Demographic Impact in Turkey

8/12/2019 Demographic Impact in Turkey

1/8

Turkey

At the beginning of a new millennium, migration and its management

have posed a fundamental challenge to both the theory and practice ofgovernance in contemporary societies. Modernizing processes around the

globe, the end of the Cold War, the emergence of a new world order, and

the rise of globalization provide reasons for a wide eamination of newwaves and patterns of migration, both internally and internationally. As a

country that has been confronted with various types of migration duringits recent history, Turkey attaches great importance to the newly

emerging migration !uestions and their management. This focus has beenprecipitated by Turkey"s desire to enter the #uropean $nion and by

recent transformations it has faced that have fueled the need for thecreation and implementation of a variety of migration%related policies. My

main aim in this essay is to present the new and emerging contet ofmigration issues in Turkey, as they have become a key topic on the

political agenda in Turkey and in the eyes of the international community.Turkey has been a main actor on the #urasian migration scene, first as a

country of origin and then as one of destination and transit.

http&''muse.(hu.edu'login)

uri*'(ournals'mediterranean+!uarterly'v-'-./icduygu.pdf -0.1.2-

Migration, particularly among refugees and asylum seekers, poses

many challenges to the health system of host countries. This study

eamined the impact of migration history on illness eperience, its

meaning and help%seeking strategies of migrant patients from 3osnia and

Turkey with a range of common health problems in general practice in

3asel, 4witzerland. The #planatory Model 5nterview Catalogue, a data

collection instrument for cross%cultural research which combines

epidemiological and ethnographic research approaches, was used in semi%

structured one%to%one patient interviews. 3osnian patients 6n*178 who

had more traumatic migration eperiences than Turkish'9urdish 6n*728 or

4wiss internal migrants 6n*/:8 reported a larger number of healthproblems than the other groups. ;sychological distress was reported most
http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/mediterranean_quarterly/v015/15.4icduygu.pdfhttp://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/mediterranean_quarterly/v015/15.4icduygu.pdfhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_mathId=mml7&_user=10&_cdi=6057&_pii=S1353829204000450&_rdoc=1&_issn=13538292&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_userid=10&md5=e451164f1797f1960d59a1f93c5b9b78http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_mathId=mml7&_user=10&_cdi=6057&_pii=S1353829204000450&_rdoc=1&_issn=13538292&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_userid=10&md5=e451164f1797f1960d59a1f93c5b9b78http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_mathId=mml7&_user=10&_cdi=6057&_pii=S1353829204000450&_rdoc=1&_issn=13538292&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_userid=10&md5=e451164f1797f1960d59a1f93c5b9b78http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_mathId=mml8&_user=10&_cdi=6057&_pii=S1353829204000450&_rdoc=1&_issn=13538292&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_userid=10&md5=a53b883f78dd43fbe910b74a911d0c62http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_mathId=mml8&_user=10&_cdi=6057&_pii=S1353829204000450&_rdoc=1&_issn=13538292&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_userid=10&md5=a53b883f78dd43fbe910b74a911d0c62http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_mathId=mml8&_user=10&_cdi=6057&_pii=S1353829204000450&_rdoc=1&_issn=13538292&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_userid=10&md5=a53b883f78dd43fbe910b74a911d0c62http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_mathId=mml9&_user=10&_cdi=6057&_pii=S1353829204000450&_rdoc=1&_issn=13538292&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_userid=10&md5=1fda2a6aad36d6a154520741230fd3cbhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_mathId=mml9&_user=10&_cdi=6057&_pii=S1353829204000450&_rdoc=1&_issn=13538292&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_userid=10&md5=1fda2a6aad36d6a154520741230fd3cbhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_mathId=mml9&_user=10&_cdi=6057&_pii=S1353829204000450&_rdoc=1&_issn=13538292&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_userid=10&md5=1fda2a6aad36d6a154520741230fd3cbhttp://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/mediterranean_quarterly/v015/15.4icduygu.pdfhttp://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/mediterranean_quarterly/v015/15.4icduygu.pdfhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_mathId=mml7&_user=10&_cdi=6057&_pii=S1353829204000450&_rdoc=1&_issn=13538292&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_userid=10&md5=e451164f1797f1960d59a1f93c5b9b78http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_mathId=mml8&_user=10&_cdi=6057&_pii=S1353829204000450&_rdoc=1&_issn=13538292&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_userid=10&md5=a53b883f78dd43fbe910b74a911d0c62http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_mathId=mml9&_user=10&_cdi=6057&_pii=S1353829204000450&_rdoc=1&_issn=13538292&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_userid=10&md5=1fda2a6aad36d6a154520741230fd3cb


