Literacy Coachs Kick-off: Goals for the Year Sharon Walpole Michael C. McKenna.
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Differentiated Reading Instruction:
Strategies for the Primary Grades
Sharon Walpole
Michael C. McKenna
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Overall Goals:
1. Place differentiation inside the reading program
2. Consider targeted, temporary differentiation
3. Commit to improvements
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StrategiesWe’ll do some theory building work
We’ll provide models of use of time in small groups
We’ll direct you to additional resources
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Our Web site
http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu/reading/projects/garf
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Approaches to Differentiation
By instructional level
By fluency level
By assessed needs
• Informal reading inventories• Traditional basal instruction• Groups move at same pace• Groups are all but permanent• Differentiation is in all areas • Parallel skill “strands” used
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Approaches to Differentiation
By instructional level
By fluency level
By assessed needs
• Differentiation by leveled books• Decoding skills not a target• Fountas & Pinnell
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Approaches to Differentiation
By instructional level
By fluency level
By assessed needs
• Assess for differentiation• Screening + diagnostic• Groups are temporary• Groups are flexible• Target areas of greatest need• Goal is “upward mobility”
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Differentiation is
“instruction that helps [children] accomplish challenging tasks that are just out of their reach”
“instruction that targets a particular group of children’s needs directly and temporarily”
“instruction that applies a developmental model”
Walpole, S., & McKenna, M. C. (2007). Differentiated reading instruction: Strategies for the primary grades. New York: Guilford Press.
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Guided Readingand
Differentiated Instruction
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Determining Group Membership
Overall leveled placement assessment, such the DRA
This process ignores the specific skill deficits in the areas of phonological awareness and word recognition
Screening and diagnostic assessments in phonological awareness, phonics, sight words, and/or oral reading fluency.
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Diagnostic Assessment
Running records are used to analyze oral reading errors (miscues), a practice that has been called into question in light of current views of the reading process.
The cognitive model of reading assessment is used to systematically determine skill needs on the basis of developmental stage theories of reading acquisition.
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Stage models of readingWhen children are
acquiring literacy – developing the skills necessary for reading comprehension – they tend to move through stages in which their focus is very different. All along, during each stage, they are developing oral language skills.
Oral Language
Fluency
Alphabetic Principle
Phonemic Awareness
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Three Cuing Systems
Decoding
Syntactic Context
Semantic Context
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We want to move children to the point where they decode first and then use context to select the intended meaning of a word.
We do not want to encourage them to predict the word from context and only “sample” its letters to the extent needed to confirm this prediction.
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Three Cuing Systems
Decoding
Syntactic Context
Semantic Context
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Instructional Focus
Fluency is always the primary focus.
In guided reading, the teacher coordinates reading components (comprehension, word recognition, fluency)
Fluency is the focus
1. only for grade 1 and above
2. only if decoding skills are strong.
In differentiated instruction, the teacher isolates reading components to address deficits
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Fluency Instruction
Fluency techniques do not proceed from most to least supportive.
Fluency techniques progress from most to least supportive:
1. Echo reading
2. Choral reading
3. Partner reading
4. Whisper reading
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Text Types
Predictable books are preferred for beginning readers in order to promote fluency. Such books provide little basis for decoding instruction.
Decodable books are preferred for beginning readers in order to promote decoding in context. Such books provide little basis for comprehension instruction–so there is none.
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Comprehension Instruction
Comprehension instruction is based on texts at fluency level.
This means that the easiest texts provide very little basis for asking reasonable questions or modeling strategies, but this practice is still encouraged.
In the primary grades, comprehension instruction is based on small-group read-alouds for children who are at benchmark in word recognition.
Comprehension instruction is linked with fluency or vocabulary but not with word recognition instruction.
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Word Recognition Instruction
Word recognition needs are not systematically addressed during guided reading.
Rather, they are addressed on an as-needed basis.
Word recognition needs are identified through the cognitive model of assessment and are addressed on this basis.
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MeasuringProgress
Running records are used to determine readiness for the next text level.
Three-week post-assessment focuses on areas targeted by instruction.The assessment question is whether a child should move to a more advanced focus, remain at current focus, or move to a more basic focus.
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MeasuringProgress
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Our focus, then, is different from the focus of Guided Reading
Consider whether this difference is justified for your school, given your current resources and your current level of student achievement
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A Basic Template
Whole-Group Instruction
Lowest Group Center or Intervention
Center
Center Middle Group Center
Center Center Highest Group
Whole-Group Instruction
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The concept of three tiers of instructionThe 3-tier model (University of Texas
System/Texas Education Agency, 2005) is a general framework — and just a framework — for explaining how any research-based program can be executed in a school.
(http://www.texasreading.org/utcrla/materials/3tier_letter.asp)
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Tier I: Core Classroom Reading Instruction1. A core reading program grounded in
scientifically based reading research
2. Benchmark testing of all kindergarten through third-grade students to determine instructional needs at least three times per year (fall, winter, and spring)
3. Ongoing professional development to provide teachers with the necessary tools to ensure every student receives quality reading instruction
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Tier II: Supplemental InstructionFor some students, core classroom reading
instruction is not enough. Tier II is designed to meet the needs of these students by providing them with additional small-group reading instruction daily.
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Tier III: Instruction for Intensive InterventionA small percentage of students require more
support in acquiring vital reading skills than Tier II instruction can provide. For these students, Tier III provides instruction that is more explicit, more intensive, and specifically designed to meet their individual needs.
