DIAGNOSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF PLANT PATHOGENS

Developments in Plant Pathology

VOLUME 11

Diagnosis and Identification of Plant Pathogens Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium of the European Foundation for Plant Pathology, September 9-12, 1996, Bonn, Germany

Edited by

H.-W. DEHNE, G.ADAM, M. DIEKMANN, I. FRAHM, A. MAULER-MACHNIK AND P. VANHALTEREN

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHT I BOSTON I LONDON

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN-13:978-94-010-6508-5 e-ISBN- 13:978-94-009-0043-1

DO I: to. 1 007/978-94-009-0043-1

Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

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All Rights Reserved © 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1997

No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

Editorial board

Adam, Gunther

Universitat Hamburg, Institut fUr Angewandte Botanik, Postfach 30 27 62, 20309

Hamburg, Germany

Dehne, Heinz-Wilhelm

Universitat Bonn, Institut fUr Pflanzenkrankheiten, Nussallee 9, 53115 Bonn, Germany

Diekmann, Marlene

International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Via delle Sette Chiese 142,00145

Rome, Italy

Frahm, Johann

Landwirtschaftskammer Westfalen-Lippe, Institut fUr Pflanzenschutz,

Saatgutuntersuchung und Bienenkunde, Nevinghoff 40,48147 MUnster, Germany

Mauler-Machnik, Astrid

Bayer AG, Landwirtschaftszentrum Monheim, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany

Van Halteren, Paul

Plant Protection Service, P.O. Box 80. 048, 67000 HC Wageningen, The Netherlands

Contents

ORAL PRESENTATIONS

Session 1: General Aspects

The importance of diagnosis and prognosis in integrated plant protection

R. Petzold

Phytosanitary implications of diagnostic activities and vice versa P. van Halteren

General aspects on diagnostic methods: viruses, microorganisms H. Huttinga

Fungal taxonomy in crisis W.Gams

PCR-based diagnostics of agricultural pests and diseases J.E. Frey and Beatrice Frey

Session 2: Taxonomy and Differentiation

Electron microscopic methods currently used for diagnosis and characterisation of plant viruses

3

9

15

17

23

D.-E. Lesemann and D. Riedel 31

Experiences with the isolation of plant pathogenic fungi D. Amelung 35

Detection of different bacterial and fungal pathogens in apparently healthy strawberry plants

E. Bosshard. and M. Schwindt 37

The use of nested PCR for the detection of Phytophthorafragariae in strawberry

PJ.M. Bonants, M.P.E. van Gent-Pelzer, M. Hagenaar de Weerdt, D.E.L. Cooke., I. Lacourt,. and J.M. Duncan 43

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Vlll

rDNA sequencing: an essential guide to the taxonomy and diagnosis of Colletotrichum

J.A. Bailey 47

Anastomosis grouping and molecular genetic typing of a strain of Rhi-zoctonia solani causing crater disease of wheat in South Africa

L. Meyer, L.H. Nel, and D.E. Carling 53

Identification of physiologic races and formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum

R.P. Baayen and C. Waalwijk 59

Fatty acid analysis in the identification, taxonomy and ecology of (plant pathogenic) bacteria

J.D. lanse 63

Assessment of microbial communities by fatty acid analysis V. Vilich 71

Testing viability and germination of Plasmodiophora brassicae (Wor.) resting spores using the fluorescence microscope technique

K. Vent-Schmidt and H. Bochow 75

Histological study of a susceptible potato cultivar (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Igor) infected with potato virus yNTN

l. Dolenc, B. Vilhar, M. Ravnikar, and M. Dermastia 79

Assessment of characteristics for determining pathogen populations of Rhizoctonia solani in rice-based cropping systems

S. Banniza, P.D. Bridge, M. Holderness, M.A. Rutherford, and S.A. Simons 85

Session 3: Serological Assays

Monoclonal antibody-based assays for detection and quantification of Botrytis cinerea

F.M. Dewey and L. Cole 91

Sensitive detection of plant pathogens by using immobilized targets in tissue imprinted membranes

M. Cambra, A. Olmos, M.T. Gorris, N. Duran, M.P. Roman, E. Camarasa, and M.A. Dasi 95

Development of a dot-immunobinding assay for the detection of Phy­tophthora spp. in roots

R. Hahn and S. Werres 99

Detection of resting spores of Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea using serological techniques

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J.A. Walsh and U. Merz 101

Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Verticillium dahliae detection in soil

C. Heppner and R. Heitefuss 105

Immunological methods for the detection of Verticillium dahliae in oil-seed rape

R. Cernusko and G .A. Wolf 109

Development of a rapid method for the detection and identification of Colletotrichum acutatum

