Nursery and Nursery and Landscape Plant Landscape Plant

IdentificationIdentification

By Daniel ForslinBy Daniel Forslin

Abies concolorAbies concolorWhite FirWhite Fir

Native of Western U.S.A. & Northern Native of Western U.S.A. & Northern Mexico growing at varying altitudes Mexico growing at varying altitudes from 620 metres to 2,350 metres.   from 620 metres to 2,350 metres.   Has outstanding tolerance to hot dry Has outstanding tolerance to hot dry conditions. Recommended as one of conditions. Recommended as one of the finest conifers for ornamental the finest conifers for ornamental planting.   Thrives on fairly deep, rich, planting.   Thrives on fairly deep, rich, moist loam and also on coarse soils moist loam and also on coarse soils from granite. A very beautiful tree with from granite. A very beautiful tree with a massive straight trunk.   Found to be a massive straight trunk.   Found to be unsuitable on some sites where rain unsuitable on some sites where rain falls at regular intervals during the falls at regular intervals during the hottest part of the summer.   The best hottest part of the summer.   The best site we found after many trials was site we found after many trials was cool shaded root run.  i.e. morning sun cool shaded root run.  i.e. morning sun only or a south facing hillside.   Can only or a south facing hillside.   Can grow to 80 metres in natural habitat. grow to 80 metres in natural habitat. Growth approx. 30 cm per annum.   Growth approx. 30 cm per annum.   3.5 metres high x 1.5 metres wide in 3.5 metres high x 1.5 metres wide in 10 years in our Nursery/Garden. Zone 10 years in our Nursery/Garden. Zone 3. 3.

Acer PalmatumAcer PalmatumJapanese MapleJapanese Maple

One of the finest for One of the finest for Bonsai. Very Bonsai. Very ornamental with red ornamental with red and gold autumn and gold autumn foliage and relatively foliage and relatively quick to display quick to display results.results.

Acer PlatanoidesAcer PlatanoidesNorway MapleNorway Maple

‘‘Crimson King’ Norway maple Crimson King’ Norway maple grows to a height of 35 to 45 grows to a height of 35 to 45 feet spreading about 25 to 30 feet spreading about 25 to 30 feet and is quite popular for its feet and is quite popular for its purple-green foliage purple-green foliage throughout the summer. throughout the summer. Leaves turn brown, dark Leaves turn brown, dark maroon or bronze in the fall maroon or bronze in the fall before dropping. The oval to before dropping. The oval to rounded crown fills with rounded crown fills with maroon-yellow flowers in the maroon-yellow flowers in the spring. ‘Crimson King’ Norway spring. ‘Crimson King’ Norway Maple’s dense shade and Maple’s dense shade and shallow root system compete shallow root system compete with lawn grasses, and the with lawn grasses, and the shallow roots can make shallow roots can make mowing under the tree difficult.mowing under the tree difficult.

Acer Rub RumAcer Rub RumRed MapleRed Maple

Red Maple is a handsome native Red Maple is a handsome native tree growing up to 60', developing tree growing up to 60', developing a round head of leaves with silver a round head of leaves with silver undercolor. Red Maple is a undercolor. Red Maple is a beautiful tree from spring thru beautiful tree from spring thru winter but the outstanding color of winter but the outstanding color of Red Maple leaves in the fall is their Red Maple leaves in the fall is their favored quality. A sure sign of favored quality. A sure sign of spring in the Midwest is the spring in the Midwest is the dropping of the Red Maple flower dropping of the Red Maple flower clusters. The flowers litter the clusters. The flowers litter the ground in March or April. The seed ground in March or April. The seed pods of Red Maple are the familiar pods of Red Maple are the familiar little helicopters which drop in May little helicopters which drop in May or June. Red Maple has silver-gray or June. Red Maple has silver-gray bark with leaves starting out green bark with leaves starting out green with a reddish tint in the spring with a reddish tint in the spring turning brilliant crimson to yellow in turning brilliant crimson to yellow in fall. Red Maple can have a wide fall. Red Maple can have a wide variation of fall color. variation of fall color.

Acer SaccharumAcer SaccharumSugar mapleSugar maple

Sugar Maple is found throughout Prince Sugar Maple is found throughout Prince Edward Island in the hardwood areas. It is Edward Island in the hardwood areas. It is a tall tree averaging 21m to 24m in height a tall tree averaging 21m to 24m in height and a diameter of up to 60cm. The trunk is and a diameter of up to 60cm. The trunk is usually straight in the forest, short and usually straight in the forest, short and branched in the open. The compact and branched in the open. The compact and regular crown is composed of slender, regular crown is composed of slender, mostly ascending branches. mostly ascending branches.

It requires a moist rich, well-drained soil for It requires a moist rich, well-drained soil for its best development. It occurs in pure its best development. It occurs in pure stands also in mixtures of red spruce, stands also in mixtures of red spruce, white spruce, balsam fir, beech, yellow white spruce, balsam fir, beech, yellow birch, oak and red maple. birch, oak and red maple.

It is one of our most conspicuous It is one of our most conspicuous hardwoods in autumn, the leaves turning hardwoods in autumn, the leaves turning brilliant shades of deep red, scarlet, brilliant shades of deep red, scarlet, golden orange and bright yellow. golden orange and bright yellow.

The wood is one of the most valuable The wood is one of the most valuable hardwoods in Canada. It is used for hardwoods in Canada. It is used for furniture, veneer, plywood and vehicle furniture, veneer, plywood and vehicle stock. Maple syrup and maple sugar is stock. Maple syrup and maple sugar is made from its sap. made from its sap.

Aesculus HippocastanumAesculus HippocastanumCommon HorsechestnutCommon Horsechestnut AesculusAesculus are are woody plantswoody plants from 4 to 35 from 4 to 35

m tall (depending on species), and have m tall (depending on species), and have stout shoots with resinous, often sticky, stout shoots with resinous, often sticky, buds; opposite, palmately divided buds; opposite, palmately divided leaves, often very large (to 65 cm leaves, often very large (to 65 cm across in the Japanese Horse-chestnut across in the Japanese Horse-chestnut Aesculus turbinataAesculus turbinata); and showy insect-); and showy insect-pollinated pollinated flowersflowers, with a single four- or , with a single four- or five-lobed petal (actually four or five five-lobed petal (actually four or five petals fused at the base). Flowering petals fused at the base). Flowering starts after 80–110 starts after 80–110 growing degree daysgrowing degree days. The fruit is a rich . The fruit is a rich glossy brown to blackish-brown glossy brown to blackish-brown nutnut 2–5 2–5 cm diameter, usually globose with one cm diameter, usually globose with one nut in a green or brown husk, but nut in a green or brown husk, but sometimes two nuts together in one sometimes two nuts together in one husk, in which case the nuts are flat on husk, in which case the nuts are flat on one side; the point of attachment of the one side; the point of attachment of the nut in the husk shows as a large nut in the husk shows as a large circular whitish scar. The husk has circular whitish scar. The husk has scattered soft spines in some species, scattered soft spines in some species, spineless in others, and splits into three spineless in others, and splits into three sections to release the nut.sections to release the nut.

Ajuqa ReptansAjuqa ReptansAjuga BugleweedAjuga Bugleweed

The bugle has dark The bugle has dark green leaves with purple green leaves with purple highlights. It is a highlights. It is a spreading ground cover spreading ground cover that grows in a dense that grows in a dense mat. The leaves grow 2-mat. The leaves grow 2-3 inches high but in the 3 inches high but in the spring it sends up 4-6 spring it sends up 4-6 inch tall flower stalks inch tall flower stalks with many purple flowers with many purple flowers on them.on them.

Amelanchier X Amelanchier X GrandifloraGrandiflora

Apple ServiceberryApple Serviceberry Beautiful small tree Beautiful small tree

(20x15) with four season (20x15) with four season interest; white flowers, interest; white flowers, edible fruits, red/orange edible fruits, red/orange fall color, smooth gray fall color, smooth gray bark. Look around, you bark. Look around, you will find this wonderful will find this wonderful native tree (shrub) in native tree (shrub) in many wooded areas, many wooded areas, classy in residential classy in residential landscapes landscapes

Berberis ThunbergiiBerberis ThunbergiiJapanese BarberryJapanese Barberry

Japanese barberry is a dense, Japanese barberry is a dense, deciduous, spiny shrub that grows deciduous, spiny shrub that grows 2 to 8 ft. high. The branches are 2 to 8 ft. high. The branches are brown, deeply grooved, somewhat brown, deeply grooved, somewhat zig-zag in form and bear a single zig-zag in form and bear a single very sharp spine at each node. The very sharp spine at each node. The leaves are small (½ to 1 ½ inches leaves are small (½ to 1 ½ inches long), oval to spatula-shaped, long), oval to spatula-shaped, green, bluish-green, or dark reddish green, bluish-green, or dark reddish purple. Flowering occurs from mid-purple. Flowering occurs from mid-April to May in the northeastern April to May in the northeastern U.S. Pale yellow flowers about ¼ in U.S. Pale yellow flowers about ¼ in (0.6 cm) across hang in umbrella-(0.6 cm) across hang in umbrella-shaped clusters of 2-4 flowers each shaped clusters of 2-4 flowers each along the length of the stem. The along the length of the stem. The fruits are bright red berries about fruits are bright red berries about 1/3 in (1 cm) long that are borne on 1/3 in (1 cm) long that are borne on narrow stalks. They mature during narrow stalks. They mature during late summer and fall and persist late summer and fall and persist through the winter. through the winter.

