ED 123 099

TITLE

INSTITUTIONPUB DATENOTEAVAILABLE PROS

DOCUIENT BESVIS

SE 020 787

Guide to Programs, National Science Foundation FiscalYear 1976.National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.7688p.Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Stock No.038-000-00264-3, $2.05)

!ORS PRICE. BF -$0.83 BC-$4.67 Plus PostageDESCRIPTORS Elementary Education: *Federal Aid; Financial

Support; Foundation Programs; Higher Education;*Program Guides; Research Projects; *ScienceEducation; Sciences; *Scientific Research; SecondaryEducation

IDENTIFIERS *National Science Foundation; NSF

ABSTRACTThis guide for the fiscal year 1976 is designed to

provide summary information about programs funded by the NationalScience Foundation, and is intended as a source of general guidancefor institutions and individuals interested in participating in theseprograms. Program listings describe the principal characteristics andbasic purpose of each activity, eligibility requirements, closingdates (where applicable), and the address from which more detailedinformation, brochures, or application foras may be obtained.(Author)

***********************************************************************Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished

* materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort ** to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, iteas of marginal 0

* reproducibillty are often encountered and this affects the quality *

* of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC stakes available ** via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service CODES). DRS is not* responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions ** supplied by Sins are the best that can be made from the original. ************************************************************************

ED 123 099

TITLE

INSTITUTIONFOB DATENOTEAVAILABLE Mt

EARS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

IDENTIFIERS

DOCUBENT RESUHE

SE 020 787

Guide to Programs, National Science Foundation FiscalTear 1976.National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.7688p.Superintendent of Documents, O.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Stock' No.030-000-00264-3, $2.05)

iF-$0.03 HC-$4.67 Plus PostageElementary Education; *Federal lid; FinancialSupport; Foundation Programs; Higher Education;*Program Guides; Research Projects; *ScienceEducation; sciences; *scientific Research; SecondaryEducation*National Science Foundation; NSF

ABSTRACTThis guide for the fiscal year 1976 is designed to

provide summary intonation about programs funded by the National.Science Foundation, and is intended as a source of general guidancefor institutions and individuals interested in participating in theseprogress. Program listings describe the principal characteristics andbasic purpose of each activity, eligibility requirements, closingdates (where applicable), and the address from which more detailedinformation, brochures, or application forms may be obtained.(Author)

****s******************************************************************Documents acquired by ERIC include Rally informal unpublished

* materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort ** to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal *

* reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality ** of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available ** via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EARS). EDRS is not* responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions ** supplied by BIM are the best that can be made from the original. ************************************************************************

National Science Foundation Guide to Programs

I I Fiscal Year 1976

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This guide is designed to provide summary information aboutprograms of the National Science Foundation. and is intended as asource of general guidance for institutions and individualsinterested in participating in these programs. Program listingsdescribe the principal characteristics and basic purpose of eachactivity. eligibility requirements. closing dates (where applicable).and the address from which more detailed information. brochures.or application forms may be obtained.

Discrimination Prohibited

In accurdance with Federal statutes and regulations. no personshall. on grounds of race. color, age. sex, or national origin. beexcluded from participation in or denied the benefits of. or besubject to discrimination under any progr ;m or activity receivingfinancial assistance from the National Science Foundation.

Individual brochures with complete information about programswith application deadlines described in this Guide are madeavailable as soon as possible during the fiscal year. An-nouncements of their availability and of program deadlines arepublished in the monthly NSF Bulletin. which isdistribuied free byNSF. To receive it, write Editor. NSF Bulletin. Public InformationBranch. National Science Foundation. Washington. D.C. 20550.

Guide to ProgramsNational Science Foundation

FISCAL YEAR 1976

4

Introducti ©n

The National Science Foundation is an agency of the federalGovernment established in 1950 to advance scientific progress inthe United States. The Foundation fulfills this responsibilityprimarily by sponsoring scientific research, encouraging andsupporting improvements in science education, and fosteringscientific information exchange. NSF does not itself conductresearch or carry out education projects.

The Foundation supports scientific research and educationprojects in the mathematical, physical, medical, biological. social,and engineering sciences. The Foundation does not supportprojects in clinical medicine, the arts and humanities, businessareas, or social work.

The National Science Board is the policymaking body of theNational Science Foundation. It consists of 25 members appointedby the President. t:y and with the consent of the Senate. andincludes the Director of the Foundation who serves on a full-timebasis. The Board passes on new Foundation programs and ongrants or contracts requiring a total commitment of more than $2million or an annual expenditure of more than $500,000.

Proposals for support are ordinarily assigned to the ap-propriate division or office for review and evaluation. Anorganization chart depicting the major areas of program activity isprovided on page 77.

In making its decisions on proposals, the Foundation reliesheavily on the advice and assistance of advisory panels. outsidereviewers, and other experts to ensure that NSF is able to reach fairand knowledgeable judgments. These scientists and educatorscome from colleges and universities, from nonprofit research andeducational organizations, from industry. and from other Govern-ment agencies. Their counsel has proven invaluable to theFoundation,

The National Science Foundation Act of 1950, as amended,permits the Foundation to support basic research, withoutrestriction as to the typeof performer. It also permits thesupport ofapplied research at academic and other nonprofit institutions. Byletter to the Directorof April 13, 1972,and pursuant to the au thorityof Section 3(c) of the Act, the President extended the appliedresearch authority in the following terms:

The Foundation, in making grants or contracts for appliedscientific research relevant to national problems involvingthe public interest, may support such work at other thanacademic and nonprofit institutions when the Director ofthe National Science Foundation determines that it would

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be advantageous to use the capabilities of such otherinstitutions to accomplish the program objectives.

Within the limits of this Directive, it is the policy of theNational Science Foundation to support research at industrial orcommercial organizations wban it is advantageous for theattainment of its program objectives. The Director of the Founda-tion has determined in which research program areas industrialand commercial organizations will be encouraged to participate,and has approved the criteria for participation in the program.

The Foundation will continue to emphasize its traditional roleof support for a strong national basic research capability.particularly in academic institutions, and the improvement ofscience education. At the same time. the participation of individualindustry and other nonacademic organizations is encouragedgenerally in the RAIN (Research Applied to National Needs)program. -

Also, collaboration between industry and universityresearchers. as well as between industry and State or localgovernments. on appropriate programs is encouraged. Similarly.broader efforts *rough industry associations. groups of com-panies, or professional societies may be supported. Prospectiveproposers are encouraged to contact the appropriate program forprogram announcements and brochures and for preliminarydiscussions and guidance prior to the submission of a proposal.

Generally. awards are made in response to both solicited andunsolicited proposals. Normally, awards resulting from un-solicited research proposals are made on a cost-sharing or jointlyfunded basis while those from solicited proposals may provide forpayment of full costs including fee. Proposals in response tospecific program announcements are considered solicited onlywhen the announcement so indicates.

Disposition of rights to data and inventions resulting fromFoundation-supported research are subject to negotiation. Factorsto be considered are the nature and purpose of the project and otherfactors involving the public interest, the commercial position of theawardee, and any equities he may have. At a minimum theGovernment will receive a royalty-free. paidup license and theright to require the licensing of others on reasonable terms incertain circumstances.

The National Science Foundation looks forward to being ableto utilize and properly integrate the capabilities of all institutionsin the support of science and its contribution to society and theNation.

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Criteria for the Selectionof Researchofrojects

The National Science Foundation administers several differentprograms of research support corresponding to several legislative-ly assigned objectives. To the maximum degree possible, theseactivities are designed to utilize and enhance existing scientificresearch potential and institutions. Purposeful adjustments aremade wt n indicated.

in the selection of individual projects a number of widelyunderstood and acknowledged criteria are considered. In differentprograms, the different criteria must be assigned different weights,according to the objectives being pursued. Also these criteria relatein different ways to the distinctive characteristics of differenttypes of research-perfnrming organizatioas.

INTRODUCTION

Policy Context

Public support of scientific research, specifically includingbasic research. is an accepted feature of U.S. public policy. Suchsupport has two recognized major objectives

To foster and maintain basic research as an investmenttoward future opportunities. as insurance against un-foreseeable future dangers. and as a vital element ofculture;

.... To bring about prompt. effective performance of appliedresearch and problem-oriented basic researchinsofar asspecific needs for these can be foreseenin the light ofcurrent understanding.

The National Science Foundation

It is not possible to make the Distinction between basic andapplied research a sharp one, and the Fnundation is one of severalFederal agencies that supports research of both kinds. TheFnundation. hnwever, is unique in its mission In foster basicresearch per se and in its responsibility for future scientificresearch capability. Thus the National Science Foyndation Act of1950, as emanded, authorizes "programs to strengthen scientificresearch paten liar as well as "scholarships and graduatefellowships." The Act authorizes support both of basic and ofapplied research andin ambit:Minn with Presidentialdirectiveuse of an unrestricted range of performers.

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Agency Objectives and Methods

The Foundation thus has been charged with advancingseveraldifferent but interrelated major objectives:

Accomplishm. em of basic research;

Accomplishment of applied research in selected areas:

Long-term maintenance and strengthening of potential toaccomplish both basic and applied research in the future.

This range of objectives has been reflected in the developmentof several different program formats for NSF support of research.But despite the approximate correspondence of programs toobjectives. it remains true that research support actions are oftentaken with more than a single end in view. Thus the Foundation'smethod of pursuing any one objeGtli e may be modified or restrictedby consideration of the others.

Functiok Performed

Where research support is concerned. functions performed bythe Foundation include:

Allocation of resources to fields of science. to classes ofscientific activity, or to areas of application;

Selection of individual projects to be surporta

Direct establishment or adjustment of institutionalstructures nr capabilities.

CRITERIA

Alloca ion of resources to fields of science and to areas ofapplication 's not further discussed in this notice, but many of thecriteria for individual project selection require only slightmodification ror use at the higher level of aggregation. Criteria forthe creation i r modification of institutional structures are dealtwith in a sepa. ate section.

The Following is an enumeration of criteria employed in theselection of research projects. To simplify later discussion, they aregrouped in four categories.

Category A

Criteria relating to cnmpetent performance of researchthetechnical adequacy of the performer and of his institutional base

1. The scientist's training, past performance record, andestimated potential for future accomplishment;

2. The scientist's demonstrated awareness of previous andalternative approaches to his problem;

3. Probable adequacy of available or obtainable instrumen-tation and technical support.

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Category B

Criteria relating to the internal structure of science itself:

4. Probability that the research will lead to importantdiscoveries or valid, significant. and conceptualgeneralizations within its field of science or (in the mostfavorable cases) extending to other fields as well:

S. Probability that the research will lead to significantimprovements or innovations of investigative methodagain with possible extension to other fickle of science.

Category C

Criteria relating to utility or relevance:

6. Probability that the research can serve as the basis for newinvention or improved technology:

7. Probable contribution of the research to technologyassessmenti.e., to estimating and predicting the directand indirect, intended and unintended of of existing orproposed technologies:

8. Identification of an immediate programmatic context anduser of the anticipated research results.

Category D

Criteria relating to future and long-term scientific potential ofthe United States:

O. Probable influence of the research upon the capabilities,interests. and cnreers of participating graduate students,postdoctoral associates, or other junior researchers;

10. Probability that the research wilt lead to radiation anddiffusion. not only of technical results, but also ofstandards of workmanship and a tradition of excellence intho field;

11. Anticipated effect upon the institutional structure of U.S.science.

Because none of these considerations is susceptible to precisequantification. or even in most cases to unambiguous rankordering. it would be more accurately descriptive to speak not of"criteria" but rather of "factors considered?' Moreover, verydifferent relative weights must be attached to the different factorsin the care of different agency objectives or programs, as isexplained in a later section.

Discussion

The first three criteriathose relating to competentexecutionare given first consideration in every program, EveryNSF-supported project is expected at the least to produce somevalid new information or relationships. The best way to ensure thisis to insist upon competent scientists and adequate facilities. All

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other considerations which follow, then, are predicated upon theassumption that these first three criteria are universally appliedand that competent performance will be the normal expectation.

Criteria 4 and 5those relating to the internal structure ofsciencesummarize succinctly what the scientific communityunderstands by the phrase "intrinsic scientific merit."

Criteria & and 7those relating to utility or relevancecannotbe made entirely distinct from the preceding two, since that sciencejudged best by internal standards has almost in% ariably turned outin the long run to be the most useful. Valid generalizations andpowerful methods of observation and measurement usually lead tonew invention, improved technology, and more confident assess-ment. Conversely, applied investigations designed to supportinvention. technology, and assessment tend to succeed in thesepurposes to the extent that they do uncover vulid generalizations orimproved methods. Thus differences between the two types ofcriteria are mainly ones of motivational specificity and timehorizon Research is properly termed "applied" when we visualizeusing the results in a very specific contextusually defined interms of some already-formulated systems conceptor when weexpect it will prove diagnostic of some already-recognizedproblem.

This specific relationship of applied research to a particularsystems concept and plan of development is made still moreexplicit in criterion 8.

Criteria 9, 10, and 11those relating to long-term scientificpotentialaddress not so much the content of the research as thecircumstances under which it is performed. They include, of course,the quality of training of scientists, but extend beyond this to theprocesses of scientific communication and publication, theevolution of traditional scientific disciplines, the spawning of new"interdisciplinary" disciplines, the manner in which scientificcareers are developed, the ctganizational structures and set Unpinwhi..11 all this goes on, and in general how the scientific traditionand the living corps of scientific capability of our Nation aremaintained. While these criteria are seldom dominant in projectselection or program development, they are always considered. Thepolicy of the Foundation is not to undertake for short-term reasonsany action which would seriously jeopardize thelong-rangesciencepotential of the Nation.

RELATIONSHIP TO SOME CHARACTERISTICS OFRESEARCHPERFORMING ORGANIZATIONS

NSF policy is to use and rein fos ce proven strengths of U.S.scientific institu ants. Thew it:stitutions include orgar mations ofdifferent types. such as

Universities t.nd colleges;

Industrial research taboret° les and in-house laboratoriesof Federal agencies:

National Centers and other federally funded researchcenters:

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Vendors of R&D services.

The Foundation seeks to avoid inadvertently changing thecharacteristics of proven organizationseither through individualactions. or as the cumulative result of many actions. Purposefulchanges may occasionally be encouraged for specific reasons. Somerelevant characteristics of the different types of organizationinclude the following:

Universities and colleges (academic institutions proper)havers their two principal missions teaching and thedevelopmentand propagation of new knowledge and understanding. As appliedto these organizations. therefore. criteria 9 and 10 may be regardedas criteria of "mission relevance."

Acaderaicorganizations. traditionally. are deeply committedto considerations of intrinsic scientific merit (criteria 4 and 5) indeveloping and selecting their own research programs. This islargely a consequence of peer evaluation and peer pressure exertedupon the individual scientist.

Organization along disciplinary lines is a prominent featureof academic research tradition. This is an indispensable virtueinsofar as it guarantees comprehensive peer evaluation of scientificresearch results, but it presents some limitations for problem-oriented research. It should be borne in mind that new disciplinesemerge from lime to time and that the focus of establisheddisciplines evolves continually.

Academic environments also tend to place extreme valueupon originality, methodological elegance, and upon the initiativeand scientific judgment of the individual investigator. Thischaracteristic again presents some limitations for problem-oriented research.

Industrial research laboratories and Federal agencies' in-house laboratories generally have as their mission the generation ofnew knowledge and understanding in areas judged to be ofimmediate or potential concern and use in carrying out thecommercial activities of the parent company or the mission of theagency.

National Centers and federally funded research centers haveas their mission the generation of new knowledge and understand-ing judged to be needed or desirable in the public interest. Theseorganizations are generally established to provide specializedresearch environments not readily obtainable in organizations ofthe other types.

Vendors of R&D services include many of the"not-for-profit"R&D organizations and also a number of morespecializedR&D companies. These organizations, in addition tomaintaining some level of independent research, are unique in theextent i., which they undertake contract research on topics andproblems designated by outside purchasers. Collectively theyconstitute a reservoir of general purpose research capability forhire.

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Discussion . .

Different factors tend to determine the scope and complexion ofthe research programs In the different types of organizations. Thusuniversities tend to be complement limited. For them the primary.management decision is how many professional staff (faculty) toemploy and which particularones(Subsequently, these individualsdetermine program content. Ina atrial and mission agency in-house laboratories are mission de rinined." That is, activity isweighed and selected according to mission requirements. Finally.R&D vendors are, at least to some extent, capability and marketlimited. Foundaticn policy is to recognize and, generally, to avoiddisturbing these characteristic differences.

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Contents

I. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PROJECTS 1

Scientific Research Projects 2Doctoial Dissertation Research 4Engineering Research Initiation Grants 5

IL ASTRONOMICAL. ATMOSPHERIC, MTH,AND OCEAN SCIENCES 7

Astronomical Sciences 8Astronomy Project Support 8National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center 8Kitt Peak National Observatory 9Cerro To lolo Inter-American Observatory 10National Radio Astronomy Observatory 10

Atmospheric Sciences 12Atmospheric Sciences Project Support 12Climate Dynamics Program 12Global Atmospheric Research Program 13International Magnetospheric Study 13National Center lor Atmospheric Research 14

Earth Sciences 15Earth Sciences Project Support 15Ocean Sediment Coring Program 15

Ocean Sciences 17Oceanography Project Support 17International Decade of Ocean Exploration 17Oceanographic Facilities and Support 18

Polar Programs 20Arctic Research Program 20U.S. Antarctic Research Program 20

III. RESEARCH APPLICATIONS 23

Productivity 26Environment 28Resources 30Exploratory Rescaich and Technology Assessment 31Intergovernmertal Science 31Research and Development Incentives 33

IV. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY RESEARCHAND ANALYSIS 35

Science and Technology Policy 36Science Resources Studies 39

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V. INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL OPPOR-TUNITIES 41

United StatesAustralia Cooperative Science 42United StatesRepublic of China Cooperative Science 43East Europe Cooperative Science Programs: Romania, Hungary.Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria 44United States-France Exchange of Scientists 45United States-India Exchange of Scientists 46United States - Israel Binational Science Foundation 47United States-Italy Cooperative Science 48United StatesJapan Cooperative Science 49United States-Latin America Cooperative Science 50United States-New Zealand Agreement for Scientific and TechnologicalCooperaticn 51United States-Spain Cooperative Science 52International Science Studies Program 53Scientists and Engineers in Economic Development Program 54Special Foreign Currency Programs 55

VI. SCIENCE EDUCATION 57

SCIENCE MANPOWER IMPROVEMENT 59Graduate Fellowships 59Postdoctoral Energy-Related Fellowships 59Energy-Related Graduate Traineeships 59NATO Fellowships in Science 59

NATO Postdoctoral Fellowships 59NATO Senior Fellowships in Science 60

Travel Grants for NATO Institutes 60Student-Oriented Programs 60Secondary School Students Science Training 60Undergraduate Research Participation 61Student-Originated Studies 61Women in Science 01

SCIENCE EDUCATION RESOURCES IMPROVEMENT 63Comprehensive Assistance to Undergraduate Science Education 03Undergraduate Instructional Scientific Equipment 03Minority Institutions Science Improvement 64Educational Program Restructuring 04

Restructuring the Undergraduate Learning Environment (RULE) 04Pre-Service Teacher Education (PSTEP) 65

Faculty Research Participation 05Faculty Fellowships in Science Applied to Societal Problems 05Research Initiation and Sapport 00

SCIENCE EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH 07Technological Innovation in Education 07

Technology and Systems 07Applfrations and Courseware 07

Alternatives in Higher Education 07Alternative Degree Programs , 67Development of instructional Materials and Modes 08Science and Engineering Technician Education 08

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Continuing Education for Nonacademic Scientists and Engineers 60Special Studies and Experimentation 69

SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 70Public Understanding of Science 70Ethical and Human Value Implications of Science and Technology 70

VII.GENERAL PROGRAMS . . 73

Science Information Service 74International Travel Grants 75Scientific Conference Grants 76

NSF Organization Chart 77

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I. Scientific ResearchProjects

Programs described in Chapter I are administeredin several different directorates of the Foundationthrough more than 90 individual program offices.

