DILLA CITY ADMINISTRATION - World Bank · 2016. 7. 14. · Dilla Sanitary landfill project...

Dilla Sanitary landfill project Environmental Impact Assessment report

Zenas Engineer ing PLC EIA R eport

F E D E R A L D E M O C R A T I C R E P U B L I C

O F E T H I O P I A

S O U T H E R N N A T I O N S , N A T I O N A L T I E S

A N D P E O P L E S R E G I O N A L S T A T E

DILLA CITY ADMINISTRATION

URBAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

( I D A C R E D I T N o . : 4 9 9 4 - E T )

Landfill Site Environmental Impact Assessment Report

October 2010

Zenas Engineering PLC Tel. +251-11-416 03 35

+251-11-416 03 37

e-mail: [email protected] P. O. Box: 1444

Addis Ababa,

Ethiopia

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 4

1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................................... 7

1.1 GENERAL SETTING ................................................................................................................................... 7

1.2 METEOROLOGICAL SETTINGS ..................................................................................................................... 8

1.3 SITE SETTING .......................................................................................................................................... 9

1.4 ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT (BIODIVERSITY) ...................................................................................................... 12

1.5 INFRASTRUCTURE STATUS ....................................................................................................................... 13

2 POLICIES, LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTUINAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................ 15

2.1 POLICY FRAMEWORK.............................................................................................................................. 15

2.2 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................... 15

2.3 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ....................................................................................................................... 15

2.4 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ......................................................................................................... 18

3. ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS .......................................................................................................................... 18

3.1. GEOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................... 18

3.2. STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 19

3.3. UNSTABLE AREA .......................................................................................................................................... 21

3.4. SEISMICITY AND LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL ....................................................................................................... 21

3.5. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY ................................................................................................................................ 23

3.6. HYDROLOGY ............................................................................................................................................ 25

3.6.1. SURFACE Water ............................................................................................................................... 25

3.6.2. GROUNDWATER .............................................................................................................................. 25

4. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACTS AND THEIR MITIGATION

MEASURES .............................................................................................................................................. 28

4.1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 28

4.2. COMMUNITY CONSULTATION ......................................................................................................................... 29

4.3. IMPACTS ON AIR QUALITY ............................................................................................................................. 29

4.4. IMPACTS ON SOILS AND TERRAIN .................................................................................................................... 31

4.5. IMPACTS ON SURFACE WATER ........................................................................................................................ 31

4.6. IMPACTS ON GROUND WATER ....................................................................................................................... 32

4.7. IMPACTS ON VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE ......................................................................................................... 34

4.8. IMPACTS ON CURRENT AND PROPOSED LAND USE .............................................................................................. 34

4.8.1. Traffic .............................................................................................................................................. 35

4.9.2. Nuisances ........................................................................................................................................ 35

4.9. IMPACTS ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES ...................................................................................................... 36

4.10. IMPACT ON SAFETY AND HEALTH .................................................................................................................. 36

4.11. IMPACT ON INCOME OF THE PEOPLE GENERATING THEIR INCOME FROM QUARRY .................................................... 37

5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN................................................................................ 37

6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................. 42

ANNEXES .................................................................................................................................................... 43

ANNEX I - REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................... 43

ANNEX II- CHECK LIST USED FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT................................................................................. 44



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Tables

TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF MAIN MITIGATION MEASURES .......................................................................................... 5

TABLE 2: GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS OF SOIL IDENTIFIED FOR LINER MATERIAL .......................................................... 24

TABLE 3 : SUMMARY OF COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY, MDD AND OMC OF LINER MATERIAL ......................... 24

TABLE 4.SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMF) .......................................... 40

Figures

FIGURE 1 LOCATION AND CONTOUR MAP OF DILLA ......................................................................................................... 7

FIGURE 2. SATELLITE IMAGE OF DILLA ........................................................................................................................... 8

FIGURE 3 . MONTHLY AVERAGE RAINFALL AT DILLA ............................................................................................ 9

FIGURE. 4. AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPERATURES AT DILLA ................................................................................................. 9

FIGURE 5 .SITE PLAN OF SANITARY LAND FILL OF DILLA ...................................................................................... 10

FIGURE 6 .PROPOSED LANDFILL SITE ............................................................................................................................ 10



FIGURE 9 .MAJAGE RIVER GORGE ADJACENT TO THE LANDFILL SITE ................................................................................... 12

FIGURE 10. BIRDS OBSERVED AT THE SITE (HORN BILL) ................................................................................................... 13

FIGURE 11.EXISTING DUMP SITE ................................................................................................................................ 14

FIGURE 12: PHOTO OF THE LANDFILL SITE FIGURE 13 FAULT TRENDING E-W AND N -S .................................. 20

FIGURE 14 : AREA SUSCEPTIBLE TO LAND SLIDE AND WEDGE FAILURE IN AREA PREVIOUSLY SELECTED OF LANDFILL 20

FIGURE 15: E—W TRENDING FAULT AND ARIAL PHOTOOF THE SELECTED LANDFILL SITE ....................................... 22

FIGURE 16 : WATER CONTENT VERSE MMD CURVE OF SOIL SAMPLE TP3 ................................................................ 24

FIGURE 17: WATER CONTENT VERSE MMD CURVE OF SOIL SAMPLE TP1 ................................................................ 25

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has been prepared to address the potential

environmental impacts that could arise from the construction and operation of Dilla sanitary

landfill facility. The intended facility will be located at outskirt of Dilla town, planned to

serve the inhabitants of Dilla, for about 10 years.

The purpose of the project is to alleviate the impacts of the existing dumpsite and

uncontrolled solid waste disposal into the environment. Proper design/selection,

construction, and management of the solid waste landfill (and upgrading of solid waste

collection networks) would mitigate such negative impacts. The main sections of the EIA

include overview of the legal and institutional frameworks, description of the project and

the environment, impacts assessment, identification of mitigation measures, and

presentation of an environmental management plan (EMP).

Currently, municipal solid waste generated within the Dilla town is inappropriately

disposed off either in open dumpsite or directly in the environment. The situation is

exposing the public to associated negative health impacts and is leading to the deterioration

of natural ecosystem in the area. Dilla is also considered as commercial and touristic area,

and therefore impacts on the natural and aesthetic value have significant negative

implications.

The proper waste collection, treatment and disposal of the municipal solid waste in the area

is of utmost importance to avoid such impacts, and will be addressed by the construction of

the sanitary landfill, along with other solid waste management measures, to serve the town.

The facility will be designed to serve a total design population of 140,000 people.

The main objectives of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study of this Project

are as follows:

To describe the environmental and socio-economic baseline conditions of the

project environment;

To assess the potential positive and negative effects of the proposed project;

To recommend appropriate mitigation measures that enables to avoid or minimize

any undesirable effects resulting from construction, operation and closure of the

proposed project.

The study is intended to ensure that the environmental and social effects of the proposed

project activities are adequately and appropriately considered before decisions are taken for

their implementation. The output of the environmental impact analysis will therefore,

provide decision-makers with adequate information on environmental and social effects of

the proposed project.

Potential adverse environmental impacts induced by the construction and operation of the

proposed solid waste landfill facility include: (a) Generation of landfill gas and odors from

decomposing process. (b) Erosion of soil during construction and operation phases. (c)



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Contaminations of surface and ground water. (d) Noise, pest, dust and other disturbances.

(e) Occupational and public health hazards, and finally, (f) loss of income from

displacement of quarry operation. The analysis of these impacts showed that they can be

easily mitigated for. Table below includes mitigation measures to reduce further the

likelihood and magnitude of such impacts.

Table 1. Summary of Main Mitigation Measures

Impact Mitigation Measures

Generation of landfill gas and odors

from decomposing process

- proper ventilation

- applying coverage for waste on daily

and regular basis

Erosion of soil - reduce water flow over bare soil

- reduce velocity of water by using

effective contouring to reduce slope

grades, ditch blocks to reduce runoff

velocities and prompt and effective re-

vegetation of bare ground whenever

possible, which stabilizes the soil and

helps to reduce run-off water velocities

- appropriate measures including

provision of berms and silt traps during

construction

Contaminations of surface and ground

water

- all water from the waste should be kept

in an appropriate leachate pond

- use appropriate liners- either natural or

synthetic to contain leachate

Noise, pest, dust and other disturbances

- establish buffer zone

- daily proper cover of waste

- use dust suppressor

- proper maintenance of machineries,

vehicles, and use of low noise

equipments

Occupational and public health hazards - provision and use of proper personal

protective equipment

- regular medical check-up and provision

of appropriate sanitary facilities

Loss of income from quarry operation - provide replacement land/quarry site

In addition to the unavoidable impacts listed above, there will be several major benefits

associated with the proposed projects that are summarized below:

- Long-term environmentally sound solid waste disposal, ensuring capacity for the

disposal of wastes consistent with solid waste management proclamation.

- Employ a significant local labor force at the landfill site, for waste collection and

transporters, and during construction.



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- Enable to safeguard and improve the ecological character of the natural environment

from further deterioration and damages.

