Digital Cities

IntroductionIntroduction

By Neil LeachBy Neil Leach

Pavlos Fereos, Konstantinos Grigoriadis, Alexander RoblesPalacio and Irene Shamma, Urban Reef, Design Research Lab(DRL), Architectural Association, London, 2009 Urban Reef addresses the problems of localised ground discontinuityand programmatic and physical isolation within a larger urban areaby proposing a highly connected 3-D network of housing integratedwith commercial and recreational uses for the Hudson’s Yard area ofNew York. Working to a brief for 3,000 housing units, the normativeisolated high-rise building type is replaced by a series of mid-risebuildings that incline to minimise structural spans and interconnectin order to maximise the area for housing development.

For some time now, digital technologies have had asubstantial impact on architectural design. From the useof standard drafting packages to the more experimentaluse of generative design tools, they have come to play amajor role in architectural production. But how mightthese digital technologies help us to design cities? Itwould seem that we are now entering a new thresholdcondition, as the application of these tools has begun toshift up a scale to the level of the urban. This issue tracksthese developments, and considers the real potential ofusing these tools not only to design better cities for thefuture, but also to understand and analyse our existingcities, and navigate them in new ways.

Patrik Schumacher opens the issue with animpassioned plea for ‘parametricism’ as a new style forarchitecture and urbanism. Challenging Le Corbusier’scelebration of the orthogonal, he argues instead in favourof the parametric, citing the form-finding research of Frei

Otto and illustrating his argument with a series of large-scale urbanprojects by Zaha Hadid Architects.

The theme of parametricism is continued in Tom Verebes’ articleon the research into urban design undertaken at the DesignResearch Laboratory (DRL) at the Architectural Association inLondon. Verebes offers an overview of a series of large-scale urbanprojects that pursue the design agenda of ‘parametric urbanism’.

The work of Hernan Diaz Alonso and François Roche has oftenbeen compared, and here the two offer their own idiosyncratic andpersonal visions of the city of the future, drawing upon a sense ofthe science-fictional that characterised much of the earlyexploration into the potential of digital design. Hernan Diaz Alonso’svision is articulated through a visionary movie about the future ofLos Angeles. Chlorofilia presents a utopian/dystopian vision of apost-apocalyptic LA that has adjusted to the flooding of the city anddeveloped a self-sustaining environment, where cells have becomethe new bricks and can reform and recombine based on intelligencefeedback loops. Roche’s vision is equally provocative: ‘I’ve heard

Lindsay Bresser, Claudia Dorner and Sergio Reyes Rodriguez, 123, Design Research Lab (DRL), Architectural Association, London, 2009 123 challenges the proliferation of haphazard urbanisation and incoherent architecture resulting from the accelerated globalisation of the Gulf region viaresearch on the algorithmic and geometric principles inherent in traditional Arabic patterns. This algorithmic approach constitutes the basis for a new scriptedmorphology generating variation and difference across urban fields, clusters and architectural systems. The proposal aims to create diverse, interactivemetropolitan spaces that challenge the generic and disconnected qualities of the current Dubai model by offering flexibility within a repetitive coherence.

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Praneet Verma, Yevgeniya Pozigun, Rochana Chaugule and Ujjal Roy, SineCity,Design Research Lab (DRL), Architectural Association, London, 2009 This proposal for the newly developing emirate of Ras Al-Khaimah is formed on thebasis of a critique of Dubai. The project aims at developing a series of prototypesthat would integrate the sprawl and high-rise typologies. In order to describepossible scenarios of city growth over 20 years, an adaptive density tool based onchanging floor area ratio and programmatic distribution was developed. On theurban scale the system is organised through mathematically controlled operationswith sine curves, which give rise to a hierarchy of infrastructure and urban blocksand at the same time modulate the water’s edge in order to maximise it.

about …’ is a habitable organism – a biostructure – thatdevelops its own adaptive behaviour based on growthscripts, open algorithms and impulses of humanoccupation. It is built by a construction engine – the Viab– that secretes the landscape through which it moves.

The question then arises as to how these digital toolscan be used at a larger scale to generate and model cities.Michael Batty considers the possibility of ‘breeding’ citiesusing fractals, cellular automata and so on. But ManuelDeLanda is more cautious in his approach. For him, it is aquestion of not looking at form itself, but at the decision-making processes that lead to the generation of form.Only then will we be in a position to simulate convincinglythe growth of actual cities.

