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Transcript of Deviant Behaviour Amongst Adolescent Youth An analysis using the Theory of Planned Behaviour Grace...
Deviant Behaviour Deviant Behaviour Amongst Adolescent Amongst Adolescent
YouthYouth
An analysis using the An analysis using the Theory of Planned BehaviourTheory of Planned Behaviour
Grace SkrzypiecGrace SkrzypiecOctober 2005October 2005
The Research The Research QuestionQuestion
Can the Theory of Planned Can the Theory of Planned Behaviour advance our Behaviour advance our
understanding of why some understanding of why some juveniles engage in criminal juveniles engage in criminal acts while others do not?acts while others do not?
The Research The Research QuestionQuestion
Bridges the disciplines of Bridges the disciplines of Psychology and Psychology and
Criminology:Criminology:The Theory of Planned
Behaviour (Ajzen, 1991)
with prominent theories of crime
The Theory of Planned The Theory of Planned BehaviourBehaviour
Background factors
IndividualPersonality, Mood, Emotion, Intelligence, Values, Stereotypes, General Attitudes, Experience
SocialEducation, Age, Gender, Income, Religion, Race, Ethnicity, Culture
InformationKnowledge, Media, Intervention
Behavioural Beliefs
Attitude toward
Behaviour
Normative Beliefs
Subjective Norm
Control Beliefs
Perceived Behavioural
Control
Intention Behaviour
Actual Behavioural
Control
Crime TheoriesCrime Theories
Big Three:Big Three:
Control Differential Association Strain theories
As well as:As well as:
Routine Activity Rational Choice
Multi-theory Multi-theory ComparisonsComparisons
Agnew (1995) compared Agnew (1995) compared leading theories leading theories of crime of crime
Crime theories can be distinguished along Crime theories can be distinguished along four dimensionsfour dimensions::
independent variables;independent variables; dependent variables;dependent variables; conditioning or structuring variables; conditioning or structuring variables;
andand motivational processes.motivational processes.
Motivational ProcessesMotivational Processes
the moral evaluation of crime;the moral evaluation of crime;
the rational evaluation of crime; the rational evaluation of crime;
one’s level of negative affect; one’s level of negative affect;
andand
one’s level of “freedom”.one’s level of “freedom”.
Moral Evaluation of Moral Evaluation of CrimeCrime
An individual’s evaluation of the An individual’s evaluation of the crimecrime which which involves two separate involves two separate concepts:concepts:
moral evaluation of the crime, andmoral evaluation of the crime, and
moral pressure experienced by the moral pressure experienced by the individualindividual
Moral Evaluation of the Moral Evaluation of the CrimeCrime
favourable and unfavourable favourable and unfavourable “definitions” of crime“definitions” of crime
charged evaluations constitute charged evaluations constitute variables of variables of attitudeattitude
ThereforeTherefore
moral evaluationsmoral evaluations ≡ ≡ moral moral attitudesattitudes. .
Moral PressureMoral Pressure
is the pressure exerted by an is the pressure exerted by an individual’s beliefs to individual’s beliefs to commission or not commission a commission or not commission a crimecrime
ThereforeTherefore
moral pressuremoral pressure ≡ ≡ moral moral normsnorms
The Rational Evaluation The Rational Evaluation of Crimeof Crime
the likelihood that one’s crime will be the likelihood that one’s crime will be detected; evoke negative/positive reactions detected; evoke negative/positive reactions from others; arouse positive/negative from others; arouse positive/negative feelings within themselves; and bring on feelings within themselves; and bring on other positive/negative effects due to the other positive/negative effects due to the commission of the crimecommission of the crime
attitudesattitudes
≡≡ self-efficacy (perceived behavioural self-efficacy (perceived behavioural control)control)
subjective normssubjective norms
Negative EffectNegative Effect an emotionally based concept said to be an emotionally based concept said to be
generated by “strain” or negative generated by “strain” or negative treatment by otherstreatment by others
generally involves emotions of frustration generally involves emotions of frustration and angerand anger
Ajzen and Fishbein (2005) suggest that Ajzen and Fishbein (2005) suggest that anticipated emotions merely form a subset anticipated emotions merely form a subset of behavioural beliefs and so can be of behavioural beliefs and so can be measured through the corresponding measured through the corresponding attitudesattitudes
FreedomFreedom
derives from control theoryderives from control theory
the independent variables increase the independent variables increase the freedom to engage in crime the freedom to engage in crime rather than increasing self-controlrather than increasing self-control
Self-control measured separately in Self-control measured separately in the studythe study
SummarySummary
The motivational processes The motivational processes identified by Agnew (1995) are those identified by Agnew (1995) are those which lead to the development of which lead to the development of beliefs about criminal behaviour and beliefs about criminal behaviour and which are associated with attitudes, which are associated with attitudes, subjective norms and perceived subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. behavioural control.