The National Science Foundation provides projectsupport for research in all of the sciences. includingengineering, mathematics, and computer research. TheFoundation further assists universities to procurespecialized research facilities and equipment, and in thesupport of research workshops, symposia, and con-ferences. The majority of requests are submitted by U.S.universities and colleges on behalf of individualscientists or groups of scientists on their faculties.Foundation policy emphasizes research that alsocontributes to graduate and postdoctoral education inthe sciences. Support of research at foreign institutionsis provided only when it is clearly in the interest ofscience in the United States.

Research project proposals are considered primari-ly on the basis of scientific merit. Scientific merit isassessed according to the promise of significantscientific results, the possible scientific impact, and theprobable opening of a new field.

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Scientific Research Projects

Thu support uf individual research pro-jects in fundamental science has the objectiveof increasing our store of knowledge in allfields uf science and enhancing ourunderstanding of the scientific aspects ufmajor problems confronting the Nation. Mostuf the research suppurted is basicin character.although sume work of a mute applied natureis also supported. Through this program.support may also be provided for researchw urkshops. s3mpuskiandeunfetent.es.and firthe purchase uf scientific equipment.

Grants nurmall} pre. Wu support furperiods up lo 24 months. Tu pi-ide1 cabunable dbbsitanec of lung -term support furcunisnuing joincos a high sLientifn merit.approval may be provided for periods up to 60maths with funding provided in annualincrements nonlingen1 upon the availability ufthe funds and satisfactory progress of theresearch.

instil mains ore tiquaeg to share in the Lestul call unsuio.sied researt.h prolecl suppurtedIt an NSF grant or Lantracl. Befure submittinga propusol fur research project st'ppurt. thebrochure Grunts for Scientific fieseorchshould be consulted for guidance in preparingthe application. A recommended formal isprovided in the brochure. but standardapplication forms are not required.

Eligibility

The principal recipients of support underthis program are academic institu lions andinsislutiens Glusel} assutaateil %%lift ad. ancedreseari.h training. lo speual cirtoanslant.es.grants may also be awarded iu ether types ofinstilulions and to individuals. In these cases.preliminary discussion with the Foundation isrecommended. Support may be provided toprojects invoking a single scientist or toprojects covering the activities of a number ofscientists. While most projects are confined toa single dssuplinary area. awards also aremode fur projects w Inch cross or mergedisciplinary interests.

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Deadlines

Proposals may be submitted at any time.Approximately 6 =nibs should be allowedfor consideration of a proposal.

Adilittonol In forsnotion

The range uf smentilic project supportactivity is summarized as Mines

Biological Sciences (excluding clinicalaspects)

Cellular BiologySupports studies on thede domicil' of hi ing things and their geneticand hereilitar} t haracteristics. A specialprogram un understanding the Kumar. cell isalso suppurted.

Ecology and Population BiologySupports basic research in systematics. pop-ulation genetics. evolution, and ecologicalsciences mainly as applied lo naturally oc-Lursing pupulatiuns uf plants and animals.Supports individual projects in populationand ph siolughal eculog} as IA ,Il as largeintegrated studies of terrestrial andfreshwater ecu systems.

Biological Research ResourcesSupportsmuseum research collections. herbaria, stockcenters for living organisms, and fieldresearch facilities.

Molecular BiologySupports research onstructures. interactions, and functions ofliving systems at the molecular level.

Physiological ProcessesSupp ...rtsstudies in the metabolism of organisms and onthe fundiun and interaction uf organ *Stemsin plants and animals.

Psychobiology and NeurobiologyProvides support for studies on human andanimal behavior. and for research dealing withany aspect of the central nervous system.

ChemistrySupports research in theprop erlies. structure. and transformation ofmatter.

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Computer ResearchSupport is proddedfor basic research relating to the foundationsand fundamental structure of the science ofcomputing and the principles underlying thedesign of computer hardware and softwaresystems Also supported is work directed tothe advancement of research methodology inscientific disciplines through the use of:,ocipu ter science and technology, and studiespertaining to the role of the computer in abroad spectrum of societal issues, such asprivacy, human-machine interfaces, andenergy-related computer modeling.

EngineeringSupport is provided in thefollowing major subject areas:

Electrical Sciences and AnalysisSupports research in the general area ofelectrical engineering, including operations.research, systems engineering, biomedicalengineering, devices, control, and com-munications systems.

Engineering Chemistry and EnergeticsSupports research related to the technologicaldevelopment and economic growth of thechemical process. energy conversion, andrelated industries.

Engineering MechanicsProvides sup-port for studies in solid and fluid mechanics:structural, materials, and geotechnicalengineering; mcchanical and industrialtechnology and water resources; and urbanand environmental technology.

Materials ResearchSupport is providedfor research directed to understanding theproperties of solids and cryogenic liquids.Studies in this area encompass research insolid state physics: physical metallurgy;process metallurgy: inorganic, polymer, andphysical chemistry; ceramics; and theengineering properties of materials.

MathematicsProvides research in coremathematics and in the application ofmathematics to other sciences.

PhysicsSupperis research on the mostfundamental aspects of the properties and

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interactions of matter and energy. (Solid statephysics is supported as part of the materialsresearch program.)

Social SciencesSupport is provided forresearch in the social sciences which includesinvestigations in:

Cultural, physical, and socialanthropology and archaeology

Economics

Economic and social geography

The history and philosophy of science

Political science

Social psychology. sociology, and socialIndicators

Linguistics, including computationallinguistics

1.aw-related, social scientific research

Fundamental studies In science policy

Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, andOcean SciencesProvides support in thefollowing areas:

AstronomySupports ground-basedobservations and theoretical investigations ofextra-terrestrial objects and phenomena.

Atmospheric SciencesSupports studiesin physics. chemistry. energetics, and otherfields related to the atmospheres of the Earthand the Sun,

Earth SciencesSupports studies dealingwith the structure, composition, and history ofthe solid earth.

OceanographySupports research inphysical, chemical, and biologicaloceanography. in the geological processesaffecting the ocean basins and in physicallimnoiogy.

For more detailed information onastronomical. atmospheric, earth, and oceansciences, see Chapter Ii.

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Doctoral Dissertation Research~

The National Science Foundation awardsgrants to improve the scientific quality ofdissertations in the social sciences. and incertain biological sciences, earth sciences,atmospheric sciences, and oceanography.involving extensive field work. They areintended to make possible the acquisition ofdata and the means for its analysis that wouldotherwise not be available. Originality andevidence that a grant will significantly in-crease the potential scientific contribution ofthe researdi u be the principal considera-tion in making awards.

Grants are awarded for periods up to 24months. Grant funds may not be used as astipend for the docloral candidate, who may,however. receive such support from othersources.

Eligibility

Proposals may be suLmit ted by universitieson behalf of doctoral candidates for thesupport of dissertation research sn systematicbiology. ecology, and ethology: in the social

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sciences, including science policy; and isatmospheric sciences, earth sciences. andocean sciences.

Proposals should be submitted by thedissertation advisor, department chairman, orchairman of the departmental committee ondoctoral degrees.

Deadlines

Proposals may be submitted at eny lime;more than one grant request may be made in asingle proposal if thebudget for each request isset forth separately. A minimum of4 %oaths isrequired for processing an appliceaan,

Aiditional information

Leaflets that set forth applicationprocedures are available from theFounlit on.Communications may be addressed to Dole-tor ate for Biological. Behavioral. and SocialSciences. Division of Atmospheric Sciences:Division of Earth Sciences, or Division ofOcean Sciences.

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Engineering Research Initiation Grants

The National Science Foundation as% ardsgrants to encourage the development ofmeritorioes and innovative research programsby engineering faculty members.

Two options are available to a prospectivegrantee:

Option Aprovides research supportfor an investigator for a period of 18months covering a summer and thefollowing academic year and summer.

Option 8provides support up to 24months for combining a research programwith industrial experience. Under thisoption. it is expected that the investigatorwill devote at least one-fourth time duringthe academic year to research. and willspend 2 months of each summer precedingand following the academic year in anonacademic environment directlyrelated to the research activities. Ad-ditional support is provided to cover thecosts associated with relocation duringthe two summers.

Eligibility

A proposal may be submitted on behalf of anindividual who:

(1) Is an assistant professor. instructoror associate professor holding a full-time

regular academic appointment on theengineering teaching faculty of an institu-tion of higher education within the UnitedStates:

(2) Is a citizen or permanent resident ofthe United State: as of date of submissionof proposal;

(3) Has had no substantial researchsupport: and

(4) Was awarded the Ph.D. degreewithin 2 years of application.

Deadlines

Instructions for preparing engineeringresearch initiation proposals are available inearly October from the offices listed below.Request the Engineering Research InitiationGrants brochure. Proposals must be post-marked on or before the first Monday inDecember to be eligible for consideration.

Additional Information

Communications may be addressed to:.Division of Engineering or Division ofMaterials Researt.h. National SciencePounda-lion. Washington. D.C. 20550.

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II. Astronomical,Atmospheric,Earth, andOcean Sciences

The Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and OceanSciences Directorate supoi its basic research in selecteddisciplines to increase xnowledge of the physicalenvironment, both on Earth and in space. Severalelements of the Scientific Research Project SupportActivity have been combined with similar programsfrom the National and Special Research Programs andthe National Research Centers to consolidate certain"big" and "little" science programs within scientificdisciplines. The objective is to create an effectivemanagement structure and to enable equitable alloca-tion of resources and determination of priorities withinthe various disciplines. The Arctic and AntarcticResearch Programs are also part of this directorate.

General objectives of the overall activity are tosupport basic research leading to:

New knowledge in astronomy and the at-mospheric sciences over the entire spectrum of physicalphenomena;

A better understanding of the physical andchemical characteristics of the Earth and its geologichistory;

Increased insight into the oceans and oceanbasins, their composition, structure, behavior, andresources.

al.

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Astronomical Sciences

The ev era!l ubjeutic e of the Abtturtinnil.diSLIent,CS program is to increase man'sknuccludge of the universe using telescopesand related iniroinentation. Research isaimed sii exemining the physical principlesgo% erning the univ erse. the siroctures of theplanets and their atmospheres. the sold;system, the Milky Way. and reale!' galaxies.

The National Science Foundation providessupport for the development and operation infour National Research Centers in astrunninywhere radio. optical infrared, and specialtelescopes are madeavailableona competitivebasis to the scientific community. Residentstaffs at the centers provide technical assist-ance to visiting scientists. conduct studies oftheir own. and develop advanced instrumenta-tion. These centers meet national nceds forresearch in specific areas of science requiringfacilities. equipment. staffing.a nd operationalsupport that are beyond the capabilities ofprivate orState institutions and that could notappropriately be provided to a single institulion to the exclusinn of others. Unlike manyfederally sponsored research laboratories. theNSF-supported National Research Centers donot perform specific research tasks assignedby or for the direct benefit of the Government.They are maintained for the purpose of makingavailable, to all qualified scientists. thefacilities. equipment. skilled personnel sup.port, and other resources required for theperformance of independent research of thescientists' own choosing.

Astronomy Project Support

The Astronomy Project Support programprovides a broad base of support for fun-damental research directed at explainingcelestial objects and the cosmos in terms ofphysical principles. Searches are undertakenfor unknown types of objects and formolecules which may be precursors of lifeforms. The broad variety of celestial objectspermits the slimly of matter under extremeconditions.

8

Basic research support is provided under thefollowing grant programs: (1) the SolarSystem program includes studies of planets.comets. asteroids. surface and atmosphericphenomena on the Sun. and the interplanetarymedium. (2) the Stars and stellar Evolutionprogram is directed Woad an understandingof the life cycle of a star. froth birth to death.(3) the Stellar Systems and Motions programis designed to imprnve the understanding ofaggregates of stars via a study of theirdynamics and kinematics: (4) the Galactic andExtragalactic program includes studies of ourMilky Way galaxy, as well as ther galaxiesand extragalactic objects. with detectorssensitive to radiation from all parts of theelect rnmagnelic spectrum: (5) theAstronomical Instrumentation and Develop-ment program supports the design anddevelopment of stateof-the-art instrumenta-tion to further the process of data collectionfrom groundbased optical and radio obser-vatories.

Deadlines

Proposals may be submitted at any timeduring the year. Approximately 6 monthsshould be allowed for rev iew and processing ofa formal proposal.

National Astronomy andIonosphere. Center

The National Science Foundation sup-ports the National Astronomy and ionosphereCenter (NAIC). a national center devoted toresearch in radio and radar astronomy andionospheric physics. The NAM is operatedand managed by Cornell University undercontract to the Foundation. The NAIC head-quarters is located on the Cornell Universitycampus in Ithaca. N.Y.. and the principalobserving facilities are located in Puerto Rico,12 miles south of the city of Arecibo.

The major objective of the center is to makeavailable to the SI.Ifaltifil. LOMMUnity Visitor-oriented research facilities that will contribute

22

significantly to our understanding of theEarth's upper atmosphere; the Moon. planets.and other celestial radio sources; and theinterstellar medium.

The primary instrument at NAIC is a

radio radar telescope that incorporates a1.000 - foot - diameter fixed spherical reflector.Final alignment of the new aluminum panelsurface of the reflector is nearing completion.When the design goal for the alignment isreached. the frequency range available forresearch operations will be 12 limes greaterthan before. The upper frequency limit willhave been extended from the previous 611MHz to 7,200 MHz.

The 450 - kilowatt S-band (2.380 MHz)planetary radar transmitter was installed atthe 1.000-foot reflector and becameoperational in the fall of 1974, This project.sponsored by the National Aeronautics andSpace Administration, has increased thesensitivity and resolution of the planetarymapping capability by a thousandfold overthat available in 1971.

NAIC pro. ides telescope users with a widerange of research and observing instrumenta-tion. including receivers. transmitters,movable line feeds. and digital data acquisi-tion and processing equipment. 'Tice centeralso has a small permanent staff of scientists,engineers, and technicians who are availableto assist visiting scientists and observers.

Eligibility

All qualified U.S. scientists and, on occa-sion, foreign visitors have access to NAICfacilities. instrumentation. and services, on acompetitive basis, subject to priorities basedupon the scientific merit of the proposedresearch. the capability of the instruments to(10 the work proposed, and the time available.

Additional Informotion

Communications should be addressed to:Dirertnr, National Astronomy and IonosphereCenter, Cornell University. Ithaca, N.Y. 14850.

Kitt Peak National Observatory

The National Science Foundation sup-ports the Kitt Peak National Observatory(KPNO), which makes availoble opticaltelescopes. obsery ingequipment. and researchsupport services to qualified scientists.

The headquarters of KPNO is in Tucson.Ariz.; observing facilities are located at anelevation of 6.800 feel on Kilt Peak, a mountain56 miles southwest of Tucson. KPNO issupported under the terms of a contractbetween the Foundation and the Associatienof Universities for Research in Astronomy.Inc. (AURA). AURA is responsible for theoperation and management of KPNO.

KPNO provides the U.S. scientific com-munity with facilities for research in stellar,salar, anI planetary astronomy. The facilitiesconsist primarily of ground-based telescopesand the auxiliary equipment necessary toobserve astronomical objects in the opticoland infrared regions of the electromagneticspectrum. The observatory is a visitor-oriented facility that assures visitingastronomers of 00 percent of the observingtime on the telescopes,

KPNO maintains the world's largest concen-tration of facilities for stellar, solar. andplanetary research. The observatory is the siteof the Nation's second largest reflectingtelescope, the Mayan 4-meter instrument. Theobservatory is also the site of the largest solartelescope, the 1.5 -meter McMath instrument.

Nine other telescopes atop Kitt Peak includea 2,1-meter general purpose reflector op-timized for observing in the infrared, a 1.3-meter cassegrain reflector for pholometricandinfrared studies, two 92-centimeter reflectorsfor direct photography and photoelectricphotometry, a 92-centimeter coude feed(associated with the 2,1-meter telescope), two41-centimeter telescopes used primarily forphotoelectricpholometry, and a 31- c .'ntimeterSchmidt. A solar vacuum telescope andmagneiograph is used for mapping magneticfields of the Sun. The 1.5-meter solar telescopeis available for solar and planetary obser-vations.

239

Kw Peak is also the St te of three Universityof Arizona telescopes. a University ofMichigan 1.3-meter telescope, and a radiotelescope operated by the National RadioAstronomy Observatory.

KPNO has a staff of resident scientists.engineers, and technicians who are availableto assist visiting scientists and observers.

Eligibility

KPNO makes observing time on eachinstrument mailable for the use of visitingscientists. All qualified U.S. scientists and, onoccasion. foreign visitors may use the in-struments. subject to priorities based on thescientific merit of the proposed research. thecapability of the instruments to do the work,and the available time.

Additional Information

Communications should be addressed to.Director, Kitt Peak National Observatory.P.O. Box 26732. Tucson. Ariz. 85726.

Cerro Tololo Inter-AmericanObservatory

The National Science Foundation supportsthe Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory(CI"10). an astronomical research centerwhose optical telescopes and related facilitiesare available to qualified scientists from theUnited States. Chile. and other nations inNorth and South America. CTIO is supportedunder the terms of a contract between theFoundation and the Association of Univer-sities for Research in Astronomy, inc.(AURA). AURA is responsible for the opera-tion and management of CTIO. Usingtelescopes made available by the FederalGovernment and other organizations, CTIOprovides astronomers with the opportunity toobserve those parts of the SouthernHemisphere skies that are not visible or notadequately observable from the United Slates.

The observing fatalities of GTIO are locatedon a 7.200 -foot mountain in the foothills of theAndes Mountains about 300 miles north ofSantiago. The administrative headquarters is

10

in the coastal city of La Serena. about 80 milesaway.

The major instruments at CTIO include thenewly operational 4-meter telescope, a 1.5-meter, a 1.0-meter on lodn from Yale Univer-sity, a 92-centimeter originally establishedjointly with the Lowell Observatory, and two41-centimeter telescopes. All telescopes areequipped with a wide variety of cameras,spectrographs, and photometers.

Cerro Tololo has a small permanent staff ofscientists, engineers, and technicians who areavailable to assist visiting scientists andobservers.

Eligibility

Most of the observing timeat Cerro Tololo isused by visiting astronomers. Qualified scien-tists may use the instruments subject topriorities based on the scientific merit of theproposed research, the capability of theinstruments to do the work proposed. and theavailable time.

Additionol information

Communications should be addressed to:Director. Kitt Peak National Observatory,P.O. Box 26732, Tucson. Ariz. 85726.

National Radio AstronomyObservatory

The National Science Foundation sup-ports the National Radio Astronomy Obser-vatory INRAOI. through which Government-owned radio astronomy facilities are madeavailable to qualified scientists, The NRAOstaff assists visiting scientists with the largeradio antennas, receivers. and other equip-ment needed to detect, measure, aad identifyradio waves from outer space.

Headquarters for NRAO is inCharlottesville. Va., observing facilities arelocated primarily in Green Bank, W Va. NRAOis supported under the terms of a contractbetween the Foundation and AssociatedUniversities, fnc. (AUI). a nonprofit corpora-tion. AUI is responsible for the operation andmanagement of NRAO.

