Part Seven: China’s foreign policy and China’s diplomacy 1 ， Basic Principles of China’s...

Part Seven: China’s foreign policy and China’s Part Seven: China’s foreign policy and China’s diplomacydiplomacy

1 ， Basic Principles of China’s Diplomacy In conformity with new changes, the new Constitution enacted in

1982 summarizes the basic principles of China's foreign policy as the following:

"China adheres to an independent foreign policy as well as to the five principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence in developing diplomatic relations and economic and cultural exchanges with other countries;


1 ， Basic Principles of China’s Diplomacy China consistently opposes imperialism, hegemonism and

colonialism, works to strengthen unity with the people of other countries, supports the oppressed nations and the developing countries in their just struggle to win and preserve national independence and develop their national economies, and strives to safeguard world peace and promote the cause of human progress."


1 ， Basic Principles of China’s Diplomacy In the past two decades and more, great changes have taken place in

China and the world, and the Chinese Government has accordingly adjusted and developed the basic principles of its foreign policy.

In short, China pursues an independent foreign policy of peace. The basic objectives of this policy are to safeguard China's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity, promote friendly exchanges and cooperation with other countries, work for a better international and peripheral environment for the country's reform, opening up and modernization drive, maintain world peace, and promote common development.


2. Major Readjustments in China’s Diplomatic StrategiesChina has had many foreign policies since the founding of the PRC in

1949. For its first five years, the PRC followed a “lean to one side” policy, joining the communist camp headed by Soviet Union.

Then from 1955-57 it pursued a markedly different and much more accommodative policy called the Bandung Spirit because it emanated from the conference of 29 Asian and African states held in Bandung, Indonesia,

in April 1955, the conference established the Non-Aligned Movement. Its members wanted to concentrate on economic development, made it plain that they did not want to be part of either the capitalist or socialist camp.


2. Major Readjustments in China’s Diplomatic StrategiesThe years 1958–70 were a period of semi-isolation from “normal”

international relations. China felt that the era of good feeling symbolized by Bandung was not working in terms of extending Chinese influence.

Mao, who had never abandoned his commitment to Marxist revolution, moved into a more ideological phase, exemplified by the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution.


2. Major Readjustments in China’s Diplomatic StrategiesBy 1970, the deficiencies of this policy caused another

reassessment. The Chinese military had slipped badly during the Cultural Revolution, and the USSR seemed more and more menacing. China shifted toward a less ideologically oriented and more balance of power-oriented set of foreign policies.


2. Major Readjustments in China’s Diplomatic Strategies Initially, China effected a rapprochement with the U.S. as the lesser

of two evils. A few years later, as frictions with Washington accumulated, there began a gradual warming of relations with the USSR. This had the advantage of allowing China to play one of these powers off against the other until the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1989.


2. Major Readjustments in China’s Diplomatic Strategies

All this began to change in the early 1970s when President Nixon initiated an opening to China and the United Nations voted to recognize the PRC as China’s legitimate U.N. representative.

Under economic and diplomatic reform policies initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978, two years after Mao’s death, China began openly to seek and receive substantial foreign investment, technology, and expertise.


2 ， Major Readjustments in China’s Diplomatic Strategies In the intervening years, the PRC has become an international

export powerhouse; has expanded its membership and participation in international organizations; and increasingly has appeared willing to embrace many norms and rules of the global economic system of which the United States is the chief architect and dominant player.


2 ， Major Readjustments in China’s Diplomatic Strategies

Since 2000 in particular, there has been a steady increase in the quantity and sophistication of PRC diplomacy. China has courted foreign governments with high-level diplomatic exchanges, trade initiatives, investment agreements, and tourism and cultural understandings.


2. Major Readjustments in China’s Diplomatic StrategiesWith the global balance of power now uni-polar, the Chinese

government felt vulnerable. Moreover, the only remaining superpower was proving difficult to deal with. Washington was particularly critical of China after the 1989 Tiananmen incident, urging it to implement human rights protections and to evolve into a liberal democratic state.


2. Major Readjustments in China’s Diplomatic StrategiesThe U.S. then invaded Iraq in 1991 to force it to disgorge Kuwait,

albeit with approval from the UN Security Council. A reluctant China at first threatened to veto, arguing that Iraq’s sovereign rights were being violated, but with its Most Favored Nation status with the United States at stake, was finally persuaded to abstain.


2. Major Readjustments in China’s Diplomatic Strategies

Paralleling its foreign policy developments, changes in PRC security policy are thought to be based on China’s perceptions since the mid-1990’s that the country was facing new security challenges.


2. Major Readjustments in China’s Diplomatic StrategiesAmong these new perceived challenges were the demise of the

Soviet Union and international communism, the post-Cold War surge in U.S. global dominance — in particular the decisive demonstration of U.S. military supremacy in the Persian Gulf War — the increasing pro-independence activism on Taiwan, and the benefits and complications accompanying China’s own rapid economic growth.


2. Major Readjustments in China’s Diplomatic Strategies As defined in a series of White Papers published by the State

Council Information Office since 1995, China’s new security concept states that the post-Cold War order requires a more pragmatic security policy based on “mutual trust, mutual equality, and cooperation.”

The new security concept seeks to assure that China’s economic development and military growth is not a threat to its neighbors or the world.


2.Major Readjustments in China’s Diplomatic Strategies In keeping with its new international diplomacy, China’s new

security approach serves the multiple goals of trying to defuse international instabilities that could adversely affect China’s own development; trying to expand China’s own wealth and influence in ways seen as non-threatening to its neighbors; and trying to balance U.S. global power in a manner that serves China’s interests.


