Diverse’Lower’Eocene’Arthropods’in’Indian’Amber’’ from’an ... ·...

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Shilpa Mathews, Cassandra Mulero, and Paul C. Nascimbene Introduc;on Fossil arthropods were discovered in amber from a Lower Eocene deposit in Western India. These highly diverse animals lived in one of the earliest tropical broadleaf rainforests. Ecosystems based on flowering plants (angiosperms) first became dominant in the Late Cretaceous through the Paleogene, and the social insects – termites, ants and bees – became cri;cally important members of the biota and evolved with it. We looked at: (1) paleogeography: the movement of the Indian subcon;nent northward and its role in the dispersal of Asian and Gondwanan faunas; (2) the paleoclimate (par;cularly the hypertropical condi;ons that existed while the rainforest was on the equator); and (3) compe;;on and evolu;on within and across faunas. The 52 millionyearold amber recovered from two mines, Vastan and Tadkeshwar, contains over 1400 arthropod inclusions belonging to 24 orders and over a hundred families. Material/ Methods First, raw amber was collected in two lignite mines in Gujarat, India. The amber was screened for inclusions using (1) a stereoscopic microscope with fiberop;cs, (2) a variablespeed Buehler Ecomet 3 Grinder/Polisher, and (3) a diamond rockcu\ng saw (to trim pieces and to cut larger pieces into smaller sec;ons). Amber was polished using successively finer wet/dry polishing papers – 320, 600, 800 and 1200 grit. A_er ini;al prepara;on, the specimens were embedded in a highgrade conserva;on epoxy (EpoTek 3012), repolished, and finally photographed / cataloged for later study. A few specimens were extracted using orange oil to dissolve the amber, and a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to image the extracted insects. Discussion Amber preserves organisms three dimensionally and with great fidelity, so that even submicroscopic details of characters can be seen. Fossil insects in amber can thus be studied the way extant (contemporary) insects are, and comparisons can be made both with the modern fauna, and with other insects in various deposits of amber (older and younger). A_er analyzing the data, it is clear that eusocial insects are a significant component of the arthropods found in this Lower Eocene amber. The arthropod fauna is very diverse, probably due to the hypertropical condi;ons of the ancient rainforest, which also appear to have encouraged the further development of eusocial behavior at this ;me in select groups. The Science Research Mentoring Programs are supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DRL-0833537, and by NASA under grant award NNX09AL36G. Acknowledgements Thank you to Paul C. Nascimbene, Oscar Pineda, NSF, and the rest of the SRMP staff Diverse Lower Eocene Arthropods in Indian Amber from an Early Tropical Broadleaf Rainforest Spiders 10% Rare orders: < 1% Collembola 8% Bristletails 1% Lepidoptera 1% Hymenoptera: (wasps, bees, ants) 21% Diptera: Nematocera (midges) 35% Undetermined Antropods 13% Mites 6% Diptera: Brachycera (higher flies) 5% All Arthropod Groups in Lower Eocene Indian Amber from Two Mines (20092013) Noneusocial Insects / all other arthropods: 83% Bees < 1% Termites 5% Ants 12% Eusocial 17% Eusocial Insects Male spider Results Amblypygid Head of an insect under the Electron Scanning Microscope stereoscopic microscope Buehler Ecomet 3 Grinder/Polisher diamondbladed rockcu\ng saw Ants

Transcript of Diverse’Lower’Eocene’Arthropods’in’Indian’Amber’’ from’an ... ·...

Page 1: Diverse’Lower’Eocene’Arthropods’in’Indian’Amber’’ from’an ... · Shilpa’Mathews,’Cassandra Mulero,’and’Paul’C.’Nascimbene’ Introduc;on’ Fossil’arthropods’were’discovered’in’amber’from’aLower’Eocene’