24

Major research facilities at NRAO include a1410-foot highly precise, fully steerable radiotelescope; an interferometer consisting ofthree fully steerable 85-foot telescopes with aportable 45 -Foot telescope for remote opera-tion; and a 300-foot radio telescope steerable indeclination (latitude) only. A 36-foot radiotelescope operating at millimeter wavelengthsIs located at the Kitt Peak National Obser-vatory near Tucson. Ariz. NRAO has a staff ofresident scientists, engineers, and technicians.

NRAO also designs new radio astronomicalfacilities, including the Very Large Array(VLA) under construction by AUI on thePlains of San Augustin near Socorrc. N. Mex.Begun in 1973 and scheduled for completion in1981, the VIA will utilize a wye-shaped arrayof 27 radio telescopes to image celestial radiosources and to measure their radio spectra.

300.01 0 If 4

NSta-t vi ill begin research operations with thepot flatly completed array in 1977.

Eligibilil?

NRAO makes observing time on eachinstrument available for the use of visitingscientists. All qualified U.S. scientists and, onoccasion, foreign visitors may use the in-struments, subject to priorities based on thescientific merit of the proposed research, thecapability or the instruments to do the workproposed, and the lime available.

Additionol In

Communications should be addressed toDirector, National Radio Astronomy Obser-vatory, Charlottesville, Va, 22901.

2511

Atmospheric Sciences

The Atmospheric Sciences program sup-ports research un 4 wide range of subject. toadd new understanding of the behavior of II.,iEarth's atmosphere. Included are stud;es of thephysics. chemistry. and ily namics of .lieEarth's upper and lower atmosphere. 1.eacquisitiun of data on physical processes inthe troposphere and stratosphere that wiLa.d

vierstanding the genera.I ur, ol.i..ai. of .1tamp here an.i the pi y...I. al La..; .1 cla.-ote:

and research on climate proem -,...:. Loavariations. as well as re.. .1.0- .... an slierscale, shorter term phenume-. Ole, togreater kni... iedge of weather.

The National Science Fountiati.a ;Per .!essupport for the develnpment and operation ofthe National Center fo: AtmosphericResearch. .1 National Research Center devotedto iarge.scale atmospheric resea.ch orojectscnntlucted in cooperatinn .trith universitiesand other organizatinns.

The National Science Foundation alsoprovides support for the participalinn by theU.S. scientific community in internationalscientific research endeavors: the GlobalAtmospheric Research Program (GARP; andthe International Magnetuspheric Study(Mtn

Atmospheric Sciences Project Support

The aim:lived thcAtmospherieSciencesProject Support program is to continue tobuild a base of fundamental knowledge of theatmospheres of the Earth and other planets. aswell as of the Sun. Specific. objectives include.to develop the scientific basis for understand-ing climate and weather. to improve the abilityto understand the bitha viur u: environmentalfactors which control air quality in thetroposphere and stratosphere, and to improvenur know ledge of the Sun and of neighhoringplanets, especially as they relate to ourunderstanding of the berth's upper at-mosphere.

12 26

Basic research support isprovided under thefollow ing grant programs: the Meteorologyprogram includes all aspects cf dynamical andphysical meteorology. including atmosphericehemi.:ry. the Aeronomy program supports abroad ;. -.11:JM of itiburatory. theoretical. andha; die.. ;avolving processes of ionize-Hoe. i..., . .a.ition. chemical reaction.j.hotileaus: ion. and transport, and the Solar1 res*riai Research program is concerned-via: :ladies of the highest extents of theLarth s aimnsphere and the near-Earth spaceenvirnnment. including the magnetosphere.interplanetary medium, and solar atmosphere.

Deadlines

Proposals may be submilted at any timeduring the y ear. Approximately 6 monthsshould Lc allowed for rev kw and processing ofa formal proposal.

Additionoi information

Communications should be addressed to:Division of Atmospheric Sciences. At-mospheric Research Section, National ScienceFoundation, Washington. D.C. 20550.

Climate Dynamics Program

The National Science Foundation, throughthe Climate Dynamics program, supportsresearch on the development of a basis forpredicting climate variations and for assess-ing the impact of these variations on humanaffairs. Toward this end, the program sup-ports research that will contribute toknowledge of the natural variability of climateand to understanding the physical processesgm °ruing cii mate. This program is subdividedinto four areas. Climate Data Assembly andAnalysis. Climate Index Search. ClimateSimulation and Prediction, and ClimateModification and impact Assessment.

Eligibility

Proposals may be submitted by academicinstitutions, nonacademic and nonprofitresearch organizations, and profitnytking andprivate research organizations.

Deadlines

Proposals may be submitted at any timeduring the year. Approximately 6 monthsshould be allowed for review and processing ofa formal proposal.

Additional Information

Communications should be addressed to:Division of Atmospheric Sciences. ClimateDynamics Rese 'irch Section. NationalScienceFoundation. Washington. D.C. 20550.

Global Atmospheric ResearchProgram

The Global Atmospheric ResearchProgram (GARP) is a long-term commitmentby many nations. The GARP objectives are tostudy the physical processes in thetroposphere and stratosphere that are essen-tial for an understanding of (a) the transientbehavior of the atmosphere as manifested inthe large-scale fluctuations which controlchanges of the weather: this would lead toincreasing the accuracy of forecasting overperiods from 1day to several weeks; and (b)the factors that determine the statisticalproperties of the general circulation of theatmosphere which would lead to better un-derstanding of the physical b.sis of climate,

Within the United States, by formal agree-ment among Federal agencies. the Foundationis the primary agency for the support of non-Federal research in the program. particularlyat universities. The Department of Commerceis the primary agency for Federal activities.

The National Science Foundation awardsgrants to support research projects whichcontribute to the GARP objectives.

27

Eligibility

Institutions eligible to submit proposalsundei GARP are academic institutions andnonacademic. nonprofit research organize.tions. Occasionally. NSF sponsors supportingefforts by other Government agencies. par-ticularly for field programs.

Deadlines

Proposals may be submitted at any tame:approximately 6 months are required forreview and processing of a formal proposal.

Additional Information

Communications should be addressed to:Division of Atmospheric Sciences. ClimateDynamics Research Section. National ScienceFoundation, Washington, D.C. 26550.

International Magnetospheric Study

The National Science Foundation is one ofseveral Federal agencies sponsoring researchcontributing to the InternationalMagnetospheric Study (IMS) during 2976through 1979. The IMS is a multinationalprogram to study the region of near-Earthspace which is controlled by the extension ofthe Earth's magnetic field; the study involvescoordinated measurements by a number ofspacecraft and ground-based techniques.

The NSF is supporting special NS projectssuch as new ground arrays of magnetic.optical, and radio instruments, and is alsosupporting basic research using new andexisting instruments, theoretical techniquesand data analysis. The NSF funding for theIMS is through the Solar Terrestrial andAeronomy programs in the AtmosphericSciences Division; some research is alsosponsored by the Office of Polar Programs.The US. IMS Coordination Office, which ispresently housed in the NSF, can be contactedfor gen.sal sniorn.ation on national IMSprograms.

13

EligibilityAcademic institutions and nonacademic.

nonprofit research organizations may submitproposals fur basic research contributing tothe 1MS.

Deadlines

Proposals may be submitted at am lime.approximately 6 months are required forreview and processing of a formal proposal.

Additional In

Communications should be addressed to:Division of Atmospheric Sciences. fMS Coor-dination Office. National Science Foundation.Washington. D.C. 20550.

National Center for AtmosphericResearch

The National Science Foundstoun sup-ports the National Center fur Atmospher....Research (NCAR). which serves as a focalpoint fur research effort in the atmosphericsciences. NCAR offers support services,fellowships, and research facilities toqualified scientists working in the field ofatmospheric research.

Headquarters and major laboratories ofNCAR are located in Boulder. Colo. Researchactivities and operations are worldwide.Support of NCAR is provided under the termsof a contract between the Foundation and theLin ersity Corporation for AtmosphericResearch (LICARI, a nonprofit corporation.MAR is responsible for the operation andmanagement of NCAR.

14

Research programs of NCAR include in-vestigation of the Earth's atmosphere, of thephysics of the Sun. and of the regions betweenthe Sun and Earth. NCAR facilities in supportof NCAR and of visiting scientists include theNational Scientific Balloon Facility atPalestine. Tex.. a Computing Facility atBoulder. the Research Aviation Facility atBroomfield. Colo., and a Field ObservingFacility at Marshall. Colo.

In addition to conducting its own researchprograms. NCAR participates in a number ofatmospheric research efforts conducted byGovernment agencies. university scientists,and research groups on a national or inter-national scale. Major efforts include develop-ment.of computer simulation of atmosphericglobal circulation patterns and convectivecloud prncesses. measurement of chemicalconstituents of the atmosphere, theoreticalstudies and observations of solar-terrestrialphenomena. Investigation of the atmosphericconditions responsible for the formation ofhailstorms. and development of techniques toabate had formation. More than 600 scientists.engineers, technicians. and support personnelcomprise the NCAR staff.

Eligibility

Visiting scientists study and conductresearch at NCAR under fellowships andresearch programs. NCAR facilities areavailable to qualified scientists, subject toscheduling considerations.

Additionol Information

Communications should be addressed to:Director, National Center for AtmosphericResearch, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colo, 80303.

28

Earth Sciences

The Earth Sciences programs are devotedto increasing basic knowledgeof the Earth andits ocean floor. Earth Scieaces supportsprograms to obtain basic information aboutthe nature. urigin. history. and behavior ofrock formations. The results of this researchprovide better understanding of I he forces thataffect the Earth's interior and muddy itssurface, and give us a better comprehension ofthe prucesses u hick have produced petroleum.coal. metals, and other earth resources.

The National Science Foundatiun spunsorsthe Ocean Sediment Coring program, aninternational scientific endeavur directed atunderstanding the geologic history of theEarth through examination of the ocean floor.

Earth Sciences Project Support

The Earth Sciences Project Supportprogram is concerned prim:wily with thegeological. geophysical. and geochemical con-stitution of the Earth's crust. The object ivies ofthis program are to provide man with a basichim% ledge of the structure and composition ufrucks that comprise the Earth's crust, and theprocesses licit furm and muddy theserucks. Inthe Geology ',Ingram. the goal IS to increaseuur understanding of the rocks of the Earth scrust. Field oriented geological studies rangefrom investigations of rocks nearly 4 billiony ears old to the processes uf modern en-% ironmen Is along preseot -day beaches. rivers.glacier:. and % olcanoes. The Geochemistryprugram has as its goal the understanding ufthe ,hemistry of the Earth, the composition.age. and urigin of its minerals. and the natureof the chemical processes that are now shapingit and have shaped it in the past. II seeks abetter understanding of such topics as themelting of rocks within the Earth, the forma-tion of ore bodies, and the path of possiblepollutants through the hydrologic cycle. Theobjective of the Geophysics program is tosupport research concerned with the physicalproperties of Ii' solid Earth Specific projectsinvolve the sltrly of the Earth's dimensions. itsmagnetic-. electrical. and gravitational fields.

and its dynamic processes. The range ofresearch subjects includes seismology. gravi-ty. geodesy, rock magnetism, earth currents,and heat flow. (See also the description underOceao Sciences support for marine aspects ofthese research areas.)

Deadlines

Proposals may be submitted at any timeduring the year approximately 6 monthsshould be allowed for review a nd processing ofa formal proposal.

Ocean Sediment Coring Program

The National Science Foundation sponsorsthe acquisition of geologic samples from thefluur uf the deep oceao basins by means ofrotary drilling and coring in the sedimentsandthe underlying crystalline rocks. Portions ufthe core samples are made available toqualified scientists for individual researchprojects.

The major activity under the program isknown as the Deep Sea Drilling Pruject,managed by the Scripps Institution ofOceanography of the University of California.San Diego. The drilling and coring operationsare performed aboard the ship Gloom.Challeoger About GO deep ocean sites areoccupied per year. yielding about 20.000 linearfeet of 2 1'2-inch-diameter cores. Drill siteshave been located in water depths exceeding20.000 feet. and su bhol tom penetrations ofmore than 4.200 feet have been achieved.SinceAugust 1966. about600 holes have been drilledand cored at about 400 sites in the Atlantic.Pacific. Aotarctic, and Indian Oceans: theMediterranean, Caribbean, Bering.Norwegian. and Red Seas; and the Gulf ofMexico.

About 1010 12 scientists participate aboardthe drilling ship oo each 2-month cruise.describing the cores lithologically and pa leoo-tologically. These descriptions and resultinginterpretations, along with those from shorebased laboratories, arc published in a series of

2915

Earth Sciences

The Earth Sciences programs are devotedto increasing basic knowledge of Ihe Earth andits ocean floor. Earth Sciences supportsprograms to obtain basic informalion abuutthe nature. origin. history, and behavior ofrock formations. The results of this researchprovide better understanding of the forces thataffect the Earth's interior and mudify itssurface. and give us a better cumprehension ofthe processes n hich have produced petroleum.coal. metals. and other earth resources.

The National Science Foundation sponsorsthe Ocean Sediment Coring program. aninternational scientific endeavor directed atunderstanding the geologic history of theEarth through examination of the ocean floor.

Earth Sciences Project Support

The Earth Sciences Project Supportprogram is concerned primarily with thegeulogical. geophysical, and geochemical con-stitution of the Earth's crust. The objectivesofthis program are to provide man with a basicknow ledge of the structureand composition ofrocks that comprise the Earth's crust, and theprocesses That form and modify these rocks. Inthe Geology program. the goal is to increaseour understanding of the rocks of the Earth scrust. Field-oriented geological studies rangefrom investigations of locks nearly 4 billionyears old to the processes of modern en-+, ironments along present-day hear.hes. rivers.glaciers. and solcanoes. The Geochemistryprugram has as its gool the understanding ofthe iiiemistry of the Earth. the composition,age. and origin of its minerals. and the natureor the chemical processes that are now shapingit and have shaped it in the past. it seeks abetter understanding of such topics as themelting or rocks within the Earth. the forma-lion of ore bodies. and the path of possiblepollutants through the hydraingic cycle. Theobjective or the Geophysics program is tosupport researrh concerned with the physicalproperties of II' solid Earth Specific projectsinvolve the steely of the Earth's dimensions:. Itsmagnelir. ilerlrical. and gravitational fields,

and its dynamic processes. The range ofresearch subjects includes seismology. gravi-ty. geodesy, rock magnetism, earth currents.and heat flow. (See also the description underOcean Sciences support for marine aspects ofthese research areas.)

Deadlines

Proposals may be submitted at any timeduring the year approximately 6 monthsshould Wallowed for review and processing ofa formal proposal.

Ocean Sediment Coring Program

The National Science Foundation sponsorsthe acquisition of geologic samples from theflour of the deep ocean basins by means ofrotary drilling and coring in the sediments andthe underlying crystalline rocks. Portions ofthe core samples are made available toqualified scientists for individual researchprojects.

The major activity under the program isknown as the Deep Sea Drilling Project.managed by the Scripps Institution ofOceanography of the University of California.San Diego The drilling and coring operationsare performed aboard the ship GlamorChallenger About 60 deep ocean sites areoccupied per year, yieldingabout 20.000linearfeel of 2 1,2-inch-diameter cores. Drill siteshave been located in water depths exceeding20.000 feet. and sub-hottom penetrations ofmore than 4,200 feel havebeen achieved-SinceAugust 1968. A et 600 holes have Wen drilledand cored at about 400 sites in the Atlantic.Pacific. Antarctic. and Indian Oceans: theMediterranean. Caribbean. Bering.Norwegian. and Red Seas: and the Gulf ofMexico.

Ahout 10 la 12 scientists participate aboardthe drilling ship on each 2-month cruise.describing the cores lithologically and palcon-tologically. These descriptions and resultinginterpretations. airing with those from shore-based laboratories. are published in a series of

2915

volumesWm :I &ports of the Deep SeaDrilling Project. one volume for each cruise.The columes are placed with all majorlibraries, and are available foe purchase b)Indic:duals from the Sup'si intendent ofDocuments. U.S. Government Printing Office.Washington. D.C. 20402_ Samples of corematerial for detailed analysis are available toqualified scientists throughout the world ayear after the completion of the cruise thatcollected the cores.

Additional information

Communitatnins should be addressed to.Division of Earth Sciences. National ScienceFoundation. Washington. D.C. 20550.

18

Suggestions for scientific planning., in-cluding sites to be included on the drillingit in era r) . may be addressed to Manager. DeepSea Drilling Project. Scripps institution ofOceanography. University of California. SanDiego. Calif. 92037.

Scientists interested in participating aboardthe drilling ship may write to: Chief Scientist.Deep Sea Drilling Project. address as above.

Requests for samples of the core materialmay be directed lac Curator. Deep Sea DrillingProtect. address as above.

Proposals for studies of core materialsshould be submitted to. Central ProcessingSection. National Science Foundation.Washington. DEC. 20550.

30

Ocean Sciences

The overall objective of the OceanSciences program is to improve man's un-derstanding of the nature of the ocean and itsinfluence on man's activities and of man'simpact on the marine environment. This isaccomplished through three major activities:two basic research programsone for supportof individual scientists primarily at theoceanographic institutions, the other forsupport of a limited number of large managedprojects within the International Decade ofOcean Exploration (IDOE). and a programwhich provides for the acquisition andoperating costs of the oceanographic facilitiesneeded to carry out these research programs.Oceanographic Facilities and Support (OFS).

Oceanography Project Support

The Oceanography Project Supportprogram provides a broad base of support forfundamental research in all subftelds ofmarine science, including physicaloceanography and limnology. marinechemistry, biological oceanography. and sub.marine geology and geophysics. with theobjective of increasing our store of scientificknowledge and enhancing our understandingof the scientific aspects of major problems inthe marine environment confronting the Na.Lion Most of the research supported is basic incharacter. although some work of a moreapplied nature is also supported. Through thisprogram support may also be provided forresearch workshops, sympost and con-ferences, and for the purchase of scientificequipment.

Deadlines

P-oposals may be submitted at any time;approximately 6 months are required forreview and processing of a formal proposal.

Additional In ion

Communications should be addressed toDivision of Ocean Sciences. OceanographySection. National Science Foundation.Washington. D.C. 20550.

International Decade of OceanExploration

In support of the International Decade ofOcean Exploration (IDOE). the NationalScience Foundation awards grants and con-tracts for cooperative programs of (muresearch and exploration with emphasis onenvironmental quality. environmentalforecasting. seabed assessment, and livingresources. The program supports a relativelysmall number of research projects whichconcentrate on broad scientific problemsespecially susceptible to concerted effort bythe research community. Emphasis is placedupon scientific excellence and applicability ofresults. The Decade is unique in that it bringsmajor efforts to bear on globally planned andcoordinated studies of the ocean as a system.

The long nage goals of the Decade are

(I) to preserve the ocean environment byaccelerating scientific observation of the

31 17

natural slate of the ocean and its interac-duns with the continental margir s:

(2) to decelup and improt e an oceanforecasting and monitoring sy stem. tofacilitate prediction of oceanographic andatmospheric conditions, and to reducehazards to life and property and permitMore effective use of marine resources:

(31 to expand seabed assessment =Winesto permit belies management of oceanmineral exploration and exploitation.

(4) to improve worldwide oceanographicdata exchange: and

(5) to increase opportunities for inter-national sharing of responsibilities andLusts fur ocean exploration and assurebetter use of limited explorationresources.

