Digital Footprint and many

other challenges and

evolutionary paths Justino Lourenço – Feb.2012

ISPGaya, V.N.Gaia, Portugal

Index

Digital Footprint

Mobile Communication technologies

Communication cells concept

Relevant issues

What comes next?

Digital footprint …

Definition A digital footprint is a trail left by interactions in a digital

environment; including the usage of TV, mobile phone,

internet and world wide web, mobile web and other devices

and sensors. Digital footprints provide data on what has been

performed in the digital environment; and are used in

behavioral targeting, personalization, targeted marketing,

digital reputation, and other social media or social graphing

services. In social media, a digital footprint is the size of a

person's "online presence" measured by the number of

individuals with whom they interact. [Wikipedia, 25 Jan 2013]

A person's “digital footprint” reflects how he or she actively

participates in the digital universe, including use of the

Internet and social networks, e-mail, cell phones, digital

cameras and credit cards.

(Source: http://securitysolutions.com/mag/digital_footprint_idc/)

What is the problem? A big amount of personal data is distributed among several

heterogeneous Databases ….

1994: George Orwell publishes the book “1984”;

1997: Wim Wenders directs the movie “The End of Violence”;

2007: Mary Madden, Susannah Fox, Aaron Smith and Jessica

Vitak publishes the book “Digital Footprints”;

2009: Tony Fish publishes the book “My Digital Footprint”;

………………………;

Ordinary daily scenario After waking up, i start zapping on my cable TV;

While eating I surf on my tablet;

I am going to work, while my car (in the background) is

syncing some maintenance data threw a 4G network;

During the trip I get caught by several traffic and surveillance

cameras;

I stop @ an ATM;

I arrive at work, I use my NFC phone to check in;

I start the working day by checking email.

Any of you have “googled” your

own name?

47 % of American users have at leas once searched on the

Internet their own name.

Five years ago the number was only 22%.

Who profits with that? The collected data can be used by the several players, in order

to redirect marketing attacks in a one-to-one approach ….

How do we handle our personal

problem? Personal data spread in a non homogeneous form;

Worldwide dissemination;

Complex to be quantified;

Dynamically changing.

Some companies already earn money in Googlewashing…

Digital Footprint Scenarios ATM

Cable TV Interaction

Traffic Control System

Internet tracks

Wired access

Wireless access

2G/ 3G / 4G

Granularity of the cells

ATM

Cable TV interaction

Traffic Control System

Internet tracks Cookies approach;

Spontaneous data spreading;

Surfing tracks;

Social network activities.

Surfing the web – Wireless WIRED: Allocated IP gives me a geographical position

WLAN: Several software solutions track the users connected

to an AP.

3G/4G: Databases keep track of geographical position;

Wired Access tracks IP Providers need to prevent fraud over Internet;

WLAN Access Access Points keep track of each connect client …

3G / 4G Access

Some important issues: To have high rates of transmission you will have always to

deal with:

Noise

Signal attenuation

Interference

Spectrum availability

Technical Aspects Noise

Noise Model

Signal Attenuation

Interference

Multipath

Conclusions

Noise ?

Noise model example

Signal attenuation

Interference Other signals in the same spectrum

Coexistence of signals using the same channel

Exceptions for CDMA approach!

Co-channel Interference

Multipath Effect

Conclusions So as long as the signal travels in wireless/cable the signal

suffers from attenuation/noise/interference so:

Shorter paths are better

Move into smaller cells Easier user localization

Technical Aspects Evolutionary path of the mobile networks

Standards for mobile communications

1G

2G

3G

LTE

Wimax

What was the evolutionary path in

mobile networks? Analog approach (1G);

Digital Approach (2G and beyond )

Steps in the evolutionary path

1980’s

@ First voice was treated in a similar form to PSTN;

Broadband systems;

Full analog communications;

Voice centric;

Up to 56 Kbps;

Autonomy problems;

Not as portable as desired;

And of course the communication costs…

Standards for 1G NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) - Nordic countries,

Switzerland, Netherlands, Eastern Europe and Russia;

AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) - North America and Australia,;

TACS (Total Access Communications System) - United Kingdom;

C-450 - West Germany, Portugal and South Africa,

Radiocom 2000 – France;

RTMI - Italy.;

Japan - JTACS (Japan Total Access Communications System) .

