISM ............................................................................................................... 24

7.1 Simple phenomenon of magnetism ................................................................................. 24

8.0 STATIC ELECTRICITY ............................................................................................ 25

8.1 Static electricity ............................................................................................................... 25

9.0 CURRENT ELECTRICITY ....................................................................................... 27

9.1 Charge, current and potential difference ......................................................................... 27

9.2 Electrical cells ................................................................................................................. 28

9.3 Electrical resistance ......................................................................................................... 29

9.4 Heating effect of an electric current ................................................................................ 30

9.5 Magnetic effects of electric currents ............................................................................... 31

9.6 The engine ....................................................................................................................... 32

UNIT TOPIC PAGE

10.0 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION ..................................................................... 33xvi

10.1 The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction .............................................................. 33

10.2 The simple a.c. and d.c. generators ................................................................................. 33

10.3 Transformers ................................................................................................................... 34

11.0 BASIC ELECTRONICS .............................................................................................. 36

11.1 Thermionic emission and electrons ................................................................................. 36

11.2 Circuit components ......................................................................................................... 37

11.3 Simple electronic systems ............................................................................................... 38

11.4 Computers ....................................................................................................................... 39

11.5 Impact of electronics on society and industry ................................................................ 40

12.0 ATOMIC PHYSICS ..................................................................................................... 41

12.1 Radioactivity ................................................................................................................... 41

12.2 Nuclear atom ...................................................................................................................

Practical Physics .............................................................................................................

42

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UNIT 1.0 MEASUREMENTS xvii

CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES

1.1 International System of Units (SI).

1.1.1 State the basic unit for mass, length and time.1.1.2 Derive the units expressible as products or

quotients of basic units.1.1.3 Use prefixes, multiples and submultiples of

fundamental and derived units.1.1.4 Use scientific notation and significant figures.

Use kilogramme, metre and the second.Refer to SI units, symbols and their abbreviations.Use conventions for indicating units e.g. kilogram abbreviated to kg. Amperes to A.

1.2 Length, mass, weight and time.

1.2.1 Determine length, area and volume using metre rules, callipers, vernier scales, measuring tapes and micrometers.

1.2.2 Explain the concept of mass.

Measurements and calculations using formulae.

Refer to mass as a measure of the amount of substance in a body.


1.2.3 Explain the concept of weight. Refer to weight as the effect of 1

1.2.4 Contrast mass and weight.

1.2.5 Determine centre of mass of an object.

1.2.6 Describe qualitatively the effect of the position of the centre of mass on the stability of an object.

1.2.7 Measure short time intervals

gravitational field on mass.Use appropriate balances to measure mass and weight.

Relate to everyday situations e.g. vehicles.

Use of clocks, millisecond timers and tickers tape timers including time intervals of the pendulum.

1.3 Density 1.3.1 Measure volume of liquids.

1.3.2 Measure volume of regular and irregular solids.

1.3.3 Determine densities of various substances including air.

Using measuring cylinder, pipette and burette for liquids.Using displacement and calculation methods.Use of density bottles.Application of the concept of density in determining purity.Refer to differences in density between pure and polluted air and water.

CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES1.3.4 Calculate densities of various substances Practical work should be carried out.

2

including air.

1.3.5 Define relative density. This is a ratio without units.

UNIT 2.0 MECHANICS

3


2.1 Scalar and vector quantities.

2.1.1 Distinguish between scalar and vector quantities.2.1.2 Determine resultant force, resultant velocity and displacement using the parallelogram of forces.

Give common examples.Using both construction and calculation methods.

2.2 Speed, velocity and acceleration.

2.2.1 State what is meant by distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration.2.2.2 Explain what is meant by non-uniform acceleration.2.2.3 Interpret graphical representation of distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration. 2.2.4 Solve problems of motion from first principles and graphs.2.2.5 Use the three basic equations of uniformly accelerated motion.2.2.6 Discuss consequences of over speeding.

Include simple equations limited to uniform acceleration.

Knowledge of graphical representations of both uniform and non uniform motions.Numerical problems and graphical solutions.

Illustrate by referring to seat belts, skidding.Refer to the advantage of banking of roads.Refer to the importance of observing speed limits.


4

2.2.7 Explain free fall.

2.2.8 Explain the effect of fluid resistance on a body falling freely.

Include numerical problems using equation h = ½gt2 or = v2 = 2gh.

Include discussion on terminal velocity.

