DIN - 18599-6

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Date: 2007 February

DIN V18599-6

Energy efficiency of bui ldings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energy andprimary energy for heating, cool ing, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting Part6: Delivered energy for ventilation systems and air heating systems for residentialbuildings

Energetische Bewertung von Gebuden Berechnung des Nutz-, End- und Primrenergiebedarfs fr Heizung,Khlung, Lftung, Trinkwarmwasser und Beleuchtung Teil 6: Endenergiebedarf vonWohnungslftungsanlagen und Luftheizungsanlagen fr den Wohnungsbau

Supersedes DIN V 18599-6:2005-07

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Contents Page

Foreword..............................................................................................................................................................6

Introduct ion .........................................................................................................................................................8

1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................9

2 Normative references ......................................................................................................................... 11

3 Terms, definit ions and uni ts .............................................................................................................. 133.1 Terms and definit ions ........................................................................................................................ 133.2 Symbols, uni ts and subscripts .......................................................................................................... 18

4 Relationship between the parts of the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards ................................ 214.1 Input parameters from other parts of the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards ........................... 224.2 Output parameters for other parts of the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards ........................... 224.3 Calculation methods .......................................................................................................................... 234.3.1 Venti lation heat sinks ......................................................................................................................... 23

4.3.2 Heat losses, heat gains, auxil iary energy and generator heat output........................................... 254.3.3 Heat generation w ith combined heating .......................................................................................... 27

5 Energy need for heating..................................................................................................................... 295.1 Supply air temperature V,mech ........................................................................................................... 295.1.1 Exhaust vent ilation sys tems ............................................................................................................. 29

5.1.1.1 Exhaust venti lation systems without heat recovery ....................................................................... 29

5.1.1.2 Extract air /water heat pump............................................................................................................... 305.1.2 Supply and exhaust ventilation systems ......................................................................................... 30

5.1.2.1 Supply and exhaust ventilation systems without heat recovery ................................................... 30

5.1.2.2 Extract air/supply air heat exchangers ............................................................................................. 30

5.1.2.3 Extract air/supply air heat pumps ..................................................................................................... 335.1.2.4 Extract air/water heat pumps............................................................................................................. 33

5.1.2.5 Extract air/supply air/water heat pumps .......................................................................................... 345.1.3 Ai r heating systems ............................................................................................................................ 345.2 Mean ventilation system-driven air change rate nmech..................................................................... 345.2.1 Exhaust vent ilation sys tems ............................................................................................................. 345.2.2 Supply and exhaust ventilation systems ......................................................................................... 355.2.3 Ai r heating systems ............................................................................................................................ 36

6 Control and emission ......................................................................................................................... 376.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 376.2 Heat losses Qrv,ce ................................................................................................................................. 37

6.3 Auxi liary energy Qrv,ce,aux..................................................................................................................... 407 Distr ibution .......................................................................................................................................... 417.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 417.2 Heat losses Qrv,d and uncontrol led heat gains Ql,rv,d ........................................................................ 417.3 Auxi liary energy Qrv,d,aux..................................................................................................................... 45

8 Storage................................................................................................................................................. 468.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 468.2 Heat losses Qrv,s and uncontrol led heat gains QI,rv,s......................................................................... 468.3 Auxi liary energy Qrv,s,aux ...................................................................................................................... 48

9 Generat ion ........................................................................................................................................... 489.1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 489.2 Heat losses Qrv,g and uncontrol led heat gains QI,rv,g ........................................................................ 499.3 Auxi liary energy Qrv,g,aux...................................................................................................................... 51

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9.4 Generator heat output Qrv,outg ..........................................................................................................57

9.4.1 Exhaust vent ilation systems ..............................................................................................................57

9.4.1.1 Without heat recovery.........................................................................................................................57

9.4.1.2 Extract air /water heat pump ...............................................................................................................57

9.4.2 Supply and exhaust vent ilation systems ..........................................................................................629.4.2.1 Supply and exhaust ventilation systems without heat recovery ...................................................62

9.4.2.2 Extract air/supp ly air heat exchangers .............................................................................................63

9.4.2.3 Extract air/supply air heat pumps......................................................................................................63


9.4.2.5 Extract air/supp ly air/water heat pump .............................................................................................729.4.3 Ai r heating systems ............................................................................................................................739.5 Heat input Qrv,reg due to heat recovered from extract air .................................................................759.5.1 Exhaust vent ilation systems ..............................................................................................................75

9.5.1.1 Exhaust ventilation systems without heat recovery........................................................................75

9.5.1.2 Extract air /water heat pump ...............................................................................................................759.5.2 Supply and exhaust vent ilation systems ..........................................................................................76

9.5.2.1 Supply and exhaust ventilation systems without heat recovery ...................................................76

9.5.2.2 Extract air/supp ly air heat exchangers .............................................................................................76

9.5.2.3 Extract air/supply air heat pump........................................................................................................77


9.5.2.5 Extract air/supp ly air/water heat pump .............................................................................................799.5.3 Ai r heating systems ............................................................................................................................79

Annex A (normative) Ventilation systems ......................................................................................................80

A.1 Exhaust vent ilation systems ..............................................................................................................80A.1.1 Exhaust ventilation systems without heat recovery........................................................................80A.1.2 Exhaust ventilation systems with extract air/water heat pump......................................................82A.2 Supply and exhaust vent ilation systems ..........................................................................................83A.2.1 Supply and exhaust ventilation systems without heat recovery ...................................................83A.2.2 Supply and exhaust ventilation systems w ith extract air/supply air heat exchanger..................84A.2.3 Supply and exhaust ventilation systems with extract air/supply air heat pump, with and

without heat exchanger ......................................................................................................................86A.2.4 Supply and exhaust ventilation systems with extract air/water heat pump and with heat

exchanger.............................................................................................................................................87 A.2.5 Supply and exhaust ventilation systems with extract air/supply air/water heat pump and

heat exchanger ....................................................................................................................................88A.3 Ai r heating systems ............................................................................................................................89

A.3.1 With extract air/supply air heat pump, with and without heat exchanger, withoutrecirculat ion .........................................................................................................................................89

A.3.2 With heat exchanger, wi th recirculat ion ...........................................................................................90

Bibliography......................................................................................................................................................91

Figures

Figure 1 Overview of the parts of DIN V 18599...............................................................................................8

Figure 2 Content and scope of DIN V 18599-6 (schematic diagram)............................................................10

Figure 3 System overview of ventilation systems for residential buildings in accordance withDIN 1946-6 ..................................................................................................................................................11

Figure 4 Subscript system .............................................................................................................................21

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Figure A.1 Exhaust ventilation system with single-room fans....................................................................... 80

Figure A.2 Exhaust ventilation system with central fan................................................................................. 81

Figure A.3 Exhaust ventilation system with heat pump ................................................................................ 82

Figure A.4 Supply and exhaust ventilation system without heat recovery.................................................... 83

Figure A.5 Supply and exhaust ventilation systems with extract air/supply air heat exchanger for abuilding ....................................................................................................................................................... 84

Figure A.6 Supply and exhaust ventilation systems with extract air/supply air heat exchanger for asingle room................................................................................................................................................. 85

Figure A.7 Supply and exhaust ventilation systems with extract air/supply air heat pump, (with andwithout heat exchanger) ............................................................................................................................. 86

Figure A.8 Supply and exhaust ventilation systems with extract air/water heat pump and heatexchanger................................................................................................................................................... 87

Figure A.9 Supply and exhaust ventilation systems with extract air/supply air/water heat pump andheat exchanger........................................................................................................................................... 88

Figure A.10 Air heating system with extract air/supply air heat pump, with and without heatexchanger, without recirculation................................................................................................................. 89

Figure A.11 Air heating system with heat exchanger, with recirculation....................................................... 90

Tables

Table 1 Symbols (used in all calculations in the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards) ............................... 18

Table 2 Subscripts (used in all balance calculations in the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards)............... 19

