Digital Distributed Controls and Management Information Systems

8/13/2019 Digital Distributed Controls and Management Information Systems

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24 December 2013 PMI Revision 00 1

DDCMIS(DIGITAL DISTRIBUTED

CONTROLS AND

MANAMAGEMENTINFORMATION SYSTEMS)


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Presentation Layout TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS and

evolution

Over view of DAS Function and Component of DAS

Salient features and major components of

DDCMIS

Overview of MAXDNA


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TECHNOLOGICAL

PROGRESS

CONTROL AREA

LOCAL CONTROLS

CENTRALISED

FUNCTIONALLY DISTRIBUTED

MORE AND MORE GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTRIBUTED


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EVOLUTION OF DDCMIS

ORIGINALLY MEASUREMENT WERE MOST IMPORTANT (MEASUREMENT +

HUMAN REACTION + MANUAL CONTROL)

OPEN LOOP CONTROL (HARDWIRED-Relay Based ) OPEN LOOP CONTROL (HARDWIRED-Solid SATE )

CLOSED LOOP CONTROLS (HARDWIRED-Analog SYSTEM )

COMPUTERISED DAS

INTEGRATED DDCMIS


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24 December 2013 5

Development ofProcess ControlEarly control of processes


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Beginning of Local controlroom


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More advanced controlRooms

ANALOG PANELComputer Process


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This central control concept give better picture of over all

plant operation ,but when distant portion of the plant

connected of the plant to one room the cost of following will

be very high

Cable tray and cable

Engineering design

Labor for installing

Problem in changing strategy


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Analog system as back up

Process

Analog Back up

Computer


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CONTROLINSTRUMENTATION

Centralized Control room with back

up analog panels and DAS system


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Controller Controller Controller Controller

Work Station

as HMI /PC

Choices of open network flexibility

User choice Single Distributed Control Strategy

Upload Control Single configuration

Data base for: Each Controller stores its own

Screen view Configuration

Trends Documentation

History Tag name and HMI CALL

Peer to peer network links for complex strategyBridge software to populate HMI Database


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24 December 2013 13

MIS SYSTEM /DATA ACQUISITIONSYSTEM


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Overview of DAS What is DAS

Need/purpose for DAS

Function of DAS

Features in DAS


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WHAT IS DAS Computerised intelligent system presenting data

from the entire plant in desired and on as required

basis to facilitate easy monitoring, recording and to

enable operator to take quick decisions regardingoperation.


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NEED FOR A DAS To collect process and present field data to operation and

management

For Efficient operation of Power Plant, close monitoring ofvarious plant equipment and their parameters is required.

Indicating each of such parameters separately in controlroom requires lot of space.

DAS will solve many of the problems by displaying lot ofanalog as well as Digital points simultaneously in oneMonitor.

To collect process and present field data to operation andmanagement


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FUNCTIONS OF DAS Displaying all the DATA in a systematic format, so that the

data can be used by the operator in a efficient way.

Giving the operator alarms, in case of any deviation ofparameters from the normal range.

Storage of DATA for retrieval at a later date.

Generation of LOGs, for monitoring the parameters andimproving the efficiency.

Generation of SOEs for analysing the cause of unit Tripping/

any emergency etc.


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Functions of DAS Measurement

Analog, Binary and Pulse Signal Conditioning

Data Display

Alarm monitoring and Printing


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Functions of DAS (contd.) Logging

- Daily Logs

- Sequence of Events Log

- Post Trip Log

- Boiler Start-up & Shut-down Log


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Functions of DAS (contd.) Historical Storage

Performance Calculations

- Heat rate of Boiler , Turbine ,

Unit etc.

Diagnostics


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SOE A max of 256 important digital input points

1 Milli Second Resolution

Prints after 3 min. of last digital change

Later modified as 5 min. dataBack


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Post Trip Log 300 Important Analog Points

Collected for 5min. Before and After TRIP

10 Sec. Resolution

Circular BufferBack


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Historical Storage Plant data , alarms , SOEs , Post trip logs

Previous Two Days Data on Hard Disk

15 Days Data on Magnetic Tape

Latest Stage I : 60 days data on Servers

Back


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DATA DISPLAY Video Trend

Bar Charts

Mimics / Graphics

Periodic DisplayBack


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FEATURES IN DAS Group review displays

Graphic mimics

Bar charts

Alarm Displays Historical Storage

Real Time Trends

Operator Guidance Messages

Logs


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GROUP REVIEW Used for Displaying DATA in a group.