KJ.D. Hughes, C.R. Lane, and R.T.A. Cook 113

Selective enrichment improves the isolation, serological and molecular detection of plant pathogenic bacteria

M.M L6pez, M.T. Gorris, P. Llop, J. Cubero, B. Vicedo, and M. Cambn 117

Application of different techniques to detect Phytophthora spp. in roots of nursery plants

S. Werres 123

Serological detection of Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea in soil

U. Merz and J.A. Walsh 125

Prospects using PCR for the detection of bacterial pathogens in potato R. Karjalainen, A. Kangasniemi, and J. Tegel 129

Development of a semi-selective medium and use of serology for fast and sensitive detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis, incitant of bacterial blight of cassava

A. Fessehaie, K. Wydra, and K. Rudolph 137

Characteristics of large-scale production of phytosanitary improved in-vitro fruit tree cultivars using in-vitro elimination treatments and sero­diagnostics

E. Knapp, V. Hanzer, H. Weiss, A. da Camara Machado, H. Katinger, and M. Laimer da Camara Machado 141

Production of antibodies against a synthetic peptide based on a sequence common to all tospovirus non-structural Ns, protein

P. Roggero, M. Sohn, A.M. Vaira, C. Heinze, V. Masenga, and G. Adam 149

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Session 4: Nucleic Acid Based Hybridisation Techniques

The use of the polymerase chain reaction for the characterisation and diagnosis of yam potyvirus

R.A. Mumford, D.L. Jayaratne, and S.E. Seal 157

Novel methods based on genomic amplification for routine detection of potato leafroll virus in potato tubers

G. Leone and C.D. Schoen 161

Routine detection of Chrysanthemum stunt virus in Chrysanthemum plants by reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction

M.S.J. Arts, J.W. Roenhorst, R. Hooftman, and A. van Zaayen 169

Identification of a tobamovirus infecting New Guinea Impatiens J. Morbel, T. Wetzel, and G. Krczal 173

IC - RT - PCR detection of black currant reversion associated nepovirus, and perspectives of its use for diagnosis of the reversion disease

K.M. Lehto, S. Latvala, A.T. Jones, S. Cox, P.E. Susi, and A. Lemmetty 175

Detection and identification by PCR-based techniques of diverse phyto­plasmas infecting grapevine

P.A. Bianco, P. Casati, and G. Belli 179

Diagnosis of viroids in fruit trees: An Italian experience F. Faggioli, S. Loreti, and M. Barba 183

Detection of plant pathogenic bacteria in ornamentals by the PCR tech-nique

S. Manulis, N. Kogan, L. Valinsky, M. Levi, L. Michal and L. Wieman 189

Differentiation and detection of the subspecies of Clavibacter michiga-nensis by PCR (Polymerase chain reaction)-techniques

K.-H. Pastrik and F. Rainey 193

Molecular diagnosis of rape seed pathogens: An experimental strategy for the development of taxon-specific genetic markers

K. Voigt, S. Schleier, and J. Wostemeyer 195

Identification of race-specific markers of Phytophthora fragariae with AFLP

PJ.M. Bonants, M. Hagenaar de Weerdt, D.E.L. Cooke, and J.M. Duncan 199

Physiolocol race determination in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi by RAPD-PCR

Q. Migheli, M. Andrina, E. Briatore, and A. Garibaldi 203

Quantitative estimation of Fusarium graminearum using a novel solid phase PCR-assay

Xl

M.L. Niessen, J. Klusmann, and R.F. Vogel 207

Molecular diagnosis of toxigenic Fusarium species G. Mule and A. Logrieco 213

Genetic variability of Ascochyta rabiei: Population structure revealed by RAPD analysis and classification into pathotypes

S.M. Udupa, F. Weigand, J. Geistlinger, and G. Kahl 219

Detection of Lophodermium seditiosum from pine needles using PCR techniques

E. Stenstrom and K. Ihrmark 223

Session 5: Disease Assessment and Quantification

A common basis of genetically based and induced resistance in cereals: New approaches for the assessment of reliable assays for chemical in­ducers

B. Jarosch, U. Beckhove, R. Schiffer, S. Heise, F. Kreuzaler, and K.-H. Kogel 229

Quantification of fungal biomass of a pathogen and an antagonist in ne­crotic leaf tissue using fluorescence microscopy and image analysis

G.J.T. Kessel, CH. Lombaers-van der Plas, E.M.J. Meijer, J. Kohl, and W. van der Werf 237

A novel spore trap for monitoring airborne Alternaria brassicae spores using monoclonal antibodies

