University of LuxembourgMultilingual. Personalised. Connected.

REDUCEREUSE AND DEMOUNTABILITY USING STEEL STRUCTURES AND THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Demountable Precast Concrete Systems

Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Christoph ODENBREITAndrás KOZMA, M.Sc

ArcelorMittal Chair of Steel Construction,University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg

Reuse of Steel Structures and the Circular Economy8th October 2019, London

ArcelorMittal Chair of Steel Construction

Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Christoph Odenbreit

Agenda

11/10/2019 2

1. Introduction2. Demountable Shear Connections

3. Laboratory Tests

4. Design Procedure

5. Conclusions

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Introduction

11/10/2019 3

Aspects of Design for Deconstruction (DFD):

• Use demountable mechanical connections and dry joints

• Use modular design and a standard structural grid

• Use prefabrication

• Provide access to all parts, particularly connections

• Provide tolerances for assembly and disassembly

• Use a minimum number of connectors

• Design robustly to withstand repeated use

REUSEDesignFor

Deconstruction

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Introduction

11/10/2019 4

Modular design

• Planning grid: Multiple of the basic module (m)

• Basic module: m=1.5 m (UK) m=1.35 m (Continent)

• The size of all elements should respect the planning grid

(beam, slab, spacing of connectors)

http://www.understandconstruction.com/steel‐frame‐structures.html

m

m

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Introduction

11/10/2019 5

Modular design

• Planning grid: Multiple of the basic module (m)

• Basic module: m=1.5 m (UK) m=1.35 m (Continent)

• The size of all elements should respect the planning grid

(beam, slab, spacing of connectors)

http://www.understandconstruction.com/steel‐frame‐structures.html

m

m

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Introduction

11/10/2019 6

Modular design

• Planning grid: Multiple of the basic module (m)

• Basic module: m=1.5 m (UK) m=1.35 m (Continent)

• The size of all elements should respect the planning grid

(beam, slab, spacing of connectors)

http://www.understandconstruction.com/steel‐frame‐structures.html

2 x m 2 x  m 1 x m 3 x m 3 x m

4 x m

4 x m

m

m

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

IntroductionExample Module: 1.35 m

11/10/2019 7

Avenue Leclerc office buildingBoulogne‐Billancourt , 2016Architects : Grégoire Zündel, Irina Cristea

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

IntroductionExample Module: 1.35 m

11/10/2019 8

Medienbrücke, München, 2012Architect: Otto Steidle

Thyssenkrupp Headquarter,Essen, 2010

JSWD Architekten, Chaix & Morel et Associés

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

IntroductionExample Module: 1.35 m

11/10/2019 9

ILB building, Potsdam, 2017Architect: Jürgen Engel

Imtech building, München, 2014Prasch buken partner architekten

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

IntroductionExample Module: 1.35 m

11/10/2019 10

DHPG building,Bonn, 2013Schmitz Architekten

Deutsche Börse, Eschborn, 2010

Jürgen Engel

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

IntroductionExample Module: 1.35 m

11/10/2019 11

KPMG building,Luxembourg, 2014François Valentiny

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Agenda

11/10/2019 12

1. Introduction

2. Demountable Shear Connections

3. Laboratory Tests

4. Design Procedure

5. Conclusions

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Demountable Shear Connections

11/10/2019 13

http://www.understandconstruction.com/steel‐frame‐structures.html

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Demountable Shear Connections

11/10/2019 141. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Demountable Shear Connections

11/10/2019 15

• High‐strength bolted connections

• Prefabricated slab elements

• Oversized holes in the steel beam

• Pretension or epoxy resin injection

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Demountable Shear Connections

11/10/2019 16

• High‐strength bolted connections

• Prefabricated slab elements

• Oversized holes in the steel beam

• Pretension or epoxy resin injection

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Agenda

11/10/2019 17

1. Introduction

2. Demountable Shear Connections

3. Laboratory Tests4. Design Procedure

5. Conclusions

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Part 2: Laboratory Tests

11/10/2019 181. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Laboratory TestsPush out tests

11/10/2019 19

• Standard EC4 push‐out tests

• 4 Prefabricated slabs

• HEB260 Beam

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Laboratory TestsPush out test results

11/10/2019 20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Load

/ sh

ear c

onne

ctor

[kN

]