All the DATA relating to a particular Auxiliary

DATA relating to a System (Feed water etc)


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GRAPHIC MIMICS Displaying the DATA on the Plant mimics

Better understanding of the Process


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ALARM DISPLAY Displays all the alarms in the order of their

occurrence

Useful for analysing the cause of the major

failures.All digital DATA and Analog values crossing the

limits will be displayed in this window in the order

of their occurrence.


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HISTORICAL STORAGE All important DATA can be stored in the Storage

Devises available and can be retrieved later for

analysis.

SOEs LOGs


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REAL TIME TREND Operator can configure the required points for real

time trending purpose and can see the real time

trend and in case of any deviation (abnormal

change) can react quickly.


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OPERATOR GUIDANCEMESSAGES Operator Guidance messages can be displayed on

the DAS monitors when rolling or any important

activity is going on.


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LOGS Event Activated logs

SOE

Post Trip Log

Start-Up Log

Time Activated Logs

Daily Log

Shift Log

Maintenance Data Log

On Demand Logs


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HARDWARE CPU

I/O CARDS

CRTS

PRINTERS

NETWORK


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Typical Architecture of DAS There are three Controllers Units (NODES)

Each node has 2 CPUs

One is Primary other is Secondary

Each controller Unit will process some I/O cards. 2 Nos Servers for getting DATA from CPUs and displaying

in Operator Work Stations.

4 Nos Operator Work Stations.

1 Engineering Work Station.


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CONTROLLERS Each controller unit is connected to a set of I/O cards through Bus

Each node contains 2 CPUs.

One is primary other one is secondary.

Both Primary and Secondary are connected through a High Speed Link.

Program in Controller is divided into 3 parts

Firm Ware Operating System

User Defined Configuration

Any configuration change has to be stored in both the controllers.

Controller will send the data to Servers via AF100 Bus


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SERVERS Servers will get data from the Controllers via AF100

Bus and puts the DATA on Ethernet for access to

other workstations.

It stores all the historical data. It stores all the configuration DATA.

MOD drives are used for taking the DATA Backup

(600 MB)


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ENGINEERING WORKSTATION Engineering workstation is used to do the configuration

changes in the Controllers and loading the OS when newcontroller is to be installed.

Any new points to be configured

Change in Ranges Doing some calculation in Controllers

Configuration

Database Part

PC program


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ADVANTAGES OF DASSYSTEM Mostly DAS were basically a DCS.

This can be used for control purpose also.

All three units are connected through a network and

DATA can sent to CC. It has facilities such as DDE and OPC for sending

DATA to other applications.

Intelligent alarm system.

Performance Calculations


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ALIENT FEATURES ANDMAJOR COMPONENTS OF

DDCMIS


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SALIENT FEATURES OFDDCMIS INTEGRATED PLANT CONTROL FOR SG, TG

AND BALANCE OF PLANT CONTROL IT

MAY BE REMEMBERED THAT HISTORICALLY THE

TERM DDCMIS USED TO BE REFERRED FOR THE SO-

CALLED BOP-C&I. THE SG-C&I, i.e. FSSS etc. TG-C&I

i.e. ATRS, TURBINE PROTECTION etc. ORIGINALLY

WERE NOT CONSIDERED UNDER DDCMISOR DCSAS

PER MANY SUPPLIERS. ONLY RECENTLY THE TYPE OF

SYSTEMS FOR ALL THE SYSTEMS HAVE BECOME

SIMILAR (WITH SOME DIFFERENCE WHICH WILL BEDISCUSSED LATER),.


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INTEGRATED PLANT OPERATION THROUGH FULLY

INTERCHANGEABLE OPERTAOR WORK STATIONS

(OWS) FOR SG, TG AND BALANCE OF PLANT(SOMETIMES THIS MAY NOT BE POSSIBLE DUE TO

PACKAGING CONCEPT)

SALIENT FEATURES OFDDCMIS


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SALIENT FEATURES OFDDCMIS PROVISION OF EXTENSIVE SELF-

DIAGNOSTICS

USE OF LARGE VIDEO SCREENS FOR

PROJECTIONS OF VARIOUS PLANT MIMICSETC.