D. Schmechel, H.A. McCartney, and N. Magan 239

Fusarium ear blight on wheat - epidemiology and control of Gibberella zeae, the teleomorph of Fusarium graminearum, with Folicur®

A. Suty and A. Mauler-Machnik 243

Risk assessment through quantitative detection of soil suppressiveness against plant diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani Ag 2-1, AG 2-t and AG 4, Fusarium solani f.s.p. pisi, Thielaviopsis basicola, Aphanomyces euteiches, trichodorid nematodes and Meloidogyne hapla

G. Dijst, P.J. Oyarzun, F.C Zoon, C.J. Kok, P.M.T. Maas, and N.J. Fokkema 247

Effect of crop on the diversity and the potential of fungal egg pathogens of cyst nematodes

R.P. Schuster 253

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Modified spore germination inhibition technique for evaluation of can­didate fungitoxicant (Eucalyptus spp.)

s. Shahi, A.C. Shukla, S. Dikshit, and A. Dikshit 257

Session 6: Disease Prognosis and Expert Systems

Introducing decision support systems available in Germany H. Hindorf 267

Estimation of disease severity using redefined disease incidence B. Hau and P. Schuld 271

A decision support system for Cercospora leaf spot on sugarbeet P. Battilani, S. Giosue, P. Racca, and V. Rossi 275

An advisory system for the control of brown rust on winter wheat in northern Italy

V. Rossi, P. Racca, S. Giosue, D. Pancaldi, and R. Bottazzi 281

POSTER PRESENT A nONS

Taxonomy and Differentiation

Vegetative compatibility groups in Acremonium cucurbitacearum P. Abad, T. Hack, M.l Vicente, B.D. Bruton, and J. Garda-Jimenez 287

Causal agents of hop-dying in Spalt w. Ahrens 291

Fusarium sections Elegans and Liseola: taxonomy, rDNA internal trans­cribed spacer sequences and diagnostics

R.P. Baayen, C. Waalwijk and W. Gams 295

Investigation of Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) TuL in the Poacea family plants in Lithuania

Z. DabkeviCius 299

First report on anthracnose diagnosis and Colletotrichum spp. Identifi­cation in white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) infection in Poland

I.M. Frencel, E. Lewartowska, and A. Czerwinska 303

Suitability of electron microscopy for routine diagnosis of plant virus diseases in extension service

xiii

1. Hamacher, R Giersiepen, and M. Heupel 307

Use of the scanning electron microscope in the identification of powdery mildews

A.J. Inman, R.T.A. Cook, and e. Billings 311

Analysis of Pyrenophora teres (Died.) Drechs. population from Slovakia M. Janosova, and Kraic, J. 315

Detection of plum pox virus by different methods M. Kolber, M. Nemeth, L. Krizbai, and E. Kiss-T6th, and M. Kalman 317

Image analysis and archiving as an aid to fungal identification C.R. Lane 321

Anastomosis groups and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani isolates from tobacco in Italy

R. Nicoletti, E. Lahoz, R. Contillo, and A. Oliva 325

Use of fungicide-resistance for the characterisation and differentiation of Venturia inaequalis strains - suitability for competitivity studies

F. Ortega, U. Steiner, and H.-W. Dehne 329

Isolation of Micromycetes from pea seeds E. Prokinova 333

Isolation and identification of Fusarium spp. and Microdochium nivale from winter wheat

A. Schutze, E.-e. Oerke, and H.-W. Dehne 337

Quantification of Phytphthora infestans during early stages of patho-genesis

R. Stier!, U. Steiner, and H.-W. Dehne 341

Description of microbial communities of rhizosphere soil based on the phospholipid fatty acid spectrum analysis of microorganisms

1. Terhardt, V. Vilich, and R.A. Sikora 345

Scanning electron microscopy of Verticillium dahliae on the cotton root surface

T.A. Vlassova 349

Isolation and identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) B. Weickel, 1.e. Dodd, and H.-W. Dehne 353

Analysis of AMF-Glomus caledonium JSS-host interaction - activity, isozyme patterns and plant response

B. Weickel, J.e. Dodd, and H.-W. Dehne 357

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Antagonism between mycorrhizal fungi and Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. - scanning electron microscopical studies

A. Werner and A. Napierala 361

Pathogenicity of the isolates of Rhizoctonia cerealis and R. solani from the Poznan region towards the wheat seedlings

E. Zoltanska 365

Serological Assays

The presence of Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea in the north­ern areas of Pakistan confirmed by microscopy, serology and bioassay

I. Ahmad, S. Iftikhar, and U. Merz 371

Differentiation and immunochemical characterisation of various potato viruses and their strains by means of monoclonal antibodies