In order to ensure the proper operation of the Landfill Facility, a management system must

be implemented. This management scheme shall assure regular monitoring of the Landfill

site and its compliance to regulations and standards, and process performance. Proper staff

training and organized record keeping will also take place. Compliance monitoring will take

place biannually. However, this frequency of monitoring should not be reduced after the

facility has been operational for several years.

According to management and monitoring indicators are identified and discussed in detail,

including in a matrix form to help as a checklist for control of major parameters. Costs

required during operation phase of the project will be part of the day to day administrative

and operational cost that the project is also estimated 375,000 Eth. Birr. The budget will be

allocated for training and awareness creation of personnel on the principles of Integrated

Solid Waste Management and salary for permanent and temporary staff.

Sampling will be performed by certified laboratories; however, in house sampling will take

place to ensure process performance. It is the responsibility of the Municipality and the

Landfill facility management to ensure the development of a database that includes a

systematic tabulation of process indicators, performed computations, maintenance

schedules and logbook, and process control and performance monitoring outcomes. Such a

historical database benefits both the plant operator and design engineers in order to predict

any adjustments needed to be performed ahead of time. In addition, in accordance with the

requirements of the regulatory authority, the Landfill facility management should submit a

periodic compliance monitoring report to the assigned authorities.



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1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1.1 GENERAL SETTING

Dilla is a town in the Southern Nation Nationals and Peoples Regional State and it is the

administrative capital of the Gedeo zone. The town lies in the eastern escarpment of the

Ethiopian Rift Valley with fertile green mountains and is also known for the excellent

coffee grown in its vicinity. The town is located approximately 360 km south of Addis

Ababa and 90km from Awassa town, the capital for the Regional State. The town is

characterized by gentle slope from east to west, with the 1600 m above sea level in the east

dropping to 1,400 m above sea level in the west. Geographically the town is located at 6o

20' – 6024'’N latitude and 38

017'-38

020’’E longitude. The town covers 1123.47 hectares of

land.

The main highway that connects Ethiopia to its' southern neighbor, Kenya crosses the town.

Apart from this highway, there is good road network in the town to connect different parts

of the town. There are two rivers; namely Legedarra at the North and Chichiu at the South

which are flowing east and west down to Lake Abaya.

The project area is located on the outskirt of the town of Dilla, on the northwestern part of

the town. The site is accessible in order to allow machinery to reach the site and perform the

excavation and building works during the construction phases and at operation phases too.

The presence of a good road network system is also very important for the collection of

waste from all kebeles of the town. The total project area is 2 hectar.

Figure 1 Location and Contour Map of Dilla

Lake Abaya



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Figure 2. Satellite Image of Dilla

1.2 METEOROLOGICAL SETTINGS

Precipitation

The climate of Dilla in general is influenced by the topographic features of the country.

The annual average precipitation observed in Dilla is about 1253 mm.

Figure 3 depicts monthly rainfall distribution from data collected at a station in Dilla.

The following observations can be made:

Precipitation patterns show that two distinctive rainy seasons with picks in April and

September.

A marked decrease in precipitation levels is noticed between December and

February

Based on the above observations, about 84 percent of precipitation is distributed

between March and October.



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Figure 3 . Monthly Average Rainfall at Dilla

Temperatures

The mean annual temperature at Dilla is 20° C. The warmest months are February to April,

when mean daily maximums temperatures can rise above 30 ºC.

Temperature variations between day and night are in general ranging between 10 and 18oC.

Figure. 4. Average monthly temperatures at Dilla

1.3 SITE SETTING

As mentioned above, the site is located at the northwestern outskirts of the town, far-away

from most of the populated area. The area surrounding the site is area designated for

industrial zone. The site is located around 1km from Dombosco Catholic School, 2km from

Walleme village which is part of the Dilla town and adjacent to Dombosco School and

2.6km from Dilla University. The proposed site is surrounded to the north by Majage River

(gorge) which is completely covered by forest, to the south and south-waste by industrial

zone, to the west by farm land adjacent to the industry zone and to the east by trees and

Dombosco fence.



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Figure 5 .Site plan of Sanitary land fill of Dilla

There is active quarry site at the northern side and an abandoned quarry site little bit to the

north and central part. The slope of the landfill site is fairly inclined towards the Majage

River.

Figure 6 .proposed landfill site



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Figure 7 .proposed landfill site

Figure 8 .Proposed landfill site



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Figure 9 .Majage river gorge adjacent to the landfill site

1.4 ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT (BIODIVERSITY)

Ecologically, the proposed location is not in an area of special concern, such as areas

designated as having national or international importance (e.g. cultural heritages, wetlands,

biosphere reserve, wildlife refuge, or protected areas). The project will neither lead to the

extinction of endangered and endemic species, nor the degradation of critical ecosystems,

and habitats.

The project area is situated in the industrial zone. Since the site has been cleared before, no

major trees or plants are observed. The proposed landfill site is covered by grass and some

bushes at the western and southern side, to the north and northwest side it is covered by

grass and some parts are exposed soils, and eastern side is covered by bushes and some

trees (include eucalyptus trees).

There are several species of birds on the site as observed on 17/04/10 morning (Dinbit, Tiku

Amora, and many others, see photo).



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Figure 10. Birds observed at the site (Horn bill)

1.5 INFRASTRUCTURE STATUS

Infrastructure within the town is well noted to road network, telephone, electricity, and

water supply. An adequate municipal solid waste management system in the town does not

exist. The Dilla municipality is responsible for the collection and disposal of solid waste to

the open dump. The percentage of the waste collected and disposed at the dumping site is

about 34%. The remaining are openly dumped and burnt along roadways, ditches and in the

environment.



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Figure 11.Existing Dump site



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2 POLICIES, LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTUINAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 POLICY FRAMEWORK

Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) was issued in April 1997. The overall policy

goal is to improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and promote

sustainable social and economic development through sound management and use of

natural, human-made and cultural resources and their environment as a whole, so as to meet

the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs.

The policy seeks to ensure the empowerment and participation of the people and their

organizations at all levels in environmental management activities, raise public awareness

and promote understanding of the essential linkage between environment and

development. In addition to its guiding principles, the policy addresses sectoral and cross

sectoral environmental issues.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) policies are included in the cross sectoral

environmental policies. The EIA policy emphasizes the early recognition of environmental

issues in project planning at all levels of administration.

The policy establishes the Federal Environmental Protection authority (FEPA) to harmonize

Sectoral Development Plans and implement environmental management programs for the

country.

2.2 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

Environnemental Protection Organs Proclamation 295/2002

The proclamation is aimed to assign responsibilities of the environmental management

activities to separate organizations on the one hand, and environmental protection,

regulations and monitoring on the other, in order to ensure sustainable use of environmental

resources, thereby avoiding possible conflicts of interest and duplication of efforts. It is also

intended to establish a system that fosters coordinated but differentiated responsibilities

among environmental protection offices at a federal and regional level.

At the federal level the Environmental Protection Authority is in charge of policies,

directives and standards and of enforcing the laws and policies including EIAs and

environmental monitoring, for all projects or activities that falls under the control of the

Federal Government.

Each of the main federal institutions active in the construction of infrastructure, or

economic development is required by law to have its own environmental unit.

According to the Environmental Protection Organs Proclamation, the regional states are

required to create their own regional environmental agencies. These institutions are to deal,

among others, with EIAs for regionally managed infrastructures or development activities.

2.3 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK



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The Constitution

The Constitution of Ethiopia, which was adopted in August 1995, requires current and

future legislation and the conduct of the Government to conform to a bill of rights. The

concept of sustainable development and environment rights are entrenched in the rights of

people in Ethiopia through articles 43 and 44, which states among others the right to

development and right to live in clean and healthy environment.

Without prejudice to the right to private property, the government may expropriate private

property for public purposes subject to payment in advance of compensation commensurate

to the value of the property (Article 40(8)

Article 43 (2) dealing with the rights to development states that nationals have the right to

participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to

policies and projects affecting their community.

Regarding compensation, Article 44(2) of the Constitution states that all persons who have

been displaced, or whose livelihood has been adversely affected as a result of State

programmes have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of

compensation including relocation with adequate State assistance .The government shall

pay fair compensation for property found on the land but the amount of compensation shall

not take into account the value of land.

The Federal Government is responsible for enacting laws for utilization and conservation of

land and other natural resources and historical sites.

Article 92 of the Constitution states that the design and implementation of any program and

development projects shall not damage or destroy the environment, and people have the

right to be fully consulted and express their views in planning and implementation of

environmental policies and project.

Environmental Pollution Control Proclamation 300/2002

The proclamation on pollution control was issued in December 2002.It was issued mainly

based on the principle that each citizen has the right to have a healthy environment, as well

as the obligation to protect the environment of the country from pollution.