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Setting the stage for differentiation
requires careful analysis of the
curriculum.
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Decide what to teach when.We are more likely to achieve
improvements in vocabulary and comprehension for K and 1st grade during whole-group read alouds, both from the core selection and from children’s literature.
We can introduce and practice phonemic awareness and phonics concepts during whole group, but we’re more likely to achieve mastery during small-group time.
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Decide what to teach when.We are more likely to achieve
improvements in fluency and comprehension in 2nd and 3rd grade if we introduce them in whole-group and practice in small-group time.
We can introduce word recognition concepts during whole-group time, but we will likely achieve mastery only during small-group time.
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Make more time for small groups.Literacy coaches and grade-level
teams must determine exactly how to use the core programSort core instructional
components from extension and enrichment activities
Moderate and control instructional pacing so that early introductions and reviews are fast
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Make a very simple centers rotationLook for materials already in the core.
Consider daily paired readings and readings.
Consider a daily activity linked directly to your read aloud. Your children can write in response to that text every day.
Consider a daily activity linked directly to your small group instruction. Your children can practice the things you’ve introduced.
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Now you have set the stage for differentiated reading instruction
It’s time to plan.
1. Gather your resources
2. Consider your children’s needs
3. Try it out.
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Gather your instructional resourcesReview the state standards and
the scope and sequence in your instructional materials
Review the state assessments, the district assessments, and any assessments that come with your core; fill in gaps with informal assessments
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Consider your children’s needsGiven your screening data, you will
know that some portion of children are likely at benchmark, some are just below grade level, and some are well below grade level
For children at benchmark, you can decide to focus small-group time on fluency and comprehension or on vocabulary and comprehension
Only the below-grade-level children need additional assessments
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Consider your children’s needs
Using the Cognitive Model of Reading Instruction (McKenna and Stahl, 2003) choose your focus for each group: Phonemic awareness and phonicsPhonics and fluencyFluency and comprehensionVocabulary and comprehension
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PA and Word Recognition
Word Recognition and Fluency
Fluency and Comprehension
Vocabulary & Comprehension
A Stairway to Proficiency
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These Assignments are Temporary!
Challenging
Instruction, not practice
Explicit Every item modeled; Clear instructional talk
Engaged Every pupil response strategies
Systematic Repetitive instructional strategies each day; New content each day;Cumulative review each day
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Phonemic awareness and phonicsThese children still need to work on
learning letter names and sounds, and they are not yet able to segment phonemes automatically
They will work on coordinated activities to manipulate phonemes, learn new letters and sounds and review letters previously taught
They will work with letters and words during small-group time
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Every Day for 3 Weeks
Alphabet Review 3 Minutes
Initial Sound Sorting 3 Minutes
2 New Letter Sounds; Review Old
Letter Sounds3 Minutes
2 New HF Words;Review Old High
Frequency Words 3 Minutes
Concept of Word 3 Minutes
Pho
nem
ic A
war
enes
s an
d W
ord
Rec
Gro
up
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Every Day for 3 Weeks
Oral Segmenting and Blending
3 Minutes
Short Vowel Patterns 6 Minutes
4 New HF Words;Review Old High
Frequency Words 6 Minutes
Pho
nem
ic A
war
enes
s an
d W
ord
Rec
Gro
up 2
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Phonics and fluencyThese children still need to work on
decoding, but they can segment and blend phonemes to read some words
They will work on coordinated activities to learn new letters patterns and review patterns previously taught
They will work with words and with phonic-focused texts during small-group time
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Every Day for 3 Weeks
Decodable text Whisper Reading
3 Minutes
Sounding and Blending
4 Minutes
New HF Words;Review Old High
Frequency Words 4 Minutes
Decodable text Whisper Reading
4 Minutes
Wor
d R
ecog
nitio
n an
d F
luen
cy G
roup
1
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Every Day for 3 Weeks
Teaching Letter Patterns
6 Minutes
New HF Words;Review Old High
Frequency Words 3 Minutes
Decodable text Whisper Reading
6 Minutes
Wor
d R
ecog
nitio
n an
d F
luen
cy G
roup
2
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Fluency and comprehensionThese children have relatively few
decoding problems, but they lack automaticity
They will work in a guided reading format; they may review particularly challenging words (for their pronunciation or their meaning) but they will use most of their time reading and rereading challenging leveled texts and discussing text meaning
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Every Day for 3 Weeks
Preteach Difficult Words
2 Minutes
Choral or Echo Read New Text Portion
5 Minutes
Partner or Whisper Read Same Text
Portion5 Minutes
Summary or Inference Questions
3 Minutes
Flu
ency
and
C
ompr
ehen
sion
Gro
up
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You can serve this group in many other ways too.
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Vocabulary and comprehensionThese children are at grade level in
the areas of decoding and fluency
They will extend what they know into new texts and new text types; they will write in response to reading
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Every Day
Preteach Vocabulary 3 Minutes
Review Comprehension
Strategy1 Minute
Teacher Read-Aloud or Children Whisper
Read7 Minutes
Comprehension Discussion
4 Minutes
Voc
abul
ary
and
Com
preh
ensi
on G
roup
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In this example, you will role-play K or first-grade students, and I will use a read-aloud format.
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You can serve this group in many other ways too.
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Think about it
Are you current strategies targeted?
Are they reasonable and repetitive?
Are they designed to be temporary?
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[email protected]@virginia.edu
http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu/reading/projects/garf
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