'Ille U.S. natinnal program and othernations' WOK programs are cuurtlinatedclosely with the Long-Term and ExpandedProgram of Oceanic Exploration and Researchof the Intergovernmental OceanographicCum-mission of UNESCOADOF, is identified as-theacceleration phase" of this program.

Eligibility

Industry and otherurganmtionsare eligiblefor support on the same basis as educationalinstitutions in the Founda lion's InternaliunalDecade of Ocean Exploration program. Urn-versities will receive support in the areas ofresearch suited to their expertise. Unsolicitedresearch proposals are subject to Lost- sharing.Proposals arc solicileil as necessary In Lemonareas. Awards resulting from solicitedproposals may prim ide full crisis. with Lostsharing or fees negoliated as appropriate.

Cuidelines on eligibility. programs. andproposal preparai ion arc curtained .n theNSFpublication internolianol Decode of OuonEno/DrownA Coale to the Preparation ofProposals, w hieh may be obtained from theFoundation.

03 32

Deadlines

Proposals may be submitted at any time:approximately 6 months are required forret ten and processing of a formal proposal.

Additional Information

Communications should be addressed toeDivision of Ocean Sciences. Office for theInternational Decade of Ocean Exploration.Nalional Science Foundation, Washington,D.C. 20550.

Oceanographic Facilities and Support

The National Scicnce Foundation awardsgrants or contracts for support of construc-tion. modification, conversion. purchase. andoperation of nceanugraphic facilities whichlend themselves to shared usage. Communityarrangements for shared use of these facilitieshave been developed under the UniversityNational Oceanographic Laboratory System(UNOLS).

Facilities supported under this program arethose required for research both in the openoceans and in coastal areas. Examples of suchfacilities are ships. boats. submersibles,aircraft, piers. shipboard and related shorecomputing capabilil .. and environmentalsimulalinn units.

The Foundation encourages local con-inbutions frum non-Federal funds wheneverpossible; however. there is no fixed require-ment as to the amount of funds that in-stitutions must contribute.

Before submitting a proposal fur supportunder this prugram, institutions should seekadt ice from the Office for OceanographicFacilities and Support (OFS). A generalbruchure and specific formals and instruc-tions are available for certain program ac-

tivities. such as ship operations support,shipboard technician support, and support ofcapital equipment.

Eligibility

The primary objective of OFS is to providesupper' for large and ex pensive ucea nog ra p hitfacilities in accordance with the demonstratedneeds of NSF-funded research and trainingprograms in the total academic oceanographiccommunity. Access to NSF-funded facilities isassured to qualified users through UNOLS.

OFS support for major oceanographicfacilities utilivil by the academic communityis concentrated at a limited number of in-stiitstiuns which are suitably located and havethe logistic capability to carry out majorfacility operations. These facility-operatorinstitutions have substantial ongoingoceanographic research programs of their ownand also provide facilitics support for researchprograms of nonoperator institutions. Non-operator academic institutions with substan.Hal oceanographic research programs may

11:04IS 0 10 $

apply for direct facilities support if they candemonstrate the capability to conduct suchoperations to fulfill research requirements notnow being met.

Deadlines

Ship operations, shipboard technician, andshipboard equipment proposals are due July 1each year. Proposals requesting support forother dLti% ities may be submitted at any timeduring the year.

Additional Information

Communications should be addressed to:Division of Ocean Sciences. Office forOceanographic Facilities and Support,National Science Foundation, Washington,D.C. 0550.

For information concerning UNOLSoperations, communications should be ad-dressed to: UNOLS Executive Secretary.Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.Woods Hole, Mass. 02543.

33 10

Polar Programs

Arctic Research Program

This program. odinsmstered by thuOfficeof Polar Programs. has our objectives:11) toincrease man's knowledge of the ;retie en-vironment and its dynamic parameters and toallow intelligent use of the resources of theregion: (2) to improve coordination of thearctic research programs of the Federalagencies: (3) to encourage cooperation iniesearth with other nations hav ing atiltimerests. and j4) to des clop methanisms furthe exthange of stiontifit data and researchplans. nationally and internationally.

Within the Arctic Research Program areseven area: of contentration: marine research.including the polar pack ice: terrestrialbiology, including analys:s of the ecosystem:sow! and et.onum(t. studies, meteorology.solar terrestrial phy sits. glaciology. in..ludingpi:small gist. geology and geophysit., andinformation services.

The Foundation also supports mil% lilts inthe arttit region through grans and Lontrattsawarded by existing program elements ofvarious offices and divisions.

Coordination of Federal agency research isaccomplished through the Interagency ArcticResearch Coordinating Committee (IARCC),which is Lomposed of representatives of theagencies sponsoring research in the Arctic orSubartto. ant! paned by the National &suiteFoundation. The Foundation publishes aquarterly Arent. Bulletin on behalf of theIARCC to report Federal arctic resean.h at-tie' lies.

Eligihility

Universities. 4.diestes, and academicallyrelated nonprofit research 4:realizations maysubmit proposals for grants or contrects forresearch project supp'rl. Industry and oinurorganizations are also eligible for support.

Because of far-reathing stientifit, logistit.dud international implitations of arcticresearch projects, it is essential that scientists

20

specify all field needs and requirements whensubmitting proposals. Proposers should alsoconsult the Foundation's brochure Grants ForScientific Research. Requests for support offield research should be submitted 1 yearbefore the investigators wish to go into thefield.

Additional Information

Conunonstations should be addressed to(Mite of Polar Programs. National StieireFounckaion. Washington. D.C. 20550.

U.S. Antarctic Research Program

The National Science Foundation awardsgrants or conlratts for field research inAn wake and study of resulting specimen s ordata in the United States.

Administered entirely by the Foundation.the U.S. An tartlic Research Program supportsprojects in all relevant scienceshumanbehavior, biology, cartography. geology.glaciology. meteorology, oceanography, solid-earth geophysics, upper atmosphere physics.and magnelospheric physics.

After continuous work since the 1957-58International Geophysical Year. an initialsurvey of the continent and its surroundingsaes is nearing completion. Now. In addition towork by i ndiviiine! scientists or small groups.large technological projectsusually inter-disciplinaryand internationalare under wayto investigate specific processes, many ofwhich have global relevance: drilling intobedrock to retrieve the continent's first deeprock cores, mounting a four-nation project thatwill lead to understanding of the mass budgetof the ice sheet, evaluating theliving resourcesof the southern ocean, measuring worldwidepollution levels, and working toward theability to pret!'el long-range changes in globalclimate, and coop elating in the InternationalMagnetospheric Study (see page 13).

34

1

Field research can becarried out year-roundat U.S stations in the Antarctic Peninsula. inEllsworth Land, on Ross Island. and at thegeographic South Pole. From early October tolate February. frequent air service is providedfor scientists between the United States andall stations except the one on the AntarcticPeninsula, which is serviced by the Foun-dation's 125-foot research ship Hero frumDecember to April in the austral summer.temporary tamps can be established to meetspecific research requirements. Australsummer research is sometimes carried outaboard icebreakers in the pack ice.Arrangements sometimes are made with othercouniries for support for research at theirantarctic stations Oceanic research is per-formed in cooperation with Argentina aboardARA Islas Orcodns.

Stateside support is given as required forscience information activities, including theongoing Antarctic Bibliography and sortingcenters for geological and biologicalspecimens and for deep-sea sedimentarycores. An index of available topographic mapsmay be obtained free from the U.S. GeologicalSurvey. 1200 South Eads Street. Arlington.Va. 22202. The Foundation publishes the

Antarctic pornol of the United States toreport field activities, preliminary findings,and trends in the program.

Eligibility

Academic institutions and academicallyrelated nonprofit research organizations maysubmit proposals for grants or contracts furresearch project support Industr} and otherorganizations are eligible for support forsolicited proposals.

Because of far-reaching scientific, logistic,and international implications of all antarcticresearch projects. it is essential that scientistsspecify all field needs and requirements whensubmitting proposals. Proposers also shouldconsult the Foundation's brochure Grants forScientific floseorch. Requests for support offield research should be submitted 1 yearbefore the investigators wish to go into thefield.

Additional Information

Communications should be addressed to:Office of Polar Programs, National ScienceFoundation. Washington, D.C. 20550.

3521 Z 2-

III. Research Applications

During recent years the National Science Founda-tion has developed improved capabilities to stimulateresearch efforts more immediately and directly relatedto problems of society.

The Foundation's Research Applied to NationalNeeds (RANN) program focuses U.S. scientific andtechnological resouices on selected problems ofnational importance for the purpose of contributing totheir timely, practical solution. RANN also serves as abridge between basic research programs and thedevelopmental. demonstration. and operationalprograms of Federal mission agencies, State and localgovernments, and industry.

Research Applications deals primarily withproblem-oriented research. The specific needs of theNation and the related challenges and opportunitiesprovide the basis for the program objectives andresearch supported under these programs. This requirescareful and objective analysis by the scientific com-munity and the application and expansion of the pool ofdirectly relevant knowledge to specific problemsusually within the selected RANN program areas.Research Applications also places considerableemphasis on the evaluation, dissemination, and utiliza-tion of the results of the research supported.

RANN's major areas of emphasis in fiscal year 1976are in Productivity, Environmental, and Energy andResources research. Other efforts are conducted underExploratory Research and Technology Assessment.Before submitting a proposal for research support,descriptive brochures on RANN should be consulted.

The following criteria were utilized in developingthe ongoing major coordinated research efforts ofRANN:

33 23

24

Importance --the significance and urgency ofthe problem area or the potential consequencesfor the Nation are great;Payoffthe benefits to be realized aresignificantly higher than the anticipatedresearch and implementation costs;Leveragescience and technology can have aunique and substantial impact on the problemand be of generalized use to others;

Readinessthe effort is timely, scientificallyready, and the skilled manpower is available;CapabilityGovernment, academic, and in-dustrial capabilities exist to mount a successfulresearch program;

Need for Federal Actionthe research is notbeing conducted by private industry becausethe identifiable incentive is not sufficient or themarket is fragmented;Appropriateness for RANNRANN can mosteffectively serve the research needs of theNation when the problem (a) falls between oroutside areas of responsibility of other agen-cies; (b) spans the areas of responsibility ofother agencies; or (c) relates to meeting longerrange and special requirements.

Eligibility

Research proposals may be submitted by colleges,universities, profit and nonprofit organizations, and byState. local, or regional governments. Industry, Stateand local governments, and other organizations areeligible to participate on the same basis as academicinstitutions in research related to national needs,although universities will continue to receive primarysupport in the areas of research suited to their specialexpertise. Joint proposals from universities, nonprofitinstitutions, industry, and/or governments are en-couraged to bring broader capabilities as well asinterdisciplinary skills to the support of the NSFResearch Applications program. In fiscal year 1976. theRANN Program will devote at least 71/2 percent of itsprogram budget to small business awards.

37

Unsolicited proposals are expected to offer a uniquetechnical contribution, show strong relevance toprogram objectives and, by statute, provide cost-sharing. Proposals are -solicited as necessary andawards resulting from solicited proposals may providefull costs, with cost-sharing or fee negotiated asappropriate.

Deadlines

Unsolicited proposals may be submitted at any timeand should first be submitted in preliminary form for.discussion. Approximately 6 months are required forconsideration of formal proposals. Informal inquiry isrecommended to determine whether or not a potentialproject would qualify for support. Program an-nouncements, program solicitations, and requests forproposals will be issued from time to time in targetedareas. Such announcements will specify a deadline forsubmission.

Additional Information

The publication Guidelines for Preparation ofUnsolicited Proposals to Research Applied to NationalNeeds describes the guidelines for preparation ofproposals to the RANN program. Communicationsrelating to a specific program area may be addressed tothe appropriate divisior. or office: Division of AdvancedProductivity Research and Technology, Division ofAdvanced Environmental Research and Technology,Division of Advanced Energy and Resources Researchand Technology, Office of Exploratory Research andSystems Analysis, and Division of IntergovernmentalScience and Public Technology. General inquiries andrequests for publications may be addressed to the Officeof Programs and Resources, National Science Founda-tion, Washington, D.C. 20550 or when west of the RockyMountains, to the National Science Foundation,Western Projects Office, 831 Mitten Road, Burlingame,California 94010.

33 2s

r

Productivity

The obieunes of the RANI*: program ofresearch on product's ity are to imprme theperformance and output in the public andprivate sectors and to analyze the effects Ofpublic ',elides on productivity.

Public Sector Productivity

Service Delivery and TechnologySystems Research is supported on equip-ment technology, management techniques.and policy analyses used by localgOvernmentsin five priority service areas. solid wastemanagement. uthan water resources, fireprotection. financial management. and urbanrecreation.

Excavation TechnologyThe obiecto,esof this program are lo increase ext.,u.ationrates and to reduce the costs of submit faceext..wation and construction. Research sup-ported in this section of the program willinclude consideration of social. economic, andlegal aspects of the technology.

Instrumentation TechnologyResearchemphasis is placed on the del, elopment andtesting of otoonbasu.e medical diagnostictechniques. Included in this section areassessments of the effects of thesetechnologies on the productwity of medicaland health services.

Telecommunications Technology --Thisprogram will continue to support work on theapplications of two-way cable com-munications to public services. undertuke newwork on the development of teleconferencingsystems, and on analyses of issues in theregulation of the communications industry,and expand research on the social effects ofbroadcast television.

Productivity MeasurementThisprogram has two Lompanods. the measuremerit of the efficiency and effectiveness ofpublic services and ddr111111SCIdillol: seri,ices.The public service dehiery portion of theprogram will continue: to s upport the det.elop-merit of protluctaily measures for urban andsocial swam; deln.ery systems at the State

26

and local levels of government. For certainurban services. where a series of productivitymeasures is already established, the programwill support efforts to determine the validityof these measures and evalaate their t:ost-effectiveness for use in management andbudgeting. The administrative services por-tion of the program will continue to developand test productivity measures.

FederaliStateiLoeal Relationships 'f hepurposes of this research are to identify theeffects of State and local variations in govern-ment structure on the efficiency and effee-tiv eness of service delivery and to analyze thedegree to which alternative approaches toFederal assistance produce the intendedeffects.

Regulation and Economic ProductivityResearch will continue on the effects ofalternatil,e regulatory policies and processesun productivity anti on the effects of tariff andnon-tariff trade barriers on productil,ity.

Distribution and EquityThis programdeals with the distributional and equityproblems amok, ed in the more producthe useof human resources. Included is research onways to reduce waste and inefficiency throughimprol,ing the safety and durability of goodsand sere ices available in the marketplace andon inntAatis e ways of increasing the produc-tivity of the handicapped by restoring them toactive social or economic participation.

Private Sector Productivity

Advanced Industrial Processing

Federal support of research on private sectorproductivity is needed when private R&Dperformers cannot capture the benefilsof R&Dini, estments because of market conditions andstructures, when the benefitsof research occurbeyond the planning horizons of the privatesector. when the risks and uncertainties of theresearch are high, or when private marketresources are inadequate and there will be asignificant national benefit from the research.

39

Excavation TechnologyThe objectivesof this program are to increase excavationrates and to reduce the costs of subsurfaceexcavation and construction.

Instrumentation TechnologyResearchemphasis is placed on the development andtesting of noninvasive medical diagnostictechniques.

Industry System ResearchResearch inthis area will deal with productivity issueswithin a particular industry. Projects willconcentrate in a systematic examination ofeach process step taken within or through agiven industry and identify critical pointswhich present opportunities for increasedproductivity. Validation research with in-dustry will he supported to test findings.

Production Research and TechnologyThe objective of this research is to develop andexamine the new lechnolegical options for

200.03 0 . $ . t

U.S. manufacturing and to assess their cost -effectiveness. Research focuses on theapplica-lion of programmable automation to thediscrete product industries, for example,durable goods. "Programmable automation"refers to using general-purpose machines andspecial computer programs to enhance produc-tivity in industries, such as machine tools,which produce limited quantities of differentkinds of goods.

Regional Productivity Research

This research will address those oppor-tunities for improvement in industrial produc-tivity which are a function of the regionalcharacter of many industries by capitalizingon the proximity of industry to academic andother research centers. Industry universityteams will be funded to undertake research ontechnical problems related to productivitywithin their region.

40 27

Environment

The goal of the RANK Environmentprogram is to enhance il.t. Nation's c.apabilitl,to mitigate environmental hazards, whethernatural or inan.caused. Objectives of theprogram are 10

Identify and analyze the nature andextent WI man-caused and natural en-vironmental hazards:

Identify and el. aloate innm atil. cmethods for pre% enting the el. ent ormitigating the rf:ects of en% nunmentalrisks:

F.valuate social and teclinalogical up-portitaities for, and constraints to. theaduption of innin an% e mitigationprucedures:

Synthesize acceptable environmentalrisk ma nsgement strategies.

Managing the Natural Environment

Regional Environmental Management

The purpose of this program is to studyregional enviruomeots and resources in orderto establish the scientific basis fur theirmanagement and use. At this stage of theNation's commitment I. inr,-.rot i ng thew:alit}of the environment. research is needed toexamine comprehensively the conseq uences ofthe many encironmenial prugrams beingimplemented by Federal. State. and localagencies. A maior aim of the program is theenhancement of man's capacity to select fromthe universe of development and managementstrategies those which most effectivelyachieve environmental quality objectiveswithin the context of other societal goals.Objectives of the program are to

Provide an improved economic andecological basis for environmentaldecisionmaking:

Investigate methods for predicting landuse and other secondary consequences ofenvironmental control,

Synthesize and test regional environ-mental management strategies: and

Examine the applicability of selectedtechnologies to regional environmentalmanagement prublems.

Chemical Threats to Manand the Environment

This program fucuses on identifying.understanding. and anteliurating cuntaminatiun problems arising from the mining andprucessing of metal ores, manufacturing anduse anti disposal of chemical products.Specific objectives are:

Identify and quantify the contaminantsresulting from the manufacture, consump-tion, and disposal of organic and inorganicchemicals:

Assess the putential fur damage toecosystem communities. populations, andbiological species along contaminant flowpaths:

improve existing techniques inanalytical chemistry specificallyapplicable to achieving the above objec-tives.

Disaster and Natural Hazard Research

RANN research oo disasters and naturalhazards includes three program subelements:Weather Modification. Earthquake Engineer-ing. and Socioeconumic Response to NaturalHazards. The natural hazards to beconsideredare primarily dynamic in nature and includeearthquakes and tsunami.

Earthquake Engineering

The research thrust of this program is todevelop methods which will allow decision-makers to limit damage should an earthquakeoccur. The elimination of all loss of life andproperty damage nom earthquakes would tv.prohibitively expensive. The need is to assessthe likelihood of such lossesand to weigh these

28 41

against the increased costs of planning anddesigning structures to avoid them. The basicobjectives of the program are to:

Develop economically feasible design andconstruction methods for buildingearthquake-resistant structures:

Develop procedures for integratmg infor-mation on seismic risk with the ongoing landuse planning process;

Present information in forms usable byaffected communities in seeking tu reducetheir vulnerability tu earthquakes.