The Theory of Planned Behaviour
Crime Theories and TPBCrime Theories and TPB
Past Behaviour
Background factors
IndividualPersonality, Mood, Emotion, Intelligence, Values, Stereotypes, General Attitudes, Experience
SocialEducation, Age, Gender, Income, Religion, Race, Ethnicity, Culture
InformationKnowledge, Media, Intervention
Behavioural Beliefs
Attitude toward
Behaviour
Normative Beliefs
Subjective Norm
Control Beliefs
Perceived Behavioural
Control
Intention Behaviour
Actual Behavioural
Control
Leading Crime Theories
Self-ControlSelf-Control
Higgins and Marcum (2005) found that the Higgins and Marcum (2005) found that the Theory of Planned Behaviour mediated the Theory of Planned Behaviour mediated the effects of low self-control on intended effects of low self-control on intended alcohol consumption. alcohol consumption.
ThereforeTherefore
the role of low self-control with regard to the role of low self-control with regard to the Theory of Planned Behaviour is the Theory of Planned Behaviour is hypothesised to influence attitudes and hypothesised to influence attitudes and beliefs beliefs
Self-Control and TPBSelf-Control and TPB
Back-groun
d factor
s
Self-contro
l
Attitudes
Subjective Norms
Perceived Behavioural Control
Intention
Behaviour
Situational Context Situational Context TheoriesTheories
Is perceived behavioural control Is perceived behavioural control the major driving force for the major driving force for criminal behaviour?criminal behaviour?
Is it sufficient to consider only Is it sufficient to consider only perceived behavioural control as a perceived behavioural control as a determinant of criminal behaviour?determinant of criminal behaviour?
Self-ControlSelf-Control
Is low self-control a determinant of Is low self-control a determinant of criminal behaviour?criminal behaviour?
Is self-control mediated by the Is self-control mediated by the Theory of Planned Behaviour?Theory of Planned Behaviour?
Importance of the Importance of the ResearchResearch
If this research shows that the Theory of If this research shows that the Theory of Planned Behaviour is significant in the Planned Behaviour is significant in the criminal context, then changes in criminal criminal context, then changes in criminal behaviour may be possible through behaviour may be possible through theoretically driven interventions, which theoretically driven interventions, which focus on the personal antecedents of focus on the personal antecedents of behaviour, rather than the management of behaviour, rather than the management of a multitude of variables as suggested by a multitude of variables as suggested by Weatherburn (2001) in his review of the Weatherburn (2001) in his review of the “causes” of crime. “causes” of crime.
MethodologyMethodology
Four StagesFour Stages:: Questionnaire DevelopmentQuestionnaire Development
Pilot of SurveyPilot of Survey
Survey AdministrationSurvey Administration
Statistical AnalysisStatistical Analysis
Analysis of DataAnalysis of Data
Structural Equation Modelling Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) techniques will be used to (SEM) techniques will be used to analyse elements in the model and a analyse elements in the model and a conclusion will be reached about the conclusion will be reached about the key aspects of the Theory of Planned key aspects of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and its relevance in Behaviour and its relevance in criminologycriminology..
Structural Equation Structural Equation ModellingModelling
• Confirmatory Technique
– used most often to test a theory
• Allows relationships between variables
• Allows estimations of error
How it works:
• Relationships in the model are directly translated into equations.
• This model produces a set of parameters which are used to estimate a population covariance matrix.
• This matrix is compared to the sample covariance matrix.
• If the model is correct the difference is small and not statistically significant.
Structural Equation Structural Equation ModellingModelling
Attitudes
Moral Norms
SubjectiveNorms
Self-Efficacy
PerceivedBehavioural
Control
Intention Behaviour
Model 1 - to be testedModel 1 - to be tested
Self-Control
Temper
1
1
SelfCentred
1
PhysicalActivity
1
RiskSeeking
1
SimpleTasks
1
Impuls-iveness
1 Attitudes
Moral Norms
SubjectiveNorms
Self-Efficacy
PerceivedBehavioural
Control
Intention Behaviour
Model 2 - to be testedModel 2 - to be tested
SelfControl
Moral Norms
Subjective Norms
Attitudes
Self-Efficacy
Perceived Behavioural
Control
Intention
Behaviour
Model 3 - to be testedModel 3 - to be tested