Development of Painting

8/8/2019 Development of Painting

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Development of Painting

Pre-historic PaintingPainting in Egyptian TombsGreek PaintingEtruscan and Roman PaintingsMedieval PaintingRenaissance

Neo-Classical PaintingsRomantic EraModern PeriodPostmodernism in Paintings


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Pre-historic painting

Includes the Aurignacian Period (60,000BC to 40,000 BC) and the MagdaleniianPeriod (30,000 BC to 10,000 BC)

Aurignacian art is seen in the thousandof animal paintings in caves and rockshelters in the south western Franceand in the Cantabrian mountains inNorthern Spain


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Magdalenian art is also seen in thecave paintings at Altamira in Spain

and in the glacier rocks inScandinavia.

Natural colors were used, red ocher,yellow ocher, and lampblack madefrom animal fat burned in lamps


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A bison from the Altamira cave (Spain) ceiling,one of the cave's most famous paintings.


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altamira,_bison.jpg


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C ave painting of a dun horse ( equine ) atLascaux, France


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T hese paintings are estimated to be17,000 years old. T hey primarily consistof realistic images of large animals,most of which are known from fossil

evidence to have lived in the area atthe time.

T he cave contains nearly 2,000 figures,which can be grouped into three maincategories animals, human figuresand abstract signs.


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http://www.frenchfriends.info/gallery/Aquitaine/Lascaux_ C ave/lascaux_Great_Hall_of_the_Bulls_2.jpg.html


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http://ursispaltenstein.ch/blog/images/uploads_img/lascaux_2.jpg


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Ancient Egyptian Artthe style of painting, sculpture, crafts andarchitecture developed by the civilizationin the lower Nile Valley from 5000 BC to

300 AD

Much of the surviving ancient Egyptian art

comes from tombs and monuments andthus there is an emphasis on life after death and the preservation of knowledge

of the past.


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Tomb of TutankhamunMicrosoft Encarta 2008. 1993-2007 Microsoft C orporation. Allrights reserved.


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P aintings of Tutankhamun in theafterlife cover the walls of his tombchamber. T he pharaohs mummifiedbody was placed inside threemummy cases. T he innermostmummy case, seen here, is of solid

gold embedded with jewels.


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Wall painting of Nefertari


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Egyptian paintings are painted in such away to show a profile view and a sideview of the animal or person. For example, the painting of Nefertari showsthe head from a profile view and thebody from a frontal view. Their main

colors were red, blue, black, gold, andgreen.


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Art in Ancient Greece

The art of Ancient Greece is usually dividedstylistically into four periods: the Geometric,

Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic.

The onset of the Persian Wars (480 BC to 448BC ) is usually taken as the dividing linebetween the Archaic and the Classical periods,

and the reign of Alexander the Great (336 BC to323 BC ) is taken as separating the Classicalfrom the Hellenistic period.


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Vases in the Geometric style are

characterized by several horizontal bandsabout the circumference covering the entirevase. Between these lines the geometricartist used a number of other decorative

motifs such as the zigzag , the triangle , themeander and the swastika .

Besides abstract elements, painters of thisera introduced stylized depictions of humansand animals.


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Many of the surviving objects of this periodare funerary objects, a particularlyimportant class of which are the amphoraethat acted as grave markers for aristocratic

graves, principally the Dipylon Amphora bythe Dipylon Master .


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Dipylon Vase of the late Geometric period, or

the beginning of the Archaic period, ca. 750BC .


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Archaic period in Greece ( 800 BCE 480BCE)

is a period of Ancient Greek history

Archaic period followed the Greek Dark Ages

T he end of archaism is conventionally definedas Xerxes ' invasion of Greece in 480 B C .


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T he period takes its name from what, in

art history , was considered the archaicor old-fashioned style of sculpture andother works of art/craft that werecharacteristic of this time, as opposed tothe more natural look of work made inthe following C lassical period


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Traditionally, classical Greek historybegins with the first Olympiad, whichoccurred in 776 B C , although Greekculture did not truly flourish until later.

the period generally referred to as the5 th century B C encroaches slightly on the4 th century B C


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T his century is essentially studied fromthe Athenian outlook because Athens hasleft us more narratives, plays, and other

written works than the other Greekstates.

the purpose of classical art was theglorification of man


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H ellenistic Art

Hellenistic art is the art of the Hellenisticperiod and dating from 323 BC to 146BC.