N. Cerovska, T. Moravec, P. Dedic, and Z. Subr 375

INSIGHT®- A new diagnostic tool for Mycosphaerella spp. in banana leaves

L. Etienne, C Steden, and J. Suter 377

Feasibility of a diagnostic kit for mUltiplex DIG-chemiluminescent de-tection of tomato viruses

M. Finetti Sialer, L. Barbarossa, and D. Gallitelli 385

Development of monoclonal antibodies for the detection and identifica-tion of Monilinia spp. causing brown rot of stone and pome fruit

J.N. Banks, R.H. Rizvi, CR. Lane, K.J.D. Hughes, and R.T.A. Cook 391

Determination of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus infection in lucerne seeds by immunofluorescence staining and direct isolation using selective medium

1. Nemeth and N.A. Kovacs 395

Detection of ryegrass mosaic virus by monoclonal antibodies and immu­nocapture PCR

F. Rabenstein and J. Schubert 399

Detection of popular mosaic carlavirus (PopMV) by immuno-capture RT-PCR

R. Werner, H.-P. Muhlbach, and C Buttner 403

Indirect immunofluorescence - an useful method in studies on some fun­gal pathogens

M. Wi wart and Z. Mierzwa 407

The use of physiological and biochemical parameters of plants for the estimation the resistance to stem rust

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T.P. Yurina, E.V. Yurina, V.A. Karavaev, and M.K. Solntsev 411

Nucleic Acid Based Hybridisation Techniques

Detection and differentiation of three potyviruses infecting sweet potato by RT-PCR

D. Colinet, F. Zu Xia, and P. Lepoivre 417

Differentiation of Fusarium species by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of PCR-amplified ribosomal DNA

V. Edel, C. Steinberg, N. Gautheron, and C. Alabouvette 421

Diagnosis and identification of pathogens causing apple storage rots, by using PCR-RFLP and allele specific amplification

V.W. Hilber, M. Hilber-Bodmer, H. Schiiepp, and J.E. Frey 425

Development of DNA-assays for in vitro differentiation and in planta detection of Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum

B. Koopmann, P. Karlovsky, and G.A. Wolf 429

Isolation and characterization of a nepo-type virus from reverted black­currant (Ribes nigrum L.)

S. Latvala, A. Lemmetty, and K. Lehto 433

Differential detection of Erwinia amylovora isolates from fruit trees and Rubus spp. based on ribosomal DNA and PCR

M. Maes. and C. Crepel 437

Application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the positive identi-fication of two phytoplasma diseases in Poland

T. Malinowski, B. Komorowska, M. Kaminska, and B. Zawadzka 441

Silicacapture-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (SC-RT­PCR): Application for the detection of several plant viruses

T. Malinowski 445

Non-radioactive probe for the detection of strawberry vein banding vi­rus

I. Mniz, 1. Honetslegrova, M. Sip, and K. Petrzik 449

Detection of bacterial diseases of tomatoes by the polymerase chain re-action (PCR) and serology

F. Nabizadeh-Ardekani, B. Koopmann, and K. Rudolph 453

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Detection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in soil using PCR J. Pulawska 457

Sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA spacer region of Pyrenophora spp.; evaluation of its potential for PCR detection in a seed health test

E.A. Stevens, E.J.A. Blakemore, and J.e. Reeves 461

Identification of potyviruses infecting Alstroemeria R.A.A. Van der Vlugt and I. Bouwen 465

Differentiation of Allium potyvirus by polymerase chain reaction H.J. Vetten, A. Butgereitt, and S. Winter 469

Detection and differentiation of sweet potato closteroviruses by RT -PCR and single-strand conformation polymorphism

S, Winter, M. Korbler, and U. KoHner 473

Disease Assessment and Quantification

The use of video time-lapse recordings to study the effects of antifungal compounds on phytopathogenic fungi

G. Albert and H. Heinen 479

Identification and quantitative determination of Phytophthora species infecting ornamental plants in nurseries

S.O. Cacciola, A. Pane, and G. Magnano di San Glio 483

Evaluation of three methods for the detection of Septoria spp. in wheat leaves

D. Gindrat, and P. Frei 487

Variation for resistance to Fusarium head blight (Fusarium culmorum) in somaclones of winter triticale

T. G6ral and E. Arseniuk 491

Quantification of Phytophthora nicotianae on tomatoes grown with the nutrient film technique

D. Grote 495

Comparison of willow leaf rust quantification methods 1. Hakulinen 499

Comparison between a DNA-based assay and soil bioassay in quantify­ing the amount of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in soil

