U N IVE R S ID A D N A C IO N A L E X P E R IM E N TA Lldquo F R A N C IS C O D E M IR A N D A rdquo

A P R E N D IZ A J E D IA LOacute G IC O IN TE R A C TIVO Aacute R E A C IE N C IA S D E LA E D U C A C IOacute N

SANTA ANA DE CORO MARZO DE 2010

LIC YOSELIS VENTURA OLIVET

When people talk with each other they try to converse smoothly and successfully Cooperation is the basis of successful conversations

The two main channels for language interaction

Garciacutea (2005)

Speech is a natural faculty while written language must be learned formally

Speech and writing should not be seen as two completely different and opposing channels of communication but

rather as two ends of a coninuum

bull It is transient

bull The speakers are bound to take turns to speak Otherwise

they could not hear each other

bull As the listener is present it is easier to have direct

information of his understanding of the message

bull Speech tends to be redundant (paraphrase and

restatements)

bull It is ussually linguistically informal and less organized which

is due to improvisation

bull It is p e r m a n e n t s o it c a n b e s t o r e d a n d

c a r r ie s m o r e p r e s t ig e

bull It is planned and can be analyzed and corrected after its

production

bull The absence of paralinguistic features is somehow supplied by

drawings graphics letter type titles

bull It tends to avoid redundancy so it becomes more grammatically

structured and lexiexclcally dense

ndash It has to be more formal from the linguistic point of view

because of its permanence

Any real speech act requieres the cooperation from

those who participate in communication

The speakerwriter should take all the necessary steps in

order to the listenerreader understands what heshe

means That is the illocutionary force of hisher

locutionary acts

PAUL PRICE (1975)

proposed the theoretical principle for understanding how participants cooperate during communication

It includes four maxims that govern ldquotacitlyrdquo human

communication

They are not taken as RULES but as SUGGESTIONS

Yes

bull It recommends not to include much

information than necessary

bull It suggests to be brief

bull If we are not our listenerreader can be impatient or

bored

Eg Discourse analysis studies how language is produced in context situation including all the linguistic features

that are involved in communication

bull We shoul be as SINCERE a possible

bull Otherwise we can loose our listenerreader attention or

be taken as a fool

eg Linguistics is the most important science for human

beings

bull Our messages shoul be as clear as possible

Eg I love when you scream the words I always have wanted

you to say (I love you)

bull Providing the important information

bull We must say the most relevant information according to

the contextual situation

bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher

experience when visting South America

H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)

there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can

violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)

C O N S I D E R

-Two close friends at the movie

-Teachers

-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition

-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie

-Te a c h e r s

- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t

a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n

might violate the quality and the manner maxims

tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase

their studentsrsquo understanding

will violate the manner maxim by using technical

vocabulary

Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which

are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader

They take a different meaning from its signification because it

takes a different CONNOTATION

They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes

newspapers etc

An expression in which something is ocmpared to

something else The comparison is explicitly made by

using funtion words such as LIKE or AS

Eg

bull My hands are as cold as ice

bullMary is as clown as Crostie

bull Robert eats like a horse

Is an imaginative way of describing something to something

else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to

SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because

the funtion words donrsquot appear

Eg

bull Tony is a rat

bull Mother Teresa is made of love

Is an exageration used in order to make something

seem more impressive than it really is

Eg

bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class

bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute

bull I always go to the beach

They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the

opposite of what we really mean

Eg

bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again

bull I love when you snore all night

bull I really love your annoying voice when singing

It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to

another associated with or suggested by the first one

Eg

bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy

bull Man has invented technology

bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world

Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel

Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela

Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong

Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-

The two main channels for language interaction

Garciacutea (2005)