Table 3 Subscripts (specific to DIN V 18599-6) ............................................................................................ 20

Table 4 General boundary conditions for determining the overall efficiency WT,mth................................. 32Table 5 Default values for monthly supply air temperature for systems with extract air/supply air heat

exchangers without preheating by ground/supply air heat exchangers, constructed after 1999............... 33

Table 6 General boundary conditions for determining the operating time trv,mech........................................ 36

Table 7 Factorsfto be used when determining control and emission heat losses, Qrv,ce ........................... 38

Table 8 Overall efficiencyrv,cefor heat control and emission in the room................................................... 39

Table 9 Rated powerPc of the controller for heat control and emission in the room.................................... 40

Table 10 Boundary conditions 1 for default values used to determine heat losses Qrv,d ............................. 44

Table 11 Boundary conditions 2 for default values used to determine heat losses Qrv,d ............................. 45

Table 12 General boundary conditions for determining the generation heat losses Qrv,g in relation to

the type of ventilation system..................................................................................................................... 50

Table 13 Default values for determining the heat loss factorfce,mth in relation to the ventilation systemcomponents and the location where they are installed .............................................................................. 51

Table 14 Degree-day valuesFGt,Vorw of air preheating (in the respective month), in Kh, as a function

of the activation temperature of frost-prevention operation........................................................................ 55

Table 15 General boundary conditions for determining the auxiliary energy for heat generation Qrv,g in

relation to the type of ventilation system .................................................................................................... 56

Table 16 Default values for the volume flow-related fan power consumptionPel,Vent of the fans.................. 57

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Table 17 Correction factorsfT undf for temperature deviations..................................................................60

Table 18 Correction factor for air volume flow deviations..............................................................................64

Table 19 Maximum monthly operating times ton,h,i,max,mth of the extract air/supply air heat pumps in

bins i (in the respective month), in h ...........................................................................................................65

Table 20 Default values for the volume flow related power consumption and the performancecoefficient of the heat pump ........................................................................................................................68

Table 21 Default values for determining the monthly generator heat output of the extract air/supply airheat exchanger in combination with an extract air heat pump....................................................................68

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Foreword

This prestandard has been prepared by DIN Joint Committee NA 005-56-20 GA Energetische Bewertung vonGebuden of the Normenausschuss Bauwesen (Building and Civil Engineering Standards Committee), whichalso lead-managed the work, and Normenausschuss Heiz- und Raumlufttechnik (Heating and VentilationStandards Committee) with the co-operation of the Normenausschuss Lichttechnik (Lighting TechnologyStandards Committee).

A prestandard is a standard which cannot be given full status, either because certain reservations still exist asto its content, or because the manner of its preparation deviates in some way from the normal procedure.

No draft of the present prestandard has been published.

Comments on experience with this prestandard should be sent:

preferably by e-mail containing a table of the data, to [email protected]. A template for this table is providedon the Internet under the URL http://www.din.de/stellungnahme;

or as hard-copy to Normenausschuss Bauwesen (NABau) im DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung e. V.,10772 Berlin, Germany (office address: Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787 Berlin, Germany).

The DIN V 18599 series of prestandards Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs,delivered energy and primary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting consistsof the following parts:

Part 1: General balancing procedures, terms and definitions, zoning and evaluation of energy carriers

Part 2: Energy needs for heating and cooling of building zones

Part 3: Energy need for air conditioning

Part 4: Energy need and delivered energy for lighting

Part 5: Delivered energy for heating systems

Part 6: Delivered energy for ventilation systems and air heating systems for residential buildings

Part 7: Delivered energy for air handling and air conditioning systems for non-residential buildings

Part 8: Energy need and delivered energy for domestic hot water systems

Part 9: Delivered and primary energy for combined heat and power plants

Part 10: Boundary conditions of use, climatic data

The DIN V 18599 series of prestandards provides a methodology for assessing the overall energy efficiency ofbuildings. The calculations enable all energy quantities required for the purpose of heating, domestic hot waterheating, ventilation, air conditioning and lighting of buildings to be assessed.

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In the described procedures, the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards also takes into account the interactiveeffects of energy flows and points out the related consequences for planning work. In addition to thecalculation procedures, the use- and operation-related boundary conditions for an unbiased assessment (i.e.independent of the behaviour of individual users and of the local climatic data) to determine the energy needsare specified.

The DIN V 18599 series of prestandards is suitable for determining the long-term energy needs of buildings orparts of buildings as well as for assessing the possible use of regenerative sources of energy in buildings. Theprocedure is designed both for buildings yet to be constructed and for existing buildings, and for retrofitmeasures for existing buildings.

.

Amendments

This prestandard differs from DIN V 18599-6:2005-07 in that it has been revised in form and content.

Previous edition

DIN V 18599-6: 2005-07

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Introduction

When an energy balance is calculated in accordance with the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards, anintegrative approach is taken, i.e. the building, the use of the building and the buildings technical installationsand equipment are assessed together, taking the interaction of these factors into consideration. In order toprovide a clearer structure, the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards is divided into several parts, each havinga particular focus. Figure 1 provides an overview of the topics dealt with in the individual parts of the series.

Figure 1 Overview of the parts of DIN V 18599

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1 Scope

The DIN V 18599 series of prestandards provides a method of calculating the overall energy balance ofbuildings. The described algorithm is applicable to the calculation of energy balances for:

residential buildings and non-residential buildings;

planned or new building constructions and existing buildings.

The procedure for calculating the balances is suitable for:

balancing the energy use of buildings with partially pre-determined boundary conditions;

balancing the energy use of buildings with freely selectable boundary conditions from the generalengineering aspect, e.g. with the objective of achieving a good comparison between calculated andmeasured energy ratings.

The balance calculations take into account the energy use for: heating,

ventilation,

air conditioning (including cooling and humidification),

heating the domestic hot water supply, and

lighting

of buildings, including the additional electrical power input (auxiliary energy) which is directly related to the

energy supply.

This document describes a method of calculating the values for ventilation and air heating systems ofresidential buildings.

This document describes the energy use of ventilation systems and air heating systems for residentialbuildings in conjunction with individual subsystems (control and emission, distribution, storage andgeneration). For this purpose, both the heat losses and the auxiliary energy of the individual subsystems aredetermined and, provided that these occur within the heated zone, are made available for the subsequentcalculations described in DIN V 18599-1 and DIN V 18599-2.

It is also possible to determine the use of subsystems for heat delivery to DIN V 18599-5 and DIN V 18599-8and vice-versa. In such cases, the initial output data from DIN V 18599-1 and DIN V 18599-2, while theboundary conditions are obtained from DIN V 18599-10. It is also possible to calculate the energy balances ofseveral building zones in which there are more than one units to be balanced.

Figure 2 shows the scope of the present document as a diagram. For the readers orientation, all other partsof the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards contain an illustration similar to Figure 2 as shown here, and inwhich the respective energy components dealt with are shown in colour.

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Figure 2 Content and scope of DIN V 18599-6 (schematic diagram)

The required energy use can be calculated using either the methods described in clauses 6 to 9 or by othermethods (e.g. DIN V 4701-10, DIN V 4701-12 and PAS 1027), provided these alternative methods deliverequivalent results under comparable boundary conditions (see DIN V 18599-10). The assumptions andboundary conditions on which these calculations are based shall be recorded systematically and shall apply tothe total annual heating need Qh,b.

It is assumed that all system components have been designed according to the current rules of technology.The energy need values calculated using this procedure cannot be used to size individual components.

Mechanical ventilation systems for residential buildings are classified into groups in accordance withDIN 1946-6 (see Figure 3). It is assumed that these systems are being operated as intended and in keepingwith accepted best practice. Special guidance (e.g. in the planning and design of ventilation systems forresidential buildings) is given in DIN 1946-6.