PROVISION OF FAULT ALARM ANALYSIS TOGUIDE THE OPERATOR TO THE MOST LIKELYEVENT

PROVISION OF TREND ALARMS


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DDCMIS CONFIGURATION

HMIREDUNDANT

SERVERS

Redundant

F.G.Controllers

ENGG.STN.

FOR CONTROL SYS.

HMIENGG. STN

FOR HMI

PROCONTROL

SYSTEM

Measurement system / I/O

subsystem

I.P. BUS Max. 4nos. rdundant

maxDNA

SYSTEM

MMI LAN


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MAJOR COMPONENTS OFDDCMIS


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MAJOR COMPONENTS OFDDCMIS CONTROL SYSTEM

MAN-MACHINE INFORMATION AND PLANT

INFORMATION SYSTEM (MMIPIS)

REDUNDANT DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

(DCS)


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MAJOR COMPONENTS OFDDCMIS SEQUENCE OF EVENT (SOE ) AND ANNUNCIATION

SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

SYSTEM PROGRAMMING FACILITY

a) TUNING & CONFIGURATION FOR CONTROL

SYSTEM

b) MODIFICATION & PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT FOR

MMIPIS

MASTER & SLAVE CLOCK SYSTEM


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CONTROL SYSTEM


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CONTROL SYSTEM

PROGRAMMING & MMIPIS M & S

CONFIGURATION SYSTEM CLOCK

SG- C&I BOP- C&I TG- C&I

SYSTEM SYSTEM SYSTEM

DCS


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SG-C&I SYSTEM CONSISTS OF BURNER MANAGEMENT

SYSTEM(BMS), SOOT BLOWER CONTROL

SYSTEM (SBC), SECONDARY AIR DAMPER

CONTROL SYSTEM (SADC), AUXILIARY PRDSCONTROLS (APRDS)

FOR BMS, SAFETY SYSTEM HARDWARE IS

SPECIFIED, i.e. THE HARDWARE , WHICH

MEETS THE REQUIREMENT OF RELEVANT

NFPA AND VDE STANDARDS`

SG C&I SYSTEM


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SG-C&I SYSTEM TRIPLE REDUNDANT CONFIGURATION FOR THE

FURNACE PROTECTION (MFT) PORTION OF BURNER

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM(BMS)

FOR SBC,SADC,APRDS,MILL & OIL ELEV.SEQUENCE, INTERLOCK AND PROTECTION,

CONFIGURATION SIMILAR TO OLCS/CLCS

(DESCRIBED LATER)

FOR MILL & OIL ELEV. LOGICS, SAFETY SYSTEMHARDWARE SHALL BE USED

TG C&I SYSTEM


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TG-C&I SYSTEM CONSISTS OF TURBINE PROTECTION SYSTEM

(TPS), AUTOMATIC TURBINE RUN-UP SYSTEM(ATRS),AUTOMATIC TURBINE TESTING

SYSTEM(ATT), ELECTRO- HYDRAULIC TURBINECONTROL SYSTEM (EHTC) FORMAIN & BFPTURBINE, TURBINE STRESS CONTROL SYSTEM(TSCS), GLAND STEAM PRESSURE CONTROL

GENERATOR SEAL OIL, PRIMARY WATER &HYDROGEN CONTROL SYSTEM (RECENTADDITION).

TG C&I SYSTEM


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TG-C&I SYSTEM TRIPLE REDUNDANT OR 2 X 100 % REPEATED

TWICE CONFIGURATION FOR THE TURBINE

PROTECTION SYSTEM(TPS). FOR THIS,

SAFETY SYSTEM HARDWARE / FAIL-SAFEHARDWARE SHALL BE USED

FOR OTHERS, CONFIGURATION SIMILAR TO

OLCS/CLCS (DESCRIBED LATER) TO BE USED

BOP C&I SYSTEM


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BOP-C&I SYSTEM CONSISTS OF OPEN LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM

(OLCS)AND CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM(CLCS)

OLCS -THE SEQUENCE CONTROL, INTERLOCK OF OFALL THE PLANT SYSTEMS WHICH ARE NOT COVEREDIN THE SG-C&I AND TG-C&I. THIS INCLUDES MAJOR

AUXILIARIES LIKE FD/ID/PA FANS, AIR-PREHEATER,

BFP/CEP/CWP/ BCWP , DMCWP/CLCWP ANDELECTRICAL BREAKERS.