Speech is a natural faculty while written language must be learned formally

Speech and writing should not be seen as two completely different and opposing channels of communication but

rather as two ends of a coninuum

bull It is transient

bull The speakers are bound to take turns to speak Otherwise

they could not hear each other

bull As the listener is present it is easier to have direct

information of his understanding of the message

bull Speech tends to be redundant (paraphrase and

restatements)

bull It is ussually linguistically informal and less organized which

is due to improvisation

bull It is p e r m a n e n t s o it c a n b e s t o r e d a n d

c a r r ie s m o r e p r e s t ig e

bull It is planned and can be analyzed and corrected after its

production

bull The absence of paralinguistic features is somehow supplied by

drawings graphics letter type titles

bull It tends to avoid redundancy so it becomes more grammatically

structured and lexiexclcally dense

ndash It has to be more formal from the linguistic point of view

because of its permanence

Any real speech act requieres the cooperation from

those who participate in communication

The speakerwriter should take all the necessary steps in

order to the listenerreader understands what heshe

means That is the illocutionary force of hisher

locutionary acts

PAUL PRICE (1975)

proposed the theoretical principle for understanding how participants cooperate during communication

It includes four maxims that govern ldquotacitlyrdquo human

communication

They are not taken as RULES but as SUGGESTIONS

Yes

bull It recommends not to include much

information than necessary

bull It suggests to be brief

bull If we are not our listenerreader can be impatient or

bored

Eg Discourse analysis studies how language is produced in context situation including all the linguistic features

that are involved in communication

bull We shoul be as SINCERE a possible

bull Otherwise we can loose our listenerreader attention or

be taken as a fool

eg Linguistics is the most important science for human

beings

bull Our messages shoul be as clear as possible

Eg I love when you scream the words I always have wanted

you to say (I love you)

bull Providing the important information

bull We must say the most relevant information according to

the contextual situation

bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher

experience when visting South America

H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)

there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can

violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)

C O N S I D E R

-Two close friends at the movie

-Teachers

-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition

-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie

-Te a c h e r s

- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t

a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n

might violate the quality and the manner maxims

tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase

their studentsrsquo understanding

will violate the manner maxim by using technical

vocabulary

Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which

are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader

They take a different meaning from its signification because it

takes a different CONNOTATION

They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes

newspapers etc

An expression in which something is ocmpared to

something else The comparison is explicitly made by

using funtion words such as LIKE or AS

Eg

bull My hands are as cold as ice

bullMary is as clown as Crostie

bull Robert eats like a horse

Is an imaginative way of describing something to something

else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to

SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because

the funtion words donrsquot appear

Eg

bull Tony is a rat

bull Mother Teresa is made of love

Is an exageration used in order to make something

seem more impressive than it really is

Eg

bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class

bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute

bull I always go to the beach

They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the

opposite of what we really mean

Eg

bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again

bull I love when you snore all night

bull I really love your annoying voice when singing

It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to

another associated with or suggested by the first one

Eg

bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy

bull Man has invented technology

bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world

Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel

Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela

Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong

Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-

bull It is transient

bull The speakers are bound to take turns to speak Otherwise

they could not hear each other

bull As the listener is present it is easier to have direct

information of his understanding of the message

bull Speech tends to be redundant (paraphrase and

restatements)

bull It is ussually linguistically informal and less organized which

is due to improvisation

bull It is p e r m a n e n t s o it c a n b e s t o r e d a n d

c a r r ie s m o r e p r e s t ig e

bull It is planned and can be analyzed and corrected after its

production

bull The absence of paralinguistic features is somehow supplied by

drawings graphics letter type titles

bull It tends to avoid redundancy so it becomes more grammatically

structured and lexiexclcally dense

ndash It has to be more formal from the linguistic point of view

because of its permanence

Any real speech act requieres the cooperation from

those who participate in communication

The speakerwriter should take all the necessary steps in

order to the listenerreader understands what heshe

means That is the illocutionary force of hisher

locutionary acts

PAUL PRICE (1975)

proposed the theoretical principle for understanding how participants cooperate during communication

It includes four maxims that govern ldquotacitlyrdquo human

communication

They are not taken as RULES but as SUGGESTIONS

Yes

bull It recommends not to include much

information than necessary

bull It suggests to be brief

bull If we are not our listenerreader can be impatient or

bored

Eg Discourse analysis studies how language is produced in context situation including all the linguistic features

that are involved in communication

bull We shoul be as SINCERE a possible

bull Otherwise we can loose our listenerreader attention or

be taken as a fool

eg Linguistics is the most important science for human

beings

bull Our messages shoul be as clear as possible

Eg I love when you scream the words I always have wanted

you to say (I love you)

bull Providing the important information

bull We must say the most relevant information according to

the contextual situation

bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher

experience when visting South America

H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)

there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can

violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)