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Figure 3 System overview of ventilation systems for residential buildingsin accordance with DIN 1946-6

The combination of the ventilation system or air heating system of a residential building with other systemssuch as heating systems as described in DIN V 18599-5 or domestic hot water systems as described inDIN V 18599-8 is considered, and the respective balances can be calculated.

If the building contains ventilation and air heating systems which are not described in this document, otherphysically sound algorithms may be used for the assessments, taking this document as a basis.

This document does not include descriptions of systems for cooling and air conditioning of residentialbuildings nor of ventilation systems for non-residential buildings. These systems are described inDIN V 18599-7.

2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For datedreferences, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenceddocument (including any amendments) applies.

DIN V 18599-1, Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energy andprimary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting Part 1: General balancingprocedures, terms and definitions, zoning and evaluation of energy carriers

DIN V 18599-2, Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energy andprimary energy use for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting Part 2: Energy needsfor heating and cooling of building zones

DIN V 18599-3, Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energy andprimary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting Part 3: Energy need for airconditioning

DIN V 18599-4, Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energy andprimary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting Part 4: Energy need anddelivered energy for lighting

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DIN V 18599-5, Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energy andprimary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting Part 5: Delivered energyfor heating systems

DIN V 18599-7, Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energy and

primary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting Part 7: Delivered energy forair handling and air conditioning systems for non-residential buildings

DIN V 18599-8:2005-07, Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energyand primary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting Part 8: Energy needand delivered energy for domestic hot water systems

DIN V 18599-9, Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energy andprimary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting Part 9: Delivered andprimary energy for combined heat and power plants

DIN V 18599-10, Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered energy andprimary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting Part 10: Boundary

conditions of use, climatic data

DIN 1946-6, Ventilation and air conditioning Part 6: Ventilation for residential buildings Requirements,performance, acceptance (VDI ventilation code of practice)

DIN 4753-8, Water heaters and water heating installations for drinking water and for service water Part 8:Thermal insulation for water heaters with nominal capacity up to 1000 l Requirements and testing

DIN EN 255-3, Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically drivencompressors Heating mode Part 3: Testing and requirements for marking for sanitary hot water units

DIN EN 308, Heat exchangers Test procedures for establishing performance of air to air and flue gasesheat recovery devices

DIN V 4701-10, Energy efficiency of heating and ventilation systems in buildings Part 10: Heating, domestichot water supply, ventilation

DIN V 4701-12, Energetic evaluation of heating and ventilation systems in existing buildings Part 12: Heatgeneration and domestic hot water generation

DIN EN 13141-7, Ventilation for buildings Performance testing of components/products for residentialventilation Part 7: Performance testing of mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation units (including heatrecovery) for mechanical ventilation systems intended for single family dwellings

DIN EN 13141-8, Ventilation for buildings Performance testing of components/products for residentialventilation Part 8: Performance testing of unducted mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation units(including heat recovery) for mechanical ventilation systems intended for a single room

DIN EN 14511-2, Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically drivencompressors for space heating and cooling Part 2: Test conditions

DIN EN 14511-3, Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically drivencompressors for space heating and cooling Part 3: Test methods

PAS 1027, Energy efficiency of heating and ventilation systems in existing buildings

ISO 13600, Technical energy systems Basic concepts

Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV) (German Energy Saving Ordinance) 2002/2004

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3 Terms, definitions and units

3.1 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1.1primary energy

calculated quantity of energy, taking into account the energy required outside of the building by the precedingprocess chains for obtaining, converting and distributing the respective fuels used, in addition to the energycontent of the required fuel and the auxiliary energy for the technical building installations

3.1.2delivered energy ( energy use in this document)

calculated quantity of energy delivered to the technical building installations (heating system, ventilation andair conditioning system, domestic hot water system, lighting system) in order to ensure the specified roomtemperature, heat the domestic hot water and ensure the desired lighting quality throughout the year

NOTE This energy includes the auxiliary energy required to operate the technical building installations. The deliveredenergy is transferred at the interface constituted by the external building envelope and thus represents the amount ofenergy which the consumer requires in order to use the building for its intended purpose under standardized boundaryconditions. Against this background, the energy use is expressed individually for each energy carrier.

3.1.3energy needscollective term for the energy needs for heating, cooling, domestic hot water, lighting and humidification

3.1.4

energy need for heatingcalculated heat energy required in order to maintain the specified thermal room conditions within a building

zone during the heating period

3.1.5

energy need for cool ingcalculated cooling energy required in order to maintain the specified thermal room conditions within a buildingzone during periods in which the sources of heat generate more energy than is required

3.1.6energy need for light ing

calculated energy required to illuminate a building zone with the quality of lighting specified in the usageprofile

3.1.7

energy need for domestic hot watercalculated energy required to supply a building zone with the amount of domestic hot water at the requiredsupply temperature specified in the usage profile

3.1.8energy carriersubstance or phenomenon that can be used to produce mechanical work, radiation or heat or to operatechemical or physical processes

3.1.9energy efficiency (energy performance)

evaluation of the energy quality of buildings by comparing calculated energy ratings against standard energy

ratings (i.e. with economically viable energy ratings from comparable new or renovated buildings) or by

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comparing measured energy ratings against comparable values (i.e. with mean measured energy ratings frombuildings with comparable types of usage)

3.1.10conditioning

generation of defined conditions in spaces due to heating, cooling, ventilation, humidification, lighting anddomestic hot water supply

NOTE Conditioning aims to meet requirements relating to the room temperature, fresh air supply, light, humidityand/or domestic hot water.

3.1.11conditioned spacespace and/or enclosure which is heated and/or cooled to a defined set-point temperature and/or humidifiedand/or illuminated and/or provided with ventilation and/or domestic hot water

NOTE Zones are conditioned spaces having at least one mode of conditioning. Spaces which have no form ofconditioning are called unconditioned spaces.

3.1.12zonebasic unit of space for calculating energy balances

NOTE 1 A zone is a cumulative term for a section of the floor area or certain part of a building having uniform boundaryconditions of use and which does not exhibit any relevant differences in the mode of conditioning and other zone criteria.

NOTE 2 DIN V 18599-10 contains a compilation of boundary conditions of use.

3.1.13serviced areaarea comprising all those parts of a building which are served by the same technical building system

NOTE A serviced area (heating, domestic hot water, ventilation, cooling, lighting etc.) can cover several zones; asingle zone may also include more than one serviced area.

In keeping with the rules for calculating individual part-balances, it may be necessary to determine the energy use of anindividual serviced area. The energy values determined for the serviced area are then distributed over the individualbuilding zones as explained in DIN V 18599-1.

3.1.14building services

technical building systems providing internal climate condition services

NOTE 1 This document deals with heating, cooling, domestic hot water supply, ventilation, humidification and lighting.A building service may include more than one technical building system.

NOTE 2 For example, the domestic hot water supply service includes both central and decentralized systems.Appropriate part-balances are assigned to each of the building services.

3.1.15system boundaryouter delimitation of a zone

NOTE Rules for determining system boundaries are described in DIN V 18599-1.

3.1.16envelope or thermal envelope areaouter delimitation of any zone

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NOTE 1 The envelope or thermal envelope area is the boundary between conditioned spaces and the external air, theground or unconditioned spaces. The cooled or heated spaces will lose heat or gain heat via this surface and, for thisreason, it can be also called the thermal envelope area. Spaces which are not heated or cooled, but which have otherforms of conditioning (e.g. lighting, ventilation) also have specific envelopes, but these do not contribute to heat transfer.For simplification, the designations envelope and thermal envelope area are used synonymously.

NOTE 2 The envelope or thermal envelope area is formed by a material boundary, usually by the outer facade, internalsurfaces, basement ceiling, ceiling of the top storey or by the roof. Rules for delimiting envelopes are described in DIN V18599-1.

3.1.17net f loor area, reference areausable floor area within the conditioned volume of the building

NOTE The net floor area (ANGF) is used as the reference area.