Weather Modification

The objective of this program is to developand test selected weather modificationechnologies and evaluate the impact of thosetechnologies upon society. The program willcontinue to emphasize research on weatherhazard mitigation, weather modificationtechnology. inadvertent effects of weathermodification, and social and economic effects.Tice specific objectives may be defined asfollows:

Develop a level of understanding of themechanisms of hail formation in severeconvective storms which will lead to a morereliable method of hail suppression:

Develop a moreadequate knowledge of theice nucleation mechanism in the atmospherewhich will result in a capability to measure

4/

and predict the consequences of a seedingoperation;

Develop sufficient understanding of themechanisms by which human habitation mayproduce anomalies in the weather patterns sothat adverse effects may be forecast inadvance and corrective action taken tominimize the impact;

Develop new and more accurate conceptsof how. when. and render what circumstancesweather can be modified by artificial means;and

Increase our understanding of the social.economic, legal. and ecological impact ofoperational weather modification practicesupon society,

Socioeconomic Response to Natural Hazards

The purpose of this research is to evaluatethe benefits and costs of different com-binations of adjustments that can be applied tospecific natural hazards. Studies will assessthe effectiveness and comparative value ofprediction and 'yarning, disasterpreparedness, sehysical protection, land usemanagement. insurance, and relief. The objec-tives of this program are to

Evaluate the costs and benefits of alter-native policies for dealing with naturalhazards; and

fncrease the analytical base for dealingwith low probability, very high risk events.

4229

Resources

The Resources Progrsin supports researchto identif) and es Aisle long-termtechnological options fur meeting nationalresource needs and pruside scientific andtedinulogical bases fur mist) sis and (gamuts-lion of nstiunal and regional resource pulicies.Specific dress of emptissis include;

Resource SystemsSupport for cum-prehensrs e analyses of the assilahliti) andurelmation of alternstise resuurces. gm,ngconsolerstion to economic. sexist. legal.technical and ens tronmental Lectors.

Renewable resourcesSupport forresearch on selected agricultural, forest andLaud product problems. Examples includesuns ertint, ssoucissaste materials to industrialchemiwis. deseloping substitutes for energyintenshe products. such as nitrogen fer-tilizers. and creating technology for producingprotein from nontraditional sources.

Nonrenewable ResourcesSupport forresearch un selected mineral resourceprublems. including economic analysis, oplions for efficient use of resources andtechnuiugic.1 options fur mineral processing.

30 43

Resources

The Resources Program supports researchto identify and evaluate long-termtechnological options fur meeting nationalresource needs an.: procole Stentarlc andtechnological bases foi analysis and formula-tion of national and regional resource policies.Specific areas of emphasis include.

Resource SystemsSupport for cum-prehensice analysis of the atailabilily andutilization of alternatice resources. gicingconsideration to economic. social, legal.lechneLal and encironmeotal Lcturs.

Renewable resourcesSupport forresearch on selected agricultural, forest andfood product problems. Examples includecon% erting cc oodu aste materials to industrialchemicals. developing substitutes for energyintensive products. such as nitrogen fer-tilizers. and creating technology for producingprotein From nontraditional sources.

Nonrenewable ResourcesSupport forresearch on selected mineral resourceproblems. including economic analysis. op-lions For efficient use of resources andtechnological oplit fin for mineral processing.

30 4 3

Exploratory Research and Technology Assessment

The program supports systematic studiesof the effects or technology on society. in-cluding systems analyses associated withalternative policies or technologies whichcould be introduced to help alleviate majornational problems.

Exploratory Research

Exploratory research is geared to deter-mine major current and future nationalproblems which are not adequately covered bypublic or private research activity. Thepurpose is to generate initiatives for the majorprograms of RANN (Environment. Productivi-ty, Energy and Resources) as well as todetermine areas for future RANN support.Each RANN program is responsible forexpluratury ideas in its particular area.

Technology Assessment and Policy ImpactStudies

Technology assessments and policy im-pact studies are crucial to informed decision-making concerning the introduction of newtechnologies and policies. Major problemsexist in the economy and society to whichthere are carious technological and policyoptions. Technology assessment is thesystematic study of the effects on society thatmay ou.ur when a technology is introduced.extended, in modified. with special emphasison the impacts that arc unintended, indirect. ordelay ed. Research which rigorously examinesnot only the first order impacts of thesesolution but also higher order and unforeseeneffects is supported by this program.

The problems on which such studies arcfocused rover technological, economic. andserial issues of major national consequence.The terhnologies suitable for considerationcan range across the spectrum from hardware,to biological, and maaagerial technologies.

The policies can range across various socialand economic policies relevant to nationalneeds.

Intergovernmental Science

The National Science Foundation awardsgrants to enable State and local levels ofgovernment to develop new and improvedpolicies. procedures. and mechanisms forincreasing the systematic application ofresearch and technology to governmentalprocesses and problems and to promoteFederal-State-locul research and technologyinterrelationships,

The objective of the IntergovernmentalScience Program OSP' is to ensure that scienceand technology are integrated into the policyplanning. program planning. and programexecution activities in State and local govern-ment.

The proposed activity must involve aproblem or issue of general interest to Stale orlocal governments and must have broadapplication at those levels of government. Incapacity building projects. preference will begiven to institutional innovations that enlargethe alternative approaches available to Stateand local governments to promote researchand technology applications in the publicsector Activities supported may include thedevelopment of structures, mechanisms.policies. procedures. programs, or publicpersonnel systemsall designed to improvethe policy processes, administrative manage-ment, or program operations at those levels ofgovernment through research and technology.Planning grants, pilot projects. prototypeprojects, and replication and diffusion pro-jects are available for these purposes.

443t

Anal) tical stoilics are supported that imprut eun.lerstanding ..f the. loticesses of ...if...4bulling and institutional iliongc in State andlocal got ernintat. that define the issues andchaltengcs press nib.' in attempting to increasethc application of ristd1Lh and leohoulog) atthose let oh of ;on anntent, and that assessAlan.' t et e. inp I diLe approaches lu in-s btu toinalizirig such prousses and ai.li% dots.Eligible actst dies also include conferences.o orkshups. seminars. and other similarmechanisms designed ;o ads since the un-derstanding uf issues at the Slate and lutaillet eIs hat log scientific and lechnulogivalcontent dna lu promote the desserninatiun ofinformation and case examples related topublic seotur research and technologyapplications.

EligibilityProposals ma) be submitted by units of

xtrottiiiisw piisL local got ernments. units ofStole government. including both the ex-

32

ecutit e and legislati%e branches; the State.regional. or national instrumentalities of Stateand lui.al gut moments and their officials.mults-Stale and sub-State regional entities:...::elies. unit oldies. prufessional schools. ortither institutions for education. training. andteSe.sri.h. nonprofit research and technologyoastitutnins. prufessional societies; in-houselaboratories uf Federal agencies and federal))funded research centers. and s endors ofresearch and teohnulug) ser t ices. Proposalsma) combine a unit JI gu%ernment nith aninstitution fruni the research resource con,mond). There is nu requirement fur matchingfunds but normal)) applicants are required toshare the cost of any pruposed -milt ity-Cullaboratit e arrangements with otherprograms within NSF and with other Federalagencies are permitted: proposals may besuhmitted to such agencies fur partial supportand to 1SP fur those dolt Hies that fall outsidethe program scope of such agencies. but withinThal of 1SP.

4:

Research and Development Incentives

The National Science Foundation sup-ports a program designed to provide ex-perimental evidence concerning v arious incen-tives which theFederalCovernment might useto increase the application and use of scienceand technology in the private sector. Theobjective of the program is to test and ev alualeselected incentives which the Federal Cu ernmerit may properly and effectively use toincrease R &D investment in the private sectorwhere new technology is in the nationalinterest.

The program provides a focus in theFederalstructure fur testing various means ofaccelerating the rate uf technological innova-tion and increasing R&D investment in theprivate sector of the economy. The programsupports:

11.u.kgruund studies fur identifyingprablem areas aid incentive uppurtumbes.

Experiment definition studies that lay outin detail the design of an experiment to test agiven incentive in a given case:

Experiment evaluation studies under-taken by independent investigaturs in thosecases where judgmental evaluation is re-quired.

Areas uf current interest include

Background studies addressing the usedfinancial anriair regulatory incentives foraccelerating the rate of adoption for selectedtechnologies.

Experiments wherein proposals aresolicited that reflect familiarity with. and thethrust of. work previously undertaken,specifically with the following experiments:

Federal Laboratory Validation.Proposals are solicited for testing innovationshaving high potential for adoption by cities inthe Urban Technology System:

Cooperative Research. This experimenttests limited Federal cost-sharing as anincentive for "seeding" long-term. self -sustaining university-industry cooperativeresearch efforts. Projects are conducted un atwu-p base basis Phase 1 consists of theexperiment definition 'partnershiparrangements and technology emphasis' anddesign of an operational plan. Phase 11 consistsof aLtual performance uf the cuuperativeresearch achy Wes. Additional performers willbe added under both phases during the nextfew years.

Innovation Centers. This experimenttests the suitability uf Federal Governmentinvolvement in assisting putential en-trepeneurs and innovators in achieving theircareer objectives. by subsidizing university-based innuv Mon centers fur a specific periodOf time. During fiscal year 1976-77 it isplanned to add one or inure university centers.and emphasis will be placed on centers thatlocus on idea generation. development. andevaluationin preparation fur licensing ornew venture furmation: and

Evaluation-interpretation of OngoingExperiments. Because it is anticipated thatinterpretation uf RD! experiments will need tobe supplemented by alternate. innovativemethods for treating data beyond the standardanalytical techniques. proposals are solicitedfor exploring the apprnpriateness of usingsuch supplemental methods in RD1's evalua-tion program.

Eligibility

Proposals may be submitted by units ofState and local governments and their State.regional, or national organizations;legislatures; colleges and universities;professional schools, industrial orgsinization s;Stale academies of science: nonprofit in-

4633

sittutions. public seri, ice institutions.research institutions. and trade organizations.proposals may pro% ide for collaboraticearrangements. Such arrangements are notmandatory. Proposals combining academicinstitutions and awls of government will bedparticular interest Thercis no requirement formatching of funds. but normally applicantsare required to share in the cast of any

34

proposed activity. Contractual arrangementsare made on occasion with profit-makers forthe. performance of work in which they areuniquely qualified.

Proposals may be submitted to other Federalagencies for partial support and to NSF forthose activities that fall outside the programscope of other Federal agencies.

47

IV. Science and TechnologyPolicy Researchand Analysis

The Directorate for Scientific. Technological andInternational Affairs is the focal point within theFoundation for the analysis of important scientific andtechnological issues and the development of policyoptions for addressing these issues.

The legislative charter of the Foundation authorizesand directs it to (U evaluate the status and needs of thevarious sciences as evidenced by the programs, pro-jects, and studies undertaken by agencies of the FederalGovernment. by individuals, and by public and privateresearch groups; and (2) provide a central clearinghousefor the collection, interpretation, and analysis of data onthe availability of and the current and projected need forscientific and technical resources in the United States.and to provide a source of information for policyformulation by other agencies of the Federal Govern-ment.

The policy research and analysis programs withinthe Directorate for Scientific, Technological, andInternational Affairs conduct and sponsor studies andanalyses which cover a broad range of issues. Normally.research activities are not supported except where suchresearch is necessary to a more comprehensive un-derstanding of the policy or analysis issue which is theprimary subject of interest.

48 35

1

Science and Technology Policy

The Dit.isiun of Policy Research andAnalysis (PRA) has been assigned the centralstaff support rule within the Directorate forScientific, Technological, and InternationalAffairs for:

Providing advice. consultation, andrecommendations on national civilian scienceand technology policy matters.

Developing policy options related to thesolution of national problems in the cn thanarea,

Appraising the (nerd', effectAeness ofongoing Federal and national Rten Worts andreLommending policy and program actionstoward the ai.hievement of national goalsthrough civilian science and technology.

Interacting with academic and industrialLummunitos un broad matters of science andtechnology policy so as to further theirparticipation in strengthening U.S. siaenceand technology.

Primiling a& ice. assisiance, and coor-dination in furthering U.S. internatinnalscience and technology oloectit.es.

Developing an understanding of therelationships between science and technologyand national social and economic obiecth es.

The fiscal year 1976 prngram of outsidegram and contract activity reflects the needsfur (Wailed studies and analyses tn supportthe develnpment of pubil options andprogram miliato, es. and consists of the sixelements discussed below,

The Effects of Public Policyon Science and Technology

Public policies directed tn social andeconomic goals significantly influence thescience and technology environment. For thisreason PRA attention is directed towards anunderstanding of the:

Incentoes available to the goi,ern-ment for stimulating socially

36

desirable technological innovation bythe private sector.

Disincentives to technological in-novation created by policies directedto other public concerns.

The Analysis of EmergingScience and Technology

The continued adt.ance of S&T. apparentlyat an increasing rate, raises a variety ofimporiani and interrelated issues:

theadequacy of existing national andinternational policy instruments andMonitoring and control mechanismsfor dealing with the potential impactsof emerging S&T:

the adequacy of federally-supportedbasic and applied science to meetnational las against strictly agency)needs, in the aggregate and in specificsectors;

the adequacy of the S&T base forFederal regulatory activity. in suchareas as health and safety, the en-vironment. waler supply and wastemanagement;

"spin off impacts" of Federal S&Tprngrams, such as: space science,weather modification, earthquakeprediction;

the adequacy of Federal mechanismsfnr monitoring international sourcesof discovery, invention, and innova-tion and the potential impacts offoreign government policies andprograms nn the health of the U.S.s&T enterprise.

Socioeconomic Effects of Scienceand Technology

This area covers the broad range of effects ofS &T. It seeks to improve the conceptualframework and techniques available to iden-tify and measure the socioeconomic variables

49

and relationships needed to assess policyissues and options, Specific areas consideredas priority candidates for investigation in-clude:

Distribution of public vs. privatecosts and returns from innovation.

Benefits and dislocations created bychanging technology.

Domestic effects of internationaltechnology transfer.

Effects of S&T on the individual.

Effects of S &T on productivity.

Application of social scieme researchto s&T policy formulation.

The Analysis of InternationalS&T Policy

The PRA interest extends to such matters as:

the impact on broad U.S. interests ofthe increasingly wide employment ofthe promise of preferred access to U.S.S&T as an instrument of foreignpolicy:

the impact of internationalcooperative S&T programs on the U.S.scientific community and its in-stiiutions:

the impacts of international S &Ttransfer. through Goverament andprivate channels, on the foreignpartnersunrealizable expectations.brain drains, distorted socialpriorities, etc.. as well as improvidmeans of production, quality of life.etc.:

appropriate institutionalarrangements for U.S. involvement ininternational cooperative S &T ac-tivities, bilateral and multilateral;

the purpose and value of U.S. supportof and participation in the S&Tprograms of international organiza-tions;

The Processes of Innovationand Their Management

This study area is concerned with theprocesses by which technological innovationoccurs. Further insight is needed in thefollowing areas:

Innovation processes in the privatemanufacturing sector.

Innovation processes in State andlocal government.

Innovation processes in services, bothpublic and private.

The role of the individual in innova-tion.

The rule of investment capital ininnovation processes.

Policy Aspects of Energy,Resources, and Environment

Responsibilities of ibis activity areassociated with assembling and analyzing awide range of information on energy andresource related issues including those of:

Energy technology research.

Environmental and health issuesrelated to energy.

The relation ofsciencennd technologyto renewable and nonrenewableresources.

Eligibility

The work of this program is performed by agroup of analysts within the Directorate forScientific. Technological, and InternationalAffairs and through grants and contracts withuniversities and other appropriate organize-lions.

Study proposals which aresupporifve of theprogram activities are considered for awards.The program of studies is a cooperative effortinvolving the analytical staff at the Found&tion and a limited number of extramural grantsand contracts.

5037

Profitmaking and other organizations areeligible to participate in the Division of PolicyResearch and Analysis Programs on the samebasis as academic and nonprofit organiza-tions.

Deadlines

Proposals may be submitted at any timeduring the year. Approximately 3 to &monthsshould be allowed for review and decision.

Additional information

Further information on thespecifie interestsof the six major program areas may hi.obtained from those individual programs.Communications should be addressed to theDivision of Policy Research and Analysis(indicate specific program of interest),National Science Foundation, Washington,D.C. 20550.

38 51

Science Resources Studies

The program of the Division of ScienceResources Studies encompasses informationon:

The funding of scientific andtechnological activities:

The development and utilization of scien-tific and technical manpower, includingacademic training;

The institutional framework of scienceand technology:

The interrelationships between science.technology, and other elements of the nationaleconomy.

The overall objective of the program is thedevelopment of factual and analytical infor-mation to pri% ide a basis for national scieni.epolicy formulation in the area of science andtechnology in order to carry out its mission,the Division of Science Resources Studiesengages in and supports tiro types of dose'yinterrelated activities.

The first involves collection of statisticaldata. These data are of prime importancebecause analyses of policy and subsequentpolicy formulation cannot be carried outeffectively without this factual information.This activity includes:

Development of the conceptual basis fordata collection. including derivation of usefuland meaningful taxonomies and definitions;

Information collection through variousmeans;

Integration of data and other informationfrom various sources.

The second activity involves the analysis ofresource information, including studies of thefactors that affect and limit the supply andutilization of science resources. These studiesencompass:

Science resource issues raised nationallyand within the Federal Government;

Identification of issues arising out of da la;

Development of projections and projec-tion methodologies:

Development of models which can be usedfor analyses of the science resources system.

Eligibility

The greater part of the work of the programis performed internally or through contractualagreements nith other Federal agencies andother appropriate non-Federal organizations.Special studies are frequently supportedthrough grants and contracts. Thus, un-solicited proposals, which are supportive ofthe program activities, are welcomed and areconsidered for awards.

Deadlines

Proposals may he submitted at any limeduring the year.

Additional in formation

A detailed description of the program andcopies of reports and publications areavailable. Communications should be ad-dressed to: Division of Science ResourcesStudies, National Science Foundation,Washington, D.C. 20550.

V. International Scientificand Technological Oppor-tunities

The Foundation encourages and supports U.S.scientific participation in international scienceprograms and activities that promise maximum benefitto the U.S. science effort.

It is Foundation policy to foster the interchange ofinformation among scientists in the United States andforeign countries, initiate and support scientific ac-tivities in connection with matters relating to inter-national cooperation, support basic research abroad (inspecial cases( as a supplement to the national researcheffort. and provide support to U.S. institutions forresearch which is to be conducted abroad.

Programs described in this chapter are ad-ministered by the Division of International Programs(DIP) and complement other Foundation activities insupport of scientific research and science education.DIP welcomes inquiries about any of the programslisted and encourages U.S. scientists and engineers todiscuss with this office plans and new approaches tointernational cooperation in science.

DIP is a component or the Directorate for Scientific,Technological, and International Affairs.

5341

United States-Australia Cooperative Science Program

The National Science Foundation awardsgrants to support the participation of U.S.scientists in the United States-AustraliaCooperative Science Program. Australianfunds support Australian scientists par-ticipating in the program.

Three types of projects are supported

Scientific seminars or workshops

Lung- anJ short-term % isiting scientists

Cooperative research.

Brochures describing the program andproposal guidelines are a%ailable from theFoundation.

Eligibility

Those eligible to submit proposals areacademic institutions. professional societies.either private and public scientific organiza-tions, and individual scientists.Co%ernmentalscientific. organizations may alsu participatebut generally }lace to provide their cm nfunding. An informal inquiry to the Founda-tion isrecominended prior to the submission of

42

a formal proposal. All projects must beappro%ed by the Foundation and the Depart-merit of Science in Australia.

Deadlines

Proposals for seminars between the 12-month period from July I through June 30 mustbe received by the preceding January 1. Forlong-term visits with starting dates betweenApril I and September 30. the receipt date isthe preceding September 1; for those betweenOctober 1 and March 31, the receipt date is thepreceding February I. Proposals for short-term % mils and fur cooperative researchshould be submitted at least 6 months beforethe desired starting date.

Additional Information

Cummunicaltuns may be addressed to:United States-Australia Cooperative ScienceProgram. Di% twin of International Programs.National Science Foundation. Washington.D.C. 20550.

