Digital Sensing and using GIS in environmental...

Digital Sensing and using GIS in environmental inspection -

Ivan BLINKOV

Digital Sensing and using GIS in environmental inspection -

Ivan BLINKOV

Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Faculty of forestry Faculty of forestry ––

Skopje, MacedoniaSkopje, Macedoniahttp://http://www.sf.ukim.edu.mkwww.sf.ukim.edu.mk

[email protected],

EXCHANGE PROGRAMME , Ohrid, REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA , June 30 - July 2, 2009

Basic Info Age – 48 Education: BSc – Forestry ; MSc, PhD - Forest Environment > Natural disasters > Watershed management

Teaching: Land and Water related courses, Leader of MSc group: Management of Land and Water in Mountainous ecosystems Membership: WASWC; Alliance21 GAOF, MES, BIOEKO …

Full Full professor Ivan Blinkov, PhDprofessor Ivan Blinkov, PhD Permanent:Permanent: Faculty of Forestry Faculty of Forestry –– Dept. Land and WaterDept. Land and Water

HonoraryHonorary: Interdisciplinary studies of Environmental : Interdisciplinary studies of Environmental

engineeringengineering

Professional achievements:

2 textbooks, 3 internal scripts 1 chapter in Oxford monograph >30 domestic projects 8 scientific domestic projects >10 International projects >50 published papers on

international conferences Reviser on scientific conferences,

magazines, domestic projects Invited lecturer,

Member of Expert council of the Min.of environmen and phys.plan.

What is Digital SensingWhat is Digital Sensing

The Digital Sensing is a technique The Digital Sensing is a technique that enable data capture, storage that enable data capture, storage and analyzing. and analyzing.

In this presentation the main topics In this presentation the main topics will be GIS and Remote Sensingwill be GIS and Remote Sensing

What is Remote Sensing (RS)What is Remote Sensing (RS)RS is the collection of information RS is the collection of information

about an object without being in about an object without being in direct physical contact with the direct physical contact with the object.object.

Remote Sensing is a technology for sampling radiation and force fields to acquire and interpret geospatial data to develop information about features, objects, and classes on Earth's land surface, oceans, and atmosphere (and, where applicable, on the exterior's of other bodies in the solar system).

Each Imaging Remote Sensing Systemconsist of three parts:

(E. Löffler, 1994):

Data Acquisition

Data Storage

Data Analyses/ Processing

Surface Scientist and Planner

Aerial Aerial photophoto

Satellite Satellite imageimage

band 321(green) band 432 (red)

512x512 64x64

Remote SensingRemote Sensing

Ikonos (4m)

Landsat (30m) Aerial photo (0.5m

Use of Use of appropriate appropriate datasetdataset

Example: Burned area Example: Burned area -- alocationalocation

Albania

R. Macedonia

Bulgaria

Satellite image – 25 July 2007Satellite image – 25 July 2007FOREST FIRES

DISTRIBUTION

What is GPS What is GPS -- Global positioning systemGlobal positioning system

Segments of GPS Segments of GPS

Earth Earth 1 main station 1 main station (Schriever Air (Schriever Air Force BaseForce Base, , Colorado springs Colorado springs 5 other 5 other secondary secondary stations stations distributed on distributed on the Earth the Earth

GIS is an acronym for:

•Geographic Information Systems (US)

•Geographical Information Systems (UK, Aust., Canada)

•Geographic Information Science (Academia)

What‘s GIS?

DEFINITION of GISDEFINITION of GISA geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing things that exist and events that happen on earth. GIS technology integrates common database operations such as query and statistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits offered by maps. These abilities distinguish GIS from other information systems and make it valuable to a wide range of public and private enterprises for explaining events, predicting outcomes, and planning strategies

(ESRI -Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.)

A system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analyzing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth. (Chorley, 1987)

A system of hardware, software, and procedures designed to support the capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling and display of spatially referenced data for solving complex planning and management problems. (NCGIA lecture by David Cowen, 1989)

An integrated package for the input, storage, analysis, and output of spatial information... analysis being the most significant. (Gaile and Willmott, 1989)

An information system that is designed to work with data referenced by spatial or geographic coordinates. In other words,a GIS is both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially-referenced data, as well as a set of operations for working [analysis] with the data. (Star and Estes, 1990)

Automated systems for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis,and display of spatial data. (Clarke, 1990)

A geographic information system (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information.

GIS allows us to view, understand, GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships, many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts maps, globes, reports, and charts

But what does GIS really mean?