C O N S I D E R

-Two close friends at the movie

-Teachers

-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition

-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie

-Te a c h e r s

- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t

a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n

might violate the quality and the manner maxims

tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase

their studentsrsquo understanding

will violate the manner maxim by using technical

vocabulary

Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which

are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader

They take a different meaning from its signification because it

takes a different CONNOTATION

They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes

newspapers etc

An expression in which something is ocmpared to

something else The comparison is explicitly made by

using funtion words such as LIKE or AS

Eg

bull My hands are as cold as ice

bullMary is as clown as Crostie

bull Robert eats like a horse

Is an imaginative way of describing something to something

else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to

SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because

the funtion words donrsquot appear

Eg

bull Tony is a rat

bull Mother Teresa is made of love

Is an exageration used in order to make something

seem more impressive than it really is

Eg

bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class

bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute

bull I always go to the beach

They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the

opposite of what we really mean

Eg

bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again

bull I love when you snore all night

bull I really love your annoying voice when singing

It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to

another associated with or suggested by the first one

Eg

bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy

bull Man has invented technology

bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world

Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel

Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela

Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong

Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-

bull It is p e r m a n e n t s o it c a n b e s t o r e d a n d

c a r r ie s m o r e p r e s t ig e

bull It is planned and can be analyzed and corrected after its

production

bull The absence of paralinguistic features is somehow supplied by

drawings graphics letter type titles

bull It tends to avoid redundancy so it becomes more grammatically

structured and lexiexclcally dense

ndash It has to be more formal from the linguistic point of view

because of its permanence

Any real speech act requieres the cooperation from

those who participate in communication

The speakerwriter should take all the necessary steps in

order to the listenerreader understands what heshe

means That is the illocutionary force of hisher

locutionary acts

PAUL PRICE (1975)

proposed the theoretical principle for understanding how participants cooperate during communication

It includes four maxims that govern ldquotacitlyrdquo human

communication

They are not taken as RULES but as SUGGESTIONS

Yes

bull It recommends not to include much

information than necessary

bull It suggests to be brief

bull If we are not our listenerreader can be impatient or

bored

Eg Discourse analysis studies how language is produced in context situation including all the linguistic features

that are involved in communication

bull We shoul be as SINCERE a possible

bull Otherwise we can loose our listenerreader attention or

be taken as a fool

eg Linguistics is the most important science for human

beings

bull Our messages shoul be as clear as possible

Eg I love when you scream the words I always have wanted

you to say (I love you)

bull Providing the important information

bull We must say the most relevant information according to

the contextual situation

bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher

experience when visting South America

H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)

there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can

violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)

C O N S I D E R

-Two close friends at the movie

-Teachers

-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition

-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie

-Te a c h e r s

- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t

a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n

might violate the quality and the manner maxims

tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase

their studentsrsquo understanding

will violate the manner maxim by using technical

vocabulary

Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which

are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader

They take a different meaning from its signification because it

takes a different CONNOTATION

They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes

newspapers etc

An expression in which something is ocmpared to

something else The comparison is explicitly made by

using funtion words such as LIKE or AS

Eg

bull My hands are as cold as ice

bullMary is as clown as Crostie

bull Robert eats like a horse

Is an imaginative way of describing something to something

else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to

SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because

the funtion words donrsquot appear

Eg

bull Tony is a rat

bull Mother Teresa is made of love

Is an exageration used in order to make something

seem more impressive than it really is

Eg

bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class

bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute

bull I always go to the beach

They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the

opposite of what we really mean

Eg

bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again

bull I love when you snore all night

bull I really love your annoying voice when singing

It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to

another associated with or suggested by the first one

Eg

bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy

bull Man has invented technology

bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world

Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel

Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela

Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong

Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-

Any real speech act requieres the cooperation from

those who participate in communication

The speakerwriter should take all the necessary steps in

order to the listenerreader understands what heshe

means That is the illocutionary force of hisher

locutionary acts

PAUL PRICE (1975)

proposed the theoretical principle for understanding how participants cooperate during communication