Betula NigraBetula NigraRiver BirchRiver Birch

One of Minnesota's more plentiful native trees, the One of Minnesota's more plentiful native trees, the River Birch (Betula nigra) is typically found along River Birch (Betula nigra) is typically found along the banks of rivers and small streams and swampy the banks of rivers and small streams and swampy areas that may be periodically flooded. The natural areas that may be periodically flooded. The natural range of the River Birch is widespread from the range of the River Birch is widespread from the Midwest to the northeast United States and as far Midwest to the northeast United States and as far south as northern Florida. south as northern Florida.

The tree is also called the Red Birch because of its The tree is also called the Red Birch because of its distinctively cinnamon-reddish brown bark which distinctively cinnamon-reddish brown bark which curls back in thin paper-like layers revealing the curls back in thin paper-like layers revealing the pink of the inner bark. The River Birch truly stands pink of the inner bark. The River Birch truly stands out in Minnesota winters with its colorful bark out in Minnesota winters with its colorful bark against the white snow. The River Birch is often against the white snow. The River Birch is often grown in clumps or as a multi-trunked tree in order grown in clumps or as a multi-trunked tree in order to display its exfoliating bark. to display its exfoliating bark.

Generally a medium-sized tree of 30 to 50 feet in Generally a medium-sized tree of 30 to 50 feet in height, River Birch trees can occasionally grow 75 height, River Birch trees can occasionally grow 75 to 80 feet tall. The River Birch's wood is heavy, to 80 feet tall. The River Birch's wood is heavy, fine-grained and strong. It is used in furniture, fine-grained and strong. It is used in furniture, flooring, millwork, boxes and spools, and is popular flooring, millwork, boxes and spools, and is popular for burning in fireplaces and wood stoves.for burning in fireplaces and wood stoves.

In the spring, the flowers are long catkins which In the spring, the flowers are long catkins which open before the leaves. Cone-like fruit appears in open before the leaves. Cone-like fruit appears in May and June. The leaves turn a dull yellow before May and June. The leaves turn a dull yellow before dropping in the fall.dropping in the fall.

Nearly 30 River Birch trees line the north side of the Nearly 30 River Birch trees line the north side of the WSU Library where they have been planted in a WSU Library where they have been planted in a series of small triangular sections dissected by series of small triangular sections dissected by short sidewalks. short sidewalks.

Betula PapyriferaBetula PapyriferaPaper Birch/Canoe BirchPaper Birch/Canoe Birch Paper birch is a beautiful Paper birch is a beautiful

accent tree when used accent tree when used with a background of with a background of evergreens. It's bark, evergreens. It's bark, although soft and although soft and smooth to the touch, is smooth to the touch, is one of the most durable one of the most durable plant substances. A plant substances. A mature tree can reach mature tree can reach 40-70', is intolerant of 40-70', is intolerant of shade, and grows best in shade, and grows best in sandy loam. sandy loam.

Buxus Microphylla var. KoreanaBuxus Microphylla var. KoreanaKorean Little Leaf BoxwoodKorean Little Leaf Boxwood

DescriptionDescriptionThe boxwoods are profusely branched evergreen The boxwoods are profusely branched evergreen shrubs widely used in landscaping, especially for shrubs widely used in landscaping, especially for hedges and foundation plantings. There are some hedges and foundation plantings. There are some 70 species of boxwoods, but only two are 70 species of boxwoods, but only two are commonly found in cultivation: this one and commonly found in cultivation: this one and common boxwood (common boxwood (Buxus sempervirens)Buxus sempervirens). But . But those two species have given us hundreds of those two species have given us hundreds of botanical varieties, horticultural cultivars and botanical varieties, horticultural cultivars and hybrids of garden origin to choose from. All the hybrids of garden origin to choose from. All the boxwoods have small, opposite, evergreen boxwoods have small, opposite, evergreen leaves. They produce small star shaped yellowish leaves. They produce small star shaped yellowish green pistillate (female) and staminate (male) green pistillate (female) and staminate (male) flowers on the same plants. The flowers are not flowers on the same plants. The flowers are not showy, but are quite fragrant. The star points are showy, but are quite fragrant. The star points are actually sepals - boxwood flowers have no petals. actually sepals - boxwood flowers have no petals. The flowers are in clusters consisting of a single The flowers are in clusters consisting of a single female flower in the center, surrounded by several female flower in the center, surrounded by several male flowers, recognized by their conspicuous male flowers, recognized by their conspicuous yellow anthers. Littleleaf boxwood has very small yellow anthers. Littleleaf boxwood has very small leaves, just 3/4 in (1.9 cm) long, and considerably leaves, just 3/4 in (1.9 cm) long, and considerably thinner in texture (almost transparent) than those thinner in texture (almost transparent) than those of other boxwoods. They are elliptic-oblong, and of other boxwoods. They are elliptic-oblong, and dark green, usually turning a rather ugly bronze in dark green, usually turning a rather ugly bronze in winter. Littleleaf boxwood grows in a dense winter. Littleleaf boxwood grows in a dense rounded mound, 2-3 ft (0.6-0.9 m) tall and 3-5 ft rounded mound, 2-3 ft (0.6-0.9 m) tall and 3-5 ft (0.9-1.5 m) across. (0.9-1.5 m) across.

Catalpa SpeciosaCatalpa SpeciosaNorthern CatalpaNorthern Catalpa

Northern CatalpaNorthern Catalpa ( (Catalpa speciosaCatalpa speciosa) is a ) is a species of species of CatalpaCatalpa, native to the , native to the midwestern midwestern United StatesUnited States in in ArkansasArkansas, , IllinoisIllinois, , IndianaIndiana, , MissouriMissouri, , KentuckyKentucky, and , and TennesseeTennessee.It is a medium-sized .It is a medium-sized deciduousdeciduous treetree growing to 15-20 meters tall, with a growing to 15-20 meters tall, with a trunk up to 1 m diameter with brown to gray trunk up to 1 m diameter with brown to gray barkbark, maturing into hard plates or ridges. , maturing into hard plates or ridges. The The leavesleaves are large, heart shaped, 20-30 are large, heart shaped, 20-30 cm long and 15-20 cm broad. The cm long and 15-20 cm broad. The flowersflowers are 3-6 cm across, trumpet shaped, white are 3-6 cm across, trumpet shaped, white with yellow stripes and purple spots inside; with yellow stripes and purple spots inside; they grow in they grow in paniclespanicles of 10-30.The of 10-30.The fruitfruit is a is a long, thin bean like pod 20-40 cm long and long, thin bean like pod 20-40 cm long and 10-12 mm diameter; it often stays attached 10-12 mm diameter; it often stays attached to tree during winter (and can be mistaken to tree during winter (and can be mistaken for brown for brown iciclesicicles). The pod contains ). The pod contains numerous flat light brown seeds with two numerous flat light brown seeds with two papery wings.It is closely related to papery wings.It is closely related to Southern CatalpaSouthern Catalpa, and can be distinguished , and can be distinguished by the flowering panicles, which bear a by the flowering panicles, which bear a smaller number of larger flowers, and the smaller number of larger flowers, and the slightly broader seed pods.slightly broader seed pods.

Celastrus ScandensCelastrus ScandensAmerica BittersweetAmerica Bittersweet

Bittersweet is a semi-Bittersweet is a semi-woodywoody herbaceousherbaceous perennialperennial vinevine, which scrambles over other , which scrambles over other plants, capable of reaching a height of 4 m plants, capable of reaching a height of 4 m where suitable support is available, but where suitable support is available, but more often 1-2 m high. The more often 1-2 m high. The leavesleaves are 4- are 4-12 cm long, roughly arrowhead-shaped, 12 cm long, roughly arrowhead-shaped, and often lobed at the base. The and often lobed at the base. The flowersflowers are in loose clusters of 3-20, (1-1.5 cm) are in loose clusters of 3-20, (1-1.5 cm) across, star-shaped, with five purple petals across, star-shaped, with five purple petals and yellow stamens and style pointing and yellow stamens and style pointing forward. The forward. The fruitfruit is an ovoid red is an ovoid red berryberry about 1 cm long, soft and juicy, about 1 cm long, soft and juicy, poisonouspoisonous to humans and livestock but edible for to humans and livestock but edible for birdsbirds, which disperse the seeds widely. As , which disperse the seeds widely. As with most with most SolanumSolanum species, the foliage is species, the foliage is also poisonous to humans.Bittersweet is also poisonous to humans.Bittersweet is used in used in homeopathic medicinehomeopathic medicine and and herbalismherbalism. Its main usage is for conditions . Its main usage is for conditions that have an impact on the that have an impact on the skinskin, , mucous membranemucous membrane and the membrane ( and the membrane (synovialsynovial membrane membrane) around the joints. ) around the joints. Bittersweet is considered to be an Bittersweet is considered to be an important remedy for treating important remedy for treating herpesherpes infections and infections and allergiesallergies

Celtis OccidentalisCeltis OccidentalisCommon HackberryCommon Hackberry

A large tree with a slender A large tree with a slender trunk, rising to the height of trunk, rising to the height of one hundred and thirty feet, is one hundred and thirty feet, is the Hackberry in the southern the Hackberry in the southern Mississippi valley area, but in Mississippi valley area, but in the middle states it attains the the middle states it attains the height of sixty feet with a height of sixty feet with a handsome round-topped handsome round-topped head and pendulous head and pendulous branches. It prefers rich moist branches. It prefers rich moist soil, but will grow on gravelly soil, but will grow on gravelly or rocky hillsides. The roots or rocky hillsides. The roots are fibrous and it grows are fibrous and it grows rapidly.rapidly.[1][1]

It has an unmistakable bark It has an unmistakable bark pattern.pattern.