BOP C&I SYSTEM


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BOP-C&I SYSTEM (CLCS) -THE MODULATING CONTROL FOR VARIOUS

IMPORTANT PLANT PARAMETERS, LIKE FW FLOW

(DRUM LEVEL), FURNACE DRAFT, COMBUSTION

CONTROL (FUEL FLOW AND AIR FLOW), PA HDR

PRESSURE CONTROL,

DEAERATOR/HOTWELL/HEATER LEVEL CONTROLS

ETC.


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MMIPIS


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MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE AND

PLANT INFORMATION SYSTEM 64/ 32-BIT SERVER/OWS WITH HIGH-SPEED AND

LARGE MEMORY (256/512 MB RAM, 8 GB HDD FOR

SERVER AND 128/256 MB RAM AND 4/6 GB HDD FOR

OWS) TO ENSURE FAST RESPONSE

PROVISION OF LVS

CONNECTION TO OTHER SYSTEM THROUGH

STATIONWIDE WAN


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MMIPIS FUNCTIONALITIES VPC OPERATION

OTHER OPERATOR INFORMATIONS THROUGH

VARIOUS DISPLAYS

ALARMS, LOGS, HISTORICAL AND LONG TERMSTORAGE.

PERFORMANCE AND OTHER CALCULATIONS


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O C S l h bl


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OPC Solves the Problem

Software

Driver

Software

Driver

Software

Driver

Software

Driver

OPC OPC OPC OPC

DisplayApplication

TrendApplication

ReportApplication

OPC OPC OPC


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SOE


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SEQUENCE OF EVENT (SOE ) AND ANNUNCIATION

SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

ORIGINALLY THESE USED TO BE STAND-ALONE

SYSTEM (DIODE AUCTIONEERING, DBTC ETC

REQUIRED)

NOW INTEGRATED -THEREFORE THE DIODEAUCTIONEERING, DBTC ETC NOT REQUIRED

SOE - 1mS RESOLUTION, STORAGE OF REPOTRS FOR

LONG DURATION

ANNUNCIATION LOGIC THROUGH OLCS/CLCSCONTROLLERS.


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SYSTEMPROGRAMMING

FACILITY

SYSTEM PROGRAMMING FACILITY


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LATEST TREND - COMBINED CONTROL

SYSTEM TUNING & MMIPIS PROGRAMMING

SELF-DOCUMENTATION

ENGINEERING WORKSTATIONS

Object-Oriented Configuration


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Object-Oriented Configuration

Graphical object-orientedconfiguration software tool

Includes self-documentation

of configuration

True object-oriented

features including

encapsulation and

inheritance Library of standard

algorithms or objects

C


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RECEIVES TIME SYNCHRONISATION

SIGNALS EITHER FROM THE GEO-

POSITIONARY SATELITE (NPL SIGNAL)

DISTRIBUTES THIS SIGNAL TO THE MMIPIS

AND THE CONTROL SYSTEM.


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OTHER RELATED TOPICS


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POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM

CABLING & TERMINATION OTHER

SG/TG C&I SYSTEM/ EQUIPMENT

PACKAGING CONCEPTS- SCOPE OF

SUPPLY OF C&I SYSTEM/PACKAGE



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OPERATION PHILOSOPHY , CONTROL

AREA AND BACK-UP

INSTRUMENTATION & GEOGRAPHICAL

DISTRIBUTION- COMBINED CYCLEPLANTS

REDUNDANCY

DESIGN CRITERIA

POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM


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CONTROL SYSTEM POWER SUPPLY TWO SETS OF DC POWERSUPPLIES - ONE SET FOR SG/TG-C&I AND OTHER FOR BOP-C&I

EACH WITH 2 X 100 % CHARGER AND 2 X 100 % BATTERY.

OTHER IMPORTANT AC LOADS LIKE MMIPIS, PANEL

INSTRUMENTS, ANALYSERS ETC. SHALL BE POWERED FROM

UPS COMPRISING OF 2 X 100 % CHARGER, 2 X 100 %INVERTER AND 1 X 100 % BATTERY.