2.3 Dynamic forces and Newtons laws of motion.

2.3.1 Explain the effect of forces on bodies.

2.3.2 Explain mass as a measure of inertia.

2.3.3 Investigate the relationship between force, mass and acceleration.

2.3.4 Derive the relationship between force, mass and acceleration.

Refer to size, shape and to magnitude and direction of motion.

Experimental verification of the relationship between F and m and between F and a using an appropriate method.

Qualitative treatment leading to equation F = ma.

CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES5

2.3.5 Explain what is meant by the term Newton.

2.3.6 Describe the effects of friction on the motion of a body.

2.3.7 Describe qualitatively the motion in a curved path due to a perpendicular force.

Relate to mass and acceleration.

F=mv2 not required. R

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2.4 Static forces. 2.4.1 Describe the moment of a force in terms of its turning effects.

2.4.2 State the Principle of Moments.2.4.3 Perform an experiment to verify the principle of moments.2.4.4 Perform calculations based on the principle of moments.

Experimental verification.

2.5 Work, Energy and Power. 2.5.1 Explain the meaning of the terms work, energy and power.

2.5.2 State units of measurement for work, energy and power.2.5.3 Define the terms joule and watt.2.5.4 Explain qualitatively and quantitatively the terms gravitational potential and kinetic energy. 2.5.5 Discuss types and sources of energy.

2.5.6 Discuss the effects of the use of energy sources on the environment.

Include examples from everyday life on work done by and against forces.

Numerical problems involving mgh and ½mv2.Include fossil fuels, wind, water, sun as some of the examples.Include the green house effect and deforestation.


7

2.5.7 Explain energy transformation from one form to another.

Include examples from everyday life on the nature of transfer of energy and the conservation of energy.

2.6 Simple machines 2.6.1 Define a machine.

2.6.2 Give examples of simple machines.

2.6.3 Compare distances moved by the effort and the load in a simple machine.

2.6.4 Define the terms: Mechanical advantage (MA), Velocity Ratio (VR) and Efficiency.

Refer to a machine as a mechanical device for transmitting motion, force and energy.

Refer to levers, wheels and axles, pulleys and gears.

Distance moved by effort is greater than distance moved by the load in a machine.

Refer to: MA = Load Effort

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CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES Distance moved by effortVR = ------------------------------ Distance moved by load useful work doneefficiency = ---------------------- work done by effort

2.7 Pressure 2.7.1 Define pressure.2.7.2 Relate pressure to force and area using appropriate examples and the equation P = F/A.2.7.3 State units of pressure.

2.7.4 Demonstrate factors affecting pressure in liquids.2.7.5 Use concept of pressure to explain certain application.2.7.6 Derive and use the pressure formula p = pgh.2.7.7 Explain pressure transmission in fluids.

With suitable examples from everyday life and numerical problems.N/m2, Pa, millibars as possible units.

Height, density and acceleration due to gravity (g).Water tanks, walls of dams, as some of the examples.Numerical problems.

Include application in hydraulic jack and brakes, as some examples.

CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES9

2.7.8 Discuss action of a mercury barometer.

2.7.9 Use and describe the use of a manometer2.7.10 Explain principles of upthrust and floatation.2.7.11 Relate upthrust to floatation in fluids.

Refer to hazards in the handling of mercury.Refer also to the use of aneroid barometer and isobars.

Refer to Archimedes Principle.

Qualitative treatment only.

UNIT 3.0 THERMAL PHYSICS

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3.1 Simple kinetic theory of matter.

3.1.1 Explain the assumptions of the kinetic theory

3.1.2 Describe qualitatively the molecular model of matter.

3.1.3 Distinguish between solids, liquids and gases.

3.1.4 Explain changes of state in terms of the kinetic theory of matter.

3.1.5 Apply kinetic theory to explain rates of diffusion, Brownian motion, evaporation and cooling effect of evaporation.

3.1.6 Apply the kinetic theory to explain gas pressure.

3.1.7 Demonstrate the effect of varying pressure on volume of a gas leading to Boyle’s law.

Structure of solids, liquids and gases in terms of forces, motion and arrangement of molecules.

Refer to effects of diffusion on the environment e.g. smoke, toxic gases, oil spills and dust particles. Demonstrate diffusion and Brownian motion.

Include relative diffusion rates in liquids and gases.Use the equation PV = a constant at constant temperature.


3.2 Measurement of temperature

3.2.1 Distinguish between temperature and heat energy.

Refer to temperature as a measure of the degree of hotness.