Cercis CanadensisCercis CanadensisEastern RedbudEastern Redbud

Eastern RedbudEastern Redbud ( (Cercis Cercis canadensiscanadensis L.L.) is a large ) is a large shrubshrub or or small small treetree native to native to easterneastern North AmericaNorth America from southern from southern OntarioOntario, , CanadaCanada south to northern south to northern FloridaFlorida, , United United StatesStates.It typically .It typically grows to 8-12 m tall, with a short, grows to 8-12 m tall, with a short, often twisted often twisted trunktrunk and spreading and spreading branchesbranches. The . The barkbark is dark in color, is dark in color, smooth, later scaly with ridges smooth, later scaly with ridges somewhat apparent, sometimes somewhat apparent, sometimes with maroon patches. The with maroon patches. The twigstwigs are are slender and zigzag, nearly black in slender and zigzag, nearly black in color, spotted with lighter color, spotted with lighter lenticelslenticels. . The winter buds are tiny, rounded The winter buds are tiny, rounded and dark red to chestnut in color. and dark red to chestnut in color. The The leavesleaves are alternate, simple, are alternate, simple, cordate in shape with an entire cordate in shape with an entire margin, 7-12 cm (3-5 inches) long margin, 7-12 cm (3-5 inches) long and wide, thin and papery, and may and wide, thin and papery, and may be slightly hairy below.be slightly hairy below.

Chaenomeles SpeciosaChaenomeles SpeciosaCommon Flowering Common Flowering

QuinceQuince The The QuinceQuince ( (Cydonia oblongaCydonia oblonga) is the ) is the

sole member of the genus sole member of the genus CydoniaCydonia and and native to warm-temperate southwest native to warm-temperate southwest AsiaAsia in the in the CaucasusCaucasus region. It is a region. It is a small small deciduousdeciduous treetree, growing 5-8 m , growing 5-8 m tall and 4-6 m wide, related to tall and 4-6 m wide, related to applesapples and and pearspears, and like them has a , and like them has a pomepome fruitfruit, which is bright golden yellow , which is bright golden yellow when mature, pear-shaped, 7-12 cm when mature, pear-shaped, 7-12 cm long and 6-9 cm broad.The immature long and 6-9 cm broad.The immature fruit is green, with dense grey-white fruit is green, with dense grey-white pubescence which mostly (but not all) pubescence which mostly (but not all) rubs off before maturity in late rubs off before maturity in late autumnautumn when the fruit changes colour to yellow when the fruit changes colour to yellow with hard flesh that is strongly with hard flesh that is strongly perfumed. The perfumed. The leavesleaves are alternately are alternately arranged, simple, 6-11 cm long, with an arranged, simple, 6-11 cm long, with an entire margin and densely pubescent entire margin and densely pubescent with fine white hairs. The with fine white hairs. The flowersflowers, , produced in spring after the leaves, are produced in spring after the leaves, are white or pink, 5 cm across, with five white or pink, 5 cm across, with five petalspetals

Clematis spp.Clematis spp.ClematisClematis

ClematisClematis (from (from Ancient GreekAncient Greek klematisklematis, a , a climbing plant, probably climbing plant, probably periwinkleperiwinkle) is a ) is a genusgenus of of mostly vigorous climbing mostly vigorous climbing lianaslianas, with attractive flowers. , with attractive flowers. Some species are Some species are shrubbyshrubby, , and some others are and some others are herbaceousherbaceous perennial plantsperennial plants. . They are found throughout They are found throughout the temperate regions of both the temperate regions of both hemispheres, and also in hemispheres, and also in mountains in the tropics. The mountains in the tropics. The cool temperate species are cool temperate species are deciduousdeciduous, but many of the , but many of the warmer climate species are warmer climate species are evergreenevergreen..

Clethra AinifoliaClethra AinifoliaSummersweet ClethraSummersweet Clethra

Clethra alnifoliaClethra alnifolia ( (Sweet Sweet PepperbushPepperbush or or SummersweetSummersweet), is a ), is a flowering plantflowering plant in the genus in the genus ClethraClethra, , native to eastern North America from native to eastern North America from southern southern Nova ScotiaNova Scotia and and MaineMaine south to northern south to northern FloridaFlorida, and west to , and west to eastern eastern TexasTexas.It is a .It is a deciduousdeciduous shrubshrub growing to 2-4 m tall. The growing to 2-4 m tall. The leavesleaves are are obovate to oblong, 4-10 cm long and obovate to oblong, 4-10 cm long and 2-4 cm broad, with a serrated margin; 2-4 cm broad, with a serrated margin; they are green turning yellow-golden they are green turning yellow-golden during the autumn. The during the autumn. The flowersflowers are are white or very pale pink, 5-10 mm white or very pale pink, 5-10 mm diameter, and have a sweet, pungent diameter, and have a sweet, pungent fragrancefragrance; they are produced in ; they are produced in racemesracemes up to 15 cm long and 2 cm up to 15 cm long and 2 cm broad from July until September.It broad from July until September.It grows in wet grows in wet forestsforests, , pinepine flatwoodsflatwoods, , wetlandswetlands, , bogsbogs and can be seen and can be seen alongside woodland streams. The alongside woodland streams. The Nova Scotia population is small and Nova Scotia population is small and endangeredendangered

Cornus MasCornus MasCorneliancherry DogwoodCorneliancherry Dogwood

((Cornus masCornus mas) is a species of ) is a species of dogwooddogwood native to southern native to southern EuropeEurope and southwest and southwest AsiaAsia..

It is a medium to It is a medium to deciduousdeciduous large large shrubshrub or small or small treetree growing to 5-12 m growing to 5-12 m tall, with dark brown branches and tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The greenish twigs. The leavesleaves are are opposite, 4-10 cm long and 2-4 cm opposite, 4-10 cm long and 2-4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin. The and an entire margin. The flowersflowers are are small (5-10 mm diameter), with four small (5-10 mm diameter), with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10-25 together in the late winter, well 10-25 together in the late winter, well before the leaves appear. The before the leaves appear. The fruitfruit is is an oblong red an oblong red drupedrupe 2 cm long and 2 cm long and 1.5 cm diameter, containing a single 1.5 cm diameter, containing a single seedseed..

Cornus StoloniferaCornus StoloniferaRed Oiser DogwoodRed Oiser Dogwood

The The Red Osier DogwoodRed Osier Dogwood ( (Cornus sericeaCornus sericea, , synsyn.. C. stoloniferaC. stolonifera, , Swida sericeaSwida sericea) is a ) is a species of species of dogwooddogwood native throughout native throughout northern and western northern and western North AmericaNorth America from from AlaskaAlaska east to east to NewfoundlandNewfoundland, south to , south to DurangoDurango and and Nuevo LeónNuevo León in the west, and in the west, and IllinoisIllinois and and VirginiaVirginia in the east. Other names in the east. Other names include include Redtwig DogwoodRedtwig Dogwood, , Red-roodRed-rood, , Red Red roodrood, , American DogwoodAmerican Dogwood, and (subsp. , and (subsp. occidentalisoccidentalis) ) Western DogwoodWestern Dogwood. In the wild, . In the wild, it commonly grows in areas of damp soil, it commonly grows in areas of damp soil, such as such as wetlandswetlands.It is a medium to tall .It is a medium to tall deciduousdeciduous shrubshrub, growing 1.5-4 m tall and 3-, growing 1.5-4 m tall and 3-5 m wide, spreading readily by underground 5 m wide, spreading readily by underground stolonsstolons to form dense thickets. The branches to form dense thickets. The branches and twigs are dark red, although wild plants and twigs are dark red, although wild plants may lack this coloration in shaded areas. The may lack this coloration in shaded areas. The leavesleaves are opposite, 5-12 cm long and 2.5-6 are opposite, 5-12 cm long and 2.5-6 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin; they are dark green above an entire margin; they are dark green above and glaucous below; fall color is commonly and glaucous below; fall color is commonly bright red to purple. The bright red to purple. The flowersflowers are small (5- are small (5-10 mm diameter), dull white in color, in 10 mm diameter), dull white in color, in clusters 3-6 cm diameter. The clusters 3-6 cm diameter. The fruitfruit is a is a globose white globose white berryberry 5-9 mm diameter. 5-9 mm diameter.