The next two articles pursue the theme of generatingurban designs through digital techniques, and draw onthe relevance of Gilles Deleuze’s thinking to this field. Inmy own article on ‘Swarm Urbanism’ I go on to explorethe potential of ‘swarm intelligence’ in urban design, andlook at how we can use Deleuze’s concept of the ‘rhizome’

to better understand the relationships between users and thephysical fabric of the city. Peter Trummer then looks at the potentialof using associative design principles to model cities in amorphogenetic fashion, articulating his argument through theDeleuzian term, the ‘machinic phylum’. The world of philosophy, itwould seem, can still offer incisive insights into the increasinglytechnological landscape of today.

The theme of generating designs is taken further in the section ondigital towers, which explores the potential of new digital tools todesign architecture at the level of the individual building. Thefeatured towers have been designed by a range of students andpractising architects. None has been constructed, but together theyoffer us an overview of a new approach towards designing large-scaleurban buildings harnessing increasingly popular digital techniques.

Such digital tools, though, may also be used to understand andanalyse the operations of cities. One of the leading pioneers in usingdigital tools to model cities and understand the way that they operatehas been Space Syntax Ltd. Alain Chiaradia outlines the principlesbehind the logic of Space Syntax, illustrating them with a study ofTower Hamlets in London.

The world of philosophy, it would seem, can still offer incisiveinsights into the increasingly technological landscape of today.

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Britta Knobel, Arnoldo Rabago and Khuzema Hussain, InterconnectedFragmentation, Design Research Lab (DRL), Architectural Association, London, 2006 London has a history of increasing density within defined boundaries. This has alwaysbeen a space-filling system of politics and economy. The lack of adaptive growthstrategies has resulted in a multitude of irregular-shaped voids. Here a new space-fillingsystem is designed to embrace different sites and programmes and to react according toits context. This new technique would follow the logic of a fractal and thereforerecursively densify void spaces. As a testing scenario the system was implemented inone of the densest parts of the City of London where there is a real need for more space.

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Annie Chan and Yikai Lin, Ant Urbanism, MArch,University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 2009This project creates a radically new urbanism for aninner-city area of Taipei currently occupied by an airport.Pathways are generated using ‘swarm logic’ processingtechniques based on the principle of the pheromonetrails of ants. Rhino scripting and Grasshopper are thenused to generate the building themselves.

Equally, the city itself has also been transformed by digitaltechnologies. The contributions in this issue from VicenteGuallart and Benjamin Bratton explore the question of howwe are hooked up within a digital information superhighway.Guallart introduces ‘Hyperhabitat’, an installation that positsthe need to reprogram(me) the structures with which weinhabit the world via the introduction of distributedintelligence in the nodes and structures with which weconstruct buildings and cities. Meanwhile, in his ‘iPhoneCity’ article, Bratton explores the potential of the connectivityafforded by global mapping systems, and looks at how theyallow us to navigate the city in new and inventive ways.

Together these articles offer an important overview of acertain crucial moment in time when digital technologiesbegan to have a significant impact on the way that we designand think about our cities. Back in 2002 there had been solittle engagement with these technologies at an urban scalethat Andrew Gillespie was forced to comment: ‘We are left toconclude that planners have yet to develop the awareness, letalone the expertise or appropriate policy interventionmechanisms, that would enable them to influence the spatialdevelopment of a digital society. Somebody might be“planning” the future digital city – the telecommunicationscompanies perhaps? – but it certainly doesn’t seem to beplanners!’1 As the first decade of the 21st century draws to aclose, however, there is evidence of a breakthrough. As thisissue demonstrates, a number of key architects, planners andtheorists have begun to engage with the question of thedigital city in a highly insightful way. 4

Note

1. Andrew Gillespie, ‘Digital Lifestyles and the Future City’, in Neil Leach (ed),Designing for a Digital World, John Wiley & Sons Ltd (London), 2002, p 71.

Text © 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Images: pp 6-11 © ArchitecturalAssociation, Design Research Lab; pp 12-13 © University of SouthernCalifornia

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