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3.2.2 Describe physical properties of substances which change with temperature.

3.2.3 Describe the construction of the laboratory and clinical thermometers.

3.2.4 Describe suitability of alcohol and mercury for use in liquid-in-glass thermometers.

3.2.5 Relate the celcius and Kelvin scales.

3.2.6 Describe the structure and use of a thermocouple thermometer.

3.2.7 Measure temperature using an appropriate thermometer.

Relate to physical properties wuch as change in volume to measurement of temperature.

Include necessary precautions when handling mercury and alcohol.Include the lower and upper fixed points.

Include advantages and disadvantages of each of the liquids as thermometric liquids.

0oc = 0ok + 273ok.

Refer to measuring high temperatures and by thermocouple thermometers.


3.3 Expansion of solids, 3.3.1 Explain the effects and application of thermal Linear, area and volume expansion.12

liquids and gases. expansion.

3.3.2 Explain the effects of expansion of water on aquatic life.

3.3.3 Describe the relationship between temperature and volume.

3.3.4 Explain the Kelvin scale from the relationship between temperature and volume.

3.3.5 Apply the ideal gas equation to solve simple numerical problems.

Include relative order of magnitude of expansion of solids, liquids and gases.Refer to everyday applications such as in bridges, railway lines, roads and buildings.

Refer to the anomalous expansion of water.Verify Charles law:= V Constant, at constant pressure. T

By graphical extrapolation.

Refer to PV/T = Constant.


3.4 Heat transfer by 3.4.1 Explain methods of heat transfer. Qualitative treatment illustrated by simple 13

conduction, convection and radiation.

3.4.2 Use kinetic theory to explain heat transfer.

3.4.3 Compare heat conduction in different substances.

3.4.4 Discuss the uses of bad and good conductors of heat.

3.4.5 Carry out experiments to illustrate convection in liquids and gases.

3.4.6 Carry out experiments to distinguish between good and bad heat emitters.

3.4.7 Carry out experiments to distinguish between bad and good absorbers of radiant energy.

3.4.8 Explain everyday applications of convection and radiation.

experiments.

Conduction rates of substances. Experimental demonstration.

Experimental demonstration.

Thermos flask, geysers, electric kettles, white washed buildings, sea and land breezes.Refer to green house effect and global warming.


3.5 Measurements of heat. 3.5.1 Distinguish the terms heat capacity and specific 14

heat capacity.3.5.2 State the unit of SI specific heat capacity.3.5.3 Measure specific heat capacity of solids and

liquids.3.5.4 Discuss melting and boiling points of

substances.

3.5.5 Explain effects of pressure on melting and boiling points.

3.5.6 Investigate effects of impurities on the melting and boiling points of substances.

J/kg K (Joules per kilogram per Kelvin)By electrical methods and methods of mixture.Refer to cooling and heating curves by graphical representation and interpretation.

Give practical examples.

Simple experimental demonstration with different amounts of solutes in water.


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3.5.7 Define the terms latent heat, specific latent heat of fusion and of vaporisation.

3.5.8 Solve numerical problems on heat measurements.

Experimental determination for ice and steam by electrical method and method of mixtures.

Problems involving methods in which heat is supplied at constant rates e.g. by electrical methods and by method of mixtures.

UNIT 4.0 LIGHT16


4.1 Rectilinear propagation of light.

4.1.1 Describe the rectilinear propagation of light.

4.1.2 Explain the formation of shadows and eclipse.

4.1.3 Describe regular and diffuse reflection of light.

4.1.4 Verify the laws of reflection.4.1.5 Describe the formation of images by plane

mirrors.4.1.6 Determine position and characteristics of the

image formed by a plane mirror.4.1.7 Determine the position of an image by

construction.

Illustrate using a pinhole camera.

Include eclipses of the moon and sun.Include diagrams.Include ray diagrams.Include uses of plane mirrors.Investigating the relation i = r. Refer to images formed by one plane mirror and by two plane mirrors at an angle.

Practical activities should be carried out.


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4.2 Refraction of light 4.2.1 Explain the refraction of light.4.2.2 Trace the path of a light ray through a

rectangular glass block.4.2.3 Demonstrate laws of refraction.

4.2.4 Demonstrate the refractive index of a glass block by graphical means.

4.2.5 Express refractive index (n) in terms of real and apparent depth.

4.2.6 Explain the term ‘critical angle’.

4.2.7 Relate critical angle to refractive index.

4.2.8 Explain how total internal reflection occurs.

4.2.9 Explain how total internal reflection is used.

Experimental demonstration.