Cotoneaster ApiculatusCotoneaster ApiculatusCranberry CotoneasterCranberry Cotoneaster

CotoneasterCotoneaster ( (CotoneasterCotoneaster) is a ) is a genus of genus of woody plantswoody plants in the rose in the rose family family RosaceaeRosaceae, native to the , native to the PalaearcticPalaearctic region (temperate region (temperate AsiaAsia, , EuropeEurope, north , north AfricaAfrica), with a ), with a strong concentration of diversity strong concentration of diversity in the genus in the mountains of in the genus in the mountains of southwestern southwestern ChinaChina and the and the HimalayaHimalaya. They are related to . They are related to hawthornshawthorns ( (CrataegusCrataegus), ), firethornsfirethorns ((PyracanthaPyracantha), ), photiniasphotinias ( (PhotiniaPhotinia) ) and and rowansrowans ( (SorbusSorbus).Depending ).Depending on the on the speciesspecies definition used, definition used, there are between 70-300 there are between 70-300 species of cotoneaster, with species of cotoneaster, with many many apomicticapomictic microspecies microspecies treated as species by some treated as species by some authors, but only as varieties by authors, but only as varieties by others.others.

Crataegus PhaenopyrumCrataegus PhaenopyrumWashington HawthornWashington Hawthorn

Crataegus Phaenopyrum Crataegus Phaenopyrum is a broadly oval to is a broadly oval to rounded, dense, thorny rounded, dense, thorny tree. The foliage is a tree. The foliage is a reddish purple when reddish purple when unfolding gradually unfolding gradually changing to lustrous dark changing to lustrous dark green at maturity. Fall green at maturity. Fall color varies from orange color varies from orange to scarlet to purplish. to scarlet to purplish. Flowers are white and Flowers are white and ½” diameter. ½” diameter.

Elaeagnus AngustifoliaElaeagnus AngustifoliaRussian OliveRussian Olive

Elaeagnus Angustifolia is Elaeagnus Angustifolia is an excellent windbreak an excellent windbreak and wildlife tree. It is and wildlife tree. It is extremely tolerant of extremely tolerant of environmental factors. environmental factors. The best windbreak tree The best windbreak tree for high wind areas. for high wind areas. Pictured is the Pictured is the Elaeagnus Angustifolia Elaeagnus Angustifolia in a tree form. Can be in a tree form. Can be made into a hedge by made into a hedge by planting 10’ apart in the planting 10’ apart in the row. row.

Euonymus FortuneiEuonymus FortuneiWintercreeperWintercreeper

It is a It is a woodywoody evergreenevergreen vinevine, growing to 20 , growing to 20 m tall, climbing by means of small rootlets m tall, climbing by means of small rootlets on the stems, similar to on the stems, similar to ivyivy (an example of (an example of convergent evolutionconvergent evolution, as the two species , as the two species are not related). Like ivy, it also has a are not related). Like ivy, it also has a sterile non-flowering sterile non-flowering juvenilejuvenile climbing or climbing or creeping phase, which on reaching high creeping phase, which on reaching high enough into the crowns of trees to get enough into the crowns of trees to get more light, develops into an adult, more light, develops into an adult, flowering phase which does not have flowering phase which does not have climbing rootlets.climbing rootlets.

The The leavesleaves are arranged in opposite pairs, are arranged in opposite pairs, elliptic to elliptic-ovate, 2-6 cm long and 1-elliptic to elliptic-ovate, 2-6 cm long and 1-3 cm broad, with a finely serrated margin. 3 cm broad, with a finely serrated margin. The The flowersflowers are inconspicuous, 5 mm are inconspicuous, 5 mm diameter, with four small greenish-yellow diameter, with four small greenish-yellow petals. The petals. The fruitfruit is a four-lobed pale green is a four-lobed pale green pod-like berry, which splits open to reveal pod-like berry, which splits open to reveal the fleshy-coated orange the fleshy-coated orange seedsseeds, one seed , one seed in each lobe.in each lobe.

Euonymus AlatusEuonymus AlatusBurning BushBurning Bush

Euonymus alatusEuonymus alatus, known variously , known variously as as Winged SpindleWinged Spindle, , Winged Winged EuonymusEuonymus or or Burning BushBurning Bush, is a , is a deciduous deciduous shrubshrub native to eastern native to eastern AsiaAsia, in central and northern , in central and northern ChinaChina, , JapanJapan, and , and KoreaKorea. The shrub grows . The shrub grows to 2.5 m tall, often wider than tall. The to 2.5 m tall, often wider than tall. The stems are notable for their four corky stems are notable for their four corky ridges or "wings". The ridges or "wings". The leavesleaves are 2-7 are 2-7 cm long and 1-4 cm broad, ovate-cm long and 1-4 cm broad, ovate-elliptic, with an acute apex. The elliptic, with an acute apex. The flowersflowers are greenish, borne over a are greenish, borne over a long period in the spring. The long period in the spring. The fruitfruit is a is a red red arilaril enclosed by a four-lobed pink, enclosed by a four-lobed pink, yellow or orange capsule.The yellow or orange capsule.The common name "burning bush" comes common name "burning bush" comes from the bright red fall color.It is a from the bright red fall color.It is a popular popular ornamental plantornamental plant in gardens in gardens and parks due to its bright pink or and parks due to its bright pink or orange fruit and attractive fall color. orange fruit and attractive fall color. This plant is an This plant is an invasive speciesinvasive species of of woodlands in eastern woodlands in eastern North AmericaNorth America

Fagus GrandifoliaFagus GrandifoliaAmerican BeechAmerican Beech

The The American BeechAmerican Beech Fagus Fagus grandifoliagrandifolia is a species of is a species of beechbeech native to eastern native to eastern North AmericaNorth America, , from from Nova ScotiaNova Scotia west to southern west to southern OntarioOntario in southeastern in southeastern CanadaCanada, , west to west to WisconsinWisconsin and south to and south to eastern eastern TexasTexas and northern and northern FloridaFlorida in the in the United StatesUnited States. Trees . Trees in the southern half of the range in the southern half of the range are sometimes distinguished as a are sometimes distinguished as a variety, variety, F. grandifoliaF. grandifolia var. var. carolinianacaroliniana, but this is not , but this is not considered distinct in the Flora of considered distinct in the Flora of North America. A related beech North America. A related beech native to the mountains of central native to the mountains of central MexicoMexico is sometimes treated as a is sometimes treated as a subspecies of American Beech, subspecies of American Beech, but more often as a distinct but more often as a distinct species, species, Mexican BeechMexican Beech Fagus Fagus mexicanamexicana..

Forsythia X IntermideaForsythia X IntermideaBorder ForsythiaBorder Forsythia

A decidious shrub growing to A decidious shrub growing to 2.5m by 2.5m . It is hardy to zone 2.5m by 2.5m . It is hardy to zone 5. It is in flower from March to 5. It is in flower from March to April. The flowers are April. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are and female organs) and are pollinated by Insects. We rate it 1 pollinated by Insects. We rate it 1 out of 5 for usefulness.The plant out of 5 for usefulness.The plant prefers light (sandy), medium prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained soil. and requires well-drained soil. The plant prefers acid, neutral The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils and can and basic (alkaline) soils and can grow in very alkaline soil. It can grow in very alkaline soil. It can grow in full shade (deep grow in full shade (deep woodland) semi-shade (light woodland) semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It woodland) or no shade. It requires moist soil. requires moist soil.

Fraxinus AmericanaFraxinus AmericanaWhite AshWhite Ash

The The White AshWhite Ash or or Cane AshCane Ash ( (Fraxinus Fraxinus americanaamericana) is one of the largest of the ash ) is one of the largest of the ash genus genus FraxinusFraxinus, growing to 35 m (115 ft) , growing to 35 m (115 ft) tall. It is native to eastern tall. It is native to eastern North AmericanNorth American hardwoodhardwood forestsforests, found in mesophytic , found in mesophytic forests from forests from QuebecQuebec to northern to northern FloridaFlorida. . The wood is white, strong, and straight-The wood is white, strong, and straight-grained. The name grained. The name White AshWhite Ash apparently apparently derives from the glaucous undersides of derives from the glaucous undersides of the leaves. The the leaves. The leavesleaves are 20-30 cm long, are 20-30 cm long, pinnately compound with 7 (occasionally 5 pinnately compound with 7 (occasionally 5 or 9) leaflets, 6-13 cm (2-5 in) long. They or 9) leaflets, 6-13 cm (2-5 in) long. They turn yellow, red, or purple in the fall. turn yellow, red, or purple in the fall. CultivarsCultivars, which have superior fall color, , which have superior fall color, include 'Autumn Applause' and 'Autumn include 'Autumn Applause' and 'Autumn Purple'.This tree, like all ashes, is Purple'.This tree, like all ashes, is dioeciousdioecious, with male and female flowers , with male and female flowers being born on separate trees. Flowering being born on separate trees. Flowering occurs in early spring after 30-55 occurs in early spring after 30-55 growing degree daysgrowing degree days. The fruit when fully . The fruit when fully formed is a formed is a samarasamara 3-5 cm long, the seed 3-5 cm long, the seed 1.5-2 cm long with a pale brown wing 1.5-1.5-2 cm long with a pale brown wing 1.5-3 cm long, and can be blown a good 3 cm long, and can be blown a good distance from the parent tree.distance from the parent tree.