It includes four maxims that govern ldquotacitlyrdquo human

communication

They are not taken as RULES but as SUGGESTIONS

Yes

bull It recommends not to include much

information than necessary

bull It suggests to be brief

bull If we are not our listenerreader can be impatient or

bored

Eg Discourse analysis studies how language is produced in context situation including all the linguistic features

that are involved in communication

bull We shoul be as SINCERE a possible

bull Otherwise we can loose our listenerreader attention or

be taken as a fool

eg Linguistics is the most important science for human

beings

bull Our messages shoul be as clear as possible

Eg I love when you scream the words I always have wanted

you to say (I love you)

bull Providing the important information

bull We must say the most relevant information according to

the contextual situation

bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher

experience when visting South America

H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)

there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can

violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)

C O N S I D E R

-Two close friends at the movie

-Teachers

-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition

-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie

-Te a c h e r s

- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t

a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n

might violate the quality and the manner maxims

tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase

their studentsrsquo understanding

will violate the manner maxim by using technical

vocabulary

Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which

are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader

They take a different meaning from its signification because it

takes a different CONNOTATION

They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes

newspapers etc

An expression in which something is ocmpared to

something else The comparison is explicitly made by

using funtion words such as LIKE or AS

Eg

bull My hands are as cold as ice

bullMary is as clown as Crostie

bull Robert eats like a horse

Is an imaginative way of describing something to something

else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to

SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because

the funtion words donrsquot appear

Eg

bull Tony is a rat

bull Mother Teresa is made of love

Is an exageration used in order to make something

seem more impressive than it really is

Eg

bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class

bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute

bull I always go to the beach

They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the

opposite of what we really mean

Eg

bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again

bull I love when you snore all night

bull I really love your annoying voice when singing

It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to

another associated with or suggested by the first one

Eg

bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy

bull Man has invented technology

bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world

Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel

Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela

Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong

Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-

It includes four maxims that govern ldquotacitlyrdquo human

communication

They are not taken as RULES but as SUGGESTIONS

Yes

bull It recommends not to include much

information than necessary

bull It suggests to be brief

bull If we are not our listenerreader can be impatient or

bored

Eg Discourse analysis studies how language is produced in context situation including all the linguistic features

that are involved in communication

bull We shoul be as SINCERE a possible

bull Otherwise we can loose our listenerreader attention or

be taken as a fool

eg Linguistics is the most important science for human

beings

bull Our messages shoul be as clear as possible

Eg I love when you scream the words I always have wanted

you to say (I love you)

bull Providing the important information

bull We must say the most relevant information according to

the contextual situation

bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher

experience when visting South America

H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)

there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can

violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)

C O N S I D E R

-Two close friends at the movie

-Teachers

-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition

-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie

-Te a c h e r s

- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t

a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n

might violate the quality and the manner maxims

tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase

their studentsrsquo understanding

will violate the manner maxim by using technical

vocabulary

Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which

are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader

They take a different meaning from its signification because it

takes a different CONNOTATION

They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes

newspapers etc

An expression in which something is ocmpared to

something else The comparison is explicitly made by

using funtion words such as LIKE or AS

Eg

bull My hands are as cold as ice

bullMary is as clown as Crostie

bull Robert eats like a horse

Is an imaginative way of describing something to something

else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to

SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because

the funtion words donrsquot appear

Eg

bull Tony is a rat

bull Mother Teresa is made of love

Is an exageration used in order to make something

seem more impressive than it really is

Eg

bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class

bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute

bull I always go to the beach

They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the

opposite of what we really mean

Eg

bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again

bull I love when you snore all night

bull I really love your annoying voice when singing

It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to

another associated with or suggested by the first one

Eg

bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy

bull Man has invented technology

bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world

Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel

Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela

Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong

Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-

bull It recommends not to include much

information than necessary

bull It suggests to be brief

bull If we are not our listenerreader can be impatient or

bored

Eg Discourse analysis studies how language is produced in context situation including all the linguistic features

that are involved in communication

bull We shoul be as SINCERE a possible

bull Otherwise we can loose our listenerreader attention or

be taken as a fool

eg Linguistics is the most important science for human

beings

bull Our messages shoul be as clear as possible

Eg I love when you scream the words I always have wanted

you to say (I love you)

bull Providing the important information

bull We must say the most relevant information according to

the contextual situation

bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher

experience when visting South America

H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)

there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can

violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)