The Proclamation contains provisions for the control of pollution, management of

municipal waste, and management of hazardous waste, chemical and radioactive

substances. It also encompasses provision for the formulation of practicable environmental

standards by the Federal Environmental Protection Authority (FEPA), in consultation with

the relevant agencies. Furthermore it empowers the Federal Environmental Protection

Authority or the Regional Environmental Authority to assign environmental inspectors with

the duties and responsibilities of controlling environmental pollution

Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation 299/2002 and Guidelines

The main objective of this Proclamation is to make the EIA mandatory for specified

categories of activities undertaken either by the public or private sectors. Among others, the

Proclamation defines the scope of the environmental impact assessment by outlining the



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contents of EIAs, and determining the duties of the project proponent. The general

provision of the Proclamation includes the followings among others:

Implementation of any project that requires an EIA is subject to an environmental

clearance or authorization from the EPA or Regional Environmental Agency (REA).

The EPA or the relevant REA, depending on the magnitude of anticipated impacts,

may waive the requirement for an EIA.

Approval of an Environmental Impact Study Report (EISR) or the granting of

authorization by the EPA or the REA does not exonerate the proponent from

liability for damage.

To put into effect this Proclamation, the EPA issued an EIA Guideline Document, which

provides details of the EIA process and its requirements. The document provides

background to environmental impact assessment and environmental management in

Ethiopia. The Document is used as a reference material to ensure effective environmental

assessment and management practice in Ethiopia for all parties who are engaged in the

process. The document details the required procedures for conducting an EIA. In addition,

the document specifies tools that may be considered when engaged in the EIA process.

Reference is made to the legislation and policies with which potential investors and

developers must comply in specific development sectors.

According to this guideline projects are categorized into three schedules:

Schedule 1: Projects which may have adverse and significant environmental impacts thus

requiring a full Environmental Impact Assessment

Schedule 2: Projects whose type, scale or other relevant characteristics have potential to

cause some significant environmental impacts but are not likely to warrant a full EIA study

Schedule 3: Projects which would have no impact and do not require an EIA

However, projects situated in an environmentally sensitive areas such as land prone to

erosion; desertification; areas of historic or archaeological interest; important landscape;

religiously important area, etc. will fall under category 1 irrespective of the nature of the

project.

According to this guideline all project proponents and executing bodies (agencies) in the

country should operate in close cooperation with the EPA to ensure that proper mitigating

measures are designed and implemented, especially for projects with an adverse effect on

the environment. This in effect means that an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) should

be prepared by project proponents and be examined, commented and approved by the EPA.

Solid Waste Management Proclamation 513/2007

Municipalities play a central role in solid waste management activities in Ethiopia.

Traditionally, solid waste collection and disposal has been the responsibility of the urban

administrations. The recent Solid Waste Management Proclamations 513/2007 urges urban

administrations to establish a solid waste treatment facility. Article 14 of this proclamation

states that urban administrations shall ensure that:



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Solid waste disposal sites are constructed in conformity with the relevant federal

environmental standard and are properly used.

Any new solid waste disposal site being constructed or an existing site undergoing

any modification has had an EIA according to the relevant law.

2.4 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES

Legal and Administrative Framework WB Operational Manual OP 4.01 is designed to

ensure that Bank-Financed Projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that

decision-making is approved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely

environmental impacts.

This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have potential adverse environmental risks

and impacts in its area of influence. OP 4.01 requires an Environmental Assessment (EA) to

be carried out for any project proposed for bank financing.

It outlines an environmental and social screening process which will enable qualified

project personnel to screen sub-projects for potential negative environmental and social

impacts and to identify, implement and monitor appropriate mitigation measures. OP.4. 01

requires these reports to take into account natural environment (air, water and land), human

health and safety and social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and

cultural property).

3. ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS

Two potential sites ( Site -1, Waleme and Site -2: Chichu ,) were visited and assessment

for their suitability as a sanitary landfill was evaluated.

During the inception phase of the project, Dilla City Administration made the Waleme site,

which it selected for development of the sanitary landfill, known to the Consultant.

Subsequently, the consultant, while searching for alternative sites, commenced assessing

suitability of the site for the desired purpose based on the developed criteria. Consultant’s

attempt to choose the final sanitary landfill site from number of nominee sites was impaired

due to location of the competent sites out side the territory of Dilla City Administration and

even that of Gedeo Zone.

Hence, sites left for final choice were the Waleme site, located in the north western part of

the city, and Chichu site in the south eastern part of the city. Therefore, the latter site was

abandoned because of its proximity to boreholes supplying water to the city and the Waleme

site which was originally proposed by the city administration was selected.

3.1. GEOLOGY

In order to evaluate the landfill site’s suitability and capability to diminish possibility of

contamination, getting hold of detail understanding of the local geological setting of the

sites was essential. With this regard, details of the geological structure, characteristics of the



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solid strata, and composition and distribution of the subsoil were examined. The factors of

interest in the solid strata included type of rock, state of weathering, extent and distribution

of structural features (such as faults, joints and bedding planes), and the permeability of

strata. For subsoils, it was necessary to know the composition, the lateral and vertical

continuity of the strata, the permeability, and resistance to erosion.

Dilla area is made up of trachyte flows, minor basalts, tuffs and ignimbritees. The rocks

around the town are mainly trachyte flows with minor basalt. The tuffs and the ignimbrite

lay on the top of trachytic flows and mainly exposed to the west and south-west of Dilla.

These rocks form layered sections that tilted towards the north-west and west. The trachyte

is medium grained with irregular open joints forming big blocks of trachyte. Weathering in

the trachyte has normally taken place along these joint fractures. The basalts are found in

few localities intercalated within the trachyte flow. The tuffs and ignimbrites are mainly

exposed to the west and south-west of Dilla.

In area close, Geology of the landfill site can be characterized by different layers of basalt,

ignimbrite, and trachyte overlie by alluvial soil. The degree of weathering decrease to ward

south east and the opening of fractures and joints increase in the same direction.

3.2. STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

Referring to the geological structures, Dilla is situated in the Eastern Fault Belt of the

southern part of Main Ethiopian Rift (MER). Rift faulting and a number of extension fault

zones are common around the area particularly downstream of the landfill site. The faults

have N-S and E-W trend, however, some minor fault systems trend in the direction of NW-

SE.

In locating areas suitable for landfill, it is difficult to avoid area close to geological ‘faults’.

Even though the majority of faults increase the permeability of the bedrock in the fault zone

it would normally not be appropriate to rule out or downgrade a site because of the presence

of faults. Equally the absence of faults should not be taken as an absolute assurance that a

site is geologically suitable.

Therefore, following assessment of the structure of the Waleme area, selection of particular

development site was selected. The consultant made sure that this site is not in direct

contact with faults. Should be avoided in situations where investigations show that the fault

zone is excessively permeable. It is recommended that there should be no general

prohibition of landfill sitting on areas with geological faults.



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Figure 12: Photo of the Landfill Site Figure 13 Fault Trending E-W and N -S

Downstream of the Landfill Site.

Figure 14 : Area susceptible to land slide and wedge failure in area previously selected

for landfill site



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3.3. UNSTABLE AREA

Unstable area which is susceptible to natural or human-induced events capable of impairing

the integrity of the landfill structural components should be avoided. These include poor

foundation conditions, areas susceptible to mass movements (landslide and subsidence), and

highly erodible material.

Topographical data were used in the assessment of the likelihood of slope failure, failure

over unstable ground and in the interpretation of the topographical expressions of the

geology and hydrogeology. All the factors mentioned have been checked for the current

landfill site. The previously selected site was located at close distance (about 20m) to area

susceptible to land slide.

Hence, to ensure structural stability of the proposed landfill during the operation phase, the

site was shifted during the site investigation

3.4. SEISMICITY AND LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL

Because Dilla is located in an earthquake prone area, assessing resistance to the dynamic

forces which can be applied during earthquake was incorporated in the landfill design

investigation.

In the geotechnical evaluation the soil behaviour was examined with respect to earthquake

intensity. This evaluation of the soil characteristics necessitated finding out the soil strength

as well as the magnitude or intensity of the earthquake in terms of peak acceleration. Other

soil characteristics, including degree of compaction, sorting, and degree of saturation, was

also considered because of their potential influence on site conditions. For example,

compaction of deposits of loose granular soils found as upper layer in the Waleme site

through the ground vibrations an earthquake induces is possible. Ultimate result of such

volume reductions could would be large uniform or differential settlements of the ground

surface.



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Figure 15: E—W Trending Fault and Arial photoof the selected landfill site

Very steep slopes of weak, fractured and brittle rocks were found in the eastern part of

previously selected site; unsaturated loess are vulnerable to transient shocks caused by

tensional faulting. Similar effects are possible in sensitive cohesive soils when natural

moisture exceeds the soil's liquid limit. Dry cohesionless material on a slope at an angle of

repose will respond to seismic shock by shallow sloughing and slight flattening of the slope.

Because the material selected for the liners is flexible, unlike rigid concrete the liner will

not be susceptible to cracking. Thus, future instability that could possibly considered was

only for the leachate collection system, which is a concrete structure. However, for life time

of the proposed landfill is short (10 years), and probability of occurrence of earthquake of

significant horizontal acceleration in this period is very low, the site is not endangered by

seismic effect of natural earthquake. On the other hand, presence of a quarry site adjacently

can subject the leachate collection system to dynamic forces as a result of material

production using blasting techniques.