Fraxinus PennysylvanicaFraxinus PennysylvanicaGreen AshGreen Ash

ID FeaturesID Features opposite leaves opposite leaves pinnately compound leaves pinnately compound leaves female plants with paddle-female plants with paddle-

shaped samaras shaped samaras dark reddish brown buds, dark reddish brown buds,

pubescent pubescent leaf scars with a notch in leaf scars with a notch in

them at top them at top twigs gray and buds brown twigs gray and buds brown twigs stout twigs stout

Ginkgo BilobaGinkgo BilobaGinko. Maiden TreeGinko. Maiden Tree

The The GinkgoGinkgo ( (Ginkgo bilobaGinkgo biloba; '; '銀杏銀杏 '' in in Chinese), frequently misspelled as Chinese), frequently misspelled as "Gingko", and also known as the "Gingko", and also known as the Maidenhair TreeMaidenhair Tree, is a unique , is a unique treetree with no with no close living relatives. It is classified in its close living relatives. It is classified in its own division, the own division, the GinkgophytaGinkgophyta, , comprising the single class comprising the single class GinkgoopsidaGinkgoopsida, order , order GinkgoalesGinkgoales, family , family GinkgoaceaeGinkgoaceae, genus , genus GinkgoGinkgo and is the and is the only only extant speciesextant species within this group. It is within this group. It is one of the best known examples of a one of the best known examples of a living fossilliving fossil. In the past it has also been . In the past it has also been placed in the divisions placed in the divisions SpermatophytaSpermatophyta or or PinophytaPinophyta. Ginkgo is a . Ginkgo is a gymnospermgymnosperm: its : its seeds are not protected by an seeds are not protected by an ovaryovary wall. wall. The apricot-like structures produced by The apricot-like structures produced by female ginkgo trees are technically not female ginkgo trees are technically not fruitsfruits, but are the seeds having a shell that , but are the seeds having a shell that consists of a soft and fleshy section (the consists of a soft and fleshy section (the sarcotestasarcotesta), and a hard section (the ), and a hard section (the sclerotestasclerotesta).).

Gelditsia Tricanthos InermisGelditsia Tricanthos InermisHornless Honey LocustHornless Honey Locust

It can reach a height of 20–30 meters (66–It can reach a height of 20–30 meters (66–100 feet), with fast growth. They are 100 feet), with fast growth. They are relatively short-lived, however, living about relatively short-lived, however, living about 120 years. They are also prone to losing 120 years. They are also prone to losing large branches in windstorms. The large branches in windstorms. The leavesleaves are pinnately compound on older trees but are pinnately compound on older trees but bipinnatelybipinnately compound on vigorous young compound on vigorous young trees. The leaflets are 1.5–2.5 cm long trees. The leaflets are 1.5–2.5 cm long (smaller on bipinnate leaves) and bright (smaller on bipinnate leaves) and bright green. They turn yellow in the fall. The green. They turn yellow in the fall. The strongly scented cream-colored strongly scented cream-colored flowersflowers appear in late spring, in clusters emerging appear in late spring, in clusters emerging from the base of the leaf axils.The from the base of the leaf axils.The fruitfruit is a is a flat flat legumelegume (pod) that matures between (pod) that matures between September and October. The pods are September and October. The pods are generally between 15–20 cm long. The pulp generally between 15–20 cm long. The pulp on the insides of the on the insides of the podspods is edible and is edible and sweet; it should not be confused with sweet; it should not be confused with Black locustBlack locust , which is toxic. The seeds are , which is toxic. The seeds are dispersed by grazing dispersed by grazing herbivoresherbivores (e.g. (e.g. cattlecattle and and horseshorses), which eat the pod pulp and ), which eat the pod pulp and then excrete the seeds in their droppings; then excrete the seeds in their droppings; the animal's digestive system assists in the animal's digestive system assists in breaking down the hard seed coat, making breaking down the hard seed coat, making germination easier.germination easier.

Hamamelis VirginianaHamamelis VirginianaCommon WitchhazelCommon Witchhazel

Hamamelis virginianaHamamelis virginiana is a species is a species of of Witch-hazelWitch-hazel found across eastern found across eastern North AmericaNorth America, from , from Nova ScotiaNova Scotia to to WisconsinWisconsin in the north and northern in the north and northern FloridaFlorida to to TexasTexas in the south. in the south.

It is a large It is a large deciduousdeciduous shrubshrub that that usually reaches a height of 15 feet, usually reaches a height of 15 feet, although it can sometimes grow to 30 although it can sometimes grow to 30 feet. Its feet. Its leavesleaves are toothed or lobed, are toothed or lobed, and about 3 to 6 inches long. The and about 3 to 6 inches long. The bright yellow bright yellow flowersflowers grow in clusters, grow in clusters, have four parts, and have ribbon-have four parts, and have ribbon-shaped shaped petalspetals about one inch long. about one inch long. H. virginianaH. virginiana blooms in about mid fall blooms in about mid fall and continues until late fall. The and continues until late fall. The fruitfruit is a hard woody capsule about ½ an is a hard woody capsule about ½ an inch long, which explodes and inch long, which explodes and launches two shiny black launches two shiny black seedsseeds up to up to 30 feet when it is mature.30 feet when it is mature.

Hedera HelixHedera HelixEnglish IvyEnglish Ivy

Hedera helixHedera helix (species name (species name from from Ancient GreekAncient Greek "twist, turn"), "twist, turn"), also called also called IvyIvy, , Common IvyCommon Ivy, or , or English IvyEnglish Ivy is a species of is a species of ivyivy native to most of native to most of EuropeEurope and and southwest southwest AsiaAsia. It is an . It is an evergreenevergreen climbing plant, climbing plant, growing to 20-30 m high where growing to 20-30 m high where suitable surfaces (suitable surfaces (treestrees, , cliffscliffs, , wallswalls) are available, and also ) are available, and also growing as ground cover where growing as ground cover where there are no vertical surfaces. It there are no vertical surfaces. It holds on to tree bark and rock by holds on to tree bark and rock by means of short adhesive rootlets. means of short adhesive rootlets. The The helixhelix part of the name refers part of the name refers to where there are spirals in the to where there are spirals in the leaves.leaves.

Hydrangea ArborescensHydrangea ArborescensSmooth HydrangeaSmooth Hydrangea

Best grown in average, medium Best grown in average, medium wet, well-drained soil in part wet, well-drained soil in part shade. Tolerates full sun in the shade. Tolerates full sun in the northern part of its range, but northern part of its range, but needs constant moisture. needs constant moisture. Intolerant of drought, with foliage Intolerant of drought, with foliage tending to become significantly tending to become significantly less attractive in dryish less attractive in dryish conditions. If left alone, this conditions. If left alone, this Hydrangea can become Hydrangea can become somewhat weedy in appearance somewhat weedy in appearance and can spread rapidly by root and can spread rapidly by root suckers to form colonies. Blooms suckers to form colonies. Blooms on new wood, and in cold winter on new wood, and in cold winter climates, it is perhaps best grown climates, it is perhaps best grown as an herbaceous perennial (e.g., as an herbaceous perennial (e.g., cut back to 1-2' from the ground cut back to 1-2' from the ground in late winter).in late winter).

Iiex X MeserveaeIiex X MeserveaeBlue HollyBlue Holly

CultureCulture full sun to full shade (best in partial sun to partial full sun to full shade (best in partial sun to partial

shade) shade) prefers moist, well-drained, rich, slightly acidic soils, prefers moist, well-drained, rich, slightly acidic soils,

but tolerates soils of average to poor fertility and is but tolerates soils of average to poor fertility and is pH adaptable to neutral or slightly alkaline soils pH adaptable to neutral or slightly alkaline soils (many Hollies require acidic soils) (many Hollies require acidic soils)

hybrids are propagated primarily by rooted stem hybrids are propagated primarily by rooted stem cuttings cuttings

Holly Family, with few disease or pest problems, but Holly Family, with few disease or pest problems, but Winter leaf and stem burn may occur in Northern Winter leaf and stem burn may occur in Northern climates, and Summer heat stress will often occur climates, and Summer heat stress will often occur in Southern climates in Southern climates

plant one male plant for every three to five female plant one male plant for every three to five female plants, to ensure good pollination and fruit set on plants, to ensure good pollination and fruit set on the female (berry-laden) plants the female (berry-laden) plants

abundantly available, primarily in containers, but abundantly available, primarily in containers, but also in ball and burlap form also in ball and burlap form

broadleaf evergreens (such as Blue Holly) should broadleaf evergreens (such as Blue Holly) should preferably not be planted at south- or west-facing preferably not be planted at south- or west-facing exposed sites, in order to avoid Winter foliage burn exposed sites, in order to avoid Winter foliage burn (from the sun and wind) and Summer heat stress (from the sun and wind) and Summer heat stress

pruning of plants of either gender should carefully pruning of plants of either gender should carefully done, as too much pruning at too late a point in the done, as too much pruning at too late a point in the season will remove nearly all of the floral buds for season will remove nearly all of the floral buds for the following season, since the flower buds set by the following season, since the flower buds set by mid-July on the current season's growth mid-July on the current season's growth

Iiex VerticillataIiex VerticillataWinterberryWinterberry

American WinterberryAmerican Winterberry ( (Ilex verticillataIlex verticillata), also ), also known as Black Alder, Black Alder Winterberry, known as Black Alder, Black Alder Winterberry, Brook Alder, Coralberry, Deciduous Holly, Brook Alder, Coralberry, Deciduous Holly, Deciduous Winterberry, False alder, Fever bush, Deciduous Winterberry, False alder, Fever bush, Inkberry, Michigan Holly, Possumhaw, Striped Inkberry, Michigan Holly, Possumhaw, Striped Alder, Swamp Holly, Virginian Winterberry, White Alder, Swamp Holly, Virginian Winterberry, White Alder, or Winterberry Holly, is a species of Alder, or Winterberry Holly, is a species of hollyholly native to a very large area in the eastern native to a very large area in the eastern United StatesUnited States and southeast and southeast CanadaCanada, particularly , particularly in in wetlandswetlands. The winterberry is one of a number of . The winterberry is one of a number of hollieshollies which are which are deciduousdeciduous, losing their leaves in , losing their leaves in the fall. Like most hollies, it is the fall. Like most hollies, it is dioeciousdioecious, with , with separate male and female plants; the proximity of separate male and female plants; the proximity of at least one male plant is required to at least one male plant is required to pollenizepollenize the the females in order to bear fruit.females in order to bear fruit.