3.1.18gross volume, external volume (Ve)

volume of a building or of a building zone as calculated on the basis of external dimensionsNOTE 1 This volume includes, at least, all the spaces in a building or zone which are directly or (since they areinterconnected) indirectly conditioned as required for their function.

NOTE 2 Rules for determining the gross volume are described in DIN V 18599-1.

3.1.19net volume, air volumeV(internal volume)volume which undergoes air interchange within a conditioned zone or within an entire building

NOTE 1 The net volume is determined on the basis of the internal dimensions, i.e. the volume of the building structureitself is not included.

NOTE 2 The net volume is calculated by multiplying the net floor area by the clear ceiling height. The clear ceilingheight is the difference in height between the upper face of the floor and the lower face of the storey floor above orsuspended ceiling. As an estimate, (if no internal measurements are taken, for instance) the net volume is calculatedusing the equation V= 0,8 Ve, with Ve being the gross volume (external volume).

3.1.20reference internal temperaturemean internal temperature of a building or a building zone on which the calculations of the energy needs forheating and cooling are based. Also the mean temperature based on heating patterns with limited heating incertain sections or at certain times and, where the energy need for cooling is to be calculated, taking intoaccount the permitted temperature variations

NOTE Different temperature values are usually assumed for heating and for cooling, respectively.

3.1.21external temperaturetemperature of the external air, which is determined by meteorological measurement and evaluation and istaken as a basis for the calculations

3.1.22heat s inkquantity of heat drawn out of the building zone

NOTE This does not include heat removed by means of the cooling system.

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3.1.23heat sourcequantity of heat with temperatures above the internal temperature, which is fed into the building zone or whichis generated inside the building zone

NOTE This does not include controlled heat energy input via the technical systems (heating, ventilation) in order tomaintain the set internal temperature.

3.1.24utilization factorfactor by which the total input from the monthly or annually active heat sources is reduced in order todetermine the usable portion of the heat from the respective sources

3.1.25air volumenet volumevolume subject to air exchange within a zone with thermal conditioning

NOTE It is determined on the basis of the internal dimensions, i.e. the volume of the building structure itself is notincluded.

3.1.26air change rateair flow per unit volume

3.1.27system losseslosses (heat losses, cooling losses) occurring in technical subsystems between the energy need and theenergy use, i.e. losses occurring due to control and emission, distribution, storage and generation

NOTE Where such system losses occur within the conditioned spaces, they are considered to be part of the heat

sources or heat sinks.

3.1.28renewable energyenergy from sources which will not be depleted within the foreseeable existence of the human race (e.g. solarenergy (thermal, photovoltaic and for lighting purposes), wind, water and energy from biomass)

3.1.29calculation periodperiod for which the balance of relevant energy flows in a building is calculated

NOTE The calculation period for calculating the delivered energy and primary energy use is one year; periods of onemonth or one day can be used for calculating partial energy values.

3.1.30auxiliary energyenergy required by systems for heating, cooling, domestic hot water heating, air conditioning (includingventilation) and lighting in order to support energy transformation to satisfy energy needs

NOTE This includes the energy required by pumps, fans, controls, electronics etc., but not the transformed energy.

3.1.31energy contentamount of thermal energy which is output by complete combustion of a specific quantity of fuel at a constantpressure of 101 320 Pa

NOTE When expressed as the gross calorific value, the energy content includes the latent heat liberated bycondensation of water vapour. The net calorific value does not include this latent heat.

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3.1.32ventilation system for residential buildingsresidential ventilation systemsystem for supplying fresh air and/or removing exhaust air which conveys external air into the building, andwhich may include heat recovery and air conditioning

NOTE Systems for supplying fresh air and/or removing exhaust air may be decentralized systems intended for asingle room or central supply and/or exhaust ventilation systems.

3.1.33air heating system for residential buildingsheating system which supplies heat to a zone using only air as the heat carrier

NOTE Air heating systems have at least one heat generator (e.g. a heat pump for extract air heat recovery). Inaddition, they may include a heat exchanger for heat recovery. Air heating systems can be operated using external air, acombination of external air and recirculated air, or recirculated air only.

3.1.34

control and emissionsubsystem in which energy is transferred (e.g. to the space or room), while conforming with the specifiedrequirements (particularly with respect to comfort)(see DIN V 18599-10)

3.1.35distributionsubsystem in which the required quantity of energy is transmitted from the generator to the heat control andemission system

3.1.36storagesubsystem in which the heat contained in a medium is stored

NOTE In residential ventilation systems or air heating systems, this may be effected by a buffer storage tank inconjunction with an extract air/water heat pump.

3.1.37generationsubsystem which provides the quantity of heat required by the systems

3.1.38operating time of ventilation systems for residential buildingstime determined on the basis of the daily operating time and the operating time per month

NOTE 1 The operating time per day is expressed in h/d, the operating time per month, in d/month.

NOTE 2 As far as the monthly operating time is concerned, a distinction is made between year-round operation andheating season operation.

NOTE 3 In the case of year-round operation, the residential ventilation system is operated on all days of the year. Attimes outside the heating season, the air conditioning functions shall bypass any heat recovery system which may beinstalled; otherwise the heat recovery system shall be shut down outside the heating season.

NOTE 4 In the case of heating season operation, the residential ventilation system is shut down in the summer months(i.e. outside the heating season). By default, the operating time within the heating season is determined from the heatingmonths, i.e. the residential ventilation system is in operation on all days of the heating months; in the following, thismethod is termed the heating-months method. All months for which the energy need for heating has been determined asdescribed in DIN V 18599-2 and in which no ventilation system is used are considered to be heating months.

NOTE 5 As an alternative, the monthly operating time can be determined on the basis of the heating time withoutventilation system support as described in DIN V 18599-2. The residential ventilation system is only operated on heating

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days; in the following, this method is termed the heating-time method. If the heating-time method is used in the balancecalculations, the residential ventilation system is controlled using a suitable reference variable (e.g. external temperaturecompensation).

3.1.39product datamanufacturer-specific data on the basis of

a declaration of conformity to harmonized European specifications or corresponding European directives,or

a declaration of conformity to generally recognized technical standards, or

a building-inspectorate certificate of usability

that is suitable for this calculation procedure

3.1.40default valuedata which can be used for the calculation if no suitable product data are available for the calculation

procedure

3.2 Symbols, units and subscripts

Table 1 contains an overview of important symbols which are generally applicable to the overall balancedescribed in the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards. Table 2 lists the subscripts which are used in all balancecalculations. Table 3 lists the additional subscripts specified in the present document.

Table 1 Symbols (used in all calcu lations in the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards)

MeaningSymbol

German EnglishStandard unit

f Faktor factor

Q Energie energy kWh/a

Nutzungsgrad, Effizienz,Ausnutzung

performance factor, efficiency,utilization factor

t Zeit, Zeitperiode time, time period, hours h, h/a

A Flche area m2

V Volumen volume m3

V& Volumenstrom volume flow rate m3/h

Leistung, Energiestrom power, energy flow rate W

Lichtstrom luminous flux lm

Differenz difference

Quellen/Senken-Verhltnis source/sink ratio

Celsiustemperatur Celsius temperature C

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Table 2 Subscripts (used in all balance calculations in the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards)

MeaningSubscript

German English

P Primr- primaryf End- delivered

b Nutzenergiebedarf im Gebude building energy needs

aux Hilfs- auxiliary

h Heizung, Raumheizsystem heating, space heating system

h*RLT-Heizfunktion, Wrmeversorgung derRLT-Anlage

HVAC heating function, heating energy supplyfor the air conditioning system

c Khlung, Raumkhlsystem cooling, space cooling system

c*RLT-Khlfunktion, Klteversorgung der RLT-

Anlage

HVAC cooling function, cooling energy supply

for the air conditioning systemm* Befeuchtung humidification

w Trinkwarmwassersystem (domestic) hot water system

l Beleuchtungssystem lighting system

v Lftungssystem ventilation system

vhRLT-Lftungssystem (warm, als Wrmequellewirksam)

a-c ventilation system (heating)

vcRLT-Lftungssystem (kalt, als Wrmesenkewirksam)

a-c ventilation system (cooling)

rv Wohnungslftungssystem residential ventilation system

ce Verluste der bergabe control and emission losses

d Verluste der Verteilung distribution losses

s Verluste der Speicherung storage losses

g Verluste der Erzeugung generation losses

outg Nutzenergieabgabe des Erzeugers (ce+d+s) energy output of generator (ce+d+s)

reg regenerative Energien regenerative energy

tech technische Verluste (ce+d+s+g) system losses (ce+d+s+g)