2.Major Readjustments in China’s Diplomatic StrategiesUnlike past security challenges to the United States, China’s new

security approach is difficult to categorize or define: it focuses neither on spreading a political ideology, nor establishing a global network of client states, nor aggressively seeking territorial gains.


2. Major Readjustments in China’s Diplomatic StrategiesThen, at the end of the 1990s, the U.S. bombed Yugoslavia without

UN approval, through a NATO operation, justifying the action on humanitarian grounds.

There is a Chinese saying that one kills a chicken in order to scare a monkey—i.e. destroy a minor entity to warn a more important one. In this sense, the chicken was the Former Republic of Yugoslavia, and, in Beijing’s interpretation, these military actions were undertaken to warn China to improve its treatment of its minority groups and foreswear its vow to take over Taiwan by force if need be.


2. Major Readjustments in China’s Diplomatic Strategies At the time, China wanted to concentrate on building up the PRC’s

economy. China would like to see a multi-polar international environment, in

which many centers of power cooperate and compete with each other to maintain a stable equilibrium.

China’s foreign policy spokespersons also frequently mention the PRC’s commitment to the aforementioned Pancha Shila which was updated to include concepts such as mutual respect among nations, non-interference in each other’s domestic affairs, and peaceful coexistence.


3. Western Debates on China’s growing global reach

there is little consensus within the U.S. and global China-watching communities on China’s ultimate foreign policy goals or on what motivates and informs China’s decisions — either decisions made in general terms or with regard to specific regions or countries.

Does China’s international engagement have a pragmatic, overarching strategy, or is it a series of marginally related tactical moves to seek normal economic and political advantages?


3. Western Debates on China’s growing global reach Although China’s foreign policymaking has become more

regularized in recent years, few claim to be certain about how China’s decisions are made, about who makes them, or about what long term goals Chinese policies seek to attain.

Some profess certainty; but they have not been able to demonstrate that their convictions lead to any sort of consistency in analyzing or predicting China’s foreign policy decisions.

U.S. officials have remained largely in the dark about the PRC’s crisis management processes and about why and how PRC leaders reached their decisions.


3. Western Debates on China’s growing global reach The number of unknown variables that still animate China’s

foreign policy decision-making processes is simply too great. These variables include uncertainties about the clashes and

respective strengths of internationalists and hardliners in Chinese politics, about whether and how the interests of various PRC bureaucracies compete and conflict on a given issue, and about the extent to which bureaucratic actors seek to undermine policies that they see as disadvantageous to them.


4. Overall Strategies of China’s Diplomacy from Hu Jintao's report at 17th Party Congress 2007China will unswervingly follow the path of peaceful development.

This is a strategic choice the Chinese government and people have made in light of the development trend of the times and their own fundamental interests.

The Chinese nation is a peace-loving people, and China is always a staunch force safeguarding world peace committing to combining the interests of the Chinese people with the common interests of the people of other countries, and always stand for fairness and justice


4. Overall Strategies of China’s Diplomacy from Hu Jintao's report at 17th Party Congress 2007China will never interfere in the internal affairs of other countries or

impose our own will on them. China works for peaceful settlement of international disputes and hotspot issues, promotes international and regional security cooperation, and opposes terrorism in any form.

China follows a national defense policy that is defensive in nature, and it does not engage in arms race or pose a military threat to any other country.

China opposes all forms of hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony or engage in expansion.


4. Overall Strategies of China’s Diplomacy from Hu Jintao's report at 17th Party Congress 2007

China will unswervingly follow a win-win strategy of opening up, will continue to contribute to regional and global development through her own development, and expand the areas where her interests meet with those of various sides.



While securing her own development, China will accommodate the legitimate concerns of other countries, especially other developing countries.

China will increase market access in accordance with internationally recognized economic and trade rules, and protect the rights and interests of her partners in accordance with the law.


4. Overall Strategies of China’s Diplomacy

from Hu Jintao's report at 17th Party Congress 2007

China supports international efforts to help developing countries enhance their capacity for independent development and improve the lives of their people, so as to narrow the North-South gap.



China supports efforts to improve international trade and financial systems, advance the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment, and properly resolve economic and trade frictions through consultation and collaboration.

China will never seek benefits for itself at the expense of other countries or shift its troubles onto others.



China is committed to developing friendship and cooperation with all other countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.

For developed countries, China will continue to strengthen strategic dialogue, enhance mutual trust, deepen cooperation and properly manage differences to promote long-term, stable and sound development of bilateral relations.



For our neighboring countries, China will continue to follow the foreign policy of friendship and partnership, strengthen good-neighborly relations and practical cooperation with them, and energetically engage in regional cooperation in order to jointly create a peaceful, stable regional environment featuring equality, mutual trust and win-win cooperation.

Part Seven: China’s foreign policy and Part Seven: China’s foreign policy and China’s diplomacyChina’s diplomacy

4. Overall Strategies of China’s Diplomacy from Hu Jintao's report at 17th Party Congress 2007For other developing countries, we will continue to increase

solidarity and cooperation with them, cement traditional friendship, expand practical cooperation, provide assistance to them within our ability, and uphold the legitimate demands and common interests of developing countries.

We will continue to take an active part in multilateral affairs, assume our due international obligations, play a constructive role, and work to make the international order fairer and more equitable.



China will also continue to conduct exchanges and cooperation with the political parties and organizations of other countries, and strengthen the external exchanges of people's congresses, CPPCC committees, the armed forces, localities and people's organizations to enhance mutual understanding and friendship between the Chinese people and the people of other countries.



China cannot develop in isolation from the rest of the world, nor can the world enjoy prosperity and stability without China.

The Chinese people will continue to work tirelessly with the people of other countries to bring about a better future for humanity

The end ,Thank you!

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