Susceptibility of the landfill site for liquefaction potential was assessed during the site

investigation. Liquefaction is one of secondary effects that is directly related to earthquake

shaking or dynamic vibration resulted from blasting. The typical subsurface soil condition

that is susceptible to liquefaction is loose sand and silt, which has been newly deposited or

placed, with a shallow groundwater table. The development of high pore water pressures

due to the ground shaking and the upward flow of water may turn the sand/silt into a

liquefied condition, which has been termed liquefaction. During an earthquake, the

propagation of shear waves causes the loose sand to contract, resulting in an increase in

pore water pressure. Because the seismic shaking occurs so quickly, the cohesionless soil is

subjected to an undrained loading. The increase in pore water pressure causes an upward



23

flow of water to the ground surface, where it emerges in the form of mud spouts or sand

boils. This condition can interrupt the overall structural arrangement of the landfill.

In Waleme landfill site the loose sandy and silty soils are intercalated/sandwiched between

clayey silt layers, which seems to make liquefaction potential of the site very high due to

grain size distribution and low degree of compaction. However, the presence of the

groundwater at great depth limits the possibility of occurrences of liquefaction particularly

in adjacent the landfill area. Moreover, complete excavation of the overburden loose soil

and the highly weathered earth material during construction will found the landfill on a

moderately weathered trachyte.

3.5. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

i. General

The geotechnical survey for the selected landfill site was commenced with

careful desk study leading to field investigation and laboratory testing. Direct

information on the subsoil was obtained from gulley cuts instead of test pits

digging. The site investigation work (including sampling and description of soils

and rocks) was carried out to the appropriate standard.

ii. Properties of the Foundation Material

Alluvial soils having about 6m thickness overlies weathered trachyte. The

thickness of the layer decrease toward the east direction. The section mainly

exposed on the side of gulley consists of: 0-1.2m clayey silt, 1.2-3m clayey silty

sand, 3-5m clayey silt and 5-6m gravelly material with slight variation in

thickness and gradation from place to place. The upper and the lower fine

grained layers are moderately to highly plastic. The in situ degree of compaction

of the overburden material is relatively low. The upper and lower fine grained

layers of soil can be used as liner material and the middle layer as a cover

material.

a. Grain Size Analysis

Dry sieve analysis on coarse fraction and hydrometric analysis on fine fraction

was made on three different samples of liner material. The test result shows a

dominance of clay fraction in each sample. Figure xx shows the grain size

distribution graph of the soil samples.

53.75 % clay, 45.54 % silt and 0.71% sand for Tp1



b. Standard Procter Compaction and Permeability

From the standard compaction test conducted on the samples the optimum

moisture content (OMC) varies from 22 to 27.55 % and the corresponding

maximum dry density is between 1.44 to 1.63 g/cc (Table 4.6). The



24

permeability value of the soil specimen computed from grain size distribution

graph. The results showed that the materials are impervious with coefficient of

permeability ≤5.26 x 10-7

cm/s.

Table 2: Grain size analysis of soil identified for liner material

Sample

No. Depth

Percentage

Soil Type Soil

Classification Gravel Sand Fine

Silt Clay

Tp1 0-1.2 - 0.71 45.54 53.75 Fine grained Silty clay

TP2 3-5 - 26.76 24.56 48.68 Fine grained Silty clay

TP3 0-1.6 - 21.30 37.15 41.55 Fine grained Silty clay

Table 3 : Summary of coefficient of permeability, MDD and OMC of liner material

S.No. Coefficient permeability [cm/s] MDD [g/cc] OMC [%]

1 <10-6

1.628 22

2 <10-6

3 <10-6

27.55 1.435

OMC =27.55 MDD=1.435

Figure 16 : Water Content verse MMD curve of soil sample TP3



25

OMC =22 MDD=1.628

Figure 17: Water Content verse MMD curve of soil sample TP1

iii. Level of Excavation and Excavation Sequence

In the landfill development site formerly identified by the municipality, layer of

the overburden soil was very thin (1 to 2 m), which could make excavation

difficult and costly. Slight shift was made to the originally proposed landfill site

to lessen the excavation work and cost, and other facts mentioned in the above

sections. For the trench excavation the overburden and highly weathered

material will need to be totally removed by bulldozer and impervious blanket as

liner will be placed after excavation at the bottom and wall of the trench.

3.6. HYDROLOGY

3.6.1. SURFACE WATER

At the site there is neither stored open water nor wetland. River Majege, which flows from

the west to east, is located about 300 m downstream of the Waleme landfill. The other river

flowing from south to north is at about 600 m north of the landfill; this river drain most part

of Dilla city.

3.6.2. GROUNDWATER

Study of hydrogeology of the site was carried out to locate the landfill in a hydrologic

setting that will prevent hazardous constituents from migrating into ground water. Through

this the consultant aimed at minimizes negative impacts of landfill on the groundwater,

particularly water abstraction sources and well field. In order to assure the groundwater

table at the selected site is at an acceptable depth comprehensive knowledge of the



26

groundwater regime was required. Therefore, the consultant gathered the following detailed

information:

the groundwater regime, direction of flow and gradient rate of flow including long-

term and seasonal fluctuations,

the permeability or transmissivity of the outcropping strata, with maximum and

minimum values,

the distribution, thickness and depth of aquifers including the locations of any

spring,

the groundwater levels

the groundwater protection or recharge zones

During hydrogeological investigation of the site, assessment of the type and distribution of

aquifers was made. The groundwater distribution depth of the aquifers together with the

permeability of recharge zone was considered. Groundwater levels and its flow direction,

the interaction between groundwater and surface water resources also incorporated.

The result obtained indicates that, in general, Dilla area has both shallow and deep

groundwater reserves. The water bearing zone for shallow groundwater is reddish brown

soil of the weathered trachyte whose thickness is about 6m. Thin section of top weathered

part of trachyte also has shallow groundwater which yields water to the hand dug wells

along with the overlying soil. As a result in Dilla City there numerous hand dug wells. The

potential yield of groundwater in Dilla area depends up on the density of fractures and

thickness of the weathered zone in the trachyte; density of fracture in this rock is higher in

fault zones.

The major fault systems are situated to the south and south west of the town. At the

downstream side of the selected landfill site the N-S and E-W trending fault intersect each

other which gives the site more potential for the groundwater of the locality. Due to

topography and high permeability of subsurface strata shallow groundwater is not present in

the area selected for the landfill.

The depth to major groundwater is variable due to the variable topography. However,

previously drilled wells around and in the town show that groundwater is available in a

depth ranging from 20 to 60 m. Considering the groundwater flow direction, the town is

situated at the foot of about 2,800m high mountain. Generally the groundwater movement

in the area is from south-east towards the north-west following the regional topography.

Finally we can concluded the engineering geological study of Dilla municipal solid waste

land fill mainly focused on: site assessments criteria, engineering geological site

investigation and construction material assessment and its suitability analysis. All the

criteria required for municipal solid waste landfill site assessment was considered in detail

during the site selection and investigation. These include review of the site based on



27

geological and hydro geological conditions of the area, identification of structural

instability of the area like area susceptible to faulting and major landslide and assessment

of the seismicity of the area and liquefaction potential of the site. In addition attention was

also given for the presence of public utilities and the existence of workable natural materials

in the subsoil. During the site selection and investigation all the above mentioned criteria

have been taken into account. The previously selected landfill site has the following

disadvantage as compared to the current selected site

High excavation cost (four fold) to excavate fresh to slightly weathered trachytic

rock relative to soil excavation

It is close to fault zone

The area is susceptible to major landslide

High permeability of foundation rock due to the openings of fractures and joints

compared with infilled fractures and joints weathered material like clay infilling in

the current site.



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4. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL

IMPACTS AND THEIR MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1. Introduction

The evaluation of environmental and related socio-economic impacts related to the

development and operation of the proposed Landfill facility at the site designated as

Wallame has been prepared through the examination of individual environmental

components that are potentially affected by the proposed activities. This examination

assesses the following:

Communities attitude towards the site;

The possibility of the impact to occur;

The extent of the impact if it does occur, and how significance is it (positive or

negative?);

The timeframe over which the impact is likely to be experienced (long-term, short-

term);

Possible mitigation or preventive measures.

In addition to the household interview conducted for socio-economic survey, community

consultation had been carried out by the consultant to explain the proposed solid waste

management system and listen to their views.

The environmental components to be considered are presented below:

1 Air Quality/ Odor

2 Soils and Terrain

3 Surface Water

4 Ground water

5 Vegetation and Wildlife

6 Sensitive Habitats

7 Current and Proposed Land Uses

8 Traffic

9 Nuisances (Noise, Pests, Dust, Aesthetics, etc.)

10 Archeological Resources

11 Ongoing Operations of the Site over the design life

Enumerated below are potential environmental impacts stemming from the proposed

landfill project, for construction, operations and post-closure phases, for each of the above

environmental components.

This section presents a discussion of impacts for each environmental component, in terms

of the potential impact, the proposed mitigation to prevent/reduce adverse impacts, and

anticipated residual impacts (i.e., the degree of impact and issues remaining after mitigation

has been implemented). The significance of the anticipated residual impacts is then

assessed.



