Discussion Game Teams

7, 13, 23 2, 9, 30

8, 17, 21 5, 14, 29

6, 11, 25 4, 15, 28

3, 10, 24 12, 18, 27

1, 16, 22 19, 20, 26

Question 1

What does the term “protozoa” mean?

http://www.biologyreference.com/images/biol_04_img0381.jpg

Question 2

Why are protozoans considered animal-like?

http://huntertrek.com/wp/2008/02/25/our-little-amoeba/

http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m9425n9qAW1qievavo1_1280.jpg

Question 3

What is the basis for classifying protozoa into the four different phyla?

http://www.innermostsecrets.com/Images/FIGvaginalis02.jpg , http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/cilidr.html,

http://library.thinkquest.org/10952/students/2-truc/AMOEBA.GIF, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plasmodium_falciparum_01.png

Question 4

What structure do members of P. Zoomastigina use to move around?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5FXWvlJ2mk

Phylum Zoomastigina

• Gr. mastix, “whip”• movement: flagella• feeding: absorbs food through CM• habitat– lakes, streams– solitary, colonial– free-living, symbiotic (some parasitic)

• reproduction: binary fission, meiosis

• importance: symbionts, food sources in aquatic systems, decomposers

Symbiotic relationship:Trichonympha in termites

Question 5

Termites provide the Trichonympha with shelter and nutrients, in return, these protists digest an important

carbohydrate in the termite diet. What is this carbohydrate called?

http://www.sfu.ca/~fankbone/v/termitesym.jpg

Question 6

Which zooflagellate causes African sleeping sickness?

Trypanosomiasis a.k.a. African sleeping sickness

Pathogen: Trypanosoma brucei Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (West African sleeping sickness) Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (East African sleeping sickness)

Vector: Glossina, tsetse fly

Trichomonas infection

PathogenTrichomonas vaginalis

Transmission sexual activity; more common in women w/ multiple sexual partners

Question 7

What structure do members of P. Ciliophora use to move around?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ogFBAoZjo8

Question 8What is the purpose of the pointed

structure?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pahUt0RCKYc

Question 9

Which organelle contains chemicals that aid ciliates in digesting their food

intracellularly?

Phylum Ciliophora• habitat– fresh/saltwater• w/ contractile

vacuole

–mostly free-living

• feeding:– cilia pushes food

gullet food vacuoles food vacuole + lysosome digestion and circulation waste mat’ls anal pore http://www.quia.com/files/quia/users/lmcgee/protistpi

ctures/AP_Chpt_28_Protists/Paramecium-diagram-labeled.gif

Question 10

What do you call the reproductive process shown here?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzA5w7qxwg0

Question 11

What do you call the reproductive process shown here?

Phylum Ciliophora• reproduction:– binary fission– conjugation• sexual reproduction process• process involves

micronuclei:– 2 paramecia attach– 2n micronucleus:

meiosis mitosis– paramecia exchange

micronuclei

http://members.multimania.co.uk/wbiolab/images/Paramecium%20Sexual%20Reproduction%20-%20Conjugation.gif

Question 12

What do you call protective cells of the paramecium shown here?

Phylum Ciliophora• defense: trichocysts– small, bottle-

shaped structures found just below the surface

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imagsmall/parameciumtrichocysts2b.jpg, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMWQL4B4YCA

Question 13

What structure do members of P. Sarcodina use to move around?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ogFBAoZjo8

Phylum Sarcodina

Amoeba

movement: amoeboid pseudopodia and

cytoplasmic streaming

habitat: fresh/saltwater most free-living,

some parasiticfeeding:

phagocytosis meal surrounded by

pseudopods food taken into cell,

into food vacuolereproduction:

binary fission

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk

Question 14

What material makes up the foram shell?

http://www.biologyjunction.com/protozoan_notes_b1.htm

Phylum SarcodinaForaminiferans

• L. foramen, “little hole” + ferre, “to bear”

• habitat: warmer regions of the ocean

• test: porous shell made of CaCO3

• feeding: pseudopods projecting from pores in test form a sticky, interconnected net that entangles preyForams in the White Cliffs of Dover in England

Question 15

What material makes up the radiolarian shell?

http://www.biologyjunction.com/protozoan_notes_b1.htm

Phylum SarcodinaHeliozoans/Radiolarians

• habitat: mostly freshwater

• test: porous shell made of SiO2

– “sun animals”: due to appearance of pseudopods

Amoebiasis / Amoebic dysentery

Pathogen: Entamoeba histolytica

Amoebiasis, Amoebic dysentery

Transmission By putting anything into your mouth that has touched the stool of a person who is infected with E. histolytica. By swallowing something, such as water or food, that is contaminated with E. histolytica. By touching and bringing to your mouth cysts (eggs) picked up from surfaces that are contaminated with E. histolytica.

Symptoms One in 10 people becomes sick from infection by E. histolytica Loose stools, stomach pain, stomach cramping Amebic dysentery: severe form of amebiasis associated with stomach pain, bloody stools, and fever. Rare: abscess in liver; infection of lungs or brain

Acanthamoeba infection

PathogenA. culbertsoni, A. polyphaga, A. castellanii,A. healyi, (A. astronyxis), A. hatchetti, A. rhysodes, and possibly others.

Acanthamoeba infection

How does infection with Acanthamoeba occur?

Acanthamoeba can enter the skin through a cut, wound, or through the nostrils.

Amoebas can travel to the lungs and through the bloodstream to other parts of the body, especially the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).

Through improper storage, handling, and disinfection of contact lenses, Acanthamoeba can enter the eye and cause a serious infection.

Question 15

What structure do members of P. Sporozoa use to move around?

http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/thumb/5/5a/5963_lores.jpg/350px-5963_lores.jpg

Phylum Sporozoamovement: non-

motilehabitat: inside

hosts (worms, fish, birds, humans)

feeding attach and feed by

means of an apical complexhttp://www.nature.com/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/14465688/f6_baum_nrmicro1465-f1.jpg

Phylum Sporozoa• reproductio

n: mostly complex life cycle–may involve

>1 host– release

sporozoites: tiny infectious cells

http://www.niaid.nih.gov/SiteCollectionImages/topics/malaria/lifecycleWeb.jpg

Malaria

Pathogen Vector

Plasmodium falciparum (can be fatal), female Anopheles

P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae

Malaria

Transmission Infected Anopheles bites human, injects saliva containing Plasmodium Plasmodium sporozoites enter bloodstream, infect RBCs and liver cells where they multiply rapidly Infected cells burst and release toxins into bloodstream

Symptoms Released toxins cause fever, chills, flu-like symptoms

Malaria

Incidence

Malaria

Incidence Tropical/subtropical regions

• temp allows Anopheles to thrive

• temp needed by parasites to complete growth w/in mosquito

According the the WHO:

• 300-500M cases/year

• ~1-2M deaths/year

one of the leading causes of death

Africa: 1 child/30 sec.

Malaria

Eradication

Eradicated from developed countries w/ temperate climate

Major health problem in developing countries and in tropical/subtropical parts of the world

Problems w/ eradication campaigns:

1. Resistance of mosquitoes to insecticides

2. Resistance of parasites to drugs

3. Administrative issues

Interesting websites: (and two of the sources for this lecture)

Center for Disease Control’s Division of Parasitic Diseases Parasites and Health Webpage

http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Para_Health.htm

Center for Disease Control’s Malaria Webpagehttp://www.cdc.gov/malaria/