A number of the best-known works of Greek sculpture belong to this period,Laocon and his Sons , Venus de Milo ,and the Winged Victory of Samothrace .


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Laocon Group ,V

atican Museums ,Rome


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T he Hellenistic period describes the era whichfollowed the conquests of Alexander theGreat.

It is often considered a period of transition,sometimes even of decline or decadence,between the brilliance of the Greek C lassicalEra and the emergence of the Roman Empire.

Usually taken to begin with the death of Alexander in 323 B C .


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C ertain mosaics , however, provide apretty good idea of the "grand painting"of the period: these are copies of frescoes. An example is the Alexander

Mosaic , showing the confrontation of theyoung conqueror and the Grand KingDarius III at the Battle of Issus , amosaic from a floor in the House of theFaun at P ompeii (now in Naples ).


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Greek art is divided into four periods:

1. Pre-Greek period 20 th 11 th centuryBC

2. First Greek Period 1000 BC 5 th

century BC3. Golden Age 480 400 BC4. Hellenistic Period 4 th to 1 st century BC


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Pre-Greek period

Art started to flourish on the island of Crete; Minoan civilization

Painting flourished, decorating the hallsof the palaces and made vases for decorative purposes


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surviving examples of Minoan art areMinoan pottery , the palace architecturewith its frescos that include landscapes,stone carvings , and intricately carvedseal stones


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A fresco found at the Minoan site of Knossos, indicating a sport or ritual of

"bull leaping", the red skinned figure is aman and the two light skinned figuresare women

SOUR C E: (picture and caption)

Microsoft Encarta 2008. 1993-2007 MicrosoftC

orporation. All rights reserved.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_civilization# P ainting


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Golden Age

Also known as the Age PericlesGreek artists achieved completemastery of anatomical (ideal bodyproportions), technical, and aestheticaspects of life, which were manifested intheir paintings and sculpture

The ideal types of human body evolved:poised, healthy, and strong, but with adetached facial expression


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Red-figure vase painting is one of the mostimportant styles of figural Greek vasepainting . It developed in Athens around 530BC and remained in use until the late 3rdcentury B C . It replaced the previously

dominant style of Black-figure vase paintingwithin a few decades.

The first red-figure vases were producedaround 530 B C . T he invention of the

technique normally is accredited to theAndokides P ainter .


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T he wedding of T hetis , pyxis bythe W eddingP ainter ,circa 470/460 B C .P aris : Louvre


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Red-figure depictions were generally more livelyand realistic than the black-figure silhouettes.

T hey were also more clearly contrasted againstthe black backgrounds.

The red-figure technique permitted theindication of a third dimension on the figures.

However, it also had disadvantages. Forexample, the distinction of sex by using black

slip for male skin and white paint for femaleskin was now impossible. T he ongoing trend todepict heroes and deities naked and of youthfulage also made it harder to distinguish the sexes

through garments or hairstyles.


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T he black background did not permit thedepiction of space with any depth, so that

the use of spatial perspective almostnever was attempted.


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Black Fi ure Vase


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Heracles and Geryon on an Attic black-figuredamphora with a thick layer of transparent

gloss, c. 540 BC

, now in the Munich StateC ollection of Antiquities


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Black-figure pottery painting, alsoknown as the black-figure style or black-figure ceramic is one of the foremosttechniques and styles for adorningantique Greek vases.

Black-figure painting on vases was thefirst art style to give rise to a significantnumber of identifiable artists.


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Scene from a black-figure amphora fromAthens, 6th century B C , now in theLouvre , P aris


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Etruscan and Roman Paintings

Etruscans believed in the after life; thusthey considered the tomb as the eternalhome of the soul, which survived after death

Their paintings show scenes of daily lifefeasts, and dances in which the deadparticipates.

Tomb paintings


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Etruscan art

was the form of figurative art produced bythe Etruscan civilization in northern Italybetween the 9th and 2nd centuries BC

The Etruscan paintings that have survivedto modern times are mostly wall frescoesfrom graves, and mainly from Tarquinia .

These are incredibly important as the mostimportant example of pre-Roman figurativeart in Italy known to scholars.


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Etruscan wall-painting


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Roman Paintings and mosaics

The Roman style shows command andease in figure drawing with the effectiveuse of the light and shade, and the slightuse of shadows for better visual effect.