C O N S I D E R

-Two close friends at the movie

-Teachers

-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition

-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie

-Te a c h e r s

- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t

a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n

might violate the quality and the manner maxims

tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase

their studentsrsquo understanding

will violate the manner maxim by using technical

vocabulary

Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which

are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader

They take a different meaning from its signification because it

takes a different CONNOTATION

They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes

newspapers etc

An expression in which something is ocmpared to

something else The comparison is explicitly made by

using funtion words such as LIKE or AS

Eg

bull My hands are as cold as ice

bullMary is as clown as Crostie

bull Robert eats like a horse

Is an imaginative way of describing something to something

else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to

SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because

the funtion words donrsquot appear

Eg

bull Tony is a rat

bull Mother Teresa is made of love

Is an exageration used in order to make something

seem more impressive than it really is

Eg

bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class

bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute

bull I always go to the beach

They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the

opposite of what we really mean

Eg

bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again

bull I love when you snore all night

bull I really love your annoying voice when singing

It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to

another associated with or suggested by the first one

Eg

bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy

bull Man has invented technology

bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world

Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel

Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela

Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong

Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-

bull We shoul be as SINCERE a possible

bull Otherwise we can loose our listenerreader attention or

be taken as a fool

eg Linguistics is the most important science for human

beings

bull Our messages shoul be as clear as possible

Eg I love when you scream the words I always have wanted

you to say (I love you)

bull Providing the important information

bull We must say the most relevant information according to

the contextual situation

bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher

experience when visting South America

H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)

there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can

violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)

C O N S I D E R

-Two close friends at the movie

-Teachers

-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition

-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie

-Te a c h e r s

- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t

a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n

might violate the quality and the manner maxims

tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase

their studentsrsquo understanding

will violate the manner maxim by using technical

vocabulary

Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which

are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader

They take a different meaning from its signification because it

takes a different CONNOTATION

They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes

newspapers etc

An expression in which something is ocmpared to

something else The comparison is explicitly made by

using funtion words such as LIKE or AS

Eg

bull My hands are as cold as ice

bullMary is as clown as Crostie

bull Robert eats like a horse

Is an imaginative way of describing something to something

else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to

SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because

the funtion words donrsquot appear

Eg

bull Tony is a rat

bull Mother Teresa is made of love

Is an exageration used in order to make something

seem more impressive than it really is

Eg

bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class

bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute

bull I always go to the beach

They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the

opposite of what we really mean

Eg

bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again

bull I love when you snore all night

bull I really love your annoying voice when singing

It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to

another associated with or suggested by the first one

Eg

bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy

bull Man has invented technology

bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world

Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel

Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela

Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong

Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-

bull Our messages shoul be as clear as possible

Eg I love when you scream the words I always have wanted

you to say (I love you)

bull Providing the important information

bull We must say the most relevant information according to

the contextual situation

bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher

experience when visting South America

H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)

there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can

violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)

C O N S I D E R

-Two close friends at the movie

-Teachers

-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition

-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie

-Te a c h e r s

- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t

a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n

might violate the quality and the manner maxims

tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase

their studentsrsquo understanding

will violate the manner maxim by using technical

vocabulary

Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which

are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader

They take a different meaning from its signification because it

takes a different CONNOTATION

They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes

newspapers etc

An expression in which something is ocmpared to

something else The comparison is explicitly made by

using funtion words such as LIKE or AS

Eg

bull My hands are as cold as ice

bullMary is as clown as Crostie

bull Robert eats like a horse

Is an imaginative way of describing something to something

else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to

SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because

the funtion words donrsquot appear

Eg

bull Tony is a rat

bull Mother Teresa is made of love

Is an exageration used in order to make something

seem more impressive than it really is

Eg

bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class

bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute

bull I always go to the beach

They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the

opposite of what we really mean

Eg

bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again

bull I love when you snore all night

bull I really love your annoying voice when singing

It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to

another associated with or suggested by the first one

Eg

bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy

bull Man has invented technology

bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world

Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel

Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela

Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong

Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-

bull Providing the important information

bull We must say the most relevant information according to

the contextual situation

bull eg (In a formal speech) A minister talking about hisher

experience when visting South America

H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)

there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can

violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)