29

4.2. Community Consultation

Besides the interviews made during site assessment, community consultation was also held

on 21 September, 2010 with the residents in Dilla to discuss in detail the proposed solid

waste management system. Both from the interviews and consultation meeting, it was

observed that the community has a positive attitude towards the landfill site. In fact the

selected site for the landfill is currently under utilization as open field waste disposal of the

city.

4.3. Impacts on Air Quality

The potential impacts on air quality associated with landfill are: the generation and release

of landfill gas from the fill site; odors reaching industrial and school nearby; and smoke and

dust from fires and the activities of on-site machinery at the landfill site.

Without mitigation, there is the potential for odors from waste material in the landfill to

reach future adjacent industrial facilities and the school to the surrounding of the landfill

site when days are calm. Landfill gas (chiefly carbon dioxide and methane) is normally

produced as a result of decay processes in any sanitary landfill facility and again can

migrate under calm weather conditions.

Also smoke from fires and dust from the activities of machinery at the landfill are other

possible irritants to nearby industrial facilities and the school.

Proposed Mitigation and Residual Impacts

Landfill Gas: Landfill gas is a product of all municipal solid waste landfills, and occurs as

a natural consequence of the microbial breakdown of the waste material. The flaring of

landfill gas (or, if in sufficient quantities, its use as an energy supply) are accepted practices

in contemporary landfill operation when the site is in very close proximity to urban

development. At remote sites the normal practice is to allow the gas to vent to the

atmosphere and be taken up by vegetation. Landfill gas contains primarily methane and

carbon dioxide, with smaller amounts of hydrogen and various trace chemicals in small

quantities. At an early stage of degradation, the proportion of carbon dioxide is high, but as

a landfill ages, the process gives off a progressively higher proportion of methane. The

planning of a large municipal landfill usually has some future provisions for landfill gas

collection and possibly flaring. Flaring will burn the produced methane, converting it to

carbon dioxide, heat and water vapor. Neither methane nor carbon dioxide is particularly

harmful, although both are “greenhouse” gases, implicated as contributors to global

warming.

The actual quantities for a landfill of this size, however, are very small compared to the

emissions from diesel engines and automobiles along the highway for example.

A portion of gases that would vent to the surface from a municipal waste landfill would be

absorbed by the green foliage of broad leaf plants in the buffer zones. With the natural

buffers and state of the surrounding areas this would reduce the problems offsite, at the



30

Wallame Site. Subsequent flaring of landfill gas, albeit an expensive and complex operation

could provide small environmental benefits but this process is not economically justified at

this site.

Dust and Smoke: The facility may create some dust resulting from vehicle movements;

however there is provision for dust suppression in the design and operating plan. This

involves the gravel surfacing of the access road and service roads within the site, as well as

using water to suppress dust that does arise. The timeframe of the impact will be short as

most of it will occur during the construction phase, and the dust issue during the operational

phase is mitigable. This site will be very remote from development at the initial

construction phase and should not need mitigation efforts.

Fires could occur at the landfill, which requires vigilance to extinguish them quickly. Fires

are usually the result of hot loads being received at landfills. These hot portions can be ash

covered charcoals.

With the use of transfer stations for a large portion of the Municipal Solid Waste the hot

loads should be greatly reduced. Loads that are directly hauled to the site could also pose a

problem and site operational staff should be on the lookout for these wastes. Ideally, when a

hot load is encountered it should be isolated in an open area and extinguished with water

before being considered for incorporation in the fill area. Clearly, smoke irritation can be

avoided through the prevention of fires at the landfill.

Fire prevention procedures which should be adhered to at all times throughout the

operational life of the landfill should be prepared. Good communications with neighboring

facilities and surveillance for fires and dust by the landfill operating staff can prevent

significant problems from occurring. Quick reaction to any observed blazing loads will also

reduce these problems.

Odor: Odors from decaying waste material are produced at sanitary landfills, particularly

when waste high in organic material (e.g., animal waste, domestic waste, faecal waste) is

disposed. It is noted that there is no existing development located within four to five

kilometers downwind of the site from the proposed landfill. However, it is possible and

quite feasible to prevent odors from being a problem to downwind neighbouring residents

and facilities by applying adequate cover material sufficiently, frequently and effectively.

There is an ample supply of soil (clay, silt, sand and mixtures thereof) existing on the site,

which can be used as cover material. The methods for applying daily cover, intermediate

cover (when an individual cell is non-active for a period of time), and final cover (when the

cell or landfill is permanently closed) will help in reducing obnoxious odors. Additionally,

it is recommended that the active face (area of uncovered wastes placed during the daily

operation) of the landfill at any given time be minimized. It is absolutely essential that even

at remote sites the above provisions be implemented at the landfill facility, if problems with

odors impinging on neighboring facilities are to be avoided.

Apart from this, good communications with future development and monitoring of odors by

the landfill operating staff can help to prevent significant problems from occurring.



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4.4. Impacts on Soils and Terrain

The potential impacts associated with Soil and Terrains are: erosion of bare slopes during

construction and operational phases, the potential for ongoing slope erosion in post-closure

condition.

In any landfill or similar operation, there is the potential for soils to erode or lose stability

when surface water drains over them. Particulate matter may be carried offsite in surface

runoff, with consequent effects on surface water quality, unless provisions are made

through a storm retention pond to control this.


Portion of the site that has already been the subject of erosion in the form of washed

surfaces requires remediation during the initial site construction period.

The key to avoiding erosion problems is to reduce water flow over bare, erodible soils, and

particularly reducing the velocity of water as it drains over the terrain or through drainage

courses. This can be accomplished using effective contouring to reduce slope grades, ditch

blocks to reduce runoff velocities and prompt and effective re-vegetation of bare ground

whenever possible, which stabilizes the soil and helps to reduce run-off water velocities.

Contouring of the landfill facility and surface water diversion channels shall be constructed

so that surface water run-on in the event of severe storm events is directed to the on-site

storm pond. The concept shall be based on maintaining surface water flows that are no

more, in terms of instantaneous flows, than what would be considered as the natural

undisturbed site conditions. The storm runoff system shall be controlled by constructing

drainage channels and a large storm pond will handle at least a one hour, a 100-year return

period storm event.

All new and existing storm drainage courses shall be constructed to keep velocities to a

reasonable level and the use of culverts, ditch blocks and rip rap will be undertaken to limit

soil erosion in drainage channels. As the development and operation of the landfill

progresses, the number of slopes that will be exposed at any given time, and their

cumulative surface area, shall be kept to a minimum. For the post-operational phase, the

landfill shall be capped, contoured, and vegetated appropriately, with full attention to

providing effective drainage and erosion prevention. All slopes on finished areas will be

limited to a no steeper slope by choosing appropriate vertical to horizontal ratio, in order to

limit soil erosion. This can be compared to normal sites that have steeper slopes.

It is expected that if these measures including the storm pond are put into effect, the landfill

may be constructed, operated and decommissioned with no significant adverse effects to

soils or to surface water through the effects of soil erosion.

4.5. Impacts on Surface Water

One concern that was associated with the landfill is the possibility that contaminants from

the waste might enter surface runoff water from the landfill and reach major surface water

courses such as the Majage River.



32

Proposed Mitigation and Residual Impacts The proposed measures are:

All landfill surface runoff will be directed to a large on-site holding pond where it

will undergo natural aerobic stabilization and sedimentation. These ponds will be

sized to handle a 1 hour 100-year return period storm event, during normal

operations of the landfill;

Only surface water that has not come into contact with the waste material (i.e.,

noncontact surface water) will be allowed to directly enter the storm water drainage;

All contact water will be conveyed to the leachate retention and treatment ponds

described in following sections. In the initial stages of operation of each landfill cell

the surface run-off will be diverted into the leachate collection and treatment system,

until it can be adequately handled as clean water;

During construction, appropriate measures including provision of berms, silt traps,

etc., will be taken to ensure that significant amounts of sediments do not impact

adjacent watercourses; and

Upon closure of the landfill, the surfaces will be contoured and re-vegetated in such

a way as to prevent erosion and resulting sedimentation of adjacent surface waters.

Since the non-contact surface water or treated leachate alone will be allowed to

directly enter the surface water drainage, regular monitoring of surface water quality

at key locations shall be conducted at critical points in operational life of the landfill.

Where the above measures are implemented during the construction, operations and closure

phases of the landfill development, there is no significant adverse impacts on surrounding

surface waters are anticipated.

4.6. Impacts on Ground Water

The ground water condition at the landfill site as well as the entire city was assessed in

detail. Study of hydrogeology of the site was carried out to locate the landfill in a

hydrologic setting that will prevent hazardous constituents from migrating into ground

water. Through this the consultant aimed at minimizes negative impacts of landfill on the

groundwater, particularly water abstraction sources and well field. In order to assure the

groundwater table at the selected site is at an acceptable depth comprehensive knowledge of

the groundwater regime was required. Therefore, the consultant gathered the following

detailed information:

the groundwater regime, direction of flow and gradient rate of flow including long-

term and seasonal fluctuations;

the permeability or transmissivity of the outcropping strata, with maximum and

minimum values;

the distribution, thickness and depth of aquifers including the locations of any

spring;

the groundwater levels; and

the groundwater protection or recharge zones.