Experimental verification of sin i/sin r = constant.

Real depthn = ---------------- Apparent depth

Experimental demonstration will be required use:n = 1 sin c

applications of optical illusions in everyday life e.g. formation of mirage, apparent depth of liquids.Refer also to fibre optics used in communication and medial practices.


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4.3 Thin converging and diverging lenses.

4.3.1 Describe different types of lenses.4.3.2 Explain the action of lenses on beams of

light.4.3.3 Determine the focal length of a lens.4.3.4 Determine the power of a converging lens.4.3.5 Deduce the position, size and nature of images

formed by converging lenses experimentally.

4.3.6 Describe better methods of disposing glassware

Experimental Investigations.

Graphical methods and use of the lens formula.Applications in magnifying lens, camera, eye and projector.Refer also to dangers of improper storage and disposal.

4.4 Dispersion of light. 4.4.1 Illustrate the action of a triangular prism on white light.

4.4.2 Describe the nature of monochromatic light.

4.4.3 Explain the formation of coloured light.

4.4.4 Explain the appearance of coloured objects in coloured light.

4.4.5 Explain colour mixing in pigments.

Formation of a continuous spectrum.

Refer to monochromatic light as light of one colour or wave length.Use of colour filters.

UNIT 5.0 SOUND

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5.1 Properties of sound 5.1.1 Explain how sound is produced.5.1.2 Describe the longitudinal nature of sound wave.5.1.3 Describe rarefactions and compressions.5.1.4 State the approximate range of audible frequencies. 5.1.5 Demonstrate that sound requires a material medium for transmission.5.1.6 Illustrate reflection, diffraction and interference of sound waves.5.1.7 Describe a simple method of determining the speed of sound in air.5.1.8 Compare the relative speed of sound in solid, liquid and gas.5.1.9 Relate the loudness and pitch of sound waves to amplitude and frequency.

Vibrating sources.

Relate to rarefactions and compressions in a spring. Range 20Hz to 20 KHz.

Use an electric bell in a vacuum.

Include description of echo.

Experimental determination of speed of sound.

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5.1.10 Describe the factors which influence the quality of sound.

5.1.11 Describe the uses of sound.

5.1.12 Discuss sound pollution and measures to minimise it.

Include experimental demonstration of pitch, loudness and quality by using guitar, sonometer, tuning fork, oscilloscope, etc.

Include ultrasonics.

Refer to loud music, noise from cars, aeroplanes etc.Role of tree and buildings in noise reduction.

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UNIT 6.0 WAVE MOTION THEORY


6.1 Simple ideas of the wave motion theory.

6.1.1 Explain what is meant by wave motion.

6.1.2 Explain the meaning of the terms: amplitude (A), frequency (f), wavelength () and wavefront.6.1.3 Relate and use the equation v = .

6.1.4 Distinguish different types of waves.

6.1.5 Explain the use of waves in everyday life.

Illustrated by vibrations in ropes, springs, etc.Numerical problems based on use of equation v = f.

Longitudinal and transverse waves.

Radio and television transmission as examples.

6.2 Propagation, transmission and diffraction of waves.

6.2.1 Demonstrate propagation, reflection and refraction of waves.

6.2.2 Describe refraction of waves.

6.2.3 Demonstrate diffraction through wide, narrow gaps and sharp edges.

Reflection at plane surface, refraction in a ripple tank.Propagation in ropes, strings and water.

Involve changes of speed and wave length from one medium to another.Experimental demonstration is required.

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6.3 Superposition and interference of waves

6.3.1 Illustrate constructive and destructive interference of waves.6.3.2 Describe simple experiments to explain the wave nature of light.

Using ripple tank or two loud speakers.

Interference and reinforcement through very narrow gratings.

6.4 Electromagnetic spectrum 6.4.1 Interpret the complete electromagnetic radiation spectrum.6.4.2 Gamma, X-rays, ultra violet, visible light, infrared and radio waves in the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.6.4.3 State the sources of each of the rays in the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.6.4.4 Describe the method of detection of each of the following: Gamma, X-rays, infrared, ultra violet and radio waves. 6.4.5 Explain the use of each of the waves in the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.6.4.6 Explain the harmful effects of ultra violet radiation, gamma rays and x-rays of life.

Speed, wave length and frequency.

Speed in vacuum, wavelength, relative absorption and penetration.

Use in telecommunication, medicines, research, etc.