2/8

fre!uently by all three groups in response to focussed !ueries, but

spontaneously reported symptoms indicated the prominence of somatic,

rather than psychological or psychosocial, problems. Among 3osnians, 0:indings provide a useful guide to clinicians who work with migrants and

should inform policy in medical care, information and health promotion for

migrants in 4witzerland as well as further education of health

professionals on issues concerning migrants health.

http&''www.sciencedirect.com'science)

+ob*Article$?@+udi*37B=%/1WDE%

-+user*-+coverate*F12+rdoc*-+fmt*high+orig*

search+sort*d+docanchor*view*c+search4tr5d*-27-027+reru

nGrigin*scholar.google+acct*C22-+version*-+urlBersion*+

userid*-md*fF0ea2b-1ce:2fedf2f-02a1:-F 2.1.2-

As often argued, a negative perception of immigration, or even

emigration, prevails public opinions and governments in most countries. 5tis argued that caused by economic hardship or political hardship or

political unrest in countries of origin, it would threaten well%being and

identity in countries of destination, and sometimes endanger political

security. =owever, on the other hand, social scientists recognize that,

being a part of the global circulation and global integration, human

mobility bears a tremendous potential for human progress. This view is

increasingly shared by several actors for which ade!uate policies could

make migration a genuine instrument for economic and social development.

Therefore, the conditions under which, and the mechanisms throughwhich, migration can transform individual benefits into an aggregated one,
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_user=10&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1261700256&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f9570ea20b13c0e82fedf2f172a38190http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_user=10&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1261700256&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f9570ea20b13c0e82fedf2f172a38190http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_user=10&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1261700256&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f9570ea20b13c0e82fedf2f172a38190http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_user=10&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1261700256&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f9570ea20b13c0e82fedf2f172a38190http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_user=10&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1261700256&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f9570ea20b13c0e82fedf2f172a38190http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_user=10&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1261700256&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f9570ea20b13c0e82fedf2f172a38190http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_user=10&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1261700256&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f9570ea20b13c0e82fedf2f172a38190http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_user=10&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1261700256&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f9570ea20b13c0e82fedf2f172a38190http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VH5-4D3WGYD-1&_user=10&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1261700256&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=f9570ea20b13c0e82fedf2f172a38190


3/8

for the greater society, are to be studied. >rom this perspective, Turkey

provides us with an interesting case studyH firstly because of its multiple

migration roles as a country of emigration, immigration and transit, over

timeH secondly because, this ongoing flows of emigration and immigration

involve various stages of a migration cycleH thirdly because, this migrationcycle reflects, both eplicitly and implicitly, some gains, and occasionally

loses, both for the country and its people, migrants and non%migrantsH and

finally because of TurkeyIs longestablished #$%membership process which

highlights various types of migration issues. This report provides us with

an overview of some aspects of migration%development neus in the case

of Turkey.

http&''mpra.ub.uni%muenchen.de'-F21'22.1.2-

?omania

Migration and development - activities, methodology, results

5n order to achieve the established ob(ectives, the program set up a three%

stage strategy& a general status analysis6278H surveys focused on principal

effects of migration 620%2:8H advocacy initiatives to promote solutionsfor the identified problems 627%2:8.

1. Status analysis

This is based upon hypotheses drawn from eistent data and follows a

snowball pattern 6starts with the essential, sets fundaments for futurephases and advances from community to micro%region and to transnational

level8. The indicators system is thorough, with a four component multilevelmeasurement&

The national !uantitative analysis, carried through a pole, with anationally representative sample and a over%representation of the

migration areas

The !uantitative analysis centered on two micro regions 6>ocsani%

Brancea and Aleandria%Teleorman, both with high migration figures8

The !ualitative analysis in three areas representative for the migration

types identified through recent surveys, areas with a high migrationlevel. @ocal authoritiesI and communitiesI reaction towards migration%
http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19235/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/19235/


4/8

derived phenomena will be our primary focus.

5nstitutional analysis on eistent agreements, on local and central

policies and on the efficiency of the institutions involved

The analysis was carried out during 27 and was finalized with the releaseof two surveys which set the fundaments for the following components of the

program&

% @iving abroad on a temporary basis J ?omaniansI economic migration& -FF%

27. The survey, coordinated by prof. umitru 4andu, was released in

Kovember 27 and is the result of the mentioned above !ualitative and

!uantitative analyses. The survey stands as the first comprehensive analysis

on the eternal migration in ?omania and depicts the amplitude of the

phenomenon 6how many, who, how and when8, the economic and social effectsof migration, as well as the main eperience patterns and migration paths.

% ;olicies and institutions in international migration& ?omaniansI work

migration -FF%27H the survey was released in March 20 and discussed

at a round table with the participation of the authorities with attributions

inside the migration field. The survey follows the successive changes in

legislation, in the attributes of relevant public institutions, as well as the

effects of these changes. The survey brings both a better understanding of

the phenomenonIs evolution and estimates the impact of new, eventualmodifications in the institutional structure.

