Design of an Intensive Green Roof Based on Native Plant ...

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Design of an Intensive Green Roof Based on Native Plant Communities Douglas Daley, P.E., Environmental Resources Engineering Timothy Toland, Landscape Architecture Donald Leopold, Environmental and Forest Biology SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse, NY 2013 NYWEA Spring Technical Conference, Syracuse, NY

Transcript of Design of an Intensive Green Roof Based on Native Plant ...

Design of an Intensive Green Roof Based on Native Plant Communities 

Douglas Daley, P.E., Environmental Resources EngineeringTimothy Toland, Landscape Architecture

Donald Leopold, Environmental and Forest Biology

SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse, NY

2013 NYWEA Spring Technical Conference, Syracuse, NY

Summary

• New building stormwater system will meet hydrologic performance requirements, support efforts to conserve unique ecological resources, and educate ESF community.

• Innovative basis of design: Use native plants from communities along the eastern shore of Lake Ontario

• Design process and lessons learned

ESF Plan: Create a Teaching Landscape

• Leadership and innovation in stormwater management– Onondaga County’s Consent Judgment re CSOs– Midland Avenue RTF Sewershed (grey infrastructure)

• SUNY ESF Teaching and Research Mission– Illick Hall (bioretention, 2010)– Bray parking lot (porous pavement, bioswale)– Centennial Residence Hall (infiltration, bioswale)

SUNY ESF Gateway Center

• 50,000 SF LEED Platinum

• Biomass‐fueled CHP (65% of campus heat, 20% of campus electricity)

• PV and solar thermal

• Stormwater management through bioretention, green roof, cisterns

SUNY ESF, the Gateway Center and Green Infrastructure

Gateway Center Stormwater Management System

Basis of Design: Need for a Green PRoof

• Original (2009) concept by SUNY Construction Fund – Typical extensive green roof using thin soil, sedums

• Small uprising of scientists and designers at ESF– Forward‐looking?

– Creativity of design?

– Are we portraying world‐class environmental science and design programs adequately?

ESF Green PRoof

• Consider intensive green roof– Wider diversity of plant species, including shrubs and trees

– Deeper substrate >4” to 6”

– Park‐like and accessible

– Native vegetation is recommended (NYSDECguidelines)

Role of Vegetation

• Water budget– Promote evapotranspiration– Interception captures about 10% of annual precipitation

• Growing medium captures about 50%• Enhance ecosystem services (values)

– Aesthetic– Habitat– Conservation

ESF Ecologists and Designers Collaborate

• Long‐term conditions of green roofs:– Temperature, wind and moisture extremes– Low soil fertility– Low organic matter content– Thin‐soiled

• Ecologists identified 2 NYS native plant communities– Great Lakes sand dunes– Alvar ecosystems

Great Lakes Sand Dunes

• World’s largest collection of freshwater dunes– Hills, mounds or 

ridges of wind‐deposited sand

• Variety of plant communities:– beach, foredune, 

trough, backduneforest

• Extreme temperatures, strong winds, shifting sands

American beachgrass, Ammophila breviligulatahttp://www.seagrant.sunysb.edu/glhabitat/PDFS/ELODWAFactSheetDunePlants.pdf

• Endangered plant species:– Champlain beachgrass

(Ammophila breviligulata), – rough avens (Geum

laciniatum),– woodland bluegrass (Poa

sylvestris), – marsh horsetail (Equisetum 

palustre), – large twayblade (Liparis

liliifolia), – livid sedge (Carex livida), – giant pine drops (Pterospora

andromedea) – sand dune willow (Salix 

cordata).

Alvar Communities

• Grasslands, shrublands, limestone woodlands, cedar forests, pavement barrens that develop on flat limestone where soils are very shallow

• Adapted to extreme conditions:– Shallow soil, regular spring flooding, summer drought– Flat, thin‐ to no‐soiled, rocky (limestone bedrock)

• Rare, restricted range, vulnerable to extinction, limited acreage, fewer than 100 occurrences in NY – Natural Heritage Program Rank G3, S2, S3