Major forms of Roman art are

architecture , painting , sculpture andmosaic work.


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Of the paintings which survive from theRoman classical world, many are frescoesfrom the area of Campania around Naples.Campania includes Pompeii, Herculaneum,and other towns whose buildings,paintings, and sculptures were preservedby the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in AD 79.

The Romans painted directly on the wallsof their rooms, and also on portable panels.


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There is evidence from mosaics and afew inscriptions that some Romanpaintings were adaptations or copies of earlier Greek works.


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P ompeianpainter withpaintedstatue andframed paintingP ompeii


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T he richly decorated interior of the5th-century Galla Placidia mausoleumin Ravenna, Italy, contrasts with the

plain brick exterior. T his contrast istypical of Early Christian architecture.T he mosaic from the entrance wallfeatures Jesus Christ as the goodshepherd.


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Byzantine Art (Eastern Roman Empire)

the term commonly used to describe theartistic products of the Byzantine Empirefrom about the 4th century until the Fallof Constantinople in 1453


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T he most famous of the survivingByzantine mosaics of the Hagia Sophiain C onstantinople - the image of C hrist

P antocrator on the walls of the uppersouthern gallery. C hrist is flanked bythe V irgin Mary and John the Baptist.T he mosaics were made in the 12thcentury.


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Simone Martinis Annunciation

Italian painter SimoneMartini introduced thefresco technique to theSienese school during

the 14th century. Inhis masterpieceAnnunciation (1333),Martini depicts theangel Gabriel's visit tothe Virgin Mary. T hepainting hangs in theUffizi Gallery inFlorence, Italy.

d ib th lt l


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Renaissancedescribes the cultural

revolution of the 15th and16th centuries

a revival of the classical

forms originally developed bythe ancient Greeks andRomans

interest in humanism andassertion of the importance of the individual

Expulsion from Paradise (about1427) is one of six frescoes paintedby Masaccio for the BrancacciChapel in Santa Maria del Carmine,Florence, Italy. T he fresco wasinfluential for its realism, especiallythe simplicity and three-dimensionality of the figures, andfor the dramatic depiction of theplight of Adam and Eve.

Masaccios Expulsion from P aradise

Early Renaissance


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Madonna with Saints(1505, San Zaccaria,Venice), by Renaissanceartist Giovanni Bellini, is an

oil painting on woodtransferred to canvas. T healtarpiece was done late inthe artists life, when hissense of composition andability to renderperspective were at theirpeak. It is a large painting,measuring 4.92 m by 2.32m (16 ft 5 in by 7 ft 9 in).

Early Renaissance

Madonna with Saints


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High RenaissanceLeonardo da VinciLeonardo was the quintessential Renaissance man

Mona Lisa (1503-1506, Louvre, Paris),

Leonardo da Vincis world-famousportrait, was the artists favoritepainting; in fact, it went everywhere withhim. Although there have been manytheories about the origin of theinexplicable smile on the womans face,it was probably just the result of Leonardos interest in natural chiaroscuro(the effect of light and shadow on thesubject).

Mona Lisa


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Completed in 1508 in Florence, LaBelle Jardinire is one of the mostfamous Madonna portraits of Italian Renaissance painter

Raphael. Raphael studied theworks of Leonardo da Vinci whilein Florence and applied some of Leonardos techniques to his ownpainting. Raphaels use of contrasting lights and darks, andthe relaxed, informal pose of theMadonna illustrate Leonardosinfluence on La Belle Jardinire.

R aphaels La Belle Jardinire


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Mannerism-Late Renaissance ArtMannerism , heralding a shift away from the High Renaissance

Active mainly in Venice,Italian painter T intoretto isnoted for his dramaticallylit works with dynamiccompositions. T his paintingdepicts the Old Testamentstory of Susanna, a womanunjustly accused of adultery by her scornedadmirers. Created after1560, Susanna Bathing isin the KunsthistorischesMuseum in Vienna, Austria.

Susanna Bathin


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W ith its stylized, twistedpose and ambiguoususe of space, Italianpainter Agnolo

Bronzinos paintingSaint John the Baptistdemonstrates theMannerist style popularin the mid-16th century.T his work is in theBorghese Gallery inRome, Italy.