HEAVY DUTY Ni-Cd BATTERIES HAVE BEEN ENVISAGED FOR

LONGER LIFE & LESSER MAINTENANCE

CABLING TERMINATION


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EXTENSIVE GROUPING OF SIGNALS BY LARGE

SCALE USE OF JBs AT STRATEGIC LOCATIONS

USE OF CABLES WITH HIGHER NO OF PAIRS

USE OF CAGE-CLAMP CONNECTION FOR SYSTEM

CABINETS, MARSHALLING PANELS & OUTGOING

SIDE OF JBs, CJS BOXES etc.

USE OF PLUG-IN SOCKET AND CONNECTORS FORTRANSMITTERS, SWITCHES, LS/TS etc.

IMPORTANT SG/TG RELATED C I SYSTEM


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FLAME MONITORING SYSTEM

COAL FEEDER C&I

ELECTROMATIC SAFETY VALVES

FURNACE TEMP PROBES

ACCOUSTIC PYROMETER FOR FURNACE TEMP PROFILE BOILER FLAME ANALYSIS SYSTEM

COAL BUNKER LEVEL MONITORING SYSTEM

ELECTRONIC DRUM/SEPARATOR LEVEL MONITORING SYSTEM

TURBINE SUPERVISORY SYSTEM

TDBFP TURBINE SUPERVISORY SYSTEM

IN PACKAGED SYSTEM, THESE ARE UNDER SG & TG PACKAGES.


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OPERATION PHILOSOPHY CENTRALISED OPERATION OF MAIN PLANT THROUGH OWS & LVS

OFF-SITE PLANTS TO BE CONTROLLED FROM THEIR LOCAL

STATIONS WITH STATION-WIDE LAN DATA LINK

MINIMUM BACKUP INSTRUMENTATION (ORIGINALLY

CONSERVATIVE, NOW REDUCED. CRITERIA - HANDLINGEMERGENCY & SAFE SHUT-DOWN)

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION-ALTHOUGH NOT VERY USEFUL

FOR POWER PLANTS AS COMPARED TO PROCESS/INDUSTRIES,BEING ADOPTED FOR FEW AREAS WHERE SIGNALS ARE

CONCENTRATED (REDUCTION OF CABLING, MUCH LESSERECTION & COMMISSIONING TIME)

DESIGN CRITERIA


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PROVENNESS

SUPPLIERS EXPERIENCE

SYSTEM EXPERIENCE PROVENNESS VS OBSOLESCENCE

RELIABILITY AVAILABILITY

HARDWARE QUALITY (PUBLISHED MTBF etc.)

CONFIGURATION

REDUNDANCY

FAULT TOLERANCE

STANDARDISATION AND UNIFORMITY OF H/W

SAME SERIES & FAMILY OF H/W AS FAR AS POSSIBLE

DIFFICULTIES BECAUSE OF PACKAGING CONCEPTS &RESPOSIBILITY CENTRE & INTERFACES (EVEN IN TURNKEY

PACKAGE)

DESIGN CRITERIA


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OPERABILITY

DESIGN CONCEPT - FAIL SAFE ETC.

FALSE TRIP VS SAFETY OPERATOR CONVENIENCE DURING NORMAL RUNNING &

EMERGENCY

MANAGEMENT REPORTING

MAINTAINBILITY

STANDARDISATION (AS INDICATED ABOVE) MODULAR DESIGN AND EXPANDABILITY

DIAGNOSTIC, FAULT IDENTIFICATION AND FAULT TOLERANCE

GUARD AGAINST OBSOLESCENCE

AVAILABILTY OF SPARES OTHER CRITERIA

UNIT OPERATION PHILOSOPHY

MARKET TRENDS AND EVOLUTION OF INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY

FEEDBACKS FROM EXISTING SYSTEMS


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PANELS & CARDS

DPU

Analog Input Modules

Digital Input Modules

Analog Output Modules

Digital Output Modules

Special Modules

BACKPLANE


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NETWORK COMPONENTS

DPU

DCS Network A/B

MMI Network A/BOperator Workstations

Large Video Screens

OPC, WAN


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POWER SUPPLY

BACKUP PANEL

24 V DC

UPS -240 V AC

110 V AC

220 V DC

BACKPLANE


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We are using 8 wide maxPAC backplane.