T Transmission transmission

V Lftung ventilation

S solar solar

I innere internal

i innen indoor, internal

e uere outdoor, external

j, k Index subscript

a Jahr, jhrlich year, annual

mth Monat, monatlich month, monthly

day Tag, tglich day, daily

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Table 3 Subscripts (speci fic to DIN V 18599-6)

MeaningSubscript

German English

Energy needs (see clause 5)mech mechanisch, ventilatorgesttzt mechanical, fan-assisted

WRG Wrmerckgewinnung heat recovery

WT Wrmebertrager heat exchanger

Dicht Dichtheit Lftungsgert airtightness of ventilation unit

Frost Abtaubetrieb Lftungsgert defrost operating mode of ventilation unit

Wrme Wrmeverluste Lftungsgert heat losses of ventilation unit

Heat control and emission (see clause 6)

hydr hydraulischer Abgleich hydraulic balanceint intermittierender Betrieb intermittent operation

Radiant Strahlungseinfluss effect of radiation

B Auenbauteile external building components, elements

C Raumtemperaturregelung room temperature control

L Lufttemperaturprofil air temperature profile

Distribution (see clause 7)

a Anordnung Arrangement, sequencing

Vent Ventilator fan

Storage (see clause 8)

B Bereitschaft stand-by

HP Heizperiode heating season

Pumpe Pumpe pump

Verbindung Verbindung connection

Generation (see clause 9)

WP Wrmepumpe heat pump

Vorw Vorwrmer pre-heater

NH Nachheizregister reheating coil

Reg Regelung control

EWT Erdreich-Zuluft-Wrmebertrager ground/supply air heat exchanger

Gt Gradtagsstunden degree-day hours

Figure 4 shows the system of subscripts used for designating the energy quantities in the balances.

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Figure 4 Subscript system

4 Relationship between the parts of the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards

The following two subclauses

summarize the input parameters to be used in this document,

provide an overview of how the part-balances using the method described here are applied in other partsof the DIN V 18599 series.

For simplification, neither the parameters nor the reasons why data are needed in other calculations areexplained here.

The calculation method used in this document is described in 4.3.

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4.1 Input parameters from other parts of the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards

Meaning Symbol Source

Energy need for heating Qh,b see DIN V 18599-2

Net volume V see DIN V 18599-2

Heating time th see DIN V 18599-2

Mean ambient temperature u,m see DIN V 18599-2

Number of heated storeys nG see DIN V 18599-2

Height of heated storeys hG see DIN V 18599-2

Generator heat output to the heating system Qh,outg see DIN V 18599-5

Control and emission heat losses of the heating system Qh,ce see DIN V 18599-5

Distribution heat losses of the heating system Qh,d see DIN V 18599-5

Storage heat losses of the heating system Qh,s see DIN V 18599-5

Generation heat losses of the heating system Qh,g see DIN V 18599-5

Regenerative energy used for the heating system Qh,outg,reg see DIN V 18599-5

Generator heat output to the domestic hot water system Qw,outg see DIN V 18599-8

Average external temperature e see DIN V 18599-10

4.2 Output parameters for other parts of the DIN V 18599 series of prestandards

Meaning Symbol Used for

Generator heat output to the residential ventilation system Qrv,outg see DIN V 18599-1

Input of recovered heat Qrv,reg see DIN V 18599-1

Control and emission heat losses of the residential ventilationsystem

Qrv,ce see DIN V 18599-1

Distribution heat losses of the residential ventilation system Qrv,d see DIN V 18599-1

Storage heat losses of the residential ventilation system Qrv,s see DIN V 18599-1

Generation heat losses of the residential ventilation system Qrv,g see DIN V 18599-1

Auxiliary energy for control and emission for the residentialventilation system

Qrv,ce,aux see DIN V 18599-1

Auxiliary energy for distribution for the residential ventilationsystem

Qrv,d,aux see DIN V 18599-1

Auxiliary energy for storage for the residential ventilation system Qrv,s,aux see DIN V 18599-1

Auxiliary energy for generation for the residential ventilationsystem

Qrv,g,aux see DIN V 18599-1

Uncontrolled heat gains due to the residential ventilation system QI,rvsee DIN V 18599-1

DIN V 18599-2

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Meaning Symbol Used for

Uncontrolled cold gains due to the residential ventilation system QI,rv,csee DIN V 18599-1

DIN V 18599-2

Residual generator heat output for heating

Q*h,outg

see DIN V 18599-1

DIN V 18599-5

Residual generator heat output for domestic hot water Q*w,outgsee DIN V 18599-1

DIN V 18599-8

Mean supply air temperature v,mech see DIN V 18599-2

Mean daily ventilation system-driven air change rate nmech see DIN V 18599-2

4.3 Calcu lation methods

For the purpose of calculating the energy need for heating of a zone according to DIN V 18599-2, thisdocument provides characteristic values by which to take into account ventilation heat sinks and uncontrolledheat and cold gains due to residential ventilation and air heating systems.

The document also provides information enabling calculation of the following thermal losses and auxiliaryenergy in respect of

control and emission of heat to the heated space, Qrv,ce and Qrv,ce,aux,

distribution, Qrv,d and Qrv,d,aux,

storage, Qrv,s and Qrv,s,aux, as well as

heat generation, Qrv,g and Qrv,g,aux

of residential ventilation systems and air heating systems for use in the subsequent balance calculationsdescribed in DIN V 18599-1.

This document describes the methods of determining the

heat losses Qrv,g,

generator heat output Qrv,outg,

heat input Qrv,reg due to heat recovered from extract air, and the

auxiliary energy use Qrv,g,aux

in connection with heat generation, as required for calculating the delivered energy and primary energy usedby residential ventilation and air heating systems in accordance with DIN V 18599-1.

4.3.1 Venti lation heat sinks

This document provides the following characteristic values relating to ventilation heat sinks due to residentialventilation systems with heat exchangers, required for calculation of the energy need for heating of a zone asdescribed in DIN V 18599-2:

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supply air temperature,

mean ventilation system-driven air change rate.

The following applies for ventilation heat sinks due to residential ventilation systems with heat exchangers:

( ) tHQ i = mechV,mechV,mechV, (see DIN V 18599-2) (1)

where

QV,mech is the ventilation heat sink due to the residential ventilation system

(in the respective month), in kWh (calculated in DIN V 18599-2);

HV,mech is the heat transfer coefficient for mechanical ventilation, in kW/K(calculated in DIN V 18599-2);

i is the reference internal temperature of the building zone, in C

(taken from DIN V 18599-10);

V,mech is the mean supply air temperature of the residential ventilation system with a heat

exchanger over the calculation period, in C(for use in the calculations in DIN V 18599-2);

t is the duration of the calculation period (calculated in DIN V 18599-2).

The heat transfer coefficient is calculated as follows:

aap,mechmechV, = cVnH (see DIN V 18599-2) (2)

where

HV,mech is the heat transfer coefficient for mechanical ventilation, in kW/K

(calculated in DIN V 18599-2);

nmech is the mean ventilation system-driven air change rate of the residential ventilation system,

in h1 (for use in the calculations in DIN V 18599-2);

V is the net volume, in m3 (calculated in DIN V 18599-2);

cp,a is the specific heat capacity of air, in kJ/(kg K);

a is the density of air, in kg/m3.

