DIPLOMACY AND FOREIGN POLICY

DIPLOMACY and FOREIGN POLICY

Why diplomacy

A Brief History of Diplomacy

• DIPLOMACY HAS BEEN PRACTICED SINCE THE FORMATION OF THE FIRST CITY-STATES AND IS ONE OF THE DEFINING ELEMENTS OF A STATE. ORIGINALLY DIPLOMATS WERE SENT ONLY FOR SPECIFIC NEGOTIATIONS, AND WOULD RETURN IMMEDIATELY AFTER THEIR MISSION CONCLUDED. DIPLOMATS WERE USUALLY RELATIVES OF THE RULING FAMILY OR OF VERY HIGH RANK IN ORDER TO GIVE THEM LEGITIMACY WHEN THEY SOUGHT TO NEGOTIATE WITH THE OTHER STATE.

A Brief History of Diplomacy

• MODERN DIPLOMACY'S ORIGINS ARE OFTEN TRACED TO THE STATES OF NORTHERN ITALY IN THE EARLY RENAISSANCE, WITH THE FIRST EMBASSIES BEING ESTABLISHED IN THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. MILAN PLAYED A LEADING ROLE, ESPECIALLY UNDER FRANCESCO SFORZA WHO ESTABLISHED PERMANENT EMBASSIES TO THE OTHER CITIES STATES OF NORTHERN ITALY. IT WAS IN ITALY THAT MANY OF THE TRADITIONS OF MODERN DIPLOMACY BEGAN, SUCH AS THE PRESENTATION OF AN AMBASSADOR'S CREDENTIALS TO THE HEAD OF STATE.

FOREIGN POLICY DEFINED

GENERAL OBJECTIVES THAT GUIDE THE ACTIVITIES AND RELATIONSHIPS OF ONE STATE IN ITS INTERACTIONS

WITH OTHER STATES. THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN POLICY

IS INFLUENCED BY DOMESTIC CONSIDERATIONS, THE POLICIES OR BEHAVIOUR OF OTHER STATES, OR

PLANS TO ADVANCE SPECIFIC GEOPOLITICAL DESIGNS.

von Ranke

LEOPOLD VON RANKE EMPHASIZED THE PRIMACY OF GEOGRAPHY AND

EXTERNAL THREATS IN SHAPING FOREIGN POLICY, BUT LATER

WRITERS EMPHASIZED DOMESTIC FACTORS. DIPLOMACY IS THE TOOL

OF FOREIGN POLICY, AND WAR, ALLIANCES, AND INTERNATIONAL

TRADE MAY ALL BE MANIFESTATIONS OF IT.

http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/Ranke,%20Leopold%20von

http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/diplomacy

FP

• FP in simplicity is….A POLICY GOVERNING

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AMONG

STATES IN THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

AND INTERNATIONAL POLITIC

Definition of Diplomacy

• THE ART AND PRACTICE OF CONDUCTING NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN NATIONS

(PARTICULARLY IN SECURING TREATIES), INCLUDING THE METHODS AND FORMS

USUALLY EMPLOYED. DEXTERITY OR SKILL IN SECURING ADVANTAGES; TACT. THE BODY OF

MINISTERS OR ENVOYS RESIDENT AT A COURT; THE DIPLOMATIC BODY.

Diplomacy Quotes

• DIPLOMACY: THE ART OF RESTRAINING POWER. HENRY A. KISSINGER

• THERE ARE FEW IRONCLAD RULES OF DIPLOMACY BUT TO ONE THERE IS NO

EXCEPTION. WHEN AN OFFICIAL REPORTS THAT TALKS WERE USEFUL, IT CAN SAFELY BE

CONCLUDED THAT NOTHING WAS ACCOMPLISHED.

• JOHN KENNETH GALBRAITH

http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/h/henryakis164235.html

Diplomacy Quotes

• All diplomacy is a continuation of war by other means. Zhou Enlai

• We always have hoped that American diplomacy deploys itself in dialogue and persuasion rather than by ultimatums. That is the path we want in international relations. Mahmoud Abbas

Diplomacy simplified

• Diplomacy is basically a term that is widely important for International relations between various nations. Diplomacy is the art of negotiations between various countries.

• In international relations it forms the basis for peace making, economics, culture, trade wars etc.