Include increased dosage of ultra violet due to the destruction of the ozone layer.Refer to safety precautions.

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UNIT 7.0 MAGNETISM


7.1 Simple phenomenon of magnetism.

7.1.1 Demonstrate practically the properties of magnets.7.1.2 State the properties of magnets.

7.1.3 Distinguish between magnetic and non-magnetic materials.7.1.4 Describe methods of magnetisation and demagnetisation.7.1.5 Plot magnetic field lines.

7.1.6 Distinguish the magnetic properties of iron and steel.

7.1.7 Explain the use of magnetic screening and magnetic keepers.7.1.8 Discuss the uses of magnets.

Attraction, repulsion, and north-south alignment.Refer to repulsion as the sure test for polarity.Refer to the domain theory of magnetism in a simple manner.Simple experiments, including induced magnetism.Use of magnetic compass and iron filings.

Include suitability for use in permanent and temporal magnets.

Industrial, medical and electronics as some of the examples of uses.

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UNIT 8.0 STATIC ELECTRICITY


8.1 Static Electricity. 8.1.1 Demonstrate the existence of static charges by suitable experiments.

8.1.2 Demonstrate detection, interaction and nature of electric charges.

8.1.3 Describe the characteristics and uses of static charges.

8.1.4 Describe the electric charging and discharging of objects.8.1.5 Explain the relationship between current and static electricity.8.1.6 Describe the concept of capacitance.

8.1.7 Explain how a capacitor works.

8.1.8 Discuss the role of capacitors in electronic equipments.

Positive and negative charges by friction and induction.

Include gold leaf electroscope and electric fields in which there is repulsion and attraction.Uses should include electrostatic spray painting and in electronic equipment like modern photocopiers.

Give practical examples.

Refer to electrical conductors and insulators.Experimental demonstration at low voltage.Used in turning circuits and in blocking direct currents as some of the examples.

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8.1.9 Describe effects of static charges on the environment.

Refer to use of lightning arresters (sharp points), nitrification of the soil.

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UNIT 9.0 CURRENT ELECTRICITY


9.1 Charge, current, and potential difference.

9.1.1 Define the following terms: electric charge and electric current.

9.1.2 State units of electric charge and electric current.

9.1.3 Measure the electric current.9.1.4 Define potential difference.9.1.5 Define the volt.

9.1.6 Differentiate between potential difference (p.d) and electromotive force (emf).

9.1.7 Measure potential difference and e.m.f.

Numerical problems using equation I =q t

refer to coulomb (C) and Ampere (A).

use of a ammeter.

Refer to V = W (J) Q (C)

Use of a voltmeter.

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9.2 Electric Cells. 9.2.1 Describe the structure of primary and secondary cells.

9.2.2 Describe the working of cells.

9.2.3 Explain charging and discharging of the accumulator.

9.2.4 Discuss methods of disposal of used cells.

Include cells, dry cell, accumulator, alkaline cell and nickel – cadmium cell.

Refer to effects of disposal of cells on the environment.

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9.3 Electrical resistance. 9.3.1 Explain the meaning of the term resistance.

9.3.2 Demonstrate relationship between current and potential difference in metal conductors.

9.3.3 Determine resistance in a simple circuit.

9.3.4 Describe the internal resistance of a cell.

9.3.5 Apply Ohm’s law to calculations involving series and parallel circuits.

9.3.6 Describe relationship between current and p.d. in semi-conductor diodes.

Experiments to include graphical representation and analysis.

Using an ammeter and a volt meter, and the equation R=V. I

R = r1 + r2 + r3 . + .. for series

R = 1 + 1 + ... for parallel r1 r2

calculations to involve cells with internal resistence and terminal p.d. of cells.Experiments to include graphical representation and analysis.

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9.4 Heating effect of an electric current.

9.4.1 Outline energy transformations in an electric circuit.9.4.2 Describe practical applications of the heating effect of an electric current.9.4.3 Calculate electrical energy.9.4.4 Relate the volt, ampere and watt.

9.4.5 Calculate the cost of using electrical Energy.

9.4.6 Describe the use of switches, fuses, earthing and the three pin-plug.9.4.7 Sketch the domestic electrical wiring system.9.4.8 Discuss ways of conserving electric energy in homes and industry.

Electric heaters, lamps cookers and pressing irons.

Use E = VITUse equation P = IV to solve numerical problems.Numerical problems involving use of the kilowatt hour (kwh).

Include safety regulations.