The following values can be used in the above calculation: cp,a a = 1,22 kJ/(m3 K) = 0,34 Wh/(m3 K).

The supply air temperature and the mean ventilation system-driven air change rate are calculated on the basisof the specifications of clause 5.

In DIN V 18599-2, the energy need for heating can be specified for operation with and without an extractair/supply air heat exchanger. The difference between the two values describes the contribution of the heatexchanger towards meeting the energy need for heating.

WTb,h,WTb,h,WT withwithout QQQ= (3)

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where

QWT is the net heat recovered by the extract air/supply air heat exchanger;

Qh,b, without WT is the energy need for heating without an extract air/supply air heat exchanger;

Qh,b, with WT is the energy need for heating with an extract air/supply air heat exchanger.

4.3.2 Heat losses, heat gains, auxi liary energy and generator heat output

Clauses 6 to 9 of this document describe calculations for determining the heat losses and auxiliary energyused in connection with the control and emission, distribution, storage and generation of heat in ventilationsystems and air heating systems for residential buildings.

The generator heat output resulting from the energy need for heating and the heat losses is calculated asfollows:

srv,drv,cerv,bh,outgrv, QQQQQ +++= (taken from DIN V 18599-1) (4)

where

Qrv,outg is the generator heat output of the ventilation system (in the respective month),

in kWh (for use in the calculations in DIN V 18599-1, DIN V 18599-5 and DIN V 18599-8);

Qh,b is the energy need for heating (in the respective month), in kWh

(taken from DIN V 18599-2);

Qrv,ce is the control and emission heat loss of the ventilation system (in the respective month), in kWh

(see 6.2);

Qrv,d is the distribution heat loss of the ventilation system (in the respective month), in kWh (see 7.2);

Qrv,s is the storage heat loss of the ventilation system (in the respective month), in kWh (see 8.2).

Clauses 7 to 9 describe how the heat losses are used to calculate the uncontrolled heat gains due todistribution, storage and heat generation and how these are assigned to the zones i, depending on thearrangement of the subsystems.

iiii QQQQ g,rv,I,s,rv,I,d,rv,I,rv,I, ++= (taken from DIN V 18599-1). (5)

where

QI,rv,i are the uncontrolled heat gains in zone i due to the ventilation system (in the respective month),

in kWh (for use in the calculations in DIN V 18599-1 and DIN V 18599-2);

QI,rv,d,i are the uncontrolled heat gains in zone i due to distribution (in the respective month), in kWh

(see 7.2);

QI,rv,s,i are the uncontrolled heat gains in zone i due to storage (in the respective month), in kWh (see

8.2);

QI,rv,g,i are the uncontrolled heat gains in zone i due to generation (in the respective month), in kWh

(see 9.2).

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This document does not include descriptions of cooling and air conditioning systems for residential buildings(see clause 1). The remaining cold gains of the residential ventilation system and air heating system due toexternal air and exhaust air ducts are negligible:

0c,rv,I, =iQ (taken from DIN V 18599-1) (6)

where

QI,rv,c,i are the uncontrolled cold gains in zone i due to the ventilation system (in the respective month),

in kWh (for use in the calculations in DIN V 18599-1 and DIN V 18599-2).

The delivered energy Qrv,f for a heat generator integrated in the ventilation system is calculated in

DIN V 18599-1:

regrv,grv,outgrv,frv, QQQQ += (taken from DIN V 18599-1) (7)

where

Qrv,f is the delivered energy for the heat generator (in the respective month), in kWh


Qrv,outg is the generator heat output of the ventilation system (in the respective month), in kWh


Qrv,g is the generation heat loss for the ventilation system (in the respective month), in kWh

(see 9.2);

Qrv,reg is the heat input to the ventilation system due to heat recovered from extract air (in the

respective month), in kWh.The auxiliary energy is calculated as follows:

auxg,rv,auxs,rv,auxd,rv,auxce,rv,auxrv, QQQQQ +++= (taken from DIN V 18599-1). (8)

where

Qrv,aux is the auxiliary energy for the ventilation system (in the respective month), in kWh


Qrv,ce,aux is the auxiliary energy for control and emission in the ventilation system (in the respective

month), in kWh (see 6.3);

Qrv,d,aux is the auxiliary energy for distribution in the ventilation system (in the respective month), in

kWh(see 7.3);

Qrv,s,aux is the auxiliary energy for storage in the ventilation system (in the respective month), in kWh

(see 8.3);

Qrv,g,aux is the auxiliary energy for heat generation in the ventilation system (in the respective

month), in kWh (see 9.3).

In general, the values are calculated for the zones defined in DIN V 18599-1. If there are different types ofventilation system or single ventilation system components within a particular zone (e.g. decentralized

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ventilation units for single rooms or reheating of supply air for single zones), then the calculations shall use anoverall value which has been calculated from the individual parameters, weighted according to the proportionof the net floor space these rooms or zones take up (see equation (9)).

= k k

kk A

A

QQ (9)

4.3.3 Heat generation with combined heating

Combined heating is any heating method in which:

several heat generators contribute to the heat supply,

one or more heat generators satisfy different heating requirements (e.g. space heating (in the followingalso referred to as heating for short) and domestic hot water production), or

generators and heat recovery components are combined.

Due allowance shall be made for heat exchangers and heat pumps, where used in residential ventilationsystems; additional reheating coils may have to be taken into account in the case of air heating systems.

Extract air/supply air heat exchangers

Calculation of the energy need of a zone for heating in accordance with DIN V 18599-2 takes into accountextract air/supply air heat exchangers with and without ground/supply air heat exchangers (see A.2.2). Thisdocument describes how to calculate the temperature of the supply air leaving the heat exchanger as well asthe mean ventilation system-driven air change rate (see clause 5); both of these parameters are used in thesubsequent calculations in DIN V 18599-2.

The above provision applies to individual heat exchangers. The individual components in combinations of heatexchangers with other systems (e.g. an air heating system or extract air heat pump) are treated separately inthe calculations. The heat exchanger in the combination is dealt with in the same way as an individual heatexchanger.

The energy need for heating calculated taking the heat exchanger into consideration is used for thecalculations described in DIN V 18599-5 and/or this document.

The auxiliary energy for residential ventilation systems and air heating systems is calculated as specified inthis document. In the case of air heating systems with water-filled reheating coils, the auxiliary energy for thewater-filled part is calculated using the methods described in DIN V 18599-5, whereas the remaining auxiliaryenergy (e.g. for fans) is calculated as described in the present document.

Extract air heat pumps

Extract air heat pumps are devices for exploiting the heat content of the extract air of ventilation systems andair heating systems.

Where an extract air heat pump is used in combination with an extract air/supply air heat exchanger, the heatexchanger is accounted for as described above in this document and in DIN V 18599-2. When assessing theextract air heat pump, the reduced heat source temperature shall be taken into account as described in thepresent document.

Extract air/water heat pumps (source: extract air, sink: water) (see A.1.2 and A.2.4) transfer the heat whichthey generate to liquid heat carriers. These are assessed in clause 9 in the following sequence of steps:

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a) Determination of the required generator heat output Qw,outg for domestic hot water in accordance with

DIN V 18599-8 (taking into consideration any values previously subtracted to account for any possibleregenerative heat gains, e.g. from solar radiation).

b) Determination of the quantity of heat Qrv,outg which the extract air/water heat pump can supply as

calculated in accordance with this document. If the extract air heat pump cannot supply the quantity ofheat required in step a), the remainder to be supplied, Q*w,outg, is dealt with as described in DIN V 18599-

8 (as in the case of systems without an extract air heat pump).

c) Determination of the required generator heat output for heating, Qh,outg, as described in DIN V 18599-5

(taking into consideration any values previously subtracted to account for any possible regenerative heatgains, e.g. from solar radiation).

d) Determination of the quantity of heat Qrv,w,outg which the extract air/water heat pump can supply for

heating purposes (or, for systems with domestic hot water heating and space heating, in addition to thedomestic hot water heating) as calculated in accordance with this document. If the extract air heat pumpcannot supply the quantity of heat required in step c), the remainder to be supplied Q*h,outg is dealt with

as described in DIN V 18599-5 (as in the case of systems without an extract air heat pump).

e) If the system being assessed is a system which exclusively uses electrical reheating for a water-filledback-up heater inside a unit, the generator heat output is assessed entirely as described in the presentdocument, and the results are then used directly in the algorithms in DIN V 18599-1.