Relative slip [mm]

P3.3-1

P3.3-2

P3.3-3

P3.3-3b

P3

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Aspxfu/3 2.45 x 80/3=113 kN

Fv x 127x0.4=51 kN

Laboratory TestsPush out test results

11/10/2019 21

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Load

/ sh

ear c

onne

ctor

[kN

]

Relative slip [mm]

P15.1-1

P15.1-2

P15.1-3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Load

/ sh

ear c

onne

ctor

[kN

]

Relative slip [mm]

P15.2-1

P15.2-2

P15.2-3

Epoxy resin infill

P15P15

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Prestressed

Laboratory TestsPush out test results

11/10/2019 221. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Laboratory TestsPush out test results

11/10/2019 23

020406080

100120140160180

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Load

/ sh

ear c

onne

ctor

[kN

]

Relative slip [mm]

P3.1-1

P3.1-2

P3.1-3

020406080

100120140160180

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Load

/ sh

ear c

onne

ctor

[kN

]

Relative slip [mm]

P3.3-1P3.3-2P3.3-3

020406080

100120140160180

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Load

/ sh

ear c

onne

ctor

[kN

]

Relative slip [mm]

P3.2-1P3.2-2P3.2-3

020406080

100120140160180

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Load

/ sh

ear c

onne

ctor

[kN

]

Relative slip [mm]

P15.1-1

P15.1-2

P15.1-3

020406080

100120140160180

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Load

/ sh

ear c

onne

ctor

[kN

]

Relative slip [mm]

P15.2-1

P15.2-2

P15.2-3

Summary (Push‐out Behaviour) Bolt shear failure

Higher strength

Lower stiffness

Sufficient deformation capacity (>6 mm)

Non‐ductile behaviour

Demountable

Reusable

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Laboratory TestsBeam tests

11/10/2019 24

• 2 full‐scale beam tests on 6.3 m beams

• IPE 360

• 2 Prefabricated slabs

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Laboratory TestsBeam tests

11/10/2019 25

• 2 full‐scale beam tests on 6.3 m beams

• IPE 360

• 2 Prefabricated slabs

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Laboratory TestsBeam test results

11/10/2019 26

P3

L/200 L/50

P15

L/200 L/501. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Agenda

11/10/2019 27

1. Introduction

2. Demountable Shear Connections

3. Laboratory Tests

4. Design Procedure5. Conclusions

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Laboratory TestsMethodology

11/10/2019 28

Parametric studies

Design guidance

Simplifiedmodelling

Experiments

Advanced Modelling

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Design Proposal

11/10/2019 29

Serviceability Limit State1. Check the deflection

·,

/

Second moment of area:Rigid connection:

, ,, ·

Flexible connection:

, ,, ⁄

,⁄

·

: Shear connection stiffness (from test), : Equivalent spacing

EN1994‐1‐1, Annex A.3

0.7 PRk

ksc

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Design Proposal

11/10/2019 30

Serviceability Limit State2. Check occurring end slip

,

, 0.7 0.7PRk

ksc

,

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Design procedure

11/10/2019 31

Ultimate Limit State

Non‐ductile behaviour

EC4 does not allow equidistant spacing   Standardisation and modular design?

Substitute the load‐slip behaviour with and equivalent ductile headed stud shear connection.

Introduction of a reduction factor  :, · @

Definition of based on the shape of theload‐slip curve and the slip distribution.

This way,  , can be used for EC4 like   .

P@6mm

PR,eff

0.76 0.80

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Agenda

11/10/2019 32

1. Introduction

2. Demountable Shear Connections

3. Laboratory Tests

4. Design Procedure

5. Conclusions

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

Conclusions

11/10/2019 33

The developed systems are suitable for demountable composite beams.

The tests showed, that the damage occurs in the replaceable elements.

With the developed equations, Eurocode 4 standard design procedure remains applicable.

In addition, the slip must be controlled at SLS. (Equations are given.)

1. Introduction | 2. Demountable Shear Connections | 3. Laboratory Tests | 4. Design Procedure | | 5. Conclusions

ArcelorMittal Chair of Steel Construction

Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Christoph Odenbreit

ArcelorMittal Chair of Steel Construction

Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Christoph Odenbreit