5 (five) major GIS components:

Humanware„Know-ware“

SoftwareHardwareDataware

The Humanware

computer staffexperts from various science disciplinesGIS operatorsGIS expertsGIS- and applications developersDatasuppliers?????

The „Know-ware“

the knowledgeabout the systems thematic context brought in by the specialists of the science disciplines

The HardwareWorkstationsnetworks, disk and tape storage,digitizers, plotters and communications devices.

The Softwareperforms various steps of data processing(capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, reporting, communication functions,…)

ArcGIS; MapInfo; Autocad Map; Saga, Grass....

Other supported software

The Datawaremay be one of the following

types:spatial (geometric)

or attribute

T T Each mathematic data Each mathematic data (point, line, polygon) (point, line, polygon) is geois geo--located i.e. located i.e. each point has each point has coordinatescoordinates

Each data can be Each data can be accompanied by accompanied by attributes (data that attributes (data that explain the explain the mathematical data) mathematical data)

Final result: SMART Final result: SMART MAPMAP

Common data formatCommon data format

VISUALIZATION –

“ WORTH a THOUSAND WORDS”

Comparing Vector and RasterComparing Vector and Raster

Advantages and disadvantages of vector dataAdvantages and disadvantages of vector dataData can be represented at its original resolution and form without generalization. Graphic output is usually more aestheticallypleasing (traditional cartographic representation); Since most data, e.g. hard copy maps, is in vector form no data conversion is required. Accurate geographic location of data is maintained. Allows for efficient encoding of topology, and as a result more efficient operations that require topological information, e.g. proximity, network analysis.

The location of each vertex needs to be stored explicitly. For effective analysis, vector data must be converted into a topological structure. Algorithms for manipulative and analysis functions are complex

and may be processing intensive. Continuous data, such as elevation data, is not effectively

represented in vector form. Usually substantial data generalization or interpolation is

required for these data layers.Spatial analysis and filtering within polygons is impossible.

Advantages and disadvantages of raster dataAdvantages and disadvantages of raster dataThe geographic location of each cell is implied by its position in

the cell matrix. Accordingly, other than an origin point, e.g. bottom left corner, no geographic coordinates are stored.Due to the nature of the data storage technique data

analysis is usually easy to program and quick to perform.The inherent nature of raster maps, e.g. one attribute maps, is ideally suited for mathematical modeling and quantitative analysis.Discrete data, e.g. forestry stands, is accommodated equally well as continuous data, e.g. elevation data, and facilitates the integrating of the two data types. Grid-cell systems are very compatible with raster-based output devices, e.g. electrostatic plotters, graphic terminals.

The cell size determines the resolution; It is especially difficult to adequately represent linear features depending on the cell resolution. Accordingly, network linkages are difficult to establish.Processing of associated attribute data may be cumbersome if large amounts of data exists. Raster maps inherently reflect only one attribute or characteristic for an area.Since most input data is in vector form, data must undergo vector-to-raster conversion. Besides increased processing requirements this may introduce data integrity concerns due to generalization and choice of inappropriate cell size.Most output maps from grid-cell systems do not conform to high-

quality cartographic needs

Example: Georeferencing data for Example: Georeferencing data for the National Park the National Park GalicicaGalicica

CREATION attributes (Attribute table)CREATION attributes (Attribute table)ID BR_ODD BROJ_STEBL DRVNA_MASA DRV_MAS_CE PRIRAST_1H CEL_PRIRAS POVRSINA VID_NA_PR0 12 a 1056 34 567 1,15 45 721347,86 Ogrevno 0 1 a 2555 20,9 648,0 1,1 20,5 320802,51 0 2 a 6750 32,8 2309,0 3,0 153,6 452642,58 0 3 a 2520 34.5 1660 1.15 55.2 918432,53 Ogrevno 0 3 a 25838,96 0 4 a 2520 34,5 776 1.15 25,9 570580,16 Ogrevno 0 4 a 78403,06 0 5 a 117689,25 0 5 a 753159,05 0 6 a 752524,37 0 7 a 123683,84 0 7 a 750931,56 0 8 a 391563,83 0 8 a 75647,88 0 9 a 2555 22,8 748 1,8 65 562802,20 Ogrevno 0 10 a 4700 42 1690 1,95 69 719703,96 0 11 a 633695,68 0 40 565110,41 0 41 593578,03 0 1 b 5400 35,5 1139,2 2,65 75,7 314061,46 0 1 v 380 342 1197,0 9,8 34,3 62289,59 0 10 b 126553,04 0 10 v 174720,07 0 11 b 92418,32 0 12 b 284732,33 0 13 a 663846,16 Ogrevno 0 13 b 409917,63 0 14 a 219844,41