Types of Diplomacy

• Following are some types of Diplomacy:

- Informal Diplomacy- Para diplomacy- Cultural Diplomacy- Economic Diplomacy- Gunboat Diplomacy- Ping Pong Diplomacy- Preventive Diplomacy- Public Diplomacy- Shuttle Diplomacy- Transformational Diplomacy

Traditional Diplomacy

• TRADITIONAL DIPLOMACY WAS MORE FORMAL AND PROTOCOLS WERE EXTENDED TO SHOW THE GOODWILL GESTURES. IT WAS BECAUSE OF THE LESS EXPOSURE BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS THAT IT WAS CONDUCTED MORE PRECISELY ON A COMMON AGENDA OR THE REQUEST FOR THE PERMISSION TO DISCUSS THE MATTER WAS PUT TO THE OTHER SIDE FOR FORMAL GAIN OF PERMISSION ON THE MATTER. THE TWO PARTIES ALWAYS REPRESENTED SEPARATE TERRITORIES AND LAWS AND THEY COULD NOT CHALLENGE THOSE EXCEPT THROUGH WAR OR AGGRESSION.


• THE TRADITIONAL DIPLOMACY DIRECTLY REPRESENTS NATION STATES AND WILL REMAIN VIABLE BUT WILL EVOLVE MORE IN A MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE NATIONS WILL GROUP AND FORM COLLITIONS FOR A COMMON PURPOSE BUT ON A GLOBAL AGENDA WHICH WILL BE SET ON THE FORUMS AND FLOORS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS.


• TRADITIONAL DIPLOMACY BASICALLY RELATES WITH TERRITORY. IT IS BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT COMMUNITIES ARE ORGANIZED IN THE SOVEREIGN NATION-STATES AND THE BORDERS AND LIMITS ARE CLEARLY DEFINED. IT IS KNOWN AS TRADITIONAL DIPLOMACY BECAUSE IT IS MORE COMFORTABLE WITH GEOGRAPHY AND TERRITORY IS THE CURRENCY OF DIPLOMACY. THE WORLD WHERE TERRITORY IS NO MORE A DEFINING PRINCIPLE DOES NOT NEED THE IMPLICATIONS OF TRADITIONAL DIPLOMACY.

The Functions of Diplomacy

• DIPLOMACY HAS EXISTED SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE HUMAN RACE. THE ACT OF CONDUCTING NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN TWO PERSONS, OR TWO NATIONS AT A LARGE SCOPE IS ESSENTIAL TO THE UPKEEP OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS. AMONG THE MANY FUNCTIONS OF DIPLOMACY, SOME INCLUDE PREVENTING WAR AND VIOLENCE, AND FORTIFYING RELATIONS BETWEEN TWO NATIONS.


• DIPLOMACY IS MOST IMPORTANTLY USED TO COMPLETE A SPECIFIC AGENDA. THEREFORE WITHOUT DIPLOMACY, MUCH OF THE WORLD’S AFFAIRS WOULD BE ABOLISHED,INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS WOULD NOT EXIST, AND ABOVE ALL THE WORLD WOULD BE AT A CONSTANT STATE OF WAR. IT IS FOR DIPLOMACY THAT CERTAIN COUNTRIES CAN EXIST IN HARMONY.


• BACK TO THE 5TH CENTURY WHERE DIPLOMACY AROSE IN CERTAIN NATIONS. DATING BACK TO 432 B.C, THE CONGRESS OF SPARTA WAS AN “ILLUSTRATION OF DIPLOMACY AS ORGANIZED BY THE GREEK CITY STATES” (NICOLSON 1).


• THE ORIGIN OF THE WORD “DIPLOMA” COMES FROM DIFFERENT

SIDES OF THE EARTH. IN GREECE DIPLOMA MEANT “FOLDED IN TWO”, WHILE IN ANCIENT ROME THE WORD

WAS USED TO DESCRIBE TRAVEL DOCUMENTS. OFTEN TIMES THE

WORD DIPLOMACY IS GIVEN MANY MEANINGS


• MANY TIMES WILL THE WORDS “POLICY” AND THE WORD “NEGOTIATION” BE SEEN AS SYNONYMS; HENCE THE WORD “DIPLOMACY” AND “FOREIGN DIPLOMACY” ARE DEEMED TO BE SIMILAR (NICOLSON 3). THESE “SYNONYMS” OF DIPLOMACY ARE ALL FAULTY. WHILE THEY MAY BE VERY SIMILAR IN SOME CASES, THEY ARE NOT THE EXACTLY THE SAME


• SIR HAROLD NICOLSON WHO WAS AN ENGLISH DIPLOMAT BORN IN TEHRAN, PERSIA, STATES THAT: "DIPLOMACY IS

NEITHER THE INVENTION NOR THE PASTIME OF SOME PARTICULAR POLITICAL SYSTEM, BUT IS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT

IN ANY REASONABLE RELATION BETWEEN MAN AND MAN AND BETWEEN NATION AND

NATION” (NICOLSON 4).