During hydrogeological investigation of the site, assessment of the type and distribution of

aquifers was made. The groundwater distribution depth of the aquifers together with the



33

permeability of recharge zone was considered. Groundwater levels and its flow direction,

the interaction between groundwater and surface water resources also incorporated.

Potential Impacts

The leachate from landfill cells may leak into ground water, affecting groundwater quality,

well water, and potentially surface water at discharge points. A potential impact that must

be mitigated at many sanitary landfill sites is the possibility that leachate from the waste cell

is allowed to enter the groundwater underlying the site. This could have long-term adverse

effects on groundwater quality, well water quality, and surface water quality stemming from

discharge of the groundwater to the surface water. It is noted that there are no known active

wells within vicinity of the Wallame landfill site.

The major fault systems are situated to the south and south west of the town. At the

downstream side of the selected landfill site the N-S and E-W trending fault intersect each

other which give the site more potential for the groundwater of the locality. Due to

topography and high permeability of subsurface strata shallow groundwater is not present in

the area selected for the landfill.


A normal mitigative practice in landfill operation is to provide a liner – either natural or

synthetic - to contain the leachate. The leachate is collected via a system of pipes and

pumps where necessary, and segregated for treatment. A natural liner normally consists of

impermeable clay.

The proposed sanitary landfill at the Wallame site has been selected partly to take advantage

of the significant depths of impermeable clay found, which will act as a natural liner,

preventing percolation of leachate into potentially a much deeper groundwater regime.

In the proposed design of the facility, the leachate will be collected from each cell and will

be conveyed by gravity, to leachate ponds, which will also be lined with HDPE or

constructed using the native impermeable clays. Leachate will undergo natural anaerobic

treatment in these cells followed by aerobic (oxidative) treatment, before draining. No

leachate shall be released from the pond area until analyses for basic parameters have been

completed and it has been determined suitable for release.

The leachate cells will be sized to also accommodate the incident rainfall flooding storm

event during normal operating conditions, plus the amount of leachate produced in a

specified period.

The waste stream shall be screened at the transfer stations to remove household and other

hazardous materials such as batteries, solvents, used oil, chemicals, etc., which normally

contribute high levels of contaminants such as heavy metals and toxic organics to the waste

stream. (These need to be handled specially).

In the post-operational phase, an impermeable 0.5m layer of clay or similar material will be

placed on top of the closed cells, to curtail the percolation of water into the cell and hence



34

the ongoing production of leachate.

With the groundwater protection that will be provided by the natural clay at the site, with

the leachate collection and management system in effect, with the screening of the

incoming solid waste stream, and with the proper closure of each cell so as to curtail the

production of leachate, as well as other measures, no significant effects on ground water is

anticipated.

4.7. Impacts on Vegetation and Wildlife

The development of a proper landfill site entails clearing and re-contouring activities, as

well as the operations of the facility itself. This can result in loss of habitat for wildlife and

natural vegetation, as well as a tendency to act as a barrier to wildlife movement. The

proposed landfill site will not represent a significant loss in terms of habitat for plants or

animals, nor for commercially important plants/animals. In addition, a large portion of the

site has already been significantly diminished of habitat due to past clearance and

excavation activities and most recent zoning for industrial activities in the immediate area.

It would appear to be of less value for wildlife habitat compared to the surrounding areas. It

is anticipated that there will be no significant adverse effects on vegetation and wildlife.


The current design for the landfill site incorporates an undisturbed buffer zone to be

established around the site using existing and in some places planted trees and other

vegetation, in order to reduce the effects of noise and other disturbance to surrounding

facilities and wildlife populations. The site will not be fenced initially, so as to facilitate

wildlife dispersion through the buffer zone areas. If problems with pests (e.g., scavengers

and dogs) become a concern, however, there will be provision to erect a fence around the

area.

Additionally, favorable contouring and re-vegetation of the decommissioned landfill shall

be conducted so as to promote its value as habitat. Suggested vegetation plans include

restoring it to be similar to surrounding landscapes. The buffer zones will have additional

trees planted in them as required to increase the vegetation coverage around the site

perimeter.

4.8. Impacts on Current and Proposed Land use

The land which has been proposed for the landfill facility is free from residential or

agricultural use. Dombosico School which is the closest structure to the landfill site is

located at about 1KM distance from the landfill site while Majage River is located at more

than a kilometer distance from the land fill site.

No additional mitigation is therefore required. While there have been several proposals for

industrial development in the vicinity of the proposed landfill, the implementation of these

plans has not moved to the point where irresolvable land use conflicts are inevitable.



35

When new development plans are considered for adjacent properties, the regulatory agency

should ensure that they are done so as to avoid land use or other conflicts involving the

landfill facility.

4.8.1. Traffic

The truck traffic, trucks per day travelling to and from the facility, resulting from the

operation of the town waste management facility at Wallame is very small and would pose

an almost insignificant threat to safety, provided that the timing of waste management

vehicle traffic is more or less distributed in time over the course of any day, or days during

the working week.

4.9.2. Nuisances

The Potential Nuisances associated with the construction and operation of the landfill site

are: The disturbance of adjacent facilities from noise of machinery in landfill; The

disturbance of adjacent facilities from pest populations attracted to the landfill; Litter and

dust generated at the landfill and distributed to neighboring properties; and Visual impacts

from landfill or litter.

The problems of noise, pests, litter and visual impact are all familiar problems associated

with landfill or other related waste management facilities that are improperly operated. If

additional plans for residential developments are realized during the life of the facility, they

will also need to be taken into account as potential receptors.


While noise, pests, litter and visual impacts are potential problems of landfill operations,

there are operational means of addressing all of them, and the difference between a well-run

facility and a poorly operated one is often manifested by the frequency of complaints about

these nuisances.

While some degree of machinery noise may be heard in surrounding areas, the Re-

vegetation and maintenance of a treed buffer zone around the site will serve to reduce the

noise levels heard beyond the site. Normally this is reduced to zero at about one kilometer

distance.

Dust suppression measures will be used during construction and operational phases of the

landfill, for example compaction of surfaces and the use of water or treated leachate on

access and other roads.

As outlined above, the application of daily cover material is critical in reducing the

landfill’s attractiveness to pests such as rodents, insects, feral dogs and cats, and birds.

Effective and regular application of cover material as specified in the environmental

mitigation plan, however, should reduce the attraction of these and other pests and animal

scavengers to levels that are not a nuisance to surrounding areas. In addition, the working



36

face of the landfill should be confined as much as possible, reducing the amount of fresh

waste exposed to the air. Finally, compaction of the waste in the landfill serves not only to

reduce odor and pest problems, but to minimize the escape of windblown litter.

To control litter, all incoming vehicles should be covered (e.g., with netting or tarp), and

site staff should be assigned as necessary to regularly retrieve litter which happens to escape

from the landfill site or collect at its periphery. This crew should also clean the access road

ditches adjacent to the site on a regular basis. It is recommended that all of the above

problems be monitored by visual or other inspection by landfill staff on a regular basis, and

that good communications be maintained with the surrounding neighbours. In this way,

emerging problems can be addressed promptly so as to prevent serious disturbances.

In terms of aesthetics, the treed buffer zone will minimize visual impact from the

perspective of adjacent areas during construction and operations. After landfill closure, the

landfill will be re-contoured and re-vegetated such as to provide an acceptable visual

presentation, using graded slopes and suitable species of grass or other vegetation.

With the measures of the environmental mitigation and monitoring plans fully

implemented, it should be possible to prevent significant adverse impacts in the form of

disturbances to neighbouring institutions or residences.

4.9. Impacts on Archaeological Resources

The proposed landfill site does not cause the loss of artifacts of historical/ importance due to

construction and related activities. Construction, clearing and related activities could not

result in the loss or damage of buried or surface artifacts of potential historical importance.

Given the above, it is not anticipated that any significant loss or damage to historical

resources will result from the development of the proposed landfill.

4.10. Impact on Safety and Health

Personnel involved in transporting and handling waste at collection, transfer and landfill site

can encounter different health and safety hazards. These may include, exposure to

biological hazards (bacteria, virus, fungal and other microorganisms), chemical hazards

that may include various chemical disposals such as dusts and others, physical hazards such

as noise, and weather factors cold and hot weather and mechanical hazards. These hazards

are preventable by taking the required safety and health measures.


Safety and health problem unless properly addressed will result in impacting personnel

health and safety at work. To mitigate these problems, it is recommendable (where

applicable) to move the waste mechanically (using shovels, etc) rather than doing the

loading and unloading activity manually. This condition will minimize exposure of

personnel to various safety and health hazards. Besides, providing employees with personal

protective equipment (PPE) and controlling usage of same will contribute in preventing

employees from health and safety hazards. As the waste to be disposed can contain various

health hazards, it is also advisable to arrange regular medical check up to employees



37

involved in waste transporting activity. Arranging washing facility will help employees to

have improved health.