Switching off appliances not in use, shading and checking power rating of appliances.

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CONTENT OBJECTIVES (PSBAT) NOTES 9.5 Magnetic effects of electric currents.

9.5.1 Illustrate magnetic field patterns of electric currents.9.5.2 Describe the applications of the magnetic effect of an electric current.9.5.3 Explain the behaviour of an electric current in a magnetic field.9.5.4 Illustrate the application of a current placed in a magnetic field.

9.5.5 Describe the nature of forces between parallel currents.9.5.6 Describe the effect of magnetic fields on human health and environment.

In a straight wire, coil and solenoid.

Electrical bell, simple relay telephone, relay switches and electro magnets.In a current carrying wire or electro beam.

Refer to d.c. motors, galvanometers ammeters and loud speakers in terms of a moving coil.Relate to the description of the ampere.

Refer to hearing impairment, radar interference in communication, mutation disorder.

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9.6 The engine 9.6.1 Define the term engine.

9.6.2 Explain what an internal combustion engine is.

9.6.3 Label the different parts of an internal combustion engine.

9.6.4 Describe the structure and operation of the sparking plug.

9.6.5 Describe the different strokes in a four stroke internal combustion engine.

9.6.6 Label the different main parts of a steam engine.

9.6.7 Describe the operation of a steam engine.

Refer to transformation of heat and other forms of energy to mechanical energy.

Refer to the ignition of the mixture of liquid fuel and air, inside the cylinder.

Refer to valves, pistons, piston rods, sparking plug, cylinder and crank shaft.

Include the role of alternator.

Refer to the intake, compression, ignition and exhaust strokes.

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UNIT 10.0 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION


10.1 The phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.

10.1.1 Illustrate the phenomenon of electro-magnetic induction.

10.1.2 Determine the factors affecting magnitude and direction of induced emf.

Simple experimental demonstration include Faraday’s Law.

Refer to Lenz’s Law and Flemings Right Hand Rule.

10.2 The simple a.c. and d.c. generators.

10.2.1 Describe simple a.c. and d.c. generators.

10.2.2 Compare the simple a.c. generator with a practical a.c. generator.

10.2.3 Determine the nature and characteristics of current output against time in an a.c. and d.c. generator.10.2.4 Describe the action of a diode in rectification.

Rotating coil or rotating magnet.

Refer to thermal, HEP and wind generator.Refer to the effects of drought and floods in the production of HEP.

Include sketching of graphs.

Refer to half and full wave rectification.

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10.2.5 Explain conversion of an a.c. generator to a d.c. generator.10.2.6 Contrast the current produced by the d.c. generator with that produced from batteries.

Use of commutators or rectifier.

Graphical representation of current output against time.

10.3 Transformers. 10.3.1 Demonstrate the principles of mutual induction.

10.3.2 Describe structure and operation of iron core transformers.10.3.3 Solve numerical problems using relations: Vp = Np Vs Ns

and for ideal transformers, Vռ Iռ = Vѕ Iѕ. 10.3.4 Describe the role of transformers in transmission of electricity.

Refer to both step-up and step down transformers.Refer also to power losses in a transformer.

Refer to the national grid and the import of electric power.

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10.3.5 Explain advantages of high alternating p.d. power transmission.

10.3.6 Describe the effects of improper management of transformers.

Include calculations on power losses in cables.

Use of PCB containing transformer oil and management of PCB in fuels on the environment.

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UNIT 11.0 BASIC ELECTRONICS


11.1 Thermionic emission and electrons.

11.1.1 Describe thermionic emission

11.1.2 Describe properties of electrons.

11.1.3 Distinguish between direction of flow of electrons and flow of conventional current.

11.1.4 Illustrate applications of electron beams.

11.1.5 Describe basic structure and action of cathode-ray oscilloscope.

Refer to emission of negatively charged particles.

Include deflection of charged particles in magnetic and electric fields. Production of X-rays.

Include effects of X-rays on living things.

Simple treatment and illustration to display wave forms with reference to television.

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11.2 Circuit components. 11.2.1 List basic circuit components.

11.2.2 Determine resistor values using standard colour codes.

11.2.3 Describe action of variable potential divider.

11.2.4 Explain the action and application of thermistor and light dependent resistors.

11.2.5 Describe the charging and discharging of capacitors.

11.2.6 Explain how a reed switch and reed relay works.

11.2.7 Demonstrate application of reed switch and reed relay.

Refer to resistors, potentiometers, capacitor, thermistor, light dependent resistor, reed switch and reed relay.