Standards for 2G

GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used in almost all countries on all six inhabited continents. Today accounts for over 80% of all subscribers around the world. Over 60 GSM operators are also using CDMA2000 in the 450 MHz frequency band (CDMA450).[2]

IS-95 aka cdmaOne (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply CDMA in the US), used in the Americas and parts of Asia. Over a dozen CDMA operators have migrated to GSM including operators in Mexico, India, Australia and South Korea.

PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan

iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the United States and Telus Mobility in Canada

D-AMPS (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply 'TDMA' in the US), was once prevalent in the Americas but most have migrated to GSM.

Standards for 3G

The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, created

and revised by the 3GPP:

W-CDMA is the most common deployment, commonly operated

on the 2,100 MHz band. A few others use the 850, 900 and 1,900

MHz bands.

HSPA is an amalgamation of several upgrades to the original W-

CDMA standard and offers speeds of 14.4 Mbit/s down and 5.76

MBit/s up. HSPA is backwards compatible with and uses the

same frequencies as W-CDMA.

HSPA+, a further revision and upgrade of HSPA, can provide

theoretical peak data rates up to 168 Mbit/s in the downlink and

22 Mbit/s in the uplink, using a combination of air interface

improvements as well as multi-carrier HSPA and MIMO.

Technically though, MIMO and DC-HSPA can be used without the

"+" enhancements of HSPA+

3GPP Long Term Evolution

(LTE) The pre-4G 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology is

often branded "4G-LTE", but the first LTE release does not

fully comply with the IMT-Advanced requirements!

LTE has a theoretical net bit rate capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s in

the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20 MHz channel is

used — and more if multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), i.e.

antenna arrays, are used.

IMT specifications are more severe, check this link!

Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)

The Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless

broadband access (MWBA) standard (also known as WiBro

in South Korea) is sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak

data rates of hundred Mbit/s downlink and less then a

hundred Mbit/s uplink.

Communications Cell Concept

Concept / Evolution of cell Communication Cell: maximum range of a mobile

communications technology that guarantees the following

objectives:

Acceptable quality communication

Reasonable data flow (uplink / downlink)

Adequate BER

Technological Support

Types of cells

Macrocell;

Microcell;

Picocell;

Femtocell.

Cell size decreasing

Granularity of the cells Questions?

More users

Spectrum allocation

More Bandwidth

Better S/N

Better BER

Smaller Communication

Cells …

Better georeference detection of

each user!

Cells Evolution

Femtocell Approach

Architecture Review

Technical aspects of Mobile Architectures from 1G to ..

GSM Architecture

3 G Architecture

LTE

WLAN Traffic Offload in LTE

WLAN Traffic Offload in LTE (2)

However, this works only for a complete offload, i.e. it is either

possible to communicate over the LTE connection or over the

WLAN connection, but not over (The reason is that in this

architecture the WLAN network is considered as a foreign

network, to which all the data packets are forwarded when there

is a corresponding entry in the binding cache of the HA)

Evolution perspectives ?

What about 5G, 6G .. All IP network;

Infraestruture shared;

Contents are Multimedia;

Voice is becoming residual;

Unit of communication Gbps;

Massive optical fiber distribution around the cities;

Increasing number of Cellular diffusion systems;

Massive use of “Smart Antenna” technology;

Smart Antenna Tech

More future features ..

With the increasing demand of :

Data traffic;

QoS;

Low latency

Some services are non time critical !

Release resources to time critical services..

How to do it ? Delay Tolerant approach :

What can DTN brings?

Preventive network overload;

Bypass network disruptive connectivity.

How ?

Distribute contents whenever the nodes / network is ready!

Examples ?

Multimedia Delivery

Internet is always changing ..

What about internet evolution ? Will IP v6 be enough ?

Move into a new Future Internet Approach:

4WARD

NSF

FIRE

Web versions evolution

What about TV / Radio? Buggles - Video killed the radio star 1979

Now will Youtube kill the TV ?

So TV …? All IP (or future Internet support) will be nothing more then a

multimedia repository ….

We will keep watching the news / sports/ … alive;

But we will see the contents as we want.

E-learning solutions;

E-health solutions;

TV and Computer fusion?

Questions ?

Thank you for your time and

patience ..

Justino Lourenço – ISPGaya

http://www.linkedin.com/in/justinolourenco

jml@ispgaya.pt