Saint John the Baptist

style in art and architecture of the 16th centuryIn many Mannerist paintings proportions appear stretched, so that

figures have elongated torsos, necks, or other features, and the illusionof space is unrealistic, with sharp jumps from foreground tobackground rather than gradual transitions.


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Baroque P aintingthe style dominating the art and architecture of Europe and certain European

colonies in the Americas throughout the 1600s, and in some places, until 1750

Italian baroque painterCaravaggio painted scenes of realism and drama, oftenselecting lofty, religious themes

and depicting them with lower-class characters and settings withdramatic spotlighting. With itsunidealized characters and focuson the horses body, hisConversion of Saint Paul seems to

record a stable accident, not amiraculous conversion by God.T his work was painted in 1601and is in the Cerasi Chapel, SantaMaria del Popolo, Rome, Italy.

C onversion of Saint P aul

W riters such as the 19th-century Swiss cultural


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Rembrandt (1606-1669), Dutch baroque artist

Painted in 1659, Moses

Smashing the Commandmentsis a late work by Rembrandt. Itdemonstrates his ability tocreate a sense of drama throughthe skillful use of chiaroscuro(contrasts of light and dark).Light seems to be radiating fromMoses and the tablets.

Moses Smashing the C ommandments

W riters such as the 19th century Swiss culturalhistorian Jakob Burckhardt considered this style thedecadent end of the Renaissance

Baroque


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Rococo artflourished in France and Germany in the early 18th century, was in manyrespects a continuation of the baroque, particularly in the use of light andshadow and compositional movement

T he Asam Brothers, Egidand Cosmas, were mastersof illusionistic rococoarchitecture and sculpture.T hey designed the Churchof the Ascension (1717-1725) in Rohr, Germany.T he churchs altarpieceshows the Virgin Mary

ascending to heaven.

Asam Brothers Interior, Germany


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Jean-Antoine WatteausT he Embarkation for theIsland of Cythera, (1717)is one of the best survivingexamples of French rococopainting. Watteausdelicate, ethereal style,influenced by Peter PaulRubens and the Venetianschool, was well suited forpaintings of ftes galantesat which the French upperclasses socialized in theopen air.

RococoT he rococo period corresponded roughly to thereign (1715-74) of King Louis X V of France

T he Embarkation for the Island of C ythera

Neo- C lassical P ainting


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Neo- C lassical P aintingart produced in Europe and North America from about 1750 through theearly 1800s, marked by the emulation of Greco-Roman forms

French painter Jacques-LouisDavid was a leadingproponent of neoclassicism.Sympathetic to the aims of

the French Revolution, hepainted many images of itsheroes. Death of Marat is aportrait of a revolutionarymartyr who was killed in hisbathtub by a political enemy.Painted in 1793, it is in theMuses Royaux des Beaux-Arts, Brussels, Belgium.

Death of Marat

Neo- C lassical


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Neo C lassicalneoclassicism was linked to contemporary politicalevents

English painter WilliamHogarth became famouswith a series of paintingsentitled A Rake's Progress.T he painting shown here,T he Rake at the RoseTavern, is part of that seriesand was painted in 1735. Itis in the Sir John Soane

Museum in London,England.

T he Rake at the Rose Tavern


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Romantic P ainting


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g

French romantic painterT hodore Gricault paintedRaft of the Medusa (1818-1819, Muse du Louvre, Paris,

France), a realistic portrayal of men suffering at sea on amakeshift life raft. Gricaultmodeled the painting after atragic incident in which aFrench government ship, theMedusa, foundered off thecoast of West Africa withhundreds of men on board.

Raft of the Medusa

Romantic P ainting


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French romantic painterEugne Delacroix wasinspired to paint LibertyLeading the People after theRevolution of 1830, when

Parisians took up arms inhope of restoring therepublic created after theFrench Revolution of 1789 to1799. Although theRevolution of 1830 failed torestore the republic, itended France's absolutemonarchy and brought in aparliamentary monarchy.

Liberty Leading the P eople

Romantic ainting


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French artist Jean FranoisMillet focused on paintingscenes of rural life, a famousexample being T he Gleaners

(1857). His work has ties tothe Barbizon school of artists,who aimed to naturalisticallydepict landscapes. Millet isalso considered a member of the 19th-century realismmovement because his worksgenerally depict unidealizedsubjects.

Barbizon Art

T he Gleaners


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Development of Painting

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