The plant can show a lot of variation, ranging in The plant can show a lot of variation, ranging in size from 1-5 m tall. It also shows variation in size from 1-5 m tall. It also shows variation in width; in wet sites, it will spread to form a dense width; in wet sites, it will spread to form a dense thicket, while in dry soil it remains a tight shrub. thicket, while in dry soil it remains a tight shrub. The winterberry possesses the glossy green The winterberry possesses the glossy green foliage typical of hollies, and small white foliage typical of hollies, and small white flowersflowers which give rise to the numerous small red berries which give rise to the numerous small red berries which give the plant its namewhich give the plant its name

Juglans NigraJuglans NigraBlack WalnutBlack Walnut

The The Black WalnutBlack Walnut or or American WalnutAmerican Walnut ( (Juglans Juglans nigranigra L.) is a native of eastern L.) is a native of eastern North AmericaNorth America, , where it grows, mostly alongside rivers, from where it grows, mostly alongside rivers, from southern southern OntarioOntario, , CanadaCanada west to southeast west to southeast South DakotaSouth Dakota, south to , south to GeorgiaGeorgia, northern , northern FloridaFlorida and southwest to central and southwest to central TexasTexasMature treeIt is a Mature treeIt is a large deciduous large deciduous treetree attaining heights of 30–40 attaining heights of 30–40 metres (100–130 feet). Under forest competition it metres (100–130 feet). Under forest competition it develops a tall, clear develops a tall, clear bolebole; the open-grown form ; the open-grown form has a short bole and broad crown. The bark is has a short bole and broad crown. The bark is grey-black and deeply furrowed. The grey-black and deeply furrowed. The pithpith of the of the twigs contains air spaces. The twigs contains air spaces. The leavesleaves are are alternate, 30–60 cm long, odd-pinnate with 15–23 alternate, 30–60 cm long, odd-pinnate with 15–23 leaflets, the largest leaflets located in the centre, leaflets, the largest leaflets located in the centre, 7–10 cm long and 2–3 cm broad. The male 7–10 cm long and 2–3 cm broad. The male flowers are in drooping flowers are in drooping catkinscatkins 8–10 cm long, the 8–10 cm long, the female flowers terminal, in clusters of two to five, female flowers terminal, in clusters of two to five, ripening in the autumn into a ripening in the autumn into a fruitfruit with a brownish- with a brownish-green, semi-fleshy husk and a brown corrugated green, semi-fleshy husk and a brown corrugated nutnut. The whole fruit, including the husk, falls in . The whole fruit, including the husk, falls in October; the October; the seedseed is relatively small and very is relatively small and very hard.hard.

Juniperus ChinensisJuniperus ChinensisChinese JuniperChinese Juniper

Juniperus chinensisJuniperus chinensis ( (Chinese Chinese JuniperJuniper, , 龙柏龙柏 ) is a ) is a shrubshrub or or treetree, , very variable in shape, reaching 1-20 very variable in shape, reaching 1-20 m tall. It is native to northeast m tall. It is native to northeast AsiaAsia, in , in ChinaChina, , MongoliaMongolia, , JapanJapan, , KoreaKorea and and the southeast of the southeast of RussiaRussia.The .The leavesleaves are of two forms, juvenile needle-like are of two forms, juvenile needle-like leaves 5-10 mm long, and adult scale-leaves 5-10 mm long, and adult scale-leaves 1.5-3 mm long. Mature trees leaves 1.5-3 mm long. Mature trees usually continue to bear some juvenile usually continue to bear some juvenile foliage as well as adult, particularly on foliage as well as adult, particularly on shaded shoots low in the crown. It is shaded shoots low in the crown. It is largely largely dioeciousdioecious with separate male with separate male and female plants, but some and female plants, but some individual plants produce both sexes. individual plants produce both sexes. The The conescones are berry-like, 7-12 mm in are berry-like, 7-12 mm in diameter, blue-black with a whitish diameter, blue-black with a whitish waxy bloom, and contain 2-4 waxy bloom, and contain 2-4 seedsseeds; ; they are mature in about 18 months. they are mature in about 18 months. The male cones are 2-4 mm long, and The male cones are 2-4 mm long, and shed their pollen in early spring.shed their pollen in early spring.

Juniperus HorizontalisJuniperus HorizontalisCreeping Juniper Creeping Juniper

Juniperus horizontalisJuniperus horizontalis ( (Creeping JuniperCreeping Juniper) ) is a low-growing is a low-growing shrubbyshrubby juniperjuniper native to native to northern northern North AmericaNorth America, throughout most of , throughout most of CanadaCanada from from YukonYukon east to east to NewfoundlandNewfoundland, , and in the and in the United StatesUnited States in in AlaskaAlaska, and , and locally from locally from MontanaMontana east to east to MaineMaine, reaching , reaching its furthest south in its furthest south in WyomingWyoming and northern and northern IllinoisIllinois.It lives up to both its scientific and .It lives up to both its scientific and common names, reaching only 10-30 cm tall common names, reaching only 10-30 cm tall but often spreading several but often spreading several metresmetres wide. The wide. The shoots are slender, 0.7-1.2 mm diameter. shoots are slender, 0.7-1.2 mm diameter. The The leavesleaves are arranged in opposite are arranged in opposite decussate pairs, or occasionally in whorls of decussate pairs, or occasionally in whorls of three; the adult leaves are scale-like, 1-2 mm three; the adult leaves are scale-like, 1-2 mm long (to 8 mm on lead shoots) and 1-1.5 mm long (to 8 mm on lead shoots) and 1-1.5 mm broad. The juvenile leaves (on young broad. The juvenile leaves (on young seedlings only) are needle-like, 5-10 mm seedlings only) are needle-like, 5-10 mm long. The long. The conescones are berry-like, globose to are berry-like, globose to bilobed, 5-7 mm in diameter, dark blue with a bilobed, 5-7 mm in diameter, dark blue with a pale blue-white waxy bloom, and contain two pale blue-white waxy bloom, and contain two seedsseeds (rarely one or three); they usually have (rarely one or three); they usually have a curved stem and are mature in about 18 a curved stem and are mature in about 18 months. The male cones are 2-4 mm long, months. The male cones are 2-4 mm long, and shed their pollen in early spring. It is and shed their pollen in early spring. It is dioeciousdioecious, producing cones of only one sex , producing cones of only one sex on each plant.on each plant.

Juniperus VirginianaJuniperus VirginianaEastern Red CedarEastern Red Cedar

Juniperus virginianaJuniperus virginiana is a widespread is a widespread North AmericanNorth American species of species of juniperjuniper, known as , known as Eastern JuniperEastern Juniper or or Eastern Eastern RedcedarRedcedar (although it is not closely related to the true (although it is not closely related to the true cedarscedars, genus , genus CedrusCedrus); the ); the LakotaLakota Native AmericanNative American name is name is ChanshaChansha, "redwood" or , "redwood" or Hante'Hante'. It is found from . It is found from southeastern southeastern CanadaCanada to the to the Gulf of MexicoGulf of Mexico, east of the , east of the Great PlainsGreat Plains. Further west, it is replaced by the related . Further west, it is replaced by the related JuniperusJuniperus scopulorumscopulorum (Rocky Mountain Juniper), and to the (Rocky Mountain Juniper), and to the southwest, southwest, JuniperusJuniperus asheiashei (Ashe Juniper).Eastern Juniper (Ashe Juniper).Eastern Juniper treesEastern Juniper is a dense slow-growing tree that may treesEastern Juniper is a dense slow-growing tree that may never become more than a bush on poor soil but is ordinarily never become more than a bush on poor soil but is ordinarily from 5-18 m tall, rarely 25 m, with a short trunk from 30-60 from 5-18 m tall, rarely 25 m, with a short trunk from 30-60 cm (1-2 feet) in diameter, rarely 120 cm (4 feet) diameter. cm (1-2 feet) in diameter, rarely 120 cm (4 feet) diameter. The largest trees, on bottomlands in southeastern states of The largest trees, on bottomlands in southeastern states of the the USAUSA, can be 300 years old. The , can be 300 years old. The barkbark is reddish-brown, is reddish-brown, fibrous, and peels off in narrow strips. The fibrous, and peels off in narrow strips. The leavesleaves are of two are of two types; sharp, spreading needle-like juvenile leaves 5-10 mm types; sharp, spreading needle-like juvenile leaves 5-10 mm long, and tightly adpressed scale-like adult leaves 2-4 mm long, and tightly adpressed scale-like adult leaves 2-4 mm long. The juvenile leaves are found on young plants up to 1-long. The juvenile leaves are found on young plants up to 1-3 years old, and as scattered shoots on adult trees, usually 3 years old, and as scattered shoots on adult trees, usually in shade. The in shade. The conescones are 3-7 mm long, are 3-7 mm long, berryberry-like with fleshy -like with fleshy scales, dark purple-blue with a white wax cover giving an scales, dark purple-blue with a white wax cover giving an overall sky-blue color (though the wax often rubs off); they overall sky-blue color (though the wax often rubs off); they are mature in 6-8 months. The 'berries' furnish winter food are mature in 6-8 months. The 'berries' furnish winter food for many for many birdsbirds, which disperse the wingless seeds, which disperse the wingless seeds