S l i ka

Output Output –– Map and attributesMap and attributes

PHYTOCENOSIS

Sample Sample ApplicationsApplications

––

FloodFlood

modelingmodeling

before after

Result


––

Regional Regional planningplanning

Noise

spread

analysis

Zones along electric line – electromagnetic radiation


––

AnalyzeAnalyze

wildlifewildlife

Based

on echo location

techno- logies

GIS can

be

used

to

visualize

and analyze

the

spatial abundance, size, and depth

distribution

of open

water

fish.

Digital Sensing and using GIS -

RimaDima project-

Ivan BLINKOV

Digital Sensing and using GIS -

RimaDima project-

Ivan BLINKOV

Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Faculty of forestry Faculty of forestry ––

Skopje, MacedoniaSkopje, Macedoniahttp://http://www.sf.ukim.edu.mkwww.sf.ukim.edu.mk

[email protected],


Presenter:IVAN BLINKOV

Project RIMADIMARef.nr.: 5D102 RIMADIMA

Project RIMADIMARef.nr.: 5D102 RIMADIMA

Workshop – SERM – South Europe Regional Meeting

Climate changes and Forest Fires, Skopje 9.04.2008

Risk-, Disaster-Management & prevention of natural hazards in mountainous and/or forested regions

Risk-, Disaster-Management & prevention of natural hazards in mountainous and/or forested regions

Project part-financed by the European Union


project part-financed by the European Union

CADSES zone

EU Programme:

INTERREG IIIb CADSES

Priority 4:

Environment protection, resource management and risk prevention

Measure 4.2.

Promoting Risk management and prevention of disasters

Project consortium:Project consortium:Italy: Italy:

Community Mountain Community Mountain ""AppenninoAppennino ForliveseForlivese" " (LEAD PARTNER) (LEAD PARTNER)

Poland:Silesian Silesian VoivodeshipVoivodeship Office Office in Katowice, Crisis in Katowice, Crisis Management Department Management Department

Czech Republic:Czech Republic:Nature Conservation Nature Conservation BERKUT BERKUT

Hungary:Hungary:Lake Balaton Development Lake Balaton Development Coordination Agency Coordination Agency

Bulgaria:Bulgaria:SmolyanSmolyan Region Region Association of Small and Association of Small and Medium Enterprises Medium Enterprises

Serbia:Serbia:ToplickiToplicki District District Public Enterprise Public Enterprise SRBIJAVODE, Belgrade SRBIJAVODE, Belgrade Faculty of Forestry, Faculty of Forestry, BelgradeBelgrade

Macedonia:Macedonia:Faculty of Forestry Faculty of Forestry -- Skopje Skopje University University Public Enterprise "Parks Public Enterprise "Parks and Greenery" and Greenery" -- SkopjeSkopje

Activities Activities -- Work PackagesWork Packageswp1 wp1 –– Project management Project management

wp2 wp2 –– Creation of a basic data related to natural Creation of a basic data related to natural hazardshazards

-- Study of natural and socStudy of natural and soc--economy factors;economy factors;-- Creation GIS database; Creation GIS database; -- Study about monitoring related to natural disasters; Study about monitoring related to natural disasters; -- Study about planning Study about planning –– in forestry, agriculture, in forestry, agriculture,

watermanagement, spatial, urbanwatermanagement, spatial, urban-- Study about management of natural resourcesStudy about management of natural resources-- Study about dominant risksStudy about dominant risks-- Transnational study on risk probability violation of forest Transnational study on risk probability violation of forest

ecosystem / meteorologicalecosystem / meteorological

wp3 wp3 –– System of risk/disaster management System of risk/disaster management -- Study of the system on national / regional / local level ; Study of the system on national / regional / local level ;

other institutions (legal basis, competences, capacities, other institutions (legal basis, competences, capacities, SWOT analyses)SWOT analyses)

wp4 wp4 –– Technical implementation of the developed Technical implementation of the developed measuresmeasures ––Development of: RISK maps; DSS Development of: RISK maps; DSS