Other Factors

Provided that the general recommendations for the environmental mitigation and

monitoring are implemented, the loss resulting from the use of the site under consideration

as a new town landfill facility would be outweighed by the environmental benefits such as

improved waste disposal system for Dilla, resulting in less litter, odor and pests. One

positive feature of using the Wallame site for a sanitary landfill is the availability of cover

material. This material could be used not only for daily, intermediate and final cover at the

site, but also for reclaiming existing problem landfills and dumps.

Risks of significant adverse impacts to other components of the environment, after

mitigation, are judged to be low.

4.11. Impact on income of the people generating their income from

quarry

The land which has been proposed for the landfill facility is free from residential or

agricultural use. However, it was observed that residents in Dilla organized in association

are performing quarrying activity which they produce approximately 3-5 cubic meters of

stone daily for their lively hood. These people are performing this task legally getting the

land from the town administration. As the area they are quarrying is with in the boundary of

landfill site, they will be removed from the area at the start of the project which will affect

their income.

Mitigation Measures

Project Affected Persons (PAPs) persons whose livelihood or shelter is directly affected by

the project activities due to acquisition of the land owned or used by them.

As these people have formal legal rights to the land, project owner or town administration is

required to compensate them by availing replacement for the land that has been taken by the

project so that they can restore their lively hood. Besides, as deemed necessary, they may be

required to be compensated for any investment they made to develop the site. This has to be

performed and completed before the construction activity starts.

5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Environmental Management Plan gives mitigating measures and monitoring

requirements, and identifies the organizations assigned to implement them. Mitigating

measures for the impacts that are likely to arise from implementing the project are given in

the previous chapter.

For technical and economic reasons it is not necessary to establish any new organization for

implementing the mitigating measures and monitoring plans. It is believed that the project



38

proponent in this particular case, Dilla Town Administration, the construction contractor,

construction supervisor and the regional officer responsible for environment will take the

major responsibility in supervising the implementation of the environmental mitigation and

monitoring plans

During the design phase, the consultant assigned to design the Landfill project will be

responsible for incorporating the recommended mitigation measures into the design and the

technical specifications of the bidding document.

During construction phase, the contractor will be responsible for implementing

environmental mitigation measures included in the design and technical specifications. The

construction supervisor will monitor the proper implementation of mitigating measures at

the right time, particularly for the impacts of the biophysical environment. The contractor

will be fully responsible for ensuring that all the work will be carried out as per the

environmental requirements indicated in the design and technical specification.

It is also envisaged that an environmentalist, with a broad range of experience and

knowledge in environmental management of Landfill project will be intermittently assigned

by regional office responsible for the environment to supervise proper implementation of

the mitigating measures. The environmentalist will be responsible for the overall

coordination of the environmental management activities, advise the contractors,

construction supervisors and the local authorities regarding the implementation of the

environmental mitigating measures and monitoring of impacts.

During the operation period, the environmental issues will be monitored jointly by the

regional office responsible for environment, Dilla Town Administration, and the Works and

Urban Development Office of the SNNPR Administration. In particular, the regional office

in charge of environment will coordinate other organizations that will be involved in the

monitoring of some of the parameters.

The proper implementation of a comprehensive environmental management plan (EMP)

will ensure that the proposed Landfill will meet regulatory and operational technical norms.

Environmental management/monitoring is essential for ensuring that identified impacts are

maintained within the allowable levels, unanticipated impacts are mitigated at an early stage

(before they become a problem), and the expected project benefits are realized. Thus, the

aim of an EMP is to assist in the systematic and prompt recognition of problems and the

effective actions to correct them, and ultimately good environmental performance is

achieved.

A good understanding of environmental priorities and policies, proper management of the

facility (at the municipality and the local levels), knowledge of regulatory requirements and

keeping up-to-date operational information are basic to good environmental performance.

Two monitoring activities have to be initiated for the proposed Landfill to ensure the

environmental soundness of the project. The first is compliance monitoring, and the second

is process control monitoring.

Compliance monitoring provides for the control and categorization of compost quality,

while process monitoring relates to detecting the impact of the operational activities.

Together, the objective is to improve the quality and availability of data on the effectiveness



39

of operation, equipment, and design measures and eventually on the protection of the

environment.

Compliance to the regulations set by the Federal and Regional Environmental Agencies and

other relevant agencies to limit air, water, and soil pollution as well as occupational health

and safety shall be observed. Compliance monitoring shall be the responsibility of the

Municipality and Landfill facility administration, and regional environment agency thus

monitoring activities shall be budgeted for accordingly.

For effective compliance monitoring, the following shall be assured:

Trained staff and defined responsibilities

Adequate analytical facility (ies), equipment, and materials,

Authorized Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for representative sampling,

laboratory analysis, and data analysis,

Maintenance and calibration of monitoring equipment,

Provision of safe storage and retention of records.

The technical staff that would run the plant shall attend training programs to improve their

qualifications and update their information. Both Contractors and Consultants would be

involved in knowledge transfer to operators and management through regular assistance and

specialized technical workshops.

Given that the facility capacity at the start of operation is small, it is recommended that

compliance monitoring occurs once every 6 months. However, in the case of facility

expansion, the frequency of monitoring should be increased accordingly.

In addition to compliance monitoring, process control monitoring is needed since a precise

and adapted process control strategy translates into a better process performance, and thus

regulatory compliance. Process control monitoring also includes occupational health and

safety monitoring.

Occupational health and safety is crucial for the proper performance of the Landfill. In

addition, the Landfill site supervisor must continuously observe the occupational safety

standards of the labor law.

The Landfill site supervisor must also regularly check for outdoor odor levels. This is

performed weekly by a field visit to the area surrounding the facility, especially in the

predominant wind direction and close to the residential area. Monitoring for pest is essential

to maintain hygienic standards within the facility. This is an ongoing process. All labor

should be instructed to report unusual pest rises to the Landfill site supervisor.

It is the responsibility of the Municipality and Landfill site administrator to ensure the

development of a database that includes a systematic tabulation of process indicators,

performed computations, maintenance schedules, logbook, and compliance and process

performance monitoring outcomes. Such a historical database benefits both the facility

operator and design engineers.

The Landfill facility should submit a periodic compliance monitoring report to the

appropriate regional and federal authorities.



Table 4.Summary of Environmental and social management Plan (ESMF)

S/N Potential

environmental &

social impacts

Proposed mitigation measures Responsible for

implementing the

mitigation measures

Responsible for

monitoring the

implementation

of mitigation

measures

Time Horizon

Mitigation Monitorin

g

Cost

Ethi.Birr

1 Generation of

landfill gas and

odors from

decomposing

process

proper ventilation

applying coverage for waste on daily

and regular basis

Dilla Environmental and

beautification process

REPA

UGCBB

Environmental

specialist

Construction

period

Operation

period

50,000

2 Erosion of soil reduce water flow over bare soil

reduce velocity of water by using

effective contouring to reduce slope

grades, ditch blocks to reduce runoff

velocities and prompt and effective

re-vegetation of bare ground

whenever possible, which stabilizes

the soil and helps to reduce run-off

water velocities

appropriate measures including

provision of berms and silt traps

during construction

Contractor

REPA

Supervisor

REPA

UGCBB

Environmental

specialist

Construction

period

Operation

period

Included

in the

constructi

on

agreement

3 Contaminations of

surface and ground

water

all water from the waste should be

kept in an appropriate leachate pond

use appropriate liners- either natural

or synthetic to contain leachate

Contractor

REPA

Contractor

REPA

Construction

period

Operation

period

Included

in the

constructi

on



41

agreement

4 Noise, pest, dust

and other

disturbances

establish buffer zone

daily proper cover of waste

use dust suppressor

proper maintenance of machineries,

vehicles, and use of low noise

equipments

Dilla City Environmental

and beautification process

REPA

Dilla City

Operation

period

Operation

period

25,000

5

Occupational and

public health

hazards

provision and use of proper personal

protective equipment

regular medical check-up and

provision of appropriate sanitary

facilities

Community training and

awareness creation

salary for permanent and

temporary staff

Dilla City Administration Dilla City

Administration

During

construction

&operation

period

300,000

Total estimated budget for implementation of mitigation measures will be ETB 375,000.00



6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The improvement measures being taken as regards to house hold level waste handling, door

to door waste collection, waste recycling and reuse are good examples & indicators for a

better urban waste management practice. The strategic plan prepared by the Adigrat town

Sanitation, Beautification and Parks Office, if properly implemented is believed to bring

further improvements in the waste management works of the town. One of such

improvement measures is the provision of properly designed sanitary land fill for treatment

and disposal of the solid waste of the town.

The transfer containers or dust bins are located on street sides, like most urban centers;

instead door to door collection should be done and directly transported to the disposal site

by either the tractors, or by the carts. This could avoid/minimize the odor problems of waste

containers located at road sides as experienced elsewhere. Capacity building is required to

maintain this operation procedure, to cope with the urban population growth and increase in

volume of waste generated from time to time.