Steps a) and b) are not required for extract air/water heat pumps which are not used for domestic hot waterproduction. The total quantity of heat supplied by the heat pump can be used for space heating purposes.

Extract air/supply air heat pumps (source: extract air, sink: supply air) (see A.2.3) transfer the generated heatexclusively to the supply air of the residential ventilation system. These are assessed in clause 9 in thefollowing sequence of steps:

f) Determination of the required generator heat output for heating, Qh,outg, in accordance with this

document.

g) Determination of the quantity of heat Qrv,h,outg which the extract air/supply air heat pump can supply as

calculated in accordance with this document. In the case of water-filled systems, the remainder to besupplied, Q*h,b, will be an input value for the subsequent calculations described in DIN V 18599-5; in the

case of air-filled systems (air heating), all calculations are carried out as described in the presentdocument.

h) Domestic hot water heating is dealt with in DIN V 18599-8 (as in the case of systems without an extractair heat pump).

Extract air/supply air/water heat pumps (source: extract air, sink: supply air and water) (see A.2.5) transfer therecovered heat to the supply air and to the domestic hot water. These are assessed in clause 9 in thefollowing sequence of steps:

i) Determination of the required generator heat output Qw,outg for domestic hot water in accordance with

DIN V 18599-8 (taking into consideration any values previously subtracted to account for any possibleregenerative heat gains, e.g. from solar radiation).

j) Determination of the quantity of heat Qrv,w,outg which the extract air/supply air/water heat pump can

supply for heating domestic hot water as calculated in accordance with this document. If the extract airheat pump cannot supply the quantity of heat required in step a), the remainder to be supplied Q*w,outg is

treated as described in DIN V 18599-8 (as in the case of systems without an extract air heat pump).

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k) Determination of the required generator heat output for heating, Qh,outg, in accordance with this

document.

l) Determination of the quantity of heat Qrv,h,outg which the extract air/supply air/water heat pump can supply

to the heating process (and making due allowance for the heat supplied for heating domestic hot water)

as calculated in accordance with this document. In the case of water-filled systems, the remainder to besupplied, Q*h,b, will be an input value for the subsequent calculations described in DIN V 18599-5; in the

case of air-filled systems (air heating), all calculations are carried out as described in the presentdocument.

Ai r heating systems

Air heating systems are heating systems which supply heat to a respective zone using only air as the heatcarrier (see A.3). Air heating systems have at least one heat generator (e.g. an extract air heat pump); theymay also have a supplementary heat exchanger for heat recovery.

This document contains all calculations relating to air heating systems without water-filled reheating coils; the

results of the calculations are direct input values for DIN V 18599-1.

Air heating systems with water-filled reheating coils are assessed in clause 9 in the following sequence ofsteps:

a) Determination of the energy need for heating, Qh,b, as described in DIN V 18599-2.

b) In the case of air heating systems with an extract air heat pump, the generator heat output Qh,outg for

heating purposes is calculated according to this document. For water-filled reheating coils, the remainingheat to be supplied (residual heatI Q*h,outg will be an input value for subsequent calculations specified in

DIN V 18599-5; the latter document also deals with any heat gains from regenerative sources; in the caseof air-filled systems, all calculations are carried out as described in the present document.

c) Domestic hot water heating is dealt with in DIN V 18599-8 (as in the case of systems without an extractair heat pump).

5 Energy need for heating

This clause defines the characteristic values which are needed in the calculation method (see clause 4) forresidential ventilation systems and air heating systems in order to determine the energy need for heating Qh,b

as described in DIN V 18599-2.

Prior to calculation of the ventilation heat sinks QV,mech in connection with mechanical ventilation systems as

described in DIN V 18599-2, the (mean monthly) supply air temperature V,mech,mth and the mean ventilationsystem-driven air change rate nmech need to be determined. The mean ventilation system-driven air change

rate corresponds to the air change rate of the residential ventilation system on which the energy evaluationsare based.

5.1 Supply air temperature V,mech

5.1.1 Exhaust ventilation systems

5.1.1.1 Exhaust ventilation systems without heat recovery

In the balance calculations of the energy need for heating described in DIN V 18599-2, all air entering the

zone (i.e. external air and supply air) is assessed. Operation of an exhaust ventilation system affects

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infiltration and window airing. It is not necessary to allow for the air that the ventilations system draws out ofthe building (exhaust air), hence the ventilation heat sinks related with mechanical ventilation systems do nothave to be taken into account.

For exhaust ventilation systems without heat recovery, the supply air temperature V,mech,mth is equal to the

average external temperature e,mth and is not to be determined due to the procedure outlined above.

5.1.1.2 Extract air/water heat pump

Extract air/water heat pumps are treated as heat generators in the balance calculations (see clause 9). Byanalogy with 5.1.1.1 it is not necessary to calculate the supply air temperature V,mech,mth.

5.1.2 Supply and exhaust ventilation systems

5.1.2.1 Supply and exhaust ventilation systems without heat recovery

The supply air temperature is equal to the average external temperature, e,mth.

V,mech,mth= e,mth (taken from DIN V 18599-2) (10)

where

V,mech,mth is the mean supply air temperature (in the respective month), in C;

e,mth is the average external temperature (in the respective month), in C

(taken from DIN V 18599-10).

5.1.2.2 Extract air/supply air heat exchangers

Where extract air/supply air heat exchangers are used, the supply air temperature is calculated on the basis ofthe overall efficiency of the heat recovery system in the respective month, WT,mth, (see equation (11)).

If the residential ventilation system is not operated all the year in conjunction with heat recovery, then themean supply air temperature is assumed to be equal to the average external temperature for the times duringwhich the heat recovery system is not in operation. This may be the case for residential ventilation systemswhich have a summer bypass or a summer manifold.

V,mech,mth= e,mth + WT,mth (ex e,mth) (taken from DIN V 18599-2) (11)

where

V,mech,mth is the mean supply air temperature (in the respective month), in C;

e,mth is the average external temperature (in the respective month) in C

(taken from DINV18599-10);

ex is the mean extract air temperature in C;

WT,mth is the overall efficiency of heat recovery by the heat exchanger.

The heat supply efficiency WRG shall be used in equation (12) for calculating the overall efficiency WT,mth

of the heat recovery system. The heat supply efficiency describes the achieved supply air temperatureincrease in relation to the maximum possible temperature rise. The heat supply efficiency can be expressed

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as a mean value for the heating season. Besides the operating characteristics of the heat exchanger (WT),the heat dissipated by electrical components (e.g. fans, controls) also affects the heat supply efficiency.

If, as an alternative to the heat supply efficiency, characteristics in European Standards (e.g. the temperatureratio t from DIN EN 308, DIN EN 13141-7 or DIN EN 13141-8) are to be used for calculating the overall

efficiency of the heat recovery system, then these shall be converted accordingly, taking into account anydeviating test conditions.

In the supply air temperature calculations, the behaviour of the ventilation unit in defrost mode shall be takeninto account. The following cases can generally be distinguished:

a) switching off or reducing the speed of the supply air fan,

b) pre-heating the external air with a ground/supply air heat exchanger, and

c) preheating the external air with a heating coil (heated by electricity or water).

Equation (12) contains a reduction factor that accounts for defrosting of the ventilation unit when this iseffected by switching off the supply air fan, as a function of the external temperature.