-- Risk assessment (per hazard and mutual)Risk assessment (per hazard and mutual)-- Development of Map of critical facilitiesDevelopment of Map of critical facilities-- Development Risk maps (per hazard) Development Risk maps (per hazard) -- Development methodology and multyhazard risk mapDevelopment methodology and multyhazard risk map-- Establishing Centre for risk management in the PEPG (hardware, Establishing Centre for risk management in the PEPG (hardware,

software)software)-- Establishing Laboratory for GIS modelling on the Faculty Establishing Laboratory for GIS modelling on the Faculty -- Development of Decision Support System for planningDevelopment of Decision Support System for planning-- Development of Decision Support System for emergencyDevelopment of Decision Support System for emergency

wp5 wp5 –– Recommendations for public authoritiesRecommendations for public authoritiesStudy on acceptable level of risk Study on acceptable level of risk

-- Development of recommendation for improvement of the risk Development of recommendation for improvement of the risk management system for different stakeholder management system for different stakeholder

wp6 wp6 –– Dissemination of results and strengthening Dissemination of results and strengthening the public awareness of risk prevention.the public awareness of risk prevention.

-- workshops, presentations, medias, information, leaflets, workshops, presentations, medias, information, leaflets, pamphlets, webpamphlets, web--sitesite

Technological hazardsTechnological hazards vs.vs. Natural hazardsNatural hazards

A natural hazard is a threat of an event that will have a negative effect on people or the environment. A natural disaster is the effect of a natural hazard that affects the environment, and leads to financial, environmental and/or human losses.

Technological hazards include hazardous materials incidents and nuclear power plant failures. Usually, little or no warning precedes incidents involving technological hazards. In many cases, victims may not know they have been affected until many years later. (FEMA, 2001)(FEMA, 2001)

Final result is the same.

Why Natural hazardsWhy Natural hazards

Human civilizationHuman civilization

FIRST CIVILIZATIONS didn’t know what chemistry is, what is nuclear plant, but their land was destroyed and became

desert

Assure; Mesopotamia

China

Technological deserts

Bucim – Radovis - MKD Sasa - MKD

IRAQ Jordan

China India

Perceivable vs. Not perceivablePerceivable vs. Not perceivableThe most exposed hazards are those that are The most exposed hazards are those that are perceptible by human senses as fires, floods, perceptible by human senses as fires, floods, earthquakes, landslides, high temperature, gas earthquakes, landslides, high temperature, gas explosion, dam collapse etc. explosion, dam collapse etc.

Otherwise there are other type of hazards that are not Otherwise there are other type of hazards that are not perceptible as drought and erosion but their impact is perceptible as drought and erosion but their impact is significant.significant.

““Danger from nuclear arm and human capability to Danger from nuclear arm and human capability to destroy the environment are really alarming. But there destroy the environment are really alarming. But there are other unperceivable events are other unperceivable events –– I mean on natural I mean on natural resources exhausting and soil erosion that are probably resources exhausting and soil erosion that are probably the most danger because when we began to feel their the most danger because when we began to feel their consequences, it will be too late.consequences, it will be too late.””(Dalai Lama: (Dalai Lama: ““Small book of peace in mindSmall book of peace in mind””. 2002, . 2002, Element Books, London)Element Books, London)

HAZARDOUS NATURAL PHENOMENA HAZARDOUS NATURAL PHENOMENA

ATMOSPHERIC –METEOROLOGICAL

Hailstorms, Hurricanes, Tornadoes, Tropical storms LightningIce, FrostDrought HYDROLOGICHYDROLOGIC

Coastal floodingCoastal floodingRiver floodingRiver floodingFlash Flooding Flash Flooding

DesertificationDesertification

SalinizationSalinization

Erosion and Erosion and sedimentationsedimentation

WILDFIRE

Forest fireGrassSavannah

ENDOGENIC

Volcanic (Lava, gas, ash..)Seismic(Earthquake…) Tsunamis

GRAVIOTORIAL

Debris avalanchesExpansive soilsLandslidesRock falls BIOLOGICAL

EpizootiesEpiphytoties

Natural hazardsNatural hazardsEvery year natural hazards cause not only economic Every year natural hazards cause not only economic damages but they endanger the human life and health too. damages but they endanger the human life and health too. Population in the hillyPopulation in the hilly--mountain and mountain regions is mountain and mountain regions is permanently faced with the risk of natural hazards. permanently faced with the risk of natural hazards.

Some natural hazards origin from the mountainous regions Some natural hazards origin from the mountainous regions but the consequences are usually felt in the downstream but the consequences are usually felt in the downstream sectionssections. A considerable increase of destruction can be . A considerable increase of destruction can be caused by natural hazards due to the geographical caused by natural hazards due to the geographical proximity of forested areas.proximity of forested areas.