C O N S I D E R

-Two close friends at the movie

-Teachers

-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition

-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie

-Te a c h e r s

- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t

a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n

might violate the quality and the manner maxims

tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase

their studentsrsquo understanding

will violate the manner maxim by using technical

vocabulary

Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which

are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader

They take a different meaning from its signification because it

takes a different CONNOTATION

They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes

newspapers etc

An expression in which something is ocmpared to

something else The comparison is explicitly made by

using funtion words such as LIKE or AS

Eg

bull My hands are as cold as ice

bullMary is as clown as Crostie

bull Robert eats like a horse

Is an imaginative way of describing something to something

else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to

SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because

the funtion words donrsquot appear

Eg

bull Tony is a rat

bull Mother Teresa is made of love

Is an exageration used in order to make something

seem more impressive than it really is

Eg

bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class

bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute

bull I always go to the beach

They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the

opposite of what we really mean

Eg

bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again

bull I love when you snore all night

bull I really love your annoying voice when singing

It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to

another associated with or suggested by the first one

Eg

bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy

bull Man has invented technology

bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world

Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel

Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela

Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong

Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-

H o w e v e r (as everything depends on the context)

there a r e s o m e situations in which the speaker can

violate the maxims (and some time s it is ne ce ssary)

C O N S I D E R

-Two close friends at the movie

-Teachers

-Two doctors speaking in front of the patient about hishe terminal health condition