The study emphasizes and recommends the strict adherence to waste management hierarchy

advocated worldwide at present. The waste management hierarchy follows the principles of

sustainable development that encourages using scarce natural resources more efficiently,

and avoiding the environmental impacts of waste disposal. The waste management

hierarchy to be advocated should, therefore, recognize the following trend;

Avoiding waste

Re-using materials

Recycling and reprocessing materials

Waste disposal (if the first three are not possible).



43

ANNEXES ANNEX I - REFERENCES

1. Proclamation provided for the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organ,

Proclamation No. 295/2000

2. Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline Document , EPA July 2000

3. Environnemental Assessment Proclamation, Proclamation No. 299/2002

4. Environnemental Pollution Control Proclamation, Proclamation No. 300/2002

5. The conservation Strategy of Ethiopia, volume II ,Federal Policy on Natural resources and

the Environment, EPA ,1996

6. Solid Waste Management Proclamation, Proclamation 513/2007

7. Labour Proclamation, Proc. 377/2003

8. The environmental Policy of Ethiopia, EPA ,1997

9. Environmental and Social Management Framework, ULGDP, MoWUD, 2008



44

ANNEX II- CHECK LIST USED FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Potentially

Significant

Impact

Potentially

Significant Unless

Mitigation

Incorporation

Less Than Significant

Impact

No impact

I- AESTHETICS - Would the

project:

a) Have a substantial adverse effect on a

scenic vista?

b) Substantially damage scenic resources,

including, but not limited to, trees, rock,

outcroppings, and historic buildings within a

state scenic highway?

c) Substantially degrade the existing visual

character or quality of the site and its

surroundings?

d) Create a new source of substantial light or

glare which would adversely affect day or

nighttime views in the area?

II. AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES -

Would the project:

a) Convert farmland to non-

agricultural use?

b) Conflict with existing zoning?

c) Involve other changes in the

existing environment which, due to

their location or nature, could

result in conversion of to non-

agricultural use?

AIR QUALITY - Would the project:

a) Violate any air quality standard or

contribute substantially to an

existing or projected air quality

violation?

b) Expose sensitive receptors to

substantial pollutant

concentrations?

c) Create objectionable odors

affecting a substantial number of

people?

BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES - Would the

project:

a) Have a substantial adverse effect,

either directly or through habitat

modifications, on any species

identified as sensitive?

b) Have a substantial adverse effect

on any riparian habitat or other

sensitive natural community?

c) Have a substantial adverse effect

on protected wetlands through

direct removal, filling,



45

Potentially

Significant

Impact

Potentially

Significant Unless

Mitigation

Incorporation


Impact

No impact

hydrological interruption, or other

means?

d) Interfere substantially with the

movement of any native resident or

migratory wildlife species?

e) Conflict with any local policies or

ordinances protecting biological

resources, such as a tree

preservation policy or ordinance?

f) Conflict with the provisions of an

adopted or other approved local,

regional, or federal habitat

conservation plan?

CULTURAL RESOURCES - Would the

project

a) Cause a substantial adverse change

in the significance of a historical

resource?

b) Cause a substantial adverse change

in the significance of an

Archaeological resource?

c) Directly or indirectly destroy a

unique pale ontological resource or

site or unique geologic feature?

d) Disturb any human remains,

including those interred outside of

formal cemeteries?

GEOLOGY AND SOILS - Would the

project:

a) Expose people or structures to

potential substantial adverse

effects, including the risk of loss,

injury, or death involving:

I. Strong seismic ground

shaking?

II. Seismic-related ground

failure, including

liquefaction?

III. Landslides?

IV. Result in substantial soil

erosion or the loss of

topsoil?

V. Be located on a geologic

unit or soil that is

unstable, or that would

become unstable as a

result of the project, and

potentially result in on-

or off-site landslide,

lateral spreading,

subsidence, liquefaction

or collapse?



46

Potentially

Significant

Impact

Potentially

Significant Unless

Mitigation

Incorporation


Impact

No impact

VII. HAZARDS AND HAZARDOUS

MATERIALS – Would the

project:

a) Create a significant hazard to the

public or the environment through

the routine transport, use, or

disposal of hazardous materials?

b) Create a significant hazard to the

public or the environment through

reasonably foreseeable upset and

accident conditions involving the

release of hazardous materials into

the environment?

c) Emit hazardous emissions or

handle hazardous or acutely

hazardous materials, substances, or

waste within the reach of an

existing or proposed school?

d) Expose people or structures to a

significant risk or loss, injury or

death?

HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY

- Would the project:

a) Violate any water quality standards

or waste discharge requirements?

b) Substantially deplete groundwater

supplies or interfere substantially

with groundwater recharge such

that there would be a net deficit in

aquifer volume or a lowering of the

local groundwater table level (e.g.,

the production rate of pre-existing

nearby wells would drop to a level

which would not support existing

land uses or planned uses)

c) Substantially alter the existing

drainage pattern of the site or area,

including through the alteration of

the course of a stream or river, in a

manner which would result in

substantial erosion or siltation on-

or off-site?

d) Substantially alter the existing

drainage pattern of the site or area,

including through the alteration of

the course of a stream or river, or

substantially increase the rate or

amount of surface runoff in a

manner which would result in

flooding on- or off-site?

e) Create or contribute runoff water

which would exceed the capacity

of existing or planned storm water

drainage systems or provide

substantial additional sources of

polluted runoff?



47

Potentially

Significant

Impact

Potentially

Significant Unless

Mitigation

Incorporation


Impact

No impact

f) Otherwise substantially degrade

water quality?

g) Expose people or structures to a

significant risk of loss, injury or

death involving flooding, including

flooding as a result of the failure of

a levee or dam?

LAND USE AND PLANNING - Would

the project:

a) Physically divide an established

community?

b) Conflict with any applicable land

use plan, policy, or regulation of an

agency with jurisdiction over the

project (including, but not limited

to the general plan, specific plan,

or zoning) adopted for the purpose

of avoiding or mitigating an

environmental effect?

c) Conflict with any applicable

habitat conservation plan or natural

community conservation plan?

MINERAL RESOURCES - Would the

project:

a) Result in the loss of availability of

a known mineral resource that

would be of value to the region and

the residents?

b) Result in the loss of availability of

a locally-important mineral

resource recovery site delineated

on a local general plan, specific

plan or other land use plan?

NOISE - Would the project result in:

a) Exposure of persons to or

generation of noise levels in excess

of standards established?

b) Exposure of persons to or

generations of excessive ground-

borne vibration or ground-borne

noise levels?

c) A substantial permanent increase

in ambient noise levels in the

project vicinity above levels

existing without the project?

d) A substantial temporary or periodic

increase in ambient noise levels in

the project vicinity above levels

existing without the project?

POPULATION AND HOUSING - Would

the project:

a) Induce substantial population

growth in an area, either directly

(for example, by processing new



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Potentially

Significant

Impact

Potentially

Significant Unless

Mitigation

Incorporation


Impact

No impact

homes and businesses) or indirectly

(for example, through extension of

roads or other infrastructure?

b) Displace substantial numbers of

existing housing necessitating the

construction of replacement

housing elsewhere?

c) Displace substantial numbers of

people, necessitating the

construction of replacement

housing elsewhere?

PUBLIC SERVICES

a) Would the project result in

substantial adverse physical

impacts associated with the

provision of new or physically

altered governmental facilities,

need for new or physically altered

governmental facilities, the

construction of which could cause

significant environmental impacts,

in order to maintain acceptable

service ratios, response times or

other performance objectives for

any of the public services:

i) Fire protection?

ii) Police protection?

iii) Schools?

iv) Parks?

v) Other public facilities?

RECREATION

a) Would the project increase the use

of existing neighborhood and

regional parks or other recreational

facilities such that substantial

physical deterioration of the

facility would occur or be

accelerated?

b) Does the project include

recreational facilities or require the

construction or expansion of

recreational facilities which might

have been an adverse physical

effect on the environment?

TRANSPORTATION/TRAFFIC - Would

the project:

a) Cause an increase in traffic which

is substantial in relation to the

existing traffic load and capacity of

the street system (i.e., result in a



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Potentially

Significant

Impact

Potentially

Significant Unless

Mitigation

Incorporation


Impact

No impact

substantial increase in either the

number of vehicle trips, the volume

to capacity ratio on roads, or

congestion at intersections.)?

XVII. MANDATORY FINDINGS OF

SIGNIFICANCE:

a) Does the project have the potential

to degrade the quality of the

Environment, substantially reduce

the habitat of a fish or wildlife,

threaten to eliminate a plant or

animal community, reduce the

number or restrict the range of a

rare or endangered plant or animal

or eliminate important examples of

the major periods of history or pre-

history?

b) Does the project have impacts that

are individually limited, but

cumulatively considerable?

(“Cumulatively considerable”

means that the incremental effects

of a project are considerable when

viewed in connection with the

effects of past projects, the effects

of other current projects, and the

effects of probable future

projects.)?

c) Does the project have

environmental effects which will

cause substantial adverse effects on

human beings, either directly or

indirectly?

DILLA CITY ADMINISTRATION - World Bank · 2016. 7. 14. · Dilla Sanitary landfill project...

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