51

United States-Republic of China Cooperative Science Program

The N.oional Science Foundation awardsgrants to supporl the participation of U.S.scientists in the Cn: led States-Republic ofChina Cooperatie Science Program. Chinesefunds support Chinese scien lists participatingin the program.

Three types of projects are supported in theprogram:

Cooperalive research projects

Visiting scientists

Scientific seminars

A brochure describing the program isavailable from the Foundation. together withguidelines for submitting proposals.

Eligibility

Those eligible to submit proposals arecolleges and universities. nonprofit research

institutions, professional societies, and in-ch% kiwi scientists. The program is aimedprimarily at the academic scientist, howet ELothers iiia) be onsidered. All projects must bealio v. fA 1 by the Foundation and the NationalScience Council in Taipei.

Deadlines

Proposals may be submilted at any lime:approximately 0 months are needed for con-sideration.

Additional informoissos

Communications sorry be addressed to:tiniled SlatesRepublic of China CooperativeScience Program. Division of InternationalFri gains. National Selene Foundation.Washington. D.C. 20550.

53

East Europe Cooperative Science Programs: Romania,Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria

These programs are We. ea tu luster andsuppurt sLeeniefic and iechn 'logical coLTera-lion ua a bilateral basis bcitt...en the UnitedStates and each of the couperating cuuntries.The piograms are coduLleil and LuurdinatedWu een the Nahum,' Science Fuundatiun andcomparable organiultons in the Luuperatingcountries.

lender these prugrams. research-urientedcooperative activities may be conducted andsupported in any branch uf science andtechnology. including basic and appliedaspects uf the natural sciences andmathematics. the engineering sciences. and thesocial sciences. and including inter-disciplinary or problem-oriented areas. Sup-purl is coffered fur three typos uf activities:

(1) Cooperative researchprojectsdesigned jointly by. and lu be cunductedcollaboralively between. a principal in-vestigator of the United Slates and aprincipal investigator of the cooperatingforeign country. Proposals are submittedby an American institution to the NationalScience Foundation and by the institutionof a fureegn investigator tu the tour-denoting agency in his country.

(2) Seminarsmeetings of small groupsof scientists of the U tilled Slates a nduf theforeign country, juinlly designed andconvened by American and foreign co-urganizers. A seminar may be held in theUnited Stales or in the cooperating foreigncountry. Proposals are submitted by theAmerican co-organizer or his institutiunto the Natienal Science Fuundatiun and bythe foreign us-organizer through hisinstitutiun tu the cusortlendting agency inhis country.

44

(3) Scientific visitsvisits of short dura-tion for the purpose of planningcouperatite scientific activities or con-ferring about cooperative scientific ac-tit Wes; also. with Romania. visits oflonger duratiun fur purposes of research.study. ur lecturing. The application of anAmerican scientist to visit one or more ofthe cooperating cuuntries is submitted byhim to the National Science Fuundatiun;nil application of a foreign scientist tovisit the United States is submitted byhim or by his institution to the cour-dinating agency in his uwn country.

Eligibility

American institutitscs eligible lu participatein these j.rograms include universities andculleg,es. professiunal sucieties. academies ofsciences, and other nonprofit scientific organ-izations uf the private or public secturs.Support is available for American scientistswhu are U.S. citizens ur whu have at least 5years of prufessional employment beyond thedoctorate in U.S institutiuns and are currentlyaffiliated with an eligible U.S. institution.American scientists employcli by profit-making organizations are not eligible forsupport.

Additional Information

The brochure Cooperotive SciencePrograms: Rontania. Hungary.Czechoslovakia. BuIgnria: Couperin iveResearch. Joint Seminnrs, Scientific Virits isavailable from the Foundation.

Cummunicalions may he addressed tu. EastEurupe Cooperative Science Programs. Divi-sion of Inter naiional Programs. NationalScience Foundation. Washington. D.C. 20550.

53

United States-France Exchange of Scientists Program

nii. Naiional Stient.e Fount laitua (NSF)and the Centre Notional tie la Rediercht.St ientifique 'CNRS) jointly spunsor an ex.change IA sLiettlists for postdot.tural stud} Ofreseart.11 in the matheinalit..11. plissuil.t hemic..11. engineering. inalugmal. and suLtalscient.es. incloding et.onomit.s.Awardsare nutindite in the inedii.al sciences. eduLtion. iltbusiness 14.1,6..1 small Humber of Louperat i t 4:researt hioropirsals and appikatiuns for stain,'

isiting stienlisi awards art_ alsu consideredeach year by NSF and CNR.

Eligibility

Individuals eligible for the posidoeicirtilexchange program are citizens ur nationals ofihe Vni led States and Frame who low e earneda dot lord degree or its 'quit alent nut mitrethan 3 ',ears prior io the comment.ement of theemit:mgt. visit. Eligible institutions are. for

American candidates any appropriate non-profit Frenc.h instilutson. Appropriate non-profit instituiouns are instilu lions of highereiltmation. gm.ernment research institutes.laboraitiries. to ceniers. and pro aielly spun-buret' nunprofit instilutes. The period of theexchange %mit is beta een 5 and 15 months.Fi each Land:dates tn.* ubtain inform:bunand applic.abon sualeroils from the CNRS.American Lantbilates Moll obtain informationanti applitAtion materials 'ram the add( essbelow.

Addituntel in forum:ion

Communkatiuns ma) be addressed to.United StatesFrani.e Exchange of Scientist:.Progr.uti. Dat Moon of In ternatiundi Prugranis.Nalional Science Foundaiiiin. LS ashonition.D.C. 20550.

57 45

United States-India Exchange of Scientists Program .

The National Science Foundation ad-ministers the participation of U.S. scientistsand engineers in a program of short-termexchanges with India for the purpose ofexchanging scientific information and plan-ning future scientific cooperation. In India theprogram is administered by the Council ofScientific and Industrial Research ICSIRj.These organizations arc jointly responsible forapproving each exchange visit. The NationalScience Foundation pays only travel costs ofU.S. scientists to a nd from India. Within India,expenses are covered by the local hosts. Abrochure descrihing this program is availablefrom the Foundation.

{:.S. institutions that ttish taint tte speLifa.Indian scientists for %mils under thepro% 'sums of this ',van am ma} suggest theirnano-:. to NSF. in addition to etti.ouraging themto iii :k{ direct applications to CSIR.

46

EligibilityIndividual senior scientists and engineers

are eligible to submit proposals. Requests areevaluated on the basis of the applicant'sprofessionalquali fications and the merit of theproposed activity in India.

Deadlines

Proposals may be submitted at any time.

Additionol Information

Communications should be addressed toUnited Slates-India Exchange of ScientistsProgram, Di. ision of interhational Program...National Si.ienLe Foundation. Washington.D.C. 20550.

53

United StatesIsrael Bin

The United Slates-Israel BinationalScience Foundation (BSF) came into existenceunder an agreement between the twoGovernments. signed on Sept ember27. 1972. Itestablishes a programdcooperativescientificresearch and related activities to beconductedprincipally in Israel. to be financed withIsraeli currency. and involving scientists andinstitutions of the United States and Israel.Activities must be of mutual interest to theUnited States and Israel and concerned withscience and technology for peaceful purposes.Activities dealing with scientific andtechnological information are also considered.

The BSF is operated with the interest from afund contributed to equally by both countries.The U.S. contribution represents U.S.-ownedIsraeli currency. chiefly resulting frompayments by the Government of Israel Forsurplus agricultural commodities sold under1:uhlic Law 83-480.

The interests and activities of the scientificagencies of the U.S. Government in BSF arecoordinated through the Department of Slate.US. institutions may submit p roposal s on BSFforms in either of the following ways:

tl Directed to a scientificagencr of the U.S.Government basing 41 mission related to thesubject of the proposal.Theagency forwards itto 139F with comments concerning therelevance of the proposal to the mission of theagency: pill ments as to its scientific merit arethe responsibility of BSF. NSF encourages thesubmission of proposals of high quality whichcomplement or otherwise relate 10 researchsupported under NSF programs.

Such proposals may be addressed 1o:

ational Science Foundation

Division of International Programs(U.S.-Israel Binational Science

Foundation)National Science FoundationWashington. D.C. 20550

Phone: (202) 632-5796

(2) Directed to the following address:

U.S.-Israel Binational ScienceFoundationP.O. Box 7677Jerusalem. Israel

Proposals submitted direi.tly to BSF willLiter be referred by it to the US. Governmentfor comment.

Deadlines

Although proposals may be submitted atany time. decisions on awards are made inFebruary of each year.To allow sufficient limefor evaluation, proposals should be submittedin time to reach BSF no later than luly t of thepreceding year.

Additional Informotion

Enquiries about the preparation of proposal sof interest to the National Science Foundationmay beaddressed10 NSF at the address shownAbove. Single copies of the BSF form"A pplica-lion For Resedri.h Grant" may be obtained fromthe same address.

The program described above is a programof the United States-Israel Binational ScienceFoundation and should not be confused withNational Science Foundation programs. Con-sequently. institutions and investigatorsshould he aware that standard NSF proposaland award guidelines and procedures are notapplicable.

so47

United States-Italy Cooperative Science Program

The National Science Foundation Lour-dinutes the participation of U.S. scientistsandinstitutions in the United States-ItalyCooperative Science Program.

The ohjectiv es of the program are to promotecooperation between scientists of the twocountries fur peaceful purposes and lo pros ale

opportunities for them to exchangeideas. skills. and techniques. ter amid.problems of porlicolar mutual interest. luwork lugether in unique ens irunments. and toutilize special facilities.

Types of projects included in this programare:

(II joint research projects.

(21 Exchange of scientists. in connectionwith ;wpm% ed projects.

j31 Seminars to exchange infurmotion andplan cooperative research.

Each activity in the program involvesparticipatiun by scientists of both countriesand requires approval by the Foundation andby the Consiglio Nahionale dellc Ricerche. theexeciitise dgenues responsible for carryingout the terms of the agreement in the UnitedStatcs and Italy. Nothing in the agreement isintended to prejudice other arrangements for

48

scientific cooperation between the two coun-tries.

Funds for the support of the activities ofAmerican scientists may come from any U.S.source. which includes but is not confined tothe regular research support programs of theFoundation. In addition, limited OIP programfunds are ailable for the support of % isitingscientists. the organization of binationalseminar.. and for deg cooperatheresearch grants. Proposals are submitted 10the apprupriale funding agency or institutionin accordance with its normal procedures. Althe same tune. the U.S. investigator sends acopy of his proposal to the address below.together with a copy of the joint applicationform. signed by him and the Italian principalinvestigator. A brochure describing the UnitedStales-Italy Cooperative Science Program isas ailable from the Foundation. together withinstructions and guidelines for submittingproposals.

Additional fnlormotian

Cummunicotions should be addressed to.United Slates-Italy Coupes-dime ScienceProgram. Dwision of International Programs,National Science Foundation, Washington,D.C. 20550.

60

United States-Japan Cooperative Science Program

The National Science Foundation an ardsgrants lo support the participation of U.S.scientists in the United Stales -JapanCooperative Science Program. Japanese fundssupport Japanese scientists participating inthe program.

Three types of projects are included in theprogram:

Cooperative research.

, Scientific seminars.

Visiting scientists.

A brochure describing the program isavailable from the Foundation, together ithguidelines for submitting proposals.

Eligibility

Those eligible to submit proposals drecolleges and universities. nonprofit researchinstitutions, professional societies and in-dividual scientists. The program is aimedprimarily al the academic scientist: however.others may be considered. All projects must be

approved by the Foundation and the JapanSociety for the Promotion of Science.

Deadlines

Proposals for cooperative research may besubmitted at any time approximately 0months are needed to Lonsider a proposal.Proposals for seminars between October landMarch 31 must be received by the precedingFebruary 28: for seminars between April landSeptember 30. the receipt dale is theprecedingAugust 31. Proposals for visits to Japanbeginning April 1 and September 30 must bercLeived by the pi eceding August 31, fur thosebeginning belneen October 1 and Mirth 31,the deadline date is the preceding February 28.

Additional Information

Communications should be addressed toUnited States-japan Cooperative ScienceProgram, Division of International Programs.National Science Foundation. Washington.D.C. 20550.

6149

United States-Latin America Cooperative Science ProgramsThese programs are offered to foster and

support scientific cooperation on a bilateralbasis between the United States and set era!Latin American countries. The NationalSciunui Foundation coordinates the par-lic.patco of U.S. scientists in these programsunder Agreements of Scientific and TechnicalCooperalion pith the apprup cite coonterpariagencies in the countries insult ed. Furmalagreements for which the National ScienceFoundation is responsible have been signedwith Argentina. Brazil. and Mexico. Othercountries in satin America may also be con-sidered.

tinder these programs. research-orien ledcooperative activities mny be concluded andsupported in any branch of science, unlessspecifically limited by mutual agreementbetween the coordinating agencies. Support isoffered for three types of activities:

Cooperative researchprojects designedpont') and conducted collaboratively byprincipal ins estigaiors from the United Statesand from the cooperating foreign country.Propnsals are submitted by the U.S. institu-tion to the National Science Fou nd atinn and bythe institution of the foreign investigator to thecoordinating agency in his country.

Seminarsmeetings of small groups ofscientists from the United Stews and from thefnreign country, jointly designed and con-vened by U.S and foreign co-organizers. Aseminar may be held in the United States or inthe cooperating foreign country. Proposals aresubmitted by the U.S. co- organizer or hisinstitution to the National ScienceFoundationand by the foreign co-organizer through hisinstitution to the coordinating agency in hiscnon try.

Scientific visitsi issts of short duration forthe purpose of planning cooperative scientific

50

dun sties er conferring about cooperativescientific ado, Hies. also, visits of longerduration for purposes of research. Theapplication of a U.S. scientist to visit one ormore of the cooperating countries is submittedby him to theNdiionalScienceFoundation. theapplication of a foreign scientist to sisit theUnited Stales is submit led by him or by hisinstitution to the coordinating agency in hisown cnun try.

Eligibility

U.S. institutions eligible to participate inthese programs include universities andcolleges. professional societies. academies ofsciences. and other nonprofit scientific organ-izations of the private nr public sectors.Support is available only for U.S. scientistswho are citizens of the United States or whnhave at least 5 years of professional employ-ment beyond the doctorate in U.S. institutionsand are currently affiliated with an eligibleU-S. institution. U.S. scientists employed byprofit making organizations are not eligiblefor support.

Deadlines

Proposals for cooperative research andseminars should be submitted either byOctober 15 or March 31. Proposals for scien-tific visits can be submitted at any time.Processing time for proposals averages 6months.

Additional information

Communications should be addressed to:United Slates-Latin America CooperativeScience Programs. Division of InternationalPrograms, National Science Foundation,Washington. D.C. 20550.

62

United States-New Zealand Agreement for Scientificand Tcchraological Cooperation

The National Science Foundation canconsider proposals from U.S. scientists forcooperative activities with New Zealandscientists in areas other than energy (energy-related activities are coordinated by theEnergy Research and Develnpment Ad-ministration's Office of InternationalPrograms).

Requests which may be considered by NSFare primarily for supplemental support forvisits by U 5_ scientists to New Zealand toparticipate in collaborative research orbilateral meetings An informal inquiry to theFoundation is recommended prior to thesubmission of a formal proposal.

Eligibility

Those eligible to submit proposals arecolleges and universities, nonprofit in-stilutions. professional societies, and in-dividual scientists. Governmental scientificorganizations may also .participate butgenerally have to provide their own funds.

Additional Information

Communications may be addressed to:United States-New Zealand Agreement forScientific and Technical Cooperation, Divi-sion of International Programs, NationalScience Foundation, Washington, D.C. 20550.

6351

United States-Spain Cooperative Science Program

The National Science Fuundatiun, througha special prugram funded by the Department ofState. pruvides U.S. support to Spanishprojects in science and technology under theterms of the 1970 Agreement between theGovernments of the Untied States and Spain.

The prugram's objectii es are to strengthenSpanish science and technulugy by makingavailable U.S. scientific and lechnulogicalresources, both human and material.

Project pruposals, which must originate inSpain. are presented by the Guvernment ofSpain :ci the Gm ernment of the United Statesannually. through dipluma tic channels, andare then reviewed by the National ScienceFoundation with the Directornte General forinternational Technical Cooperation of theSpanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs forfeasibility.

Types of projects included in the programare:

joint seminars. held on the United Statesor Spain

Cooperate e research between U.S. andSpanish scientists

52

Study Ira% el and training of Spanishscientists in the United States.

EligibilityThe Agreement calls for cooperation in all

fields of science, engineering, and technolugy:urban and environmental studies, andagriculture.

U.S. scientists are welcome to participate inseminars and cooperative research prujectssupported by the program and are encouragedto currespond directly with Spanish scientistsand make their interest known. Only projectswhich are ufficially approved by the Govern-ment of Spain and forwarded through the U.S.Embassy in Madrid can be considered forsupport.

Additional Information

Communications should be addressed to:United StatesSpain Cuoperative ScienceProgram, Division of International Programs.Minimal Science Fuundation. Washington,D.C. 20550.

6.4

International Science Studies Program

The principal goal of the InternationalScience Studies Program is to develop a bodyof critical information about the mechanisms.problems and benefits of international scienceactivities. Through this program. a limitednumber of studies concerned with research.science education. science administration, andscience organization in various regions andcountries will be supported. It is anticipatedthat these studies will contribute to theintellectual and scholarly resources in the fieldof international science.

Eligibility

Proposals may be submitted by colleges.universities. and nonprofit institutions. Nor-

malls. applicants arerequired I o share the costof any proposed activity. Contractualarrangements may be made with profitmakingorganizations for the performance of work forwhich they are uniquely qualified.

Additional information

Communications should be addressed to:International Science Studies Program. Divi-sion of International Programs. NationalScience Foundation, Washington, D.C. 20550.

6553

Scientists and Engineers in Economic Development Program

The National Science Foundation. througha special program funded by the Agency furInlernational De t elupment IAID), arilprot ale support fur Irak Waal U.S. scientistsand engineers ly apply, their experience toproblems of do elupment in 41 Loyaltiest,urrently MCI% ing assistance from MD.

The program's objectives are to enable U.S.scientists and engineers to share experienceswith their cuunlerparts in developing coun-tries uho formulate and conduct spetaficrest arch and education programs contribulingin a direct u.i, to economic development intheir countries, establish lung -termLollaboratit e relationships beltt een U.S. andforeign institutions. and increase the capabili-ly of scientific and technical institutions indeveloping countries.

Types of projects included in this programare

(1) Research,Teaching GrantsAn in-dividual may apply through his inititu-tion for support to enable him to conductresearch or leach for 5 to 12 months in anacademic instilutiun of a developingcountry. Grants may provide stipend plusair travel allowance for scientists anddependents. Local costs in the foreigncountry must be met by the host institu-tion.

(2) international Travel GrantsAn in-dividual may apply for an International

54

Trat el Grant to engage in research orteaching in institutions of developingcountries for a period less than 5 months.Grants will pro% ide the cost of economyclass air Travel plus a small amount ofincidental expenses. Per diem and localLusts must be prim ided by the host institu-lion.

Eligibility

Applu.anls are limited to scientists andengineers from U.S. academic institutions%tali at least S years of posIdoctural oregoivalont experience in teaching ur researchand who will return to their institutions oncompletion of the project.

Proposals will be considered in the follow-ing fields: engineering, physical sciences.earth sciences. biological sciences, socialsciences. and science education.

Evidence of thehost institution's support forthe proposed project must be shown.

