Determination of the Best Watershed Management Models in Developing

Countries

Amanda JardineErica Massey

Scott Finlayson

EESc 313Management of Forested Watersheds

Dr. Adam WeiApril 3, 2012

Figure 1

Figure 2

Watersheds & WaterWatersheds & the water cycle:– Capture– Storage– Filtering– Release of precipitation (ET or T)

Water Ecosystems & Interconnection:– Resource and linkage– Social, environmental and economic aspects

Integrated Water Management(IWM)

• Formulation & implementation– Watershed management approach– Course of action– Achieve specific objectives– Social, economic & institutional factors

Best Watershed Management ModelsDeveloping Countries

Application of IWM in planning:1. Secures resources2. Access to clean water3. Sustainability: planning for future generations4. Linkage between uplands and lowlands

Best Models based on:5. Integrated basin-wide law & policy6. Empowered governance model7. Improved basin-wide science8. Financial mechanisms9. Integrated information & data networks

Case 1: Sao Paulo, Brazil

Figure 3: Sao Paulo, Brazil

Sao Paulo, BrazilBrazil’s largest metropolitan area

• Population 18 million• Poverty/low-income live in slums, “favelas”

Pollution to waterways• Domestic effluent (2/3 of contamination)• Sewage, wastewater & solid waste discharge into reservoirs• 90% of all sewage waste NOT treated• 20% (4000 tonnes) unprocessed/day

New Management Model• Community-based• Legal enforcement ineffective• Guiding improvement vs. prohibiting further settlement• 1991: State Law decentralizing policies (Water Basin Committee)

Sao Paulo, Brazil

Sub-Committee of Watershed developed:1. Emergency plan for restoration2. Environmental plan3. Sustainable development plan (land use,

occupation & protection)

Potential vs. Poverty

Progress in Sao PauloJune 2010 host of WATER LOSS 2010

water loss reduction speciality conference630 participants from 30 different countriesdiscuss latest developments, strategies, techniques and

applications of international best practices in Non-Revenue Water Management.

Feb 2012 Japan Loan with Fed Republic of Brazil Supporting efficient water resource use in São Paulo State Over $33 Billion dollars

Community Initiatives: 90% water service rate 37% water is lost = low efficiency (leaks, theft, water metre failure) Recycling greywater; rain barrel collection & purification

Transforming a void into a...

productive zone and dynamic public space.

Urban remediation & Infrastructure hub

Case 2: India

Figure 4: India

India

• Most populated democracy in the world• 1.2 Billion people• Rapid population growth rate• Socioeconomic welfare• Water & soil conservation

IndiaIWM Key Strategies:• Crop & livestock-based income strategies• Synergy between targeted technologies & policies• Sustainable use of resources• Stakeholder cooperation• Clearly defined roles• Strict accountability• CA (Collective Action): volunteer cooperation for problem-solving• Community organizations & social capita = equitable access

IWM Investments:• Construction of check dams for infiltration of surface water• Terraces for soil/water• Tree planting• GIS, database & web technology utilization

Integrated Approach & Sustainability

1. Access & property rights regime2. Technology & economic returns3. Institutions for beneficial sharing

Watershed Model Management SummaryFormal institutions in developing countries usually are…

not functioning property

Community collaboration = empowerment

Works Cited Chowdhary, V., & Singh, UP. (2009). On Watershed Management. Journal of Crop Improvement. 23.2, 158-173. Easter, WK ,. & Hufschmidt, Mm. (1985). Integrated Watershed Management Research for Developing Countries. Workshop Report. Environment and

Policy Institute. Washington, D.C.

Japan ODA Loan to Brazil Federal Republic. (2012) http://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/press/2011/120223.html Retrieved April 1, 2010.

National Geographic Photos. (2012) http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/india-photos/#/shower-festival-ganges_6744_600x450.jpg. Retrieved March 25, 2012.

Remediation & Infrastructure in Sao Paulo, Brazil. (2011) http://www.holcimfoundation.org/T1502/Awards_Silver_-_Brazil.htm Retrieved April 1, 2012.

Shah, A. (2005). Watershed Development. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics. 60.1, 24-28.

Shiferaw, B., Kebede, T., & Reddy, VR. (2008). Community Watershed Management in Semi-Arid India: The state of Collective Action and its Effects on Natural Resources and Rural Livelihood. CAPRI Working Paper. No.85.

Tschinkel, H. & Perz, C. (2008). Improving Watershed Management in Developing Countries: A Framework of Prioritizing Sites, and Practices. Agricultural

Resource and Extension Management. UK.

van Horen, B. (2001). Developing Community Based Watershed Management in Greater Sao Paulo: the Case of Santo Andre. Environment and Urbanization. 13, 209-222.

Water Loss 2010. (2010) http://www.iwa-waterloss.org/2012/index.html#. Retrieved April 1, 2012.