Herdina, K. Ophel-Keller, D. Roget, and P. Harvey 503

Identification of complex pathotypes and seasonal changes of their fre­quency in subregional populations of barley powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei)

xvii

T. Hoffstadt and V. Caffier 507

Characterization and role in the pathogenesis of potatoes of a novel pec­tate lyase from Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937

S. Jafra, I. Figura, N. Hugouvieux-Cotte-Pattat, and E. Lojkowska 511

Fluorescent parameters of two cucumber cultivars differing in resis-tance to mildew

V.A. Karavaev, M.K. Solntsev, and T.P. Yurina 515

The rate constants of electron transport in RC PS2 during disease de­velopment (stem rust, powdery mildew)

A. Kukushkin and F.H.P. Ekobena 519

Rapid assessment of the aggressiveness of root rot agents of alfalfa (Medicago L.)

R. Mackinaite 523

The role of Prunus spinosa in epidemiology of plum pox virus in the Czech Republic

J. Polak 527

Yield reduction and seed transmission rate of Lithuanian isolate of broad bean true mosaic virus

J. Staniulis 531

Characterization of Fusarium oxysporum populations by growth pa­rameter evaluation in micro titer plates

Steinberg, C., Edel, V., Gautheron, N., Valleys, T., and Alabouvette, C. 535

Study on the influence of Ascochyta fabae and Botrytis fabae on two growing types of faba bean

E. Zakrzewska 539

List of contributors 543

Preface

The diagnosis and identification of plant pathogens provides the basis of plant pathology and phytomedicine. The Executive Committee of the EUROPEAN FOUNDATION FOR PLANT PATHOLOGY (EFPP) had no problem to identify this actual topic as topic for the 4th Symposium, which was held from September 8th to the 12th at the University of Bonn. It was suggested to have introductory papers and papers on actual research on recently identified topics.

The development of diagnosis and pathogen identification is very important to keep plants healthy and to provide a successful and efficient disease control. On the other hand the most important task of the EUROPEAN FOUNDATION FOR PLANT PATHOLOGY is to improve the international communication, especially in the European hemisphere. Another important duty is to provide the contact between all associated societies - of specific importance seems to be the contact to societies and colleagues from eastern European countries. Times have changed and gratefully we are obliged to hold the contact to our colleagues from the east. During the last meeting we could hold this contact to a certain extent and this should be a premise for the future.

During 1998 the EUROPEAN FOUNDATION FOR PLANT PATHOLOGY will join the 7th

International Congress of Plant Pathology held at Edinburgh from August 9-14, 1998. The 5th Symposium of the EUROPEAN FOUNDATION FOR PLANT PATHOLOGY will be arranged by our Italian colleagues.

Many thanks to those colleagues, who joined the symposium at Bonn, we hope to meet you at Edinburgh in 1998 and in Taormina in the year 2000 -

Heinz-W. Dehne

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Acknowledgments

A meeting like the 4th Symposium of the European Foundation for Plant Pathology on the "Diagnosis and Identification of Plant Pathogens", which has been held form September 9th to the 12th at the University of Bonn, can only be successful if certain, necessary requirements are fulfilled: Most important is the participation of scientists, willing to share their results and to discuss the actual status in this particular field -many thanks to those that joined the Symposium. Additionally it needs an active Organizing Committee to establish and arrange an interesting program. The members of the Organizing Committee also reviewed the papers for the Proceedings of this Symposium and served as editors. Therefore my thanks go to Giinther Adam, Hamburg, Marlene Diekmann, Rome, Johann Frahm, Miinster, and Paul van Halteren, Wageningen. The symposium was also assisted by the joint meeting of the COST­actions 821 ("Arbuscular mycorrhizas") and 823 ("Nucleic acid based differentiation of plant feeding insects and their vector status") that was held right before and in connection with the EFPP-Symposium at the University of Bonn.

The success of a meeting is furthermore depending on fmancial assistance - I want to express my thanks to the National Science Foundation (Deutsche Forschungs­gemeinschaft) and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Auswlirtiges Amt) for providing substantial support to the symposium. Additionally the following companies attributed to the symposium fmancially - therefore many thanks go to AgrEvo, BASF, Bayer, Bioreba, Ciba-Geigy, Cyanamid, Leica, Sanofi Pasteur, Zeiss and Zeneca.

I want to thank also the City of Bonn, especially our mayor, Mrs. PaB-Weingarts, who presented an interesting welcome address to all participants during a reception at the Old Cityhall (Altes Rathaus). My deep thanks go to all colleagues and members of our Institute for Plant Diseases, the Faculty of Agronomy and the University of Bonn that made the meeting possible by personal engagement and their individual support.

Heinz-W. Dehne

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