Additional In for:nut:on

Communications should be addressed to:Scientists and Engineers in EconomicDevelopment Program. Division of Inter-national Programs. National Science Founda-tion. Washington. D.C. 20550.

s;3

Special Foreign Currency Programs

The National Science Foundation makesawards to support scientific activitiesa% erseas which will incur costs payable in thecurrencies of Burma. Egypt. Guinea. India.Pakistan. Poland. and Tunisia. These awardsare in Iwo categories: grants for research.science education, and related activities: andcontracts for procurement of scientific andtechnological information. They utilize foreigncurrencies which the Treasury Departmenthas determined to he in excess of the estab-lished requirements of the United States.

Research, Science Education, and RelatedAchy itiesThree main classes of duty ity areincluded in this program. cooperative researchand science education protects. internationaltravel. and visiting scientist achy:lies. Aprincipal purpose of the program is to obtainfor scientists and instnutions of the UnitedSlates the benefits of cooperation with theircounterparts in participating countries.

The Foundation brochure NSF SpeesolForeign Currency Program. Support forResearch Science Education, and RelatedActivities. Information for I,.S. Scientistsdescribes the ciassesof activity supported andpro% ides other information. A companionpublication, subtitled informs ion for Scion-ttsfs in Poeticiputing Countries, is alsoavailable. The program provides necessarysupplemental dollar support to U.S. in-stitutions fnr activities which directlyenhance the benefits of U.S. participation.requests fur principal dollar support by U.S.institutions may be included in proposals forconsideration by other program of ficesof NSF.

Foreign Science InformationIn fulfillingits responsibility for coordinating the needs ofU.S. Government agencies. the Foundationcontracts with organizatinns in participatingcountries for delivery of scientific andtechnological information to the UnitedStales. Contracts cover translating. abstract-ing. indexing. reviewing, and publishing inEnglish of significant foreign scientificliterature The preparation and publication of

surveys, directories, guides, and otherreference aids on foreign scientific andtechnical information resourcesliterature,institutions, scientistsis also undertakenunder contract.

The following sectinns on eligibility anddeadlines refer only to Research, ScienceEducation, and Related Activities.

Eligibility

Organizations eligible in submit protectproposals are nonprofit higher educationalinstitutions, scientific institutes. scientificand technical societies. and similar organiza:lions. chartered to cnn duct business in theUnited States or the participating country.Scientists affiliated with such organizatinnsmay apply for suppnrt for international travelor visiting scientists activities.

Agreement on the objectives, content. andscope of a cooperative project should bereached by U.S and foreign scientists beforethey submit proposals. Consultation or cor-respondence with the Di vision° f InternationalPrograms by prospective U.S. or foreignproposers prior to submission of a fnrmalproposal is recommended. Formal proposalsshould be prepared in accordance with therequirements outlined in the relevant NSFbrochures Project proposals to be funded inforeign currency must be approved by thegovernm it of the participating country; thescientific institution in that country which isco-sponsor of the project initiates the requestfor approval.

Deadlines

Propnsals for activities to be funded byforeign currency may be submitted at anytime Approximately 6 months are required toconsider a project nr visiting scientistproposal; S months are required to consider aproposal for an international travel grant.

Proposals for the support of costs oforganizing a conference or symposium should

67 55

be submitted 8 to 12 months in advance toallow time for the organizer to inform keyparticipants concerning the NSF decision.

Additional Information

Communications should be addressed toSpecial Foreign Currency Section. Division ofInternational Programs. Naticnal ScienceFoundation. Washington. D.C. 20550.

58

Requests for information about theacailabilit:, of materials produced under theForeign Science Information Program shouldbe addressed to National Technical Informa-tion Service. U.S. Department of Commerce,Springfield. Va. 22151.

These programs are managed by the Direc-torate for Scientific. Technological. and Inter-national Affairs.

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VI. Science Education

The major objectives of the NSF Science EducationProgram are to:

Help assure the Nation of an appropriate variety.quality. and number of scientific and technologicalpersonnel with greater participation of minorities andwomen.

Strengthen the performance of institutionsdelivering science education to a broad range ofstudents in order that a substantially increased numberof people can make effective use of the processes andresults of science in their work and personal liveswhether or not they are engaged in scientific or technicaloccupations.

Identify and develop cost-effectiveness andefficiency of science education by means of programsinvolving modern instructional technology. strategies.and methodologies.

Increase the public understanding of science andtechnology and their role in meeting national needs.

Program activities are structured around fourmajor themes:

Science Manpower Improvement

Science Education Resources Improvement

Science Education Development and Research

Science and Society

The following summary provides a brief descrip-tion of the Science Education program elements. Thedescriptions are not intended to be guides for thepreparation of proposals; such guides should berequested separately and are referenced in eachdescription. Prospective proposers should consult thespecific program guide for preparation of proposalsregarding details of objectives. eligibility. and ad-

8957

58

ministration. In requesting guidelines, send a separatepostcard for each publication desired and identify bybrochure number and title. Requests should be ad-dressed to;

Central Processing SectionAttention: Publications UnitNational Science FoundationWashington, D.C. 20550

Other inquiries related to the respective programshould be sent to the staff unit referenced in eachprogram desCription.

70

4

Science Manpower Improvement

The Science Manpower Improv ementActivity provides support for programsdesigned to assure that the Nation's mosttalented graduate students in the sciencesobtain the education necessary to become acadre of firstline researchers needed by ourtechnologically based society: to train themanpower specifically needed to help meet theNation's energy problems: to expose a smallnumber of the most scientifically talented highschool and college students to research ac-tivities. and to stimulate the partiupatiun ofmore women in science careers.

Components of the Science ManpowerImprovement Activits are

Graduate Fellowships

It is expected that in fiscal sear 1976 thenationally competitive Graduate FellowshipProgram w ill pro. ide approximatels 500 new3-sear fellowships to be awarded to beginninggraduate students.

The competition is open only to citizens ornationals of the United States.

For the program announcement 1E-76.12)write to:

Fellowship OfficeNational Research Council2101 Constitution Ave., N.W.Washington. D.C. 20 i 18

The deadline for this program wasDecember 1. 195.

Postdoctoral Energy-RelatedFellowships

Approximately 90 fellowships for tenuresof 6 to 12 months are planned for award infiscal year 1976 to recent postdocturals whohave demonstrated a special imp Wilde forreseareh and who have an interest in energy -related problems. The competition is open onlyto citizens or nationals of the. United Stales.For the program announcement (E-76-37)

write to the National Research Council at theaddress giv en above. The deadline for receiptof applications in this program was December8. 1975.

Energy-Related Graduate TraineeshipProgram

Energy Related Graduate Traineeshipsare offered to help meet the Nation's emergingneeds for scientific and professional man-power especially trained in energy-relatedwork. In 1976, approximately 90 newtraineeships will be awarded for graduatestudy of energy in the areas of coal researchand research on the recovery anchor substitu-tion of nonrenewable resources.

Doctoral-granting institutions may obtaininformation concerning the program bywriting fur brochure number E.76 -20; thedeadline for receipt of institutional proposalswas November 7. 1975. An announcement ofinstitutions receiving awards will be availablefrom the Foundation after March 24. 1976.Individuals should apply only after this datedirect!) to the ay. ardee institutions and not tkeNational Science Foundation.

NATO Fellowships in Science

Al the request of the Department of State.the Foundation administers two fellowshipprograms for the North Atlantic TreatyOrganization (NATO).

NATO Postdoctoral Fellowships. Awardsare made to U.S. citizens for full-timepostdoctoral-level study in science in coun-tries that arc members of NATO (other thanthe United States) or mother countries whichcooperate with NATO. Approximately 50awards will he Made in fiscal year 1976 tooutstanding individuals who have recentlyreceived (or will soon receive) doctoraldegrees in science. .valuation of applicants .sbased on their academic records. letters of

71 59

reevinmendation. and alnlity to carry out theactivities proposal in the applications. Thisprogram is designed :primarily fur applicantswho have receival their clocturales within thepast S years. For the program announcement.request bruchute li-76-13.

NATO Senior Fellowships inScience. I heseattauls are nude to synod V.S. scientists furshort t mils abroad to study nett scientifictechnoics .end dm elopments in calinttles thatare meiiikers of NA ro tether than the i oiledStatesi in in other countries tt loch ...pope:rateit ith NATO. frnitres range from JO to 90 lay s.and ott ards i.atry 'rat el and per diemallow anws. An application must be accosn-paned by a statement from an appropriateofficial of the applicant's home institutiondescribing the expected benefits to the institu-tion if the fellowship were awarded. For thepoly-Jam announcement. request !machine E-70-14

Travel Grants for NATO institutes

Thi EIMMILlilion ditollth, hfalt Id grants tocitable_ young r.S. scientists to attend certainNATO Alit anted Sti..ly Institutes. Thesesucclinss. laid usually during du_ sowniner andt art ing in length from 1 to 8 weeks. permitt xli.iiisist c treatment of a git en scientificlope.. Grants normally cuter the cost of theround-trip air fare involved. The directors ofthe institutes are invited to nominate U.S.citizens fnr these awards from among thoseadmitted to their institutes. and these :=-dividuals are then in ted to aptly to theFoundation fnr grants. Ti.erefore. individualsshould make their interest in a NATO TravelGrant known to the directors of the institutesThey wish to attend. Lists of institutes receiv-ing such support are available from theFoundatinn annually around March.

.itidit soma Information

Communications should be addressed to:

Fellowships and Trameeships ProgramsScience &location DirectorateNational Science FoundationWashington. D.C. 20550

60

StudentOriented Programs

StudentOriented Programs have threeclosely related goats: (lj to provide talentedstudents with science learning opportunitiesabove and beyond those normally available inmost fun: ...I science eilm.ation programs in theNation's schools and colleges. 121 to increasethe t ariety of insiructiunal modes and ofinstitutional patterns of instruction bydemonstrating to both students and facultiesthe. capalaty of students to be moth alai byindependence ,ind thus to accept greaterresponsibility fur planning anti carrying outliver own learning Actit lilts. and (3) toidentify and encourage science and engineer-ing talent.

Through each of three separately describedprogramsStudent Science Training for HighAbility Secondary School Students. Under-graduate Research Participation. and Student-Originated Studiessupport is provided forprojects that encourage moderns to developtheir ability to operate more independently i-itheir studies in science and assume greaterresponsibility for their otvn learning, and thatenable them to utilize the great inotiwationalpotential Inherent An independent study.Successful prmects are marked by anprot e-men t in student s perspective of science and liyteachers' conversion of co nvent tonalclassiumn-laburatuty instruction to .1 moreIndependent type of project tvork.

The Foundation invites submission ofproposals for suppnrt of three types of activityd.rectcd inward achieving the goals statedat over.

Secondary School StudentsScience Training

Secondary School Students ScienceTraining (SST) projects suppnrt summerscience progtams, established by academicinstitutions and nonprofit institutions withappropriate scientific and educational exper-tise at the college or university level. aimed attest.ag the aptitude of outstanding secondaryschool students for science by bringing themintn &reel coulact with educational ex-

72

periences in sr ienre and mathematics bey andthose available in the usual high schoolcourses.

Deadlines

Proposal deadline was October 10. 1975.Request brochure E-76-13. Student ScienceTraining Program, fur further informationabout this program.

Undergraduate Research Participation

The Undergraduate Research Participa-tion Program ti.JRP) allows undergraduateswho have completed a substantial portion oftheir requirements in science to work full limeduring the summer directly with facultymembers on research projects. In addition. alimited number of projects arranged for andmanaged by science faculty members willplace undergraduates in an industriallaboratory where the students will be underthe direct men torship of an industrial scien-tist.

Proposals may be submitted in any sciencediscipline, but within those disciplines orspecialties in which energy.related research isfeasible, highest priority will be given toprojects that fall within the Foundation'sdefinition of "energy-related generalresearch." The fields of science identified asenergy-related are listed in the URP programannouncement.

Deadlines

Proposal deadline was September 10. 1975.Request brochure E-76.41, UndergraduateResearch Participation Program. for furtherinformation about this program.

Student-Originated Studies

The general aim of Student-OriginatedStudies (SOS) is to provide students withexperienre in independent. self-directedstudy. and to demonsfr de the effectiseness of

such studs as an adjunct toot replacement forportions of their traditional formal coursework.

Each study or set of studies is conducted bya group of students comprised of un-dergraduates. or of an appropriate combina-tion of undergraduate and graduate students.Each project proposed is problem-orientedtodeal with a local problem that has immediaterelevance to the community. The projects arewholly student-originated and student-managed. with faculty in an advisory role.There is a general requirement that studies beconducted by multidisciplinary groups and beconcerned with problems of the physical.biological or social environment.

Deadlines

Proposal deadline was November 10. 1975.Request brochure E- 76 -42. Student -Originated Studies, for further informationabout this program.

Additional information

Communications should be addressed to:

Student-Oriented ProgramsScience Edncalion DirectorateNational Science FoundationWashington. D.C. 20550

Women in Science

For multiple and complex reasons, only asmall number of women pursue careers inscience. The ultimate objective of this activityis to provide the educational community witha set of proven. cost-effective mechanisms forIncreasing the number of women in scienceand to provide NSF with guidance for effectivefuture program efforts. The immediate objec-tives are (1l to identify and obtain a butlerunderstanding of the barriers to careers Inscience for this group: and (2) to test tech-niques and educattonal formats that appear tooffer ways to overcome the barriers. Grantsare made to academic, institutions or educationor research organizations for studios directed

73

toward the first objective and for experimentsdirected toward the second.

Information regarding the kinds of studiesand experiments to receive priority considera-bun in fisi,d1 year 1976. suggestions for thedevehipment of proposals. and informationabout deadlines may be ob tained by writing to:

62

Women in ScienceDirectorate for Science EducationNational Science FoundationWashington. D.C. 20550

For general information about how tosubmit proposals. request brochure E-76140Women in Science.

74

Science Education Resources Improvement

In an effort to improve the capabilities ofschools. colleges. and universities for educa-tion and research training in the sciences thefollowing programs are available.

Comprehensive Assistance toUndergraduate Science Education

The program of Comprehensive Assist-ance to Undergraduate Science Education(CAUSE). initiated in fiscal year 1976. isdesigned to encourage improvement in thequality and effectiveness of undergraduatescience education in the Nation's colleges anduniversities.

The program's primary objectives are,specifically to:

strengthen the undergraduate scienceeducation components of 2- and 4-yearcolleges and universities:

imprco e the quality of science instructionat the undergraduate ietiel, and

enhance institutional capability for self-assessment and continuing updating of theirscience programs.

To ac.hie% e these objectives, the Foundationprolades funding fora period ()Cup to 3 years inresponse to meritorious plans prepared byinstitutions. subunits of institutions such asdepartments or divisions, and associations ofinstitutions. Each plan submitted is Judgedwithin the con text of the institution s carefullyprepared statement of its own goals andobjectives: each plan submitted is expected tooutline a comprehensive, clearly focused set ofactivities with well-defined goals attainablewithin the period of the grant, but so struc-tured that beneficial effects can be expected topersist, or he maintained. beyond the grantperiod.

Deadlines

Deadlines are announced in the brochurecovering guidelines for submission ofproposals: request brochure number E-7647.

Additional Information

Communications should be addressed to

Comprehensive Assistance toUndergraduate Science Education

Science Education DirectorateNational Science FoundationWashington. D.C. 20550

Undergraduate InstructionalScientific Equipment

The Undergraduate Instructional Scien-tific Equipment Program (ISEP) assists inimproving undergraduate science educationby providing partial support for the acquisi-tion of scientific equipment required in im-plementing an improved or new undergrad-uate instructional program in one or more ofthe sciences Universities, colleges and 2-yearcolleges in the United States or its territoriesthat are introducing improved courses ofinstruction in the sciences at the undergrad-uate level are eligible for support by thisprogram Grants are made on a matching fundbasis in which the grantee provides at least 50percent of the cost of the equipment.

Deadlines

Request brochure number E -76.15 forguidelines for submission of proposals forUndergraduate Instructional Scientific Equip-ment. Deadline for receipt of proposals underthis program was January 19. 1976.

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Minority Institutions ScienceImprovement

The Minority Institutions Science Im-provement Program WWI provides supportfur sell- determined improvement projects in 2-and 4-year colleges whuse enrollment ispredominantly composed of Black. Native-American. Spanish-Speaking anchor otherethnic minorities which have been and aredisadvantaged. The support is provided toeffect long-range improvement in the basicscientific strength or these institutions luassist them in removing or overcoming restnc-tne practices and impediments to the invoice-ment of their minority students in scientificactivities and in improung instructionalprocedures to prepare their students forcareers in instruction. research. communica-tion. or application of science. Tu qualify furFuundation support. a project will be expectedto imp oul an acceleration of this developmentthat can be maintained after grant termina-tion Facilities. equipment. methuds of instruc-tion. and curricula are some elements of focuswhich may be supported under this program

In cases where two or more institutionsdefine a commun problem and find it advan-tageous to attempt a cooperative solution,MiS1P will entertain proposals preparedjointly. Activities that lend themselves easilyto cooperative efforts are curricular deg elop-ment, course content impru.ement. teachingmaterials. and other decelopment.

Deadlines

Proposals may be submitted at any time.Request brochure E-75-8. Minority In.st 'tut ions Science im provemr n t. forguidelines for submissiun of proposals.

Additional informotion

Communications should be addressed to.

Minority Institutions ScienceImprovement Program

Science Education DirectorateNational Science FoundationWashington, D.C. 20550

64

Educational Program Restructuring

The primary purpose of EducationalProgram Restructuring is to encouragecolleges and universities and their faculties inthe development and testing of new andunconcentional approaches to all aspects ofscience instruction at the undergraduatelevel.and to thereby increase nationally the diversi-ty of institutional settings for science. TheFoundation seeks proposals with thepotentialfor serving as models of beneficial change inthe undergraduate science learning ex-periences of students who are majors inscience. who are enrolled in science coursesintended for nonscience majors. or who arepreparing specifically for careers as teachersof science in the Nation's elementary andsecondary schools.

Support will be provided for exploratioh.incok ing significant changes in institutionalorganization for science ins truction.und in themanagement. delivery and.or content of stu-dent instructional experiences in science.Emphasis will be placed on projects w hoseresults can be evaluated and ducumented.

Program areas of focus for the near futureare as follows;

Restructuring the Undergraduate LearningEnvironment (RULE)

RULE Comprehensive Projects. Thisprogram component is of special interest tocolleges or clearly defined segments of largerinstitutions. or formally constituted consortiaof either, whose faculty and administrativeofficers are planning major. comprehensivechange in their total undergraduate scienceinstructional program. Where appropriate,proposals may be considered jointly with theNational Endowment for the Humanities.

RULE Faculty-Oriented Projects: Thisprogram component is of interest to individualscience faculty or small groups of them whoplan to explore focused changes in the contentor styles of their science instruction inrelatively short-term concentrated efforts.Only projects requesting very modest Founda-tion funds will be considered.

76

Pre-Service Teacher Education Program(PSTEP)

Proposals of Iwo types will be consideredthose which describe the development of newor unconventional undergraduate programsfor the preparation of science teachers for theNation's schools. and those planning thetesting of current recognized models(regardless of the latter's source ofdevelopmental support).

Deadlines

Proposals of the Faculty-Oriented RULEtype will be considered ingroups twice yearly.following closing dales of November 30 andMay 30. Other types of restructuringproposals may be submitted at any lime. but itis suggested !hal their submission be precededby discussions with the program staff.Guidelines for proposal preparation andsubmission are contained in E-76-10.Educational Progrom Restructuring.