Larix DeciduaLarix DeciduaEuropean LarchEuropean Larch

European LarchEuropean Larch ( (Larix deciduaLarix decidua) is a species of ) is a species of larchlarch native to the mountains of central native to the mountains of central EuropeEurope, in the , in the AlpsAlps and and CarpathiansCarpathians, with disjunct lowland populations in , with disjunct lowland populations in northern northern PolandPoland and southern and southern LithuaniaLithuania.It is a medium-.It is a medium-size to large size to large deciduousdeciduous coniferousconiferous treetree reaching 25-45 reaching 25-45 m tall, with a trunk up to 1 m diameter (exceptionally, m tall, with a trunk up to 1 m diameter (exceptionally, to 55 m tall and 2 m diameter). The crown is conic to 55 m tall and 2 m diameter). The crown is conic when young, becoming broad with age; the main when young, becoming broad with age; the main branches are level to upswept, with the side branches branches are level to upswept, with the side branches often pendulous. The shoots are dimorphic, with often pendulous. The shoots are dimorphic, with growth divided into long shoots (typically 10-50 cm growth divided into long shoots (typically 10-50 cm long) and bearing several long) and bearing several budsbuds, and short shoots only , and short shoots only 1-2 mm long with only a single bud. The 1-2 mm long with only a single bud. The leavesleaves are are needle-like, light green, 2-4 cm long which turn bright needle-like, light green, 2-4 cm long which turn bright yellow before they fall in the autumn, leaving the pale yellow before they fall in the autumn, leaving the pale yellow-buff shoots bare until the next spring.The yellow-buff shoots bare until the next spring.The conescones are erect, ovoid-conic, 2-6 cm long, with 30-70 erect or are erect, ovoid-conic, 2-6 cm long, with 30-70 erect or slightly incurved (not reflexed) seed scales; they are slightly incurved (not reflexed) seed scales; they are green variably flushed red when immature, turning green variably flushed red when immature, turning brown and opening to release the brown and opening to release the seedsseeds when mature, when mature, 4-6 months after pollination. The old cones commonly 4-6 months after pollination. The old cones commonly remain on the tree for many years, turning dull grey-remain on the tree for many years, turning dull grey-black.It is very cold tolerant, able to survive winter black.It is very cold tolerant, able to survive winter temperatures down to at least -50°C, and is among the temperatures down to at least -50°C, and is among the tree-linetree-line trees in the Alps, reaching 2400 m altitude, trees in the Alps, reaching 2400 m altitude, though most abundant from 1000-2000 m. It only though most abundant from 1000-2000 m. It only grows on well-drained soils, avoiding waterlogged grows on well-drained soils, avoiding waterlogged ground.The seeds are an important food for some ground.The seeds are an important food for some birdsbirds, notably , notably SiskinSiskin, , Lesser RedpollLesser Redpoll and and CitrilCitril Finch Finch, , while the buds and immature cones are eaten by while the buds and immature cones are eaten by CapercaillieCapercaillie..

Liriodendron TulipiferaLiriodendron TulipiferaTulip TreeTulip Tree

Liriodendron tulipiferaLiriodendron tulipifera, commonly known , commonly known as the as the American tulip treeAmerican tulip tree, is the , is the Western HemisphereWestern Hemisphere representative of the representative of the two-species two-species LiriodendronLiriodendron genus. It is native genus. It is native to eastern North America from southern to eastern North America from southern OntarioOntario and and IllinoisIllinois eastward across eastward across southern southern New EnglandNew England and south to central and south to central FloridaFlorida and and LouisianaLouisiana. It can grow to more . It can grow to more than 50 m (165 feet) in virgin cove forests than 50 m (165 feet) in virgin cove forests of the of the Appalachian MountainsAppalachian Mountains, often with , often with no limbs until it reaches 25-30 m (80-100 no limbs until it reaches 25-30 m (80-100 feet) in height, making it a very valuable feet) in height, making it a very valuable timbertimber tree. It is fast-growing, without the tree. It is fast-growing, without the common problems of weak common problems of weak woodwood strength strength and short lifespan often seen in fast-and short lifespan often seen in fast-growing species. April marks the start of growing species. April marks the start of the flowering period in the southern USA the flowering period in the southern USA (except as noted below); trees at the (except as noted below); trees at the northern limit of cultivation begin to flower northern limit of cultivation begin to flower in June. The flowers are pale green or in June. The flowers are pale green or yellow (rarely white), with an orange band yellow (rarely white), with an orange band on the on the tepalstepals; they yield large quantities of ; they yield large quantities of nectarnectar. The American tulip tree is the . The American tulip tree is the state treestate tree of of IndianaIndiana, , KentuckyKentucky and and TennesseeTennessee..

Magnolia X SoulangianaMagnolia X SoulangianaSaucer MangoliaSaucer Mangolia

LeafLeaf:: Alternate, simple, Alternate, simple, oblong to obovate, 3 to 6 oblong to obovate, 3 to 6 inches long, entire margin, inches long, entire margin, green above, paler and fuzzy green above, paler and fuzzy below. Flower: Monoecious; below. Flower: Monoecious; large (4 to 8 inches) and large (4 to 8 inches) and showy, light pink to nearly showy, light pink to nearly purple petals, appearing in purple petals, appearing in mid-spring. Fruit: A cone-like mid-spring. Fruit: A cone-like aggregate of follicles, 2 to 3 aggregate of follicles, 2 to 3 inches long; matures in late inches long; matures in late summer. Twig: Moderate, summer. Twig: Moderate, gray-brown, glabrous; buds gray-brown, glabrous; buds tan and very fuzzy, flower tan and very fuzzy, flower buds quite large (nearly an buds quite large (nearly an inch); stipule scar encircles inch); stipule scar encircles twig. Bark: Smooth, mottled twig. Bark: Smooth, mottled gray. Form: Small tree to 20 gray. Form: Small tree to 20 feet, typically multi-stemmed feet, typically multi-stemmed with a narrow crown.with a narrow crown.

Magnolia StellataMagnolia StellataStar MangoliaStar Mangolia

This tree grows 4.6 to 6 m (15 to 20 ft) in This tree grows 4.6 to 6 m (15 to 20 ft) in height, and spreads to 4.6m in width at height, and spreads to 4.6m in width at maturity.The shrub displays upright oval maturity.The shrub displays upright oval growth in youth, and spreads and mounds growth in youth, and spreads and mounds with age. with age. [1][1]The tree blooms at a young age, The tree blooms at a young age, with the slightly fragrant 7–10 cm (3–4 in) with the slightly fragrant 7–10 cm (3–4 in) flowers covering the bare plant in late winter flowers covering the bare plant in late winter or early spring before the leaves appear. or early spring before the leaves appear. There is natural variation within the flower There is natural variation within the flower color, which varies from white to rich pink; color, which varies from white to rich pink; the hue of pink magnolias changes from year the hue of pink magnolias changes from year to year, depending on day and night air to year, depending on day and night air temperatures prior to and during flowering. temperatures prior to and during flowering. The flowers are star shaped, with at least 12 The flowers are star shaped, with at least 12 thin, delicate thin, delicate tepalstepals- some cultivars have - some cultivars have more than 30.The leaves open bronze-green, more than 30.The leaves open bronze-green, turning to deep green as they mature, and turning to deep green as they mature, and yellow before dropping in autumn. They are yellow before dropping in autumn. They are oblong and about 4 in (10 cm) long by about oblong and about 4 in (10 cm) long by about an 1.5 in (4 cm) wide.It produces a reddish-an 1.5 in (4 cm) wide.It produces a reddish-green, knobby aggregate fruit which is about green, knobby aggregate fruit which is about 2 in long and matures and opens in early 2 in long and matures and opens in early autumn. The fruit often drops before fully autumn. The fruit often drops before fully developed, but mature fruit opens by slits to developed, but mature fruit opens by slits to reveal orange-red seeds.reveal orange-red seeds.

Mahonia AquifoliumMahonia AquifoliumOregon Grape HollyOregon Grape Holly

Oregon-grapeOregon-grape ( (MahoniaMahonia aquifolium aquifolium, , BerberidaceaeBerberidaceae) is an evergreen ) is an evergreen shrubshrub related to the related to the barberrybarberry. . Some authors submerge Some authors submerge MahoniaMahonia in the barberry in the barberry genus, genus, BerberisBerberis. The plant is in no way related to . The plant is in no way related to grapesgrapes, but gets the name from the purple clusters , but gets the name from the purple clusters of berries. It is sometimes called of berries. It is sometimes called Tall Oregon-Tall Oregon-grapegrape to distinguish it from to distinguish it from Creeping Oregon-grapeCreeping Oregon-grape ((Mahonia repensMahonia repens) and "Cascade" or ) and "Cascade" or Dwarf Oregon-grapeDwarf Oregon-grape ( (M. nervosaM. nervosa). The name is ). The name is often left un-hyphenated as often left un-hyphenated as Oregon grapeOregon grape, though , though doing so invites confusion with the true doing so invites confusion with the true grapesgrapes. It . It also occasionally appears in print as also occasionally appears in print as Oregongrape Oregongrape FlowersOregon-grape grows to 1-5 m tall. Its FlowersOregon-grape grows to 1-5 m tall. Its leathery leaves resemble leathery leaves resemble hollyholly and the stems and and the stems and twigs have a thickened, corky appearance. The twigs have a thickened, corky appearance. The flowers, borne in late spring, are an attractive flowers, borne in late spring, are an attractive yellow.Oregon-grape is used in landscaping yellow.Oregon-grape is used in landscaping similarly to barberry, as a plant suited for low-similarly to barberry, as a plant suited for low-maintenance plantings and loose hedges. Oregon-maintenance plantings and loose hedges. Oregon-grape is resistant to summer drought, tolerates poor grape is resistant to summer drought, tolerates poor soils, and does not create excessive leaf litter. Its soils, and does not create excessive leaf litter. Its berries attract birds.The small purplish-black fruits, berries attract birds.The small purplish-black fruits, which are quite tart and contain large seeds, are which are quite tart and contain large seeds, are sometimes used locally mixed with sometimes used locally mixed with SalalSalal to make to make jelly. As the leaves of Oregon-grape are holly-like jelly. As the leaves of Oregon-grape are holly-like and resist wilting, the foliage is sometimes used by and resist wilting, the foliage is sometimes used by florists for greenery and a small gathering industry florists for greenery and a small gathering industry has been established in the has been established in the Pacific NorthwestPacific Northwest. The . The inner bark of the larger stems and roots of Oregon-inner bark of the larger stems and roots of Oregon-grape yield a yellow dye.grape yield a yellow dye.

Malus Spp.Malus Spp.Flowering CrabappleFlowering Crabapple

MalusMalus, the , the applesapples, is a genus of about 30-35 species of , is a genus of about 30-35 species of small small deciduousdeciduous treestrees or or shrubsshrubs in the family in the family RosaceaeRosaceae, , including the domesticated including the domesticated Orchard AppleOrchard Apple , or Table apple , or Table apple as it was formerly called (as it was formerly called (M. sylvestris domesticaM. sylvestris domestica, derived , derived from from M. sylvestris sieversiiM. sylvestris sieversii, syn. , syn. M. pumilaM. pumila). The other ). The other species and subspecies are generally known as "wild species and subspecies are generally known as "wild apples", "crab apples", "crabapples" or "crabs", this name apples", "crab apples", "crabapples" or "crabs", this name being derived from their small and tart being derived from their small and tart fruitfruit. Many . Many consider these apples unpalatable, but others enjoy consider these apples unpalatable, but others enjoy eating them raw or using them for cooking or juicing. eating them raw or using them for cooking or juicing. Cultivars such as 'Whitney' have been independently Cultivars such as 'Whitney' have been independently domesticated for better fruit quality.The genus is native to domesticated for better fruit quality.The genus is native to the the temperatetemperate zone of the zone of the Northern HemisphereNorthern Hemisphere , in , in EuropeEurope, , AsiaAsia and and North North AmericaAmerica..Malus sikkimensisMalus sikkimensis fruitApple trees are small, typically 4-12 m tall at maturity, fruitApple trees are small, typically 4-12 m tall at maturity, with a dense, twiggy crown. The with a dense, twiggy crown. The leavesleaves are 3-10 cm long, are 3-10 cm long, alternate, simple, with a serrated margin. The alternate, simple, with a serrated margin. The flowersflowers are are borne in borne in corymbscorymbs, and have five , and have five petalspetals, which may be , which may be white, pink or red, and are white, pink or red, and are perfectperfect, with usually red , with usually red stamens that produce copious stamens that produce copious pollenpollen, and an inferior , and an inferior ovary; flowering occurs in the spring after 50-80 ovary; flowering occurs in the spring after 50-80 growing degree daysgrowing degree days (varying greatly according to (varying greatly according to subspecies and cultivar). Apples require cross-pollination subspecies and cultivar). Apples require cross-pollination between individuals by between individuals by insectsinsects (typically (typically beesbees, which , which freely visit the flowers for both freely visit the flowers for both nectarnectar and and pollenpollen); all are ); all are self-sterile, and (with the exception of a few specially self-sterile, and (with the exception of a few specially developed cultivars) self-pollination is impossible, making developed cultivars) self-pollination is impossible, making pollinating insects essential. The pollinating insects essential. The honeybeehoneybee and and mason beemason bee are the most effective insect pollinators of are the most effective insect pollinators of apples. apples. MalusMalus species, including domestic apples, species, including domestic apples, hybridizehybridize freely. freely. MalusMalus species are used as food plants species are used as food plants by the by the larvaelarvae of a large number of of a large number of LepidopteraLepidoptera species; species; see see list of Lepidoptera which feed on list of Lepidoptera which feed on MalusMalus

Myrica PensylvanicaMyrica PensylvanicaNorthern BayberryNorthern Bayberry

The The Northern BayberryNorthern Bayberry ( (Myrica Myrica pensylvanicapensylvanica) is a species of ) is a species of MyricaMyrica native to eastern native to eastern North AmericaNorth America, from , from NewfoundlandNewfoundland west to west to OntarioOntario and and OhioOhio, and south to , and south to North North CarolinaCarolina.It is .It is a a deciduousdeciduous shrubshrub growing to 2-4.5 m growing to 2-4.5 m tall. The tall. The leavesleaves are 2.5-7 cm long and are 2.5-7 cm long and 1.5-2.7 cm broad, broadest near the 1.5-2.7 cm broad, broadest near the leaf apex, serrated, and sticky with a leaf apex, serrated, and sticky with a spicy scent when crushed. The spicy scent when crushed. The flowersflowers are are catkinscatkins 3-18 mm long, in 3-18 mm long, in range of colors from green to red. range of colors from green to red. The The fruitfruit is a wrinkled berry 3-5.5 mm is a wrinkled berry 3-5.5 mm diameter, with a pale blue-purple diameter, with a pale blue-purple waxy coating; they are an important waxy coating; they are an important food for Yellow-rumped food for Yellow-rumped Warblers.This species has root Warblers.This species has root nodules containing nitrogen-fixing nodules containing nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, allowing it to grow in microorganisms, allowing it to grow in relatively poor soils.relatively poor soils.

Nyssa SylvaticaNyssa SylvaticaBlack Gum Black Gum

Black TupeloBlack Tupelo ( (Nyssa sylvaticaNyssa sylvatica), is a ), is a medium-sized deciduous tree which grows medium-sized deciduous tree which grows around 20-25 m (65-80 ft) tall (rarely to 35 around 20-25 m (65-80 ft) tall (rarely to 35 m) and a trunk diameter of 50-100 cm (20-m) and a trunk diameter of 50-100 cm (20-40 in) (rarely up to 170 cm). It is native to 40 in) (rarely up to 170 cm). It is native to eastern North America, from New England eastern North America, from New England and southern Ontario south to central and southern Ontario south to central Florida and eastern Texas.Florida and eastern Texas.

The species is often known as simply The species is often known as simply TupeloTupelo, but the full name , but the full name Black TupeloBlack Tupelo helps distinguish it from the other species helps distinguish it from the other species of tupelo, some of which (Water Tupelo of tupelo, some of which (Water Tupelo N. N. aquaticaaquatica and Swamp Tupelo and Swamp Tupelo N. bifloraN. biflora) ) occur in the same area. The name Tupelo occur in the same area. The name Tupelo is of Native American origin. Other names is of Native American origin. Other names include include BlackgumBlackgum, , PepperidgePepperidge, , SourgumSourgum, and (on Martha's Vineyard) , and (on Martha's Vineyard) BeetlebungBeetlebung, this last perhaps from the , this last perhaps from the mallet known as a beetle, used for mallet known as a beetle, used for hammering bungs, or stoppers, into hammering bungs, or stoppers, into barrels ("Beetlebung" and other tupelo barrels ("Beetlebung" and other tupelo lore). The scientific name means "nymph lore). The scientific name means "nymph of the woods" in Greek.of the woods" in Greek.