-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie

-Te a c h e r s

- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t

a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n

might violate the quality and the manner maxims

tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase

their studentsrsquo understanding

will violate the manner maxim by using technical

vocabulary

Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which

are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader

They take a different meaning from its signification because it

takes a different CONNOTATION

They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes

newspapers etc

An expression in which something is ocmpared to

something else The comparison is explicitly made by

using funtion words such as LIKE or AS

Eg

bull My hands are as cold as ice

bullMary is as clown as Crostie

bull Robert eats like a horse

Is an imaginative way of describing something to something

else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to

SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because

the funtion words donrsquot appear

Eg

bull Tony is a rat

bull Mother Teresa is made of love

Is an exageration used in order to make something

seem more impressive than it really is

Eg

bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class

bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute

bull I always go to the beach

They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the

opposite of what we really mean

Eg

bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again

bull I love when you snore all night

bull I really love your annoying voice when singing

It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to

another associated with or suggested by the first one

Eg

bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy

bull Man has invented technology

bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world

Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel

Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela

Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong

Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-

-Tw o c lo s e f r ie n d s a t t h e m o v ie

-Te a c h e r s

- Tw o d o c t o r s s p e a k in g in f r o n t o f t h e p a t ie n t

a b o u t h is h e t e r m in a l h e a lt h c o n d it io n

might violate the quality and the manner maxims

tend to violate the quantity maxim to reinforce their explanations and increase

their studentsrsquo understanding

will violate the manner maxim by using technical

vocabulary

Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which

are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader

They take a different meaning from its signification because it

takes a different CONNOTATION

They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes

newspapers etc

An expression in which something is ocmpared to

something else The comparison is explicitly made by

using funtion words such as LIKE or AS

Eg

bull My hands are as cold as ice

bullMary is as clown as Crostie

bull Robert eats like a horse

Is an imaginative way of describing something to something

else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to

SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because

the funtion words donrsquot appear

Eg

bull Tony is a rat

bull Mother Teresa is made of love

Is an exageration used in order to make something

seem more impressive than it really is

Eg

bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class

bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute

bull I always go to the beach

They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the

opposite of what we really mean

Eg

bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again

bull I love when you snore all night

bull I really love your annoying voice when singing

It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to

another associated with or suggested by the first one

Eg

bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy

bull Man has invented technology

bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world

Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel

Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela

Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong

Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-

Th e s e are words phrases sentences or paragraphs which

are used for producing a special effect on the listenerreader

They take a different meaning from its signification because it

takes a different CONNOTATION

They are used frequently in our daily language speeches jokes

newspapers etc

An expression in which something is ocmpared to

something else The comparison is explicitly made by

using funtion words such as LIKE or AS

Eg

bull My hands are as cold as ice

bullMary is as clown as Crostie

bull Robert eats like a horse

Is an imaginative way of describing something to something

else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to

SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because

the funtion words donrsquot appear

Eg

bull Tony is a rat

bull Mother Teresa is made of love

Is an exageration used in order to make something

seem more impressive than it really is

Eg

bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class

bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute

bull I always go to the beach

They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the

opposite of what we really mean

Eg

bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again

bull I love when you snore all night

bull I really love your annoying voice when singing

It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to

another associated with or suggested by the first one

Eg

bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy

bull Man has invented technology

bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world

Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel

Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela

Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong

Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-

An expression in which something is ocmpared to

something else The comparison is explicitly made by

using funtion words such as LIKE or AS

Eg

bull My hands are as cold as ice

bullMary is as clown as Crostie

bull Robert eats like a horse

Is an imaginative way of describing something to something

else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to

SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because

the funtion words donrsquot appear

Eg

bull Tony is a rat

bull Mother Teresa is made of love

Is an exageration used in order to make something

seem more impressive than it really is

Eg

bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class

bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute

bull I always go to the beach

They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the

opposite of what we really mean

Eg

bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again

bull I love when you snore all night

bull I really love your annoying voice when singing

It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to

another associated with or suggested by the first one

Eg

bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy

bull Man has invented technology

bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world

Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel

Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela

Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong

Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-

Is an imaginative way of describing something to something

else that has some qualities you want to express It is similar to

SIMILE but in metaphor the comparison is implicit because

the funtion words donrsquot appear

Eg

bull Tony is a rat

bull Mother Teresa is made of love

Is an exageration used in order to make something

seem more impressive than it really is

Eg

bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class

bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute

bull I always go to the beach

They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the

opposite of what we really mean

Eg

bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again

bull I love when you snore all night

bull I really love your annoying voice when singing

It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to

another associated with or suggested by the first one

Eg

bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy

bull Man has invented technology

bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world

Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel

Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela

Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong

Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-

Is an exageration used in order to make something

seem more impressive than it really is

Eg

bull Irsquove got millions of friends in my class

bull Henryrsquos car breaks down every minute

bull I always go to the beach

They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the

opposite of what we really mean

Eg

bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again

bull I love when you snore all night

bull I really love your annoying voice when singing

It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to

another associated with or suggested by the first one

Eg

bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy

bull Man has invented technology

bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world

Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel

Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela

Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong

Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-

They are used as subtle of humor They imply saying the

opposite of what we really mean

Eg

bull What a nice surprise Yoursquore late again

bull I love when you snore all night

bull I really love your annoying voice when singing

It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to

another associated with or suggested by the first one

Eg

bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy

bull Man has invented technology

bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world

Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel

Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela

Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong

Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-

It consists on using the name of one thing to referring to

another associated with or suggested by the first one

Eg

bull A home is what everybody needs to be happy

bull Man has invented technology

bull Give me a hand and Irsquoll change the world

Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel

Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela

Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong

Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-

Calsamiglia H y Tuson A (2002) Las cosas del decir Manual de anaacutelisis del discurso Barcelona Editorial Ariel

Garciacutea de Diacuteaz Miriam (2005) Discourse analysis Material de apoyo para la unidad curricular anaacutelisis del discurso Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda Departamento de idiomas Falcoacuten Venezuela

Widdowson H (1978) Teaching language as communication Oxford University Press Hong Kong

Escavy R (sf) El Principio de Cooperacioacuten y las Violaciones antagoacutenicas [Trabajo de investigacioacuten] Universidad de Murcia Disponible en wwwuvesperla35B035DEscavypdf- Frias Xavier (2001) Introduccioacuten a la Pragmaacutetica [Libro en Liacutenea] Disponible en wwwromaniaminornetianuasupsup05pdf- Van Dijk T (1994) Anaacutelisis criacutetico del Discurso [artiacuteculo en liacutenea] Disponible en wwwgeocitiescomestudiscursovandicjk_acdhtml-39k-

Q U E S T

I O N S

D O U B TS

I S E V E R Y T H I N G

C L E A R

D I D Y O U U N D E R S T A ND

A r e y o u l i k e T A R Z A N i n N e w

Y o r k

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