Additional informotion

Communications should be addressed to:

Educational Program RestructuringScience Education DirectorateNational Science FoundationWashington, D.C. 20550

Faculty Research Participation

The Faculty Research ParticipationProgram provides opportunities for collegeand university teachers to participate for 10weeks during the summer in the onguingactivities of nonacademic laboratories en-gaged in research on problems of nationalinterest and convorn. The purpose of theFaculty Research Participation Program is toencourage and assist leachers in reevaluatingthe relevance of science instruction to theneeds and requirements of students beingprepared for applying their education in thenational society. Proposals are invited fromthe research facilities offering the researchopportunities; supported projects are an-

nounced to interested academic faculty in anannual Directory of Faculty Research Par-ticipation.

Deadlines

Request brochure number E-76-17 forguidelines for the submission of proposals forFaculty Research Participation. The deadlinefor receipt of proposals under this programwas October 1. 1975. Request brochurenumber E-76-23. Directory of FacultyResearch Participation. for announcement ofresearch opportunities available in thesummcr of 1976.

Additional information

Communications may be addressed to:

Faculty Research Participation ProgramScience Education DirectorateNational Science FoundationWashington. D.C. 20550

Faculty Fellowships in ScienceApplied to Societal Problems

Approximately 80 fellowships for tenuresof 3 to 9 months are planned for award in fiscalyear 1976 to help faculty members in juniorand community colleges. colleges, and univer-sities broaden their perspectives in theapplications of science to the problems of oursociety. The competition is open only tocitizens or nationals of the United States whoare at the time of application a member of thescience teaching faculty of a U.S. institution ofhigher education.

Deadlines

Request brochure E-76-37 for general infor-mation about the Faculty FellowshipsProgram. The deadline for filing an applicationis February 6. 1976.

Additional Information

Prospective applicants should note that tobe eligible for consideration an application

77 65

must be completed and submitted on thestandard forms prociiied by the Foundation.Application materials and other informationmay be obtained by writing to

Faculty Fellowships in ScienceScience Education DirectorateNational Science FoundationWashington. D.C. 20550

Research Initiation and Support

As part of its effort to assist U.S. collegesand universities in strengthening research andtraining programs. the Research Initiation andSupport Program (RIASi pioc ides grants toimproce the effecticeness. efficiency, andquality of programs of training and researchfor young scientists at the graduate andpostgraduate lecel. Institutions eligihie toparticipate are those which currently havegraduate-level research and training programsin science and engineering. RIAS grantsprovide support for elements such as ex-ploratory research for young investigators, forthe acquisition of instruments. equipment. andfacilities associated with an institution'soverall plan for upgrading such research and

training programs, and for other approachesaimed at meeting institutionally identifiedneeds for training of young scientists.Proposals may address departmental, in-terdepartmental, or institution-wide trainingand research needs which are part of acoherent improvement thrust. RIAS grants arenot intended to encourage expansion nor toreplace established support but to effect anincrement of qualitative improvement or ameasure of increased efficiency which can beexpected to be sustained beyond the period ofthe grant.

Deadlines

Request brochure number E -76 -48 forguidelines for submission of proposals forResearch Ins notion and Support. The deadlinefor receipt of proposals under this program isMarch 1, 1976.

Additional In

Communications should be addressed to

Research Initiation and SupportScience Education DirectorateNational Science FoundationWashington, D.C. 20550

6g. 78

Science Education Development and Research

Science Education Develnpment andResearch seeks solutions to problems inscience education resulting from economicstringenries, new roles, and functions furscience in society and different employmentpatterns. To meet the needs of the present dayeducational system. innovations ineducational materials and practices are essen-tial in improved product w ity. Elements of theprogram dun ity established to stimulate andfoster needs assessment, development. testingand inclination are described in more detailbelow.

Technological Innovation inEducation

The °bitcht e of this activity is In improveeffectiveness and efficiency in science educa-tion. The major approach concentrates uponthedevelopment and insti uctional applicatinnof technoingical devices such as computersand lelevisinn. Support is provided for thedevelopment of innovative computer andrelated communication technologies andsystems designed to improve the quality andefficiency nf instruction at all levels nfeducation. Support is provided for the ex-ploration. development. and evaluation of:

computer and related communicationtechnologies and techniques:

computer-based concepts. applications.and courseware (instructional material). and

prototype computer-based systems foreffective and efficient instruction.

Terlmology end Systems Support may beprovided fnr (1) studies of computertechnology and techniques applicable toinstruction: and (2) projects focused on thetesting and evaluation of systems of excep-tional technnlogical innovation and promise.

Appliratiatis and Courseware. Support maybe provided for the development, testing andevaluation of (1) innovative applications andcourseware in selerted disciplines to stimulatenew uses of computing and communications

technology for instruction; (2) new instruc-tional concepts related to computer-basededucation. anti (3) mechanisms to facilitate thewidespread use of these products aad con-cepts.

Deadlines

Proposals may be suhmitted at any time.Because extensive planning is usually in-volved in project development of these types.interested persons should discuss their ideaswith program staff before submittingproposals. For guidelines for submission ofproposals request brochure E-76-9.Technologicol innovotion in &Mention.

Additional Information

Communications may be addressed to.

Technological Innovation in EducationScience Education DirectorateNational Science FoundationWashington. D.C. 20550

Alternatives in HigherEducation

In order locncourageand facilitate changein higher education to meet changing re-quirements for academic training. thisprogram Nill support the creation and testingof alternative undergraduate and graduateprograms in science and technology that willprovide the professional skills needed intoday's society, and will assist in the deveiop-meld of new modes of delivering education andthe exploration of economical alternatives forintroducing new program options into theexisting system of higher education.

Alternative Degree Programs

Support will be provided to colleges anduniversities for design and implementation ofcurriculum prototypes that, as alternatives totypical basic. science research-oriented bac-calaureate. master's or Ph.D. degrees. lead to a

79 67

wider %aim) of career opium in areas ofsecognmed national need. Institutions maypropose. entirely new undergraduate or grad-uate degrees or the resit miming of existingdegree remains. In either case 4 significantelement of experimentation must be present.gestating in a meaningful departure fromtraditional degree programs.

Development of InstructionalMaterials and Modes

One of the major avenues for the improve-ment of higher education in science in the pie thas been the development of curricularmaterials fur use in a traditiunal lecture-recitation-laboratory format NSF prioritiesare now shifting toward newly emerging.problem - relevant subject areas. and towardthe search for more effective and efficientnotes of delivery. Thus. the focus of thiselement of AIM will be un the creation ofmodules. courses. curricula. or instructionalsequences in newly significant science orengineeringbased problem areas, and onstudies of novel delivery systems for both on-campus and uff-campus instruction.

There is considerable flexibility in projectformat or topic. including experimentatiunwith alternative instructional modes, withnew materials aimed at development ofproblem-solving competencies, withaoplitations of modularization and self-pacing. and with independent study. Onlythose projects that demonstrate the likelihoodof use on a national scale will be supported.Preliminary prnposals are required.

Deadlines

Proposals may be submitted at any time.Request brochure number E-76-5 forguidelines for the submission of pruposals forAlternative Degree Programs and Develop-ment of Instructional Materials and Modes.

Science and Engineering TechnicianEducation Program

The primary objecti v e of this program is thedevelopment. denionstratiun, and evaluationof a limited number of new or alternativecollegiate -level programs that provide for theeducation of technical personnel tu support

68

scientific and engineering activities.Prototype programs.should provide technicalpersonnel with a sound scientific andtechnical basis for continuing professionalgrowth throughout life, an ability to adapt tofuture technological advances, and job entryskills for productive employment in scientificand engineering activities. Priority will begiven to projects which emphasize the basicLore of scientific and mathematical principlesunderly ing technical applications and variouscombinations of carefully selected specializedsubject areas which are responsive torecognized national manpower requirementsfor technical support persnnnel. To minimizeduplication of effort, existing or pending basicscience core materials will be modified andused whenever available. All programs andmaterials will be developed in flexible formatsthat assure ease of adoption by the variousinstitutions engaged in technical educationand will incorporate. whenever possible,actual or simulated practice of the technicalspecialty.

Deadlines

Proposals may be submitted at any time.Request brochure E-70-18, Science andEngineering Tech nacaan Education Program.

Additional Information

Communications can be addressed to

Alternatives in Higher EducationScience Education DirectorateNational Science FoundationWashington, D.C. 20550

Continuing Education forNonacademic Scientists and Engineers

The objective of this program is to findeffective ways to deliver continuing educationto professinnal nonacademic scientists andengineers. As new scientific and technicalknuwledge accumulates at an increasing rate,scientists and engineers must work harder tomaintain mastery over the theories andtechniques relevant to their specialties. Thecost of technig,a1 obsolescence tu employees,

80

employers, and the Nation is so large thatefforts must be made to conceive and testeconomically viable delivery systems thatprovide practicing professional scientists andengineers with the information they need tofunction competently.

Support is available for the design and trialimplementation of a small number of in-novative *stems that gibe promise of in-creasing the availability. utility. effectiveness.and efficiency of continuing education forscientists and engineers To achieve support.programs must include novel features not yettested and must lend themselves to emulationas soon as theinstructional mechanisms undertest prove their effectiveness. Preliminaryproposals are required.

Deadlines

Proposals may be submitted at any time.Request brochure number E-76-5. Alter-natives in Higher Education. for guidelines forthe submission of proposals.

Add:tunnel Information

Communications may be addressed to:

Continuing Education For NonacademicScientists and Engineers

Science Education DirectorateNational Science FoundationWashington. D.C. 20550

Special Studies andExperimentation (Special Projects)

The National Science Foundationrecognizes that from time to time there aredeveloped promising. unusual ideas in scienceeducation that fall outside the normal scc..eofthe several existing science educationprugrams or combine several features of them.

Three types of requests can be considered.

proposals for problem assessment or otherstudies designed to obtain the knowledge andunderstanding needed before an attack tin aspecific problem can even be contemplated:

proposals for experimental projectsdesigned to test proposed solution to problemsin science education:

proposals for conferences provided thatthey are designed to elucidate or attackspecific topics in science education and willlead to specific outcomes or actions.

Expression of interest in the above areas forstudies and experimental projects and requests for general information about how tosubmit proposals should be directed to theaddress below.

Special Projects in Science EducationScience Education DirectorateNational Science FoundationWashington. D.C. 20550

8169

Science and Society

This program seeks to increase citizenknowledge of the rule of science andtechnolugy in society today and to identify andanalyze the ethical and human value aspects ofnew developments in science and technologyat the earliest possible time. The programelements designed to address these issues aredescribed beim.

Public Understanding of Science

The National Science Foundation con-siders one of its impuriant responsibilities tobe the development of a greater public un-derstanding of science. fn addition to fosteringpublic understanding of science as part ofmany grant programs. the Foundation has aspecial program of Public Understanding ofScience seeking to bring direct focus andsupport to this area Central to the purpose ofthis program is the enhancement of citizenknowledge and understanding of both thepotentials and limitations in the use of scienceand technology in meeting current and emerg-ing societal problems.

Proposals arc encouraged which relate toone of the following programs, within '..irms ofa single or combined focus.

Information Projects on ScienceProposalsto be considered under this general supportarea should facilitate the dissemination ofinformation science for the general public.Examples of the types of projects which maybe eli.Able for support are special-purposefilms and television programs, science ex-hibits. traveling demonstration programs.science forums for laymen. and comparableactivities.

National, Regional, and CommunityProgramsProposals may be submitted forprograms in public understanding of sciencedesigned 10 serve either bruad or specificaudiences of a national. regional. community.or other discrete geographical area. Suchprograms will normally be multi-purpose innature and encompass diverse means of

70

communication. Interinstitutionalarrangements are particularly encouraged unamatching funds basis.

Research and Methodological StudiesProposals may be submitted for research oranalytical studies of the communicationsprocess as it relatesto public understanding ofscience. This category may also include thetesting and evaluatiun of new approaches incommunicating scientific information to non-scientists.

Eligibility

Institutions eligible to submit proposals arecolleges. universities, and independent. profitand nonprofit organizations.

Deadlines

Proposals may be submitted at any time.Project propusali should initially be sub-milted informally for preliminary review.Processing of formai proposals normallyrequires at least 3 months.

Additionol Information

The Public Understanding of Sciencebrochure describes the process of submittingproposals in more detail. Communicationsmay be addressed to:

Public Understanding of ScienceScience Education DirectorateNational Science FoundationWashington, D.C. 20550

Ethical and Human ValueImplications of Science and

Technology

The Ethical and Human Value Im-plications of Science and TechnologyIEHVIST) Program was established in 197410support research, education, and public un-derstanding projects covering the threegeneral areas specified below:

82

the impao of new decelcpments inscience and !echo .logy on the values ofsociety, including ethical dilemmas generatedby the scientific .and technological enterprise.

the impact of societal values on thedevelopment of science and technology, in-cluding ethical and value issues in the sellingof national and international researchpriorities.

the value issues which arise withinscience and technology, including ethicalproblems encountered by scientists andengineers in their professional capacities.

In addition to continuing its unilateralsupport of projects in this area, the NationalScience Foundation is prepared to supportworthy and appropriate scholarly actki Hies inthis field in collaboration with the N Alone!Endowment for the Humanities INEI-1).

The NSF and NEH have establishedprocedures which will enable them to work inclose collaboration in this program. Proposalsfor research inother Petit itiesin this field maybe submitted either to the NSF or NEH.depending on their prima..y orientation. If thesubject of inquiry falls within the physical orsocial sciences or some branch of technology.or if the approach to be used is primarilyscientific. the proposal would be more appropriate for NSF. If the subject of inquiry isprimarily humanistic or if the approach is

primarily philosophical or historical. theproposal would be more appropriate for NEH.To some extent. the disciplines of the in-vestigators and the relative presence orabsence of quantitative factors may also serveas a guide Through coordination between thetwo foundations, proposals may betransferred from one to the other as indicatedby the subject matter, availability of funds.etc. In appropriate instances, there may bejoint funding of approved proposals.

Deadlines

Deadlines for forme' proposals are specifiedin the EHVIST Progroxi An :ouncement, NSF75.19. Although fun.... proposals can besubmitted directly. a is strongly recommend-ed that preliminary proposalsbe submitted forstaff comment prior to formal submission.

Additional Informotion

Proposers should consult the EHVISTProgram Announcement (NSF 75 -19j.

Communications shoald be addressed to:

Ethical and Human ValueImplications of Science andTechnology

Science Education DirectorateNational Science Four.dationWashington. D.C. 20:50

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VII. GeneralPrograms

84

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Science Information Service

The National Science Foundation's Divi-sion of Science Information (DSO awardsgrants and contracts to improve the process ofscientific and technical communication. DS!supports research and development projectsdesigned to improve scientific andtechnological information services. Its func-tions are limited to support of research.development. demonstration. coordination.and policy. development projects.

Support may be provided from the Divisionof Science Information for tl. tollowing:

Studies that provide guidance for im-proved management of scientific and technicalinformation services within the public andprivate sectors, including studies of theeconomics of information transfer.

Improvements which facilitate cost -effective science information networkscapable of providing access to worldwideresearch results.

Experiments on ways to promote the useof scientific and technical information.

Research on information sciences, in-cluding both theory and applied aspects.

The Foundation's brochures Guidelines forPreparation of Unsolicited Proposals for theEconomics of Informotion Program.Guidelines for Preparation of L'ilsolumectProposals for the User Support Program.Guidelines for Preparation of UnsoliciteeProposals for the Access ImprovementProgram. and Grants for Scientific Researchshould be consulted for more specific informa-tion aba' t the Foundation's science informa-tion programs and instructions fur submittingproposals.

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Eligibility

Institutions eligible to submit proposals areprofessional scientific and technical societies,universities and colleges, and profit andnonprofit organizations. Organizations thatplan to submit proposals are encouraged todiscuss their ideas informally with the ap-propriate staff members before preparingformal proposals.

Deadlines

Proposals may be submitted at any timeapproximately 5 months are required toconsider a proposal. In addition, from time totime Program Solicitations are issued forresearch on selected problems.

PLEASE NOTE: The Division ofScience Information does not:

Provide support for primarypublications or monographs.

Provide bibliographic orreference services or performliterature searches.

Furnish copies of publicationsresulting from researcl- sponsored byNSF or other organizations.

Hire translators or performtranslations of foreign publications.

Additional Informotion

Communisations should be addressed to;Div isiun of Science Information, NationalScience Foundation, Washington, D.C. 20550.

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International Travel Grants

The National Science Foundation awardsinternational travel grants to assist scientiststo go abroad for une of the follow mg purposes:

1) Attending internalinnal scientific con-gresses and meetings:

(2) Obtaining or exchanging information inthe areas of bAsic rem: aril, science education.science information or information relating tointernational scientific programs andassociated activities:

131 Cooperating in international scientificactivities.

International trivet is defirml as all traveloutside the ltnite I States and its possessiens.Canada. and Peerto Rico.

NSF each year selects certain meetings, inareas of particular interest to the Foundation.for which participant support may begranled.

international travel grants made to in-dividuals are based on. and normally limited10. the equivalent cost of jet-economy, airtransportation from the city where the frac derresides. ur is employed. to his destinationabroad and return. A per diem may be paidwhen an individual is traveling as a repre-sentative of the U.S. Government. an inter-national organization. or a U.S. scientificorganization functiuningasa national memberof an international organization. Travel mustbe by 11.5 flag carriers. except in specialcircumstances.

Eligibility

Requests for internalional travel grants maybe submitted by individual U.S. scientists urby nonprofit organizations (usuallyprofessional societies). When a request issubmitted by an individual U.S. sclentist,NSFform 192. Application for Internal ional Trac elGrant_ at ailabIe from the Foundation, shouldbe used.

Deadlines

Approximately 2 months are required toprocess requests, but those for travel tomeetings should he submitted 4 months ina& dna? because ecalualion of requests nor.mally occurs several months before themeeting date.

Additional Informol ion

Communications may be addressed to theing. Directorate for Biological.

Behaciural. and Social Sciences: Directoratefur Mathematical and Physical Sciences. andEngineering; Office of Science InformationService, Office of International Programs;Die ision of Astronomical Sciences; Division ofAtmospheric Sciences: Division of OceanSciences: Division of Earth Sciences: Office ofPolar Programs; Directorate for ScienceEducation, or Research Applications Dircc-torate. National Science Foundation,Washington, D.C. 20550.

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Scientific Conference Grants

The National Sieni.e Foundation onardsgrants to support conferences. symposia, andworkshops held in the United States that tiringtogether leading scientists who are pioneeringin nen or incompletely explored fields ofscience.

The Foundat ion dues not provide support Forregular meetings of scientific socoines. Sup-port fur spixial conferences should be re-quested only if regular meetings ofprofessional socieecs do not provje thenecessary forum.

Eligibility

Proposals for support fur suentifo. 'An-ti:re:4Am nia3, be sbmitted b3, U.S. collegesand unnenoties, nonprofit research in-stitutions. ur butal tfai. ur professionalsocieties. Concurnitani support by several

8776

Federal agencies or private organizations ispermissible.

Deadlines

Proposals fur Scientific Conference Grantsmay be submitted at any time, but at least 6months before the projected conference date.

Communications may be addressed to theFollowing: Directorate for Biological.Behavioral. and Social Sciences; DirectorateFor Mathematical and Physical Sciences, andEngineering; Office of Science InformationService: Division of Astronomical Sciences;Division of Atmospheric Sciences: Division ofEarth Sciences. Div isiun of Ocean Sciences;Office of Polar Programs; Office of Inter-national Programs. ur Research ApplicationsDirectorate, National Science Foundation,Washington. D.C. 20550.

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