If the ventilation system is equipped with a ground/supply air heat exchanger for preheating the air which, inkeeping with accepted engineering practice, can ensure a frost-free supply of air, a supplementary factor isadded to the overall efficiency of heat recovery WT,mth as expressed by equation (12). This supplementary

factor takes into account the fact that freedom from frost of the ventilation unit as well as an increase in heatrecovery is ensured.

If the external air is preheated with a heating coil, no correction factor is required when calculating the overallefficiency of heat recovery as expressed by equation (12). The energy used to preheat the air with a heatingcoil is accounted for in the calculations explained in clause 9.

The heat losses through the surface of the equipment shall be taken into account using equation (12) as afunction of the thermal insulation of the equipment housing and the location where the ventilation unit isinstalled.

The airtightness of the ventilation unit and the resulting leakage losses shall also be taken into account whenapplying equation (12).

The supply air and extract air volume flows shall be controlled by suitable components so as to ensure asustained balanced volume flow. The extract air volume flow rate is allowed to differ from the supply airvolume flow rate by 10 %.

The correction factors for the heat supply efficiency in equation (12) only need to be applied if:

they were not taken into consideration when the ventilation unit was tested, or

the conditions of installation deviate from the test conditions.

WT,mth = WRG (1 fv,WT,Frost fv,WT,Wrme fv,WT,Dicht) (12)

where

WRG is the heat supply efficiency in accordance with the Energieeingsparverordnung, expressed

as the mean value for the heating season (without taking into account frost operation, heatlosses and airtightness of the unit);

fv,WT,Frost is a factor taking into account defrost mode;

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fv,WT,Wrme is a factor taking into account the heat losses of the ventilation unit,

fv,WT,Dicht is a factor taking into account the airtightness of the ventilation unit.

Table 4 General boundary condit ions for determining the overall efficiency WT,mth

Parameters Symbol Unit Value

Defrost mode

6 C 0,06

< 6 C 0,04

< 9 C 0,02

Supply air fan is switched off when externaltemperature is

< 12 C 0

Air preheating by ground/supply air heat exchanger 0,04

Air preheating by heating coil

fv,WT,Frost

0Heat losses in the ventilation unit

Installation in a heated area 0

Installation in an unheated area withRa 0,5 m2K/W 0

Installation in an unheated area withRa< 0,5 m2K/W

fv,WT,Wrme

0,02

Airtightness of the ventilation unit

Leakage < 2,5 % mmech,V& b at a positive/negative pressure of

100 Pa0

Leakage < 5 % mmech,V&b at a positive/negative pressure of

100 Pa

fv,WT,Dicht

0,01

a Thermal resistance of the ventilation unit housing.

b Mean value of the volume flow rate range of the ventilation unit.

The methods described in 5.1.2.3 and 5.1.2.4 are used to calculate the supply air temperature if extractair/supply air heat exchangers are used in combination with extract air heat pumps.

Default values

ex = 21 C

Extract air/supply air heat exchangers:

with entire system, constructed after 1999;

without ground/supply air heat exchanger;

with supply air fan switched off when e 6C;

installed in an unheated area;

leakage mmech,%5 V&<

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Default value: WT,mth = 0,60

Improved default value: WT,mth = 0,80.

If the improved default value WT,mth

= 0,80 is used in the calculations, the product data of the extract

air/supply air heat exchanger shall be at least equal to the improved default value.

For residential ventilation systems constructed before 1999, the overall heat recovery efficiency shall bereduced by 10 % (default: 0,54/improved default: 0,72).

For residential ventilation systems which are additionally equipped with a ground/supply air heatexchanger, the overall heat recovery efficiency shall be increased by 10 % (default: 0,66/improveddefault: 0,88).

Table 5 Default values for monthly supply air temperature for systems w ith extract air/supply airheat exchangers withou t upstream ground/supply air heat exchangers, constructed after 1999

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

e,mth 1,3 C 0,6 C 4,1 C 9,5 C 12,9 C 15,7 C 18,0 C 18,3 C 14,4 C 9,1 C 4,7 C 1,3 C

V,mech for

WT,mth = 0,6012,1 C 12,8 C 14,2 C 16,4 C 17,8 C 18,9 C 19,8 C 19,9 C 18,4 C 16,2 C 14,5 C 13,1 C

V,mech for

WT,mth = 0,8016,5 C 16,9 C 17,6 C 18,7 C 19,4 C 19,9 C 20,4 C 20,5 C 19,7 C 18,6 C 17,7 C 17,1 C

NOTE If the ventilation system is not operated all year round or is operated without heat recovery in the summermonths, then V,mechequals e,mth for the periods when the system is off or is operated without heat recovery.

5.1.2.3 Extract air/supply air heat pumps

According to the calculation method (see clause 4), extract air/supply air heat pumps are treated as heatgenerators in the balances (see clause 9). The heat pump is not taken into account when calculating thesupply air temperature V,mech,mth for the calculations of the energy need for heating described in

DIN V 18599-2.

If no extract air/supply air heat exchanger is installed upstream, equation (10) is used to calculate the supplyair temperature.

If the extract air/supply air heat pump is combined with an upstream extract air/supply air heat exchanger, thecalculation method (see clause 4) does not take the heat pump into consideration when calculating the supplyair temperature V,mech,mth for the calculations of the energy need for heating described in DIN V 18599-2. If

an extract air/supply air heat exchanger is installed upstream, equation (11) is used to calculate the supply airtemperature V,mech,mth.

5.1.2.4 Extract air/water heat pumps

According to the calculation method (see clause 4), extract air/water heat pumps are treated as heatgenerators in the balances (see clause 9). The heat pump is not taken into account when calculating thesupply air temperature V,mech,mth for the calculations of the energy need for heating described in

DIN V 18599-2.

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If an extract air/supply air heat exchanger is installed upstream, the procedure is the same as that for extractair/supply air heat pumps (see 5.1.2.3).

5.1.2.5 Extract air/supply air/water heat pumps

According to the calculation method (see clause 4), extract air/supply air/water heat pumps are treated asheat generators in the balances (see clause 9). The heat pump is not taken into account when calculating thesupply air temperature V,mech,mth for the calculations of the energy need for heating described in

DIN V 18599-2.


If an extract air/supply air heat exchanger is installed upstream, the procedure is the same as that for extract

air/supply air heat pumps (see 5.1.2.3).Default values

Where systems comprise an extract air/supply air heat exchanger combined with an extract air heat pump, asupply air temperature V,mech,mth for a value of WT,mth equal to 0,60 (see Table 5) can be used as a

default value for the extract air/supply air heat exchanger.

5.1.3 Air heating systems

According to the calculation method (see clause 4), air heating systems are treated as heat generators in thebalances (calculation of the generator heat output being described in clause 9). The air heating (or heatingfunction) is not taken into account when calculating the supply air temperature

V,mech,mthfor the calculations

of the energy need for heating described in DIN V 18599-2. This rule applies irrespective of the air heatingmethod and irrespective of whether monovalent air heating systems (i.e. systems in which only air is used) orbivalent heating systems (with water-filled reheating coils) are employed.

Depending on whether a heat exchanger is installed or not, the supply air temperature V,mech,mth is

calculated in accordance with 5.1.2.

5.2 Mean ventilation system-driven air change rate nmech

5.2.1 Exhaust ventilation systems

In the balance calculations of the energy need for heating described in DIN V 18599-2, all air entering thezone (i.e. both external air and supply air) is assessed. Operation of an exhaust ventilation system affectsinfiltration and window airing. It is not necessary to allow for the air flowing out through the ventilation system(extract air).

In DIN V 18599-2, the value of the mean ventilation system-driven air change rate nmech for exhaust

ventilation systems is set at zero, as only the air entering the zone is assessed, but not the air leaving thezone. Operation of an exhaust ventilation system, however, affects the replacement air entering from theoutside and is taken into consideration accordingly when calculating the

DIN - 18599-6

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