2. Surveys focusing on the primary effects of migration

The program carries on in 20 with some aspects that the previous analyses

revealed as the most important effects of migration. The pro(ect will have a

two%level approach&

@ocal social effects 6effects within the community8& the situation ofmigrantIs children and community development problems

#conomic and social effects on a national scale& changes in the labor

market and immigration

The impact of parents migrating for work on children left at home, in

?omania

Although a highly covered sub(ect, the situation of migrantsI children left at

home is yet to be studied. $p until now, there is insufficient knowledge ontheir number and on the positive'negative effects generated by their


5/8

migrating parents. There is little statistic information and very few surveys

on the issue. The eisting surveys 6the most highlighted is the 4ocial

Alternative AssociationIs study % L=ome Alone8 uncover some of the inherent

problems of the migration phenomenon, thus providing a good starting pointfor further in%depth analysis. That is why we are approaching the sub(ect by

adding to the eisting information with an analysis focused on institutions

that interact or have attributions in the child protection field.

The specific ob(ectives of this component are to determine the impact of

parentsI absence on the children left at home and to provide corrective

measures for the negative effects. 5n order to achieve this, some specific

activities are planned, as follows&

a pole is to be conducted among secondary school children. ;rofessional

interview operators will approach approimately 2 children from

about 2 schools across the country 6the eact numbers are to be

determined through probabilistic methods so that the survey has both

a national representative sample and a supplementary one for the

children whose parents are working abroad8. The interviews contain

fairly easy !uestions about life style, family structure, school

performance, health, family welfare, behavior and habits, values. All

interviews are under a strict confidentiality term and the respondentsIidentity is to be revealed under no circumstance. $sing this instrumenthelps us determine the specific difference regarding children with

parents went abroad for work. 4econdarily, the data can be used todescribe the dominant profiles of secondary school children taking into

consideration the demographic variables, a most useful resource forfuture educational programs. ata will be available free of charge to

all interested.

a series of interviews with the local authorities 6townhall, local

council8, with social assistants, teachers, school principals and parentsinside areas and communities with high migration rates. The main

ob(ective is to determine the main types of successful intervention

from local authorities in order to support these children, and also to

identify the resources 6knowledge, material resources, political will

etc.8 that school and local authorities need to efficiently implement

such pro(ects.

a comparative analysis on types of intervention from countries

6#uropean mostly8 that had to deal with a similar situation


6/8

>or a proper development of the activities, the >oundation has solicited the

support of central authorities 6Ministry of #ducation, ?esearch and Eouth

and the national Authority for Children ?ights ;rotection8.

The impact of migration inside the community

Migration is a community phenomenon which occurs through family and

community networks. 4ome of the most important effects of migration can

be spotted inside the community. Contact with foreign cultures produces

significant mentality changes, such as the increment of active social criticism

and entrepreneurial spirit. These are the positive effects that must be taken

into account by local authoritiesI policies and promoted inside the community.

Concurrently, considerable demographic changes lead to depopulated, agedcommunities that depend on remittances. Gn the other hand, the issue of the

impact created by these remittances on the need and production of public

services occur.

All these elements can be analyzed using data already gathered by the

>oundation last year through local surveys. >urther information from local

authorities is still needed and a detailed legislative analysis is to occur in

May%4eptember 20.

The impact of migration on labor market and migration policies

5n the last years, ?omania has been a source or a transit country formigration flues. ?omaniaIs #$ membership, correlated with a trend of

income growth, will most likely change this situation. 5n a first phase, ?omaniawill e!ually become a source and a destination country, but afterwards the

number of immigrants will surpass the figures proposed by the migration.This evolution has occurred in countries like 4pain, ;ortugal or 5taly and is

ongoing in the #$ recently integrated countries 64lovakia, ;oland, =ungary

etc.8. #amples of countries such as 4pain 6that has negotiated bilateralagreements in good time and has developed fleible policies to accommodateimmigrants8 and 5taly 6that didnIt follow 4painIs eample8 show that a rational

an coherent approach of the migration phenomenon helps fighting the socialand economic negative effects 6human trafficking, shadow economy, violence,

ethnic conflicts, radical attitude occurrence, effects upon the social security

system etc.8.

?ecently, as a conse!uence of the new #$ membership, ?omania started 6at a

slow and trembling pace8 to develop policies in this area, but things are, at


7/8

the moment, tenfold slower due to political instability. The current pro(ect

aims at creating an interdisciplinary group in view of setting a policy strategy

for governmental bodies that activate in the field. The first phase consists

of an analysis regarding the implicated stakeholders and of an Largument infavor of investing resources in migration policies. Concurrently, the working

group is to be assembled in order to produce the surveys that