Hazards are linked, Hazards are linked, -- drought > fire > erosion > drought > fire > erosion > desertification > flash flooddesertification > flash flood or or intensive rainfalls > intensive rainfalls > erosion or landslides > flash floodserosion or landslides > flash floods. Chained effect of the . Chained effect of the hazards is thus considerable. hazards is thus considerable.

The Character of the HazardsThe Character of the HazardsPredictable timely vs. Unpredictable in timePredictable timely vs. Unpredictable in time

Some hazards, such as storms or floods can be forecasted with Some hazards, such as storms or floods can be forecasted with high accuracies. Most geological events as landslides, landfallshigh accuracies. Most geological events as landslides, landfalls or or rock falls can not be forecasted in time and space. This is the rock falls can not be forecasted in time and space. This is the same with the flash floods.same with the flash floods.

Rapid Onset vs. Slow Onset Rapid Onset vs. Slow Onset The speed of onset of a hazard is an important variable since itThe speed of onset of a hazard is an important variable since itconditions warning time. conditions warning time.

At one extreme event such landslide or flash flood gives At one extreme event such landslide or flash flood gives virtually no warning. virtually no warning. Other hazards such as drought, desertification or subsidence actOther hazards such as drought, desertification or subsidence actslowly over a period of months or years. slowly over a period of months or years. Hazards such as erosion/sedimentation have varying lead times: Hazards such as erosion/sedimentation have varying lead times: damage may occur suddenly as a result of storm, or may develop damage may occur suddenly as a result of storm, or may develop over many years. Less extreme are regional floods (in these over many years. Less extreme are regional floods (in these case the river Vardar), where the likelihood of occurrence is case the river Vardar), where the likelihood of occurrence is known for several hours or days in advance. known for several hours or days in advance.

Controllable Events vs. Immutable EventsControllable Events vs. Immutable Events

The river floods and The river floods and wild fireswild fires can be controlled can be controlled with early detection and quick reaction of the with early detection and quick reaction of the responsible institution.responsible institution.

For some types of hazards the actual dimensions For some types of hazards the actual dimensions of the occurrence may be altered if appropriate of the occurrence may be altered if appropriate measures are taken. measures are taken. For others, no known technology can effectively For others, no known technology can effectively alter the occurrence itself. alter the occurrence itself.

For example, afforestation of the bareland in the For example, afforestation of the bareland in the catchment and canalizing a stream bed can reduce catchment and canalizing a stream bed can reduce the area extent of inundations, but nothing will the area extent of inundations, but nothing will mitigate the ground shaking produced by an mitigate the ground shaking produced by an earthquake. earthquake.

Actors in Natural hazard managementActors in Natural hazard managementPlanning agencies (spatial,, forestry, urbanism, Planning agencies (spatial,, forestry, urbanism, waterwaterLine ministries (Line ministries (MoEPPMoEPP, MAFWE, MTC; MF, MD, , MAFWE, MTC; MF, MD, MIA, MHMIA, MHMonitoring (HMSMonitoring (HMS…… ))Inspectorates (communal, environmentalInspectorates (communal, environmental…….).)Emergency preparedness and response centers Emergency preparedness and response centers (CMC, PRD, PE WE, PE MF..)(CMC, PRD, PE WE, PE MF..)The Educational/scientific institutionsThe Educational/scientific institutionsLocal communitiesLocal communitiesFinance agenciesFinance agenciesNonNon--governmental organizationsgovernmental organizations (RC, RHM)(RC, RHM)

Each has its own interests and approach.Each has its own interests and approach.If we intend to improve the system we have to If we intend to improve the system we have to

improve all of them.improve all of them.

Working area 1Working area 1–– square 10x10 kmsquare 10x10 km

BoundariesWest to east from 7523000 to 7524000; south to north from 4643000 to 4653000DEM: lowest point is 240m (the river Vardar), to 1068 m top of the Vodno mountain.