http://www.epa.gov/ecopage/shore/lakeont.html

Alvar Communities:Chaumont limestone, Jefferson County

Alvar Communities: Grasslands, Pavement and Woodlands

Alvar Communities: Wet tolerant

Alvar Communities: Thin‐soiled

Alvar Communities: Pavement‐Grassland

Alvar Communities: Shrubs and Trees Rooted in Grikes

Color and Texture OptionsSelected Alvar Species

Agropyron trachycaulum – slender wheatgrass Aquilegia canadensis – wild columbine Artemisa campestris var. caudata – tall wormwood Aster ciliolatus – aster Bromus kalmii – brome grass Carex eburnea – ebony sedge Carex granularis – sedge Carex vulpinoidea – brown fox sedge Danthonia spicata – poverty grass Deschampsia cespitosa – tufted hairgrassFragaria virginiana –wild strawberry Geum triflorum – prairie smokeJuniperus communis – common juniper Muhlenbergia glomerata – spike or marshmuhlyOligoneuron album – upland white aster Penstemon hirsutus - hairy beardtongueRosa blanda – meadow rose Saxifraga virginiensis – early saxifrage Solidago hispida – goldenrod Solidago nemoralis – gray goldenrod Sporobolus heterolepis – northern prairie dropseedZigadenus elegans var. glaucus – white camas Zizia aurea – golden alexanders

Saxifraga virginiensis – early saxifrage

Questions

• Name 2 native NYSplant communities that are suitable for climates similar to green roof– Great Lakes Sand Dune

– Alvar

• Alvar communities are characterized by what types of plants and soil?– grasslands, shrublands, limestone woodlands, cedar forests, pavement barrens

– flat limestone 

– very shallow soils

Proof: A Race to the Finish

• Ground breaking 8/6/2010

• Proof of Concept started in June 2010

• Intensive Green Roof with native plants included in 100% Construction Documents October 2010

Green Proof – Day 13, 2010

3” Bed

8” Bed

Day 64 (August 18, 2010)

Dune Willow, Salix cordata (3 months)

Sand cherry, Prunus pumila var. depressa

June 6, 2012 (Year 3)

Design Elements

ESF Gateway Building – Green Roof Section 

Mirafi G4

ESF Gateway Bldg – Dune Profile

Growing Medium Specifications (Intensive)

Property Metric

Bulk Density (saturated)

74.4 lb/CF

Pore Volume 74%

Maximum Water Holding Capacity

53%

Air‐Filled Porosity at max WHC

20.9%

Permeability 0.02 cm/sec

pH 6.1

Organic Matter 9.3% by mass

Questions

• What is the range of thickness of the lightweight soil medium?– 6 to 18 inches

• What is porosity?– Fraction 

– Volume of voids over the total volume

– 74%

• What is water holding capacity?– Amount of soil moisture that a soil can hold under freely draining (gravity) conditions

– 54%

Green Roof Runoff Reduction

• A = 9500 SF• P= 0.9” rainfall• Water Quality volume 

(WQv) = 678 CF• Soil storage: 739 CF• Drainmat storage: 132 CF• Total storage: 871 cf• WQv < Storage

12))()(( ARvPWQv =

)(009.005.0 IRv +=

P (in) = 90% Rainfall Event NumberI = Impervious Cover = 100 PercentRv = 0.95 Mean Soil Depth = 9 inches

MiraDrain® G4 Drainage Composite storage capacity = 0.32” rain (1.63 lb water/SF)

Placement Autumn 2012

Alvar Community (May 2013)

Dune Plantings

American Beachgrass

Field WormwoodWavy HairgrassCanada Wild Rye

Sand Dune Willow Salix cordata

Eastern Sand Cherry

Dune Grasses (May 2013)

Lessons Learned so Far

• Use experienced contractor, or watch VERY closely– Initially installed 

Miradrain upside‐down• Grid planting is not a 

natural feel• Late season planting 

when dormant may cause failure of some species, BUT– It reduces irrigation 

requirements!

Lessons Learned

• Jute mesh can be wind‐lifted and rolled

• Erosion will occur from sloped surfaces

• Micro‐climates affect plants and soil water

• Management plan: is it a garden, or an ecosystem?

Design Issues

• Designer resistance to stakeholders– Innovative? Need proof of concept– What will it look like in 5 years?

• Plant propagation– Sedums are widely available, easily propagated

• Soil specification– Organic content high – nutrients high – what effect on these plant communities that are adapted to other conditions?

• Cost – Additional soil and increased structural loads– In spite of unusual plants, bid came in below estimate. 

Questions

• Water Quality volume is a function of three parameters. These are:– Precipitation – 90% rainfall event number

– Area

– Runoff volume or • impervious cover

• Plant canopy can intercept and store approximately how much annual precipitation?– 10% or more

12))()(( ARvPWQv =

Summary

• Native plant communities are developing on the Gateway Center roof, a unique application

• Public access provides education, research and demonstration opportunities to extend knowledge and awareness of threatened ecosystems

• Expect to meet design goals of hydrologic performance, and conservation of unique local ecological resources

Acknowledgments

• Contacts:– Doug Daley ([email protected])

– Tim Toland ([email protected])

– Don Leopold ([email protected])

• SUNY Construction Fund (drawings, access)

• NY Economic Development (incremental construction costs, research funding)