• For the upkeep of the International System, diplomacy is used in every corner of the world. Without it many nations would not be able to conduct successful negotiations.


• MODERN DIPLOMACY HAS BECOME MUCH MORE ADVANCED AND MANY ASPECTS HAVE CHANGED OVER THE YEARS. THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA IN 1648 CREATED THE FIRST MODERN DIPLOMATIC CONGRESS IN ADDITION TO CREATING A NEW WORLD ORDER IN CENTRAL EUROPE BASED ON STATE SOVEREIGNTY.


• MUCH OF EUROPE BEGAN TO CHANGE AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF MODERN DIPLOMACY. FOR EXAMPLE, “FRANCE UNDER CARDINAL RICHELIEU INTRODUCED THE MODERN APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, BASED ON THE NATION-STATE AND MOTIVATED BY NATIONAL INTEREST AS ITS ULTIMATE PURPOSE” (KISSINGER 17).


• THERE ARE IN FACT MANY FUNCTIONS OF DIPLOMACY THAT MAKE DIPLOMACY AN ESSENTIAL INGREDIENT FOR ANY PEACEFUL AND EFFICIENT CHANGE. THE REASON TO NEGOTIATE WITH OTHER PERSONS HAS ALWAYS BEEN THE SAME, TO HAVE BETTER RELATIONS. OVER THE COURSE OF DIPLOMACY BEING IN EXISTENCE, THE STRUCTURE OF DIPLOMATIC POSTS HAS CHANGED FROM A LOOSE ONE TO AN ORGANIZED INSTITUTION MADE FOR A SPECIFIC PURPOSE.


• WHILE THE STRUCTURE OF DIPLOMATIC POSTS HAS CHANGED, THE FUNCTIONS ALWAYS REMAINED THE SAME. THERE ARE FOUR FUNCTIONS OF DIPLOMACY.


• THE FIRST FUNCTION INVOLVES “REPRESENTING A STATE’S

INTERESTS AND CONDUCTING NEGOTIATIONS OR DISCUSSIONS DESIGNED TO IDENTIFY COMMON

INTERESTS AS WELL AS AREAS OF DISAGREEMENT BETWEEN THE PARTIES, FOR THE PURPOSE OF

ACHIEVING THE STATE’S GOALS AND AVOIDING CONFLICT” (AMERI 1).


• REPRESENTATIONS OF A STATE AS WELL AS NEGOTIATION ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF DIPLOMACY. NEGOTIATIONS BETWEEN TWO REPRESENTATIVES ARE A KEY COMPONENT IN DIPLOMACY, BECAUSE IN DOING SO THE REPRESENTATIVES FIND A COMMON INTEREST. FINDING A COMMON INTEREST IS VITAL IN CONDUCTING NEGOTIATIONS BECAUSE WITH A COMMON INTEREST REPRESENTATIVES ARE ABLE TO DEVISE A SOLUTION THAT IS IN THE INTEREST OF BOTH SIDES.


• THE SECOND FUNCTION OF DIPLOMACY INVOLVES “THE GATHERING OF INFORMATION AND SUBSEQUENT IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF THE RECEIVING STATE’S FOREIGN POLICY GOALS” (AMERI 1). DIPLOMATIC POSTS ARE CONCERNED WITH GATHERING INFORMATION; HOWEVER WHEN THE INFORMATION IS SENT BACK TO THEIR NATIVE COUNTRY A FOREIGN MINISTRY ANALYZES THE DATA AND DETERMINES WHAT FOREIGN POLICY SHOULD BE ENACTED.


• THE THIRD MAJOR FUNCTION OF DIPLOMACY IS EXPANSION OF POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL TIES BETWEEN TWO COUNTRIES (AMERI 2). FOR EXAMPLE, AFTER WWII COUNTRIES SUCH AS THE UNITED STATES AND BRITAIN AIMED THEIR FOREIGN POLICY AT THE EXTERMINATION OF COMMUNISM.


• FINALLY, THE FOURTH FUNCTION OF DIPLOMACY IS THAT “DIPLOMACY IS THE FACILITATING OR ENFORCING VEHICLE FOR THE OBSERVATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW” (AMERI 2). IT IS THE DIPLOMAT’S JOB TO PROMOTE THE COUNTRY’S NATIONAL INTERESTS AND KEEP TIES WITH OTHER COUNTRIES OPEN.

DIPLOMACY AND FOREIGN POLICY

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