Distinction between rheostat and potentiometer.

Input transducers (e.g. street lighting, alarms).

Demonstrate for variable values of capacitors at low voltage.

Switch for alarm bells, starter motors, telephone as some of the examples.

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11.3 Simple electronic systems.

11.3.1 Describe the action of a bipolar transistor.

11.3.2 State in words the action of logic gates.

11.3.3 Derive the truth tables of logic gates.

11.3.4 Describe the use of cross-coupled logic gates.

11.3.5 Relate qualitatively the frequency of an astable circuit to the values of the resistive and capacitative component.

Electronically operated switch.

AND, OR, NAND, NOR and NOT (inverter)

Recognition of symbols of logic gates (American symbols ANSI Y32.14).

As bistable circuit (for memory) and as an astable circuit (for pulse generator).

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11.4 Computers. 11.4.1 Define a computer.

11.4.2 State the major components of a computer system.

11.4.3 Describe the functions of the major components of a computer system.

11.4.4 Distinguish between hardware and softwave.

Refer to a computer as a machine which both process and store information.

Refer to Input (Keyboard and Scanner), Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Output (Printer, Monitor).

Refer to:i) Key board for input of information.ii) CPU for processing and memory.iii) Monitor (VDU) for visual display.iv) Printer for printing.

Refer to hardware as any physical component e.g. printer, keyboard and monitor and software as any program such as word processing, excel, Microsoft word, windows as some of the examples.

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11.4.5 Discuss the use of a Computer in everyday life.

Refer to word-processing for writing books, letter, calculations, data analysis, communication, e-mail (electronic mail).

Note: Pupils should be given a chance to visit actual computer centres and observe how computers work.

11.5 Impact of electronics on society and industry.

11.5.1 Discuss the impact of common electronic devices and systems on domestic and industrial activities.

Refer to radio, television, telephone, calculators, computers, Robots as some of the examples.

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UNIT 12.0 ATOMIC PHYSICS


12.1 Radioactivity. 12.1.1 Describe the nature of radioactivity.12.1.2 Describe the characteristics of the three kinds of radioactive radiations: alpha, Beta and Gamma.

12.1.3 Describe methods of detecting radioactive emissions.

12.1.4 Explain radioactive decay and nuclear reaction.

12.1.5 Distinguish between fusion and fission.

12.1.6 Determine half life of a radioactive material.

12.1.7 Discuss uses of radioactive substances.

12.1.8 Describe the safety precautions necessary when handling, using or storing radioactive substances.

Randomness and spontaneity.Penetrating power, ionisation power, speed, deflection, charge, nature of particles.

Suitable methods of detecting each of the following:alpha, beta, gamma rays.Include beta, alpha and gamma emissions. Use symbols to show changes.

Refer to nuclear reactors and the sun.

By graphical representation and by calculation.

Refer to uses in industry, agriculture, mining, archaeology as some of the examples. Refer to use of absorbing materials and disposal.Refer to use of absorbing materials for shielding and safe disposal of radioactive waste.

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12.1.9 Discuss the effects of radioactive substances on the environment and health.

12.1.10 Discuss management practices which safeguard the environment from radioactive contamination.

Refer to genetic mutations and cancer as some of the examples.

Refer to designing rules and regulations to protect your environment.Refer to activities to prevent contamination of the environment in your local community.Refer to national and international conventions.

12.2 Nuclear atom 12.2.1 Describe the structure of the atom in terms of nucleus and the electrons.

12.2.2 Describe the composition of the nucleus in terms of protons and neutrons.

12.2.3 Explain mass (Nucleon) number, A, and atomic (proton), number, Z.

12.2.4 Describe isotopes.

Evidence by Geiger-Marsden with experiments on deflection of alpha particles by metal foil.Refer to nucleons.

Refer to nuclide notation. A

X ZGive examples of isotopes.Give uses of radioactive isotopes.

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PRACTICAL PHYSICS

The importance of practical work in Physics cannot be over emphasized. Practical work develops manipulative skills in the learner and gives the learner the opportunity to experiment the scientific method. Needless to mention practical Physics is essential for this syllabus because:

a) There is need to expose learners to practical applications of Physics.

b) Learners should understand, interpret and apply scientific methods in a variety of ways including the theoretical and practical approaches.

c) The study of Physics should be linked with environmental education requirements by quoting local phenomena in relation to Physics studies.