This is a printed circuit board.

DPU & IO Cards are plugged in to this board.

Different backplanes in a panel/suite of panels

are connected in daisy chain fashion usingribbon cables.

Two power supply connectors are available on

this board. One is for card supply & the other is

for field interrogation supply

Distributed Processing Unit - DPU- is the


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DPUhardware processing engine of maxDNA.

It runs under WINDOWS CE multitasking

runtime operating system.

DPUS front panel contains status LEDS,

takeover & reset buttons.

DPUs front chasis panel contains network (A/B),backup & serial port connectors, mode & network

address switches, key switch.


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DPU* Performs data acquisition, data processing & Controls

* Does alarming & calculations

* Logging of SOE at 1 millisecond resolution

* Acquisition of trend information

* Continuous scanning of IO modules

* Execution of predefined algorithms


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Input/Output Cards


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Analog Input Module - IOP 301

S l d l


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Some internal details

* Analog Input Module - IOP 303


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Used for 3 wire RTD inputs

One card can take 08 inputs

8 Points converted in 1.6 S

Each channel can be programmed for type

* Analog Input Module - IOP 304

Used for Thermocouple Inputs

One card can take 16 inputs16 Points converted in 1S

Each channel can be programmed for type

* Digital Input Module - IOP 330


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Process 16 Digital Inputs


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* Analog Output Module - IOP 320

8 Outputs

Outputs are short circuit protected

Scan time 8 millisecond

Resolution 12 Bit


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* Digital Output Module - IOP351

16 Outputs are available

Contact Rating5 A 240 V AC

3 A 30 V DC

0.3 A 110 V DC

Typical wiring scheme for IOP 350


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24 V DC

Fuse

Field DeviceCard


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1. Bus Extender Module - IOP 371


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2. DSZAB module

3. Contrac EAS 822

4. PROmax Cards (Used in EHC)

Position Feedback cards

Power Amplifier cards

Position Controller cards

5. Y ADAPTOR

Bus Extender Module - IOP 371


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Rack A Rack B

FOC

Rack B (mounted in a remote panel) isnow an extension on Rack A


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Connects the Common IO to primaryand secondary DPUs

Redundant IO

D

P

U

Redundant IO

D

P

U

Y

ADAPTOR

RibbonCable


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There are two sets of sources - SGTG & BOP

Each set consists of two redundant supplies

SGTG source feeds all SG & TG panels

BOP source feeds all BOP panels

BOP SOURCE


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~

-1

~

-

2

DCDB

DCDB

DCS

PANEL

D

P


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P

U

D

P

U

E

--

SOURCE 1

SOURCE 2


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2TBA H

H

G

G

F

F

E

E

D

D

C

C

B

B

A

A

H

H

G

G

F

F

E

E

D

D

C

C

B

B

A

A

H

H

G

G

F

F

E

E

D

D

C

C

B

B

A

A

H

H

G

G

F

F

E

E

D

D

C

C

B

B

A

A

1 32 4

BACK SIDE FRONT SIDE

IOP 301

FIELD


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105 KVA, Emerson Network Power Make

Feeding

Workstations

Vibration Monitoring Panels

SWAS, O2, SOX, NOX Analysers

Pulverisor Lube Oil System Switches

Seal Oil system Switches

PW tank level transmitters

DOZING pump panels

CRH Drain pot level swtiches

ACCSPMDBFP SCOOP

DCS NETWORK


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D

P

U

D

P

U

Panel

DCS A

DCS B

MMI A

MMI B

WORK

STATION

NET A

NET B


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Auto Manual Stations, Start / Stop Buttons,Analog/Digital Indicators & Alarms are

provided on this panel

DPU & Backup panel instruments are

connected to each other through IO modules

Unit can be operated from this panel.


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Software

Offli T l


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Offline Tools

maxDPU Tools

maxVUE Editor

Report Editor

mxs Config

O li T l


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Online Tools

maxVUE Runtime

Event Collector

Event Logger

maxStorian

mxs Dial

Program FlowField


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In

putCard

O

utputCard

DPU

Tagging

Processing

Tagging

To Other

DPUs &

Applications

Field

Indication


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THANK YOU

Digital Distributed Controls and Management Information Systems

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Transcript of Digital Distributed Controls and Management Information Systems