WORKING REGION

WORKING AREA – square

WORKING AREA – Park-Forest Vodno and the surrounding area

odno 1920<<headhead>> <head><head>

Vodno 2005odno 1920

L e g e n d :

1 – Ancient Skupi2 – Justiniana prima ???3 – Skopje (XV-XIX)4 – (XX c. – 1963)* - villages around the city (-1963)5 (yellow filled) – present city

600 000 citizens

Digital Landscape model Digital Landscape model -- DLMDLM

Traditional data base compilation task: collect data and put together

Geographic data base compilation task: collect and integrate data

Integrated geospatial data base + GIS and/or expert package = DLM

Altitude Area

m %

<300 37.22

300-400 10.22

400-500 12.49

500-600 13.28

600-700 9.01

700-800 7.33

800-900 6.91

900-1000 3.12

1000-1100 0.42

100.00

Picture 9 – Altitude profile of the wa 1

Slope Area

% %

<5 28.49

5-10 13.96

10-15 16.37

15-20 13.55

20-30 15.82

30-40 8.05

40-50 2.72

50-60 0.78

60-70 0.20

70-80 0.07

100.00

Picture 10 – Slopes in the wa 1

soil type % ha

Cinemonic soil 3.44 157.01

Cambisoil 75.15 3433.40

Regosol 19.51 891.10

Rendzinic soil 1.90 86.94

STREETS in the city

LAND COVER - CORINE Classification

Based on remote sensing analysis

Hydraulic structures

Channels,

cross constructions

Pregr ada br.

Sostoj ba

m-jal visina (m)

Nanos%

1 dobra kamen 4 60

2 dobra kamen 4 70

3 dobra kamen 3.5 70

4 dobra kamen 4.0 75

5 o{t. preliv

kamen 3.5 90

Hyp

erlin

k

Torrent Cadastre

Creation Risk vulnerability mapsCreation Risk vulnerability mapsThe soil erosion riskThe soil erosion risk was estimated according the was estimated according the modified methodology of Gavrilovic. As the main modified methodology of Gavrilovic. As the main estimator of the soil erosion hazard mapping the Erosion estimator of the soil erosion hazard mapping the Erosion Coefficient Coefficient –– Z was taken. There were several estimation Z was taken. There were several estimation criteria used: slope (extracted from DEM), land cover, criteria used: slope (extracted from DEM), land cover, structural measures, erosion types, soil and geology structural measures, erosion types, soil and geology types. The final map was consisted of five risk classes types. The final map was consisted of five risk classes that each are consisted of 13 subclasses depending on that each are consisted of 13 subclasses depending on the value of the erosion coefficient. Finally a what>if the value of the erosion coefficient. Finally a what>if scenario was developed which showed what will happen scenario was developed which showed what will happen if the land cover which is protecting the soil is removed if the land cover which is protecting the soil is removed (by fire or forest die back).(by fire or forest die back).

On the map there were defined hot spots into the On the map there were defined hot spots into the hydraulic net, too. hydraulic net, too.

Map of critical facilities was prepared of the most Map of critical facilities was prepared of the most vulnerable area of the city. vulnerable area of the city.

The wildfire riskThe wildfire risk was estimated according was estimated according the established methodology in the official the established methodology in the official legislation. It consisted of several legislation. It consisted of several estimation criteria: slope, altitude, aspect, estimation criteria: slope, altitude, aspect, soil, fuel models, air temperature, soil, fuel models, air temperature, precipitation, air humidity, human impact precipitation, air humidity, human impact and existence of structural measures. The and existence of structural measures. The final map was classified in four risk classes. final map was classified in four risk classes.

The landfall/landslideThe landfall/landslide hazard map was hazard map was prepared using slope and geology as prepared using slope and geology as estimation criteria. It is implied that for this estimation criteria. It is implied that for this kind of map also it is needed to include the kind of map also it is needed to include the trigger factor (water, construction trigger factor (water, construction activities). Beside them, because of offactivities). Beside them, because of off--site site effect of some hazards (erosion and effect of some hazards (erosion and wildfires), awildfires), a

Illegal constructions into the channelsIllegal constructions into the channels

MULTYHAZARD Map of the

Park-forest Vodno

Chained hazardous events Chained hazardous events whatwhat--if scenarioif scenario

Actual erosion riskActual erosion risk

Potential erosion Potential erosion risk risk

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONGIS is necessary tool for environmental inspectors.GIS is necessary tool for environmental inspectors.

-- GIS can integrate and relate any data with a GIS can integrate and relate any data with a spatial component, regardless of the source of the spatial component, regardless of the source of the data. data.

-- Various cadastre: pollutant; risk Various cadastre: pollutant; risk instalationinstalation; risk ; risk areas; water qualityareas; water quality

-- Various analysis etc. Various analysis etc.

-- Each inspectorate should establish GISEach inspectorate should establish GIS--database.database.

Digital Sensing and using GIS in environmental...

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