There are scientific processes and skills to which learners must be exposed. Examples of these are observing, experimenting, classifying, measuring, estimating, calculating, predicting and problem solving. Learners should also be exposed to scientific attitude like accuracy, curiosity and creativity.

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KEY QUANTITIES, SYMBOLS AND UNITS IN PHYSICS.

The pages 47 – 50 comprise the symbols and units which may from time to time be used during the study of Physics.The candidate is expected to have the knowledge of how to apply the symbols and units in physics.

The list is not exhaustive; therefore the teacher and the learner are expected to discover more as they go through this course.

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LIST OF SUGGESTED APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENT FOR THE SYLLABUS MEASUREMENTS AND MECHANICS

Venier callipers, micrometer screw gauges, measuring cylinders, metre rules, displacement cans, beakers, conical flasks, different masses such as 50g, 100g, 200g, 1kg, ticker tape timers, pipettes, burettes, spring balances, beam balances, capillary tubes and pulleys.

THERMAL PHYSICS

Mercury barometers, clinical and laboratory thermometer, six’s maximum and minimum thermometers, manometers, calorimeter, thermos flasks, thermocouple thermometers and hypsometer.

LIGHT

Plane mirrors, converging and diverging lenses, rectangular and triangular prisms, optical pins, colour discs, colour filters, optical camera, light ray boxes, coloured bulbs, projectors such as slide projectors and film projectors.

SOUND

Sonometers, tuning forks, stop watches, stop clocks, sources of sound such as guitars and drums.

MAGNETISM

Bar magnets, horseshoe magnets, iron and steel bars, iron filings and plotting compasses.

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WAVE MOTION

Ripple tanks, springs and spiral springs, ropes and strings.

ELECTRIC CURRENT/STATIC ELECTRICITY

Ammeters, voltmeters, rheostats, capacitors, connecting wires, lead-acid accumulators, dry cells, resistors, tapping keys, switches, fuses, semi-conductors, semi-conductor diodes, electric bells, resistance wires, ebonite and polythene rods, three-pin-plugs, electric bulbs, switch boards and gold leaf electroscopes.

BASIC ELECTRONICS

Cathode ray tubes, maltese cross tube, resistors, light dependant rays (LDRs), thermistors, diodes, capacitors, transistors, TV sets, radios, electronics teaching kits and computers.

NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Geiger muller tube, time scalers, ratemetres, cloud chambers, alpha emitting radioactive sources and extra high tension (EHT) power supply unit.

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KEY QUANTITIES SYMBOLS, AND UNITS.

Quantity Symbols Unit

mass m kglength l mtime t selectric current I Athermodynamic temperature T Kamount of substance n moldistance d mdisplacement s, x marea A m2

volume Vv m3

density ρ kgm-3

speed u, v ms-1

velocity u, v ms-1

acceleration a ms-2

acceleration of free-fall g ms-2

force F Nweight W N

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momentum P Nswork wW Jenergy E, U, W Jpotential energy Ep Jkinetic energy Ek Jheat energy Q Jchange of internal-energy ∆U Jpower P Wpressure P Patorque T Nmgravitational constant G Nkg-2ms2

period T sfrequency f Hzwave length mspeed of electromagnetic-waves c ms-1

Avogadro constant number NA mol-1

Celsius temperature oChalf - life t½ sdecay constant s-1

specific heat capacity c JK-1KG-1 electromotive force E Vresistance R resistivity P m

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DATA AND FORMULAE

speed of light in free space C = 3.00 x 108 ms-1

elementary charge e = 1.60 x 10-19_ 1 coulombthe planck constant h = 6.63 x 10-34 Jsmolar gas constant R = 8.31 JK-1 mol-1

the Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1 gravitational constant G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2kg2

acceleration of free fall g = 9.81 ms-2

the Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 x 10-23 JK-1

uniformly accelerated motion S = ut + ½ at2

or v2 = u2 + 2aswork done on/by a gas W = P∆Vgravitational potential = -Gm

r

refractive index n = 1 sin C

resistors in series R = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...

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resistors in parallel 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + ...... + R R1 R2 R3

electric potential V = Q 4 ñEοr

capacitors in series 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + .... C C1 C2 C 3

capacitors in parallel C = c1 + C2 + C3 +pressure of an ideal gas P = 1 NMC3

-3 V alternating current/voltage X = xo sin wthydrostatic pressure P = pghenergy of charged capacitor w = ½qvradio-active decay x = xo exp (-t)decay constant = 0.693

t½

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