Shilpa  Mathews,  Cassandra  Mulero,  and  Paul  C.  Nascimbene  

Introduc;on  Fossil  arthropods  were  discovered  in  amber  from  a  Lower  Eocene  deposit  in  Western  India.    These  highly  diverse  animals  lived  in  one    of  the  earliest  tropical  broadleaf  rainforests.    Ecosystems  based  on  flowering  plants  (angiosperms)  first  became  dominant  in  the  Late  Cretaceous  through  the  Paleogene,  and  the  social  insects  –  termites,  ants  and  bees  –  became  cri;cally  important  members  of  the  biota  and  evolved  with  it.    We  looked  at:  (1)  paleogeography:  the  movement  of  the  Indian  subcon;nent  northward  and  its  role  in  the  dispersal  of  Asian  and  Gondwanan  faunas;  (2)  the  paleoclimate  (par;cularly  the  hyper-­‐tropical  condi;ons  that  existed  while  the  rainforest  was  on  the  equator);  and  (3)  compe;;on  and  evolu;on  within  and  across  faunas.  The  52  million-­‐year-­‐old  amber  recovered  from  two  mines,  Vastan  and  Tadkeshwar,  contains  over  1400  arthropod  inclusions  belonging  to  24  orders  and  over  a  hundred  families.      

Material/  Methods  First,  raw  amber  was  collected  in  two  lignite  mines  in  Gujarat,  India.  The  amber  was  screened  for  inclusions  using  (1)  a  stereoscopic  microscope  with  fiber-­‐op;cs,  (2)  a  variable-­‐speed  Buehler  Ecomet  3  Grinder/Polisher,  and  (3)  a  diamond  rock-­‐cu\ng  saw  (to  trim  pieces  and  to  cut  larger  pieces  into  smaller  sec;ons).  Amber  was  polished  using  successively  finer  wet/dry  polishing  papers  –  320,  600,  800  and  1200  grit.    A_er  ini;al  prepara;on,  the  specimens  were  embedded  in  a  high-­‐grade  conserva;on  epoxy  (EpoTek  301-­‐2),  repolished,  and  finally  photographed  /  cataloged  for  later  study.    A  few  specimens  were  extracted  using  orange  oil  to  dissolve  the  amber,  and  a  Scanning  Electron  Microscope  (SEM)  was  used  to  image  the  extracted  insects.  

Discussion    Amber  preserves  organisms  three  dimensionally  and  with  great  fidelity,  so  that  even  submicroscopic  details  of  characters  can  be  seen.  Fossil  insects  in  amber  can  thus  be  studied  the  way  extant  (contemporary)  insects  are,  and  comparisons  can  be  made  both  with  the  modern  fauna,  and  with  other  insects  in  various  deposits  of  amber  (older  and  younger).  A_er  analyzing  the  data,  it  is  clear  that  eusocial  insects  are  a  significant  component  of  the  arthropods  found  in  this  Lower  Eocene  amber.    The  arthropod  fauna  is  very  diverse,  probably  due  to  the  hyper-­‐tropical  condi;ons  of  the  ancient  rainforest,  which  also  appear  to  have  encouraged  the  further  development  of  eusocial  behavior  at  this  ;me  in  select  groups.  

The Science Research Mentoring Programs are supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DRL-0833537, and by NASA under grant award NNX09AL36G.

Acknowledgements  Thank  you  to  Paul  C.  Nascimbene,  Oscar    Pineda,  NSF,  and  the  rest  of  the  SRMP  staff  

Diverse  Lower  Eocene  Arthropods  in  Indian  Amber    from  an  Early  Tropical  Broadleaf  Rainforest  

Spiders  10%  

Rare  orders:  <  1%  

Collembola  8%  

Bristletails    1%  

Lepidoptera  1%  

Hymenoptera:  (wasps,  bees,  ants)  

21%  

Diptera:  Nematocera  (midges)  35%  

Undetermined  Antropods  13%  

Mites  6%  

Diptera:    Brachycera  (higher  flies)  

5%  

All  Arthropod  Groups  in  Lower  Eocene    Indian  Amber  from  Two  Mines  (2009-­‐2013)  

Non-­‐eusocial  Insects  /  all  other  arthropods:  83%  

   

Bees  <  1%  

Termites  5%  

Ants  12%  

Eusocial  17%  

Eusocial  Insects  

Male  spider  

Results  

Amblypygid  

Head  of  an  insect  under  the  Electron  Scanning  Microscope    

 stereoscopic  microscope      Buehler  Ecomet  3  Grinder/Polisher  

 diamond-­‐bladed  rock-­‐cu\ng  saw    

Ants