DG ENV.G.4 The Landfill Directive The Landfill Directive Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the...

DG ENV.G.4

The Landfill DirectiveThe Landfill Directive

Council Directive 1999/31/EC on the landfill of waste

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/landfill_index.htm

Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006

European Commission

Unit ENV G4, Sustainable Production and Consumption

DG ENV.G.4

EnvironmentEnvironment

What is the Issue ?What is the Issue ?

SourceSource SinkSink

Extraction:Extraction:16 tons16 tons

Disposal:Disposal: 6 tons6 tons

Growing Growing technospheretechnosphere

To physical stock: To physical stock: 10 tons10 tons

Threats to ecosystem servicesThreats to ecosystem services

2 t/cap CO23.5 t/cap waste0.5 t/cap agr waste

DG ENV.G.4

The Vision: integrating Resources, The Vision: integrating Resources, Products and Waste PoliciesProducts and Waste Policies

EU 6th

ENV Action

Programme

Thematic Strategy on the Preventionand Recycling of waste

Integrated Product Policy / Sustainable Production & Consumption

Thematic Strategy on Sustainable Use of Resources

Similar policies: Circular Economy, 3Rs, SMM (OECD)

DG ENV.G.42005 2030

Objective: DecouplingObjective: Decoupling

Decoupling resource use from

economic growth:

“ more value per kilogram “ Better eco-efficiency:Better eco-efficiency:more value per impactmore value per impact

Decoupling environmental impact from resource use“ less impacts per kilogram “

Economic activity (GDP)

Resource use (kg, km2, kW…)

Environmental impact (“indicators”)

DG ENV.G.4

Waste Framework Dir. (Dir.2006/12/EC, formerly 75/442/EEC)

Under revision

Waste Streams

Waste Treatment Operations

Landfill 99/31/EC

Sewage Sludge

Dir. 86/278/EEC

Batteries and Accumulators

Dir. 91/157/EEC &93/86/EEC

COM(2003)723

Packaging and

Packaging Waste

Dir. 94/62/EC

PCBs Dir.96/59/EC

End-of-life VehiclesDir 2000/53 EC

Hazardous Waste DirectiveDir.91/689/EEC

Waste Shipment Regulation(Reg. (EEC) 259/93)

Just revised – Reg. (EC) 1013/2006

Framework Legislation

Incineration89/369 & 429 (MW) 94/67 (HW)

Replaced by 2000/76/EC

Mining Waste

Dir 2006/21/EC

RecyclingEU Standards, …,

as part of Recycling Strategy

Waste oils Dir

75/439/EEC

Titanium Dioxide

Dir 78/176/EEC

Waste electric and electronic equipment

Dir.2002/95EC

Restriction of

Hazardous Substances

Dir.2002/95ECrepeal with WFD revision

Simplify in 2006

Up-date in 2007 New

proposal in co-decision


European Commission


DG ENV.G.4

INCINERATION

(2000/76/EC)

• Covers MW and HW

• Covers incineration and co-incineration

• Permitting

• Emission limit values (air, water)

• Management of residues

• Recovery of energy

LANDFILL

(1999/31/EC)

• Permitting system • Control procedures• Technical requirements • Reduction of landfill of biodegradable waste• Collection of methane and energy recovery• Internalisation of costs• Interdiction of co-disposal

Waste Treatment Operations


European Commission


DG ENV.G.4

Objectives


European Commission



To prevent or reduce as far as possible negative effects from the landfilling of waste on

the environment the global environment human health

DG ENV.G.4

Key elements of the Directive

3 classes of landfill: (No co-disposal !)

landfills for hazardous waste

landfills for non-hazardous waste

landfills for inert waste

Obligation to treat waste before landfilling


European Commission



DG ENV.G.4

Key elements (continued)

Permit, control and monitoring requirements:

- content of authorisation request

- conditions for authorisation

- financial security

- monitoring of water and gas emissions (operation phase/after-care phase)


European Commission



DG ENV.G.4


Ban of certain wastes:

2003 whole tyres, 2006 shredded tyres

liquid waste

explosive, corrosive, oxidising, flammable waste

infectious hospital and veterinary waste

waste not meeting acceptance criteria


European Commission



DG ENV.G.4


Reduction targets for the landfilling of biodegradable waste

(based on data for 1995):

75 % by 2006

50 % by 2009

35 % by 2016

The 2016 target already reached by AT, BE, DK, DE, NL and SE. The 2009 target reached by FR, IT and FI are close to it. The 2006 target has not been reached by ES, PT, IE. UK second

worst after Greece.Helmut Maurer, 7 December 2006

European Commission



DG ENV.G.4

Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation Implementation of EU Landfill Legislation

Art. 5 Strategy on biodegradable wasteArt. 5 Strategy on biodegradable waste

Figure 3. Biodegradable municipal waste distance to target, 2002 Figure 3. Biodegradable municipal waste distance to target, 2002 ((Excluding Luxembourg and the Belgium regions Wallonia and Brussels)Excluding Luxembourg and the Belgium regions Wallonia and Brussels)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

% landfilled

Target 2006

Target 2016

Target 2009

DG ENV.G.4



Figure 2a. Tonnes of biodegradable municipal waste Landfilled, 2001-2003Figure 2a. Tonnes of biodegradable municipal waste Landfilled, 2001-2003

0

4000000

8000000

12000000

16000000

20000000

Tonnes

2001

2002

2003

DG ENV.G.4



0

100

200

300

400

Kg/capita

2001

2002

2003

DG ENV.G.4

Technical Annexes

Annex I: General requirements (location, protection of soil/water)

Annex II: Waste acceptance criteria for landfills (general principles, preliminary criteria)

Annex III: Control and monitoring (water, leachate, gas)


European Commission



DG ENV.G.4

The principles are set out in Art 11. Detailed rules about standardisation of control, sampling and analysis methods are set out in a separate Council Decision.

There is little transparency about how waste acceptance criteria are applied in different MS.

There is no knowledge about how criteria are applied in the new Member States.

Waste acceptance procedure, Art. 11


European Commission



DG ENV.G.4

Decision on waste acceptance criteria and procedures (2003/33/EC)

Objective: landfill only waste that is compatible with the protection afforded by each landfill class.

Acceptance procedure: what information to collect, when to test.

Acceptance criteria: limit values and/or lists of waste acceptable at a specific landfill class.

List of test and sampling methods to be used (developed by CEN).


European Commission



DG ENV.G.4

Waste acceptance criteria (continued)

Procedure Basic characterisation (including sampling) Compliance testing On-site verification

Criteria for three landfill classes, including underground storage.

Higher limit values may be authorised for some parameters under certain conditions (case by case decision, no additional risk)


European Commission



DG ENV.G.4

Existing landfills


European Commission



Main Problems:

Landfills for non-hazardous waste and inert waste do often not comply. No comprehensive data from Member States. Too many unauthorized landfills (horizontal cases against some Member States.)

DG ENV.G.4

FACTS AND FIGURES ON LANDFILLS

Total municipal waste going to landfills (EU-25 average): 49% (in some countries 90%).

Although waste generation is growing in parallel with GDP, in EU-25 by 19% between 1995 and 2003, waste landfilled goes slightly down.

Number of existing landfills in EU-15: hazardous waste: 504 (141 comply)

non-hazardous waste: 6286 (1267 comply) inert waste: 3416 (925 comply)

(No figures from UK, Denmark. Czech. Rep. on compliance). Full compliance to be achieved until 16 July 2009.

Trend since implementation: number of permitted landfills declines/ - quantity of wastes, including biodegradable declines/ - landfills improve technically


European Commission



DG ENV.G.4


Existing landfillsExisting landfills

Figure 4a. Landfills for hazardous waste; total Figure 4a. Landfills for hazardous waste; total and complyingand complying with the directive with the directive

0

50

100

150

200

250

Number of landfills HZW total

HZW complying

DG ENV.G.4


Existing landfillsExisting landfills

Landfills for Landfills for non-hazardous wastenon-hazardous waste; total and complying with the directive; total and complying with the directive

0

100

200

300

400

Number of landfills Non-HZW total

Non-HZW complying

DG ENV.G.4


EnforcementEnforcement

Infringement proceedings Art. 226 ECInfringement proceedings Art. 226 EC Letter of formal notice Reasoned opinion

Infringement proceedings Art. 228 ECInfringement proceedings Art. 228 EC Lump sum or penalty depend on:

Seriousness of infringement (factor x) Duration (factor x) Deterrent effect (factor x)

daily penalties of 140.000€ or a lump sum of daily penalties of 140.000€ or a lump sum of 20.Mio € are not uncommon20.Mio € are not uncommon

DG ENV.G.4


Questions in infringement procedures Questions in infringement procedures COM/France C-COM/France C-

423/05423/05

Interpretation of Art. 14 Dir. 1999/31/ECInterpretation of Art. 14 Dir. 1999/31/EC

Art. 8 Directive on waste 2006/12/ECArt. 8 Directive on waste 2006/12/EC

Art. 4 Directive on waste 2006/12/ECArt. 4 Directive on waste 2006/12/EC

Art. 9 Art. 9 Directive on waste 2006/12/ECDirective on waste 2006/12/EC

DG ENV.G.4


Questions in infringement proceduresQuestions in infringement proceduresC- 494/01 IrelandC- 494/01 Ireland

Failure to comply with Art. Failure to comply with Art. 4,5,6,8,9,10,12,13,14 Directive 2006/12/EC 4,5,6,8,9,10,12,13,14 Directive 2006/12/EC on wasteon waste

Failure to comply with Art. 10 EC by Failure to comply with Art. 10 EC by unsatisfactorily responding to a request for unsatisfactorily responding to a request for informationinformation

DG ENV.G.4


Questions in infringement proceduresQuestions in infringement proceduresreferences to some relevant case law.references to some relevant case law.

IE: C-494/01persistent failure to IE: C-494/01persistent failure to transposetranspose

UK: C-62/03 on failure to transpose UK: C-62/03 on failure to transpose WFDWFD

IT: C-270/03 and subsequent Art IT: C-270/03 and subsequent Art 228 letter for wrongly 228 letter for wrongly exempting waste collectors. exempting waste collectors. C-C-135/05 of 26 April 2007135/05 of 26 April 2007

IT: preliminary ruling –Niselli C-IT: preliminary ruling –Niselli C-456/02 on waste definition456/02 on waste definition4 Art. 228 cases C-383/02, C-4 Art. 228 cases C-383/02, C-516/03,C-375/02,C-447/03 516/03,C-375/02,C-447/03 mostly on breach of Art. 4 and 8 mostly on breach of Art. 4 and 8 WFDWFD

EL: C-387/97 Kouroupitos landfill EL: C-387/97 Kouroupitos landfill (leading case) 228 procedure(leading case) 228 procedureC-112/06 on the same substanceC-112/06 on the same substanceC-502/03 for > 1000 illegal sitesC-502/03 for > 1000 illegal sites

ES: C-157/04 La GomeraES: C-157/04 La Gomera C-446/01C-446/01

FR: C-172/04; C-423/05 of 29 FR: C-172/04; C-423/05 of 29 March 2007 for unauthorized March 2007 for unauthorized landfillslandfills

DE: C-6/03 relevant for DE: C-6/03 relevant for interpreting of Art. 5 LDinterpreting of Art. 5 LD

DG ENV.G.4

Landfill Awareness Raising events 2007Landfill Awareness Raising events 2007ConclusionsConclusions

Insufficient implementation of Directive and Decision Insufficient implementation of Directive and Decision Polluter pays principle not observedPolluter pays principle not observed No pre-treatmentNo pre-treatment Predominance of landfillingPredominance of landfilling High numbers of uncontrolled dumpsHigh numbers of uncontrolled dumps Low coverage through collection systemsLow coverage through collection systems No separation at sourceNo separation at source Low administrative capacityLow administrative capacity Too little investmentToo little investment Profound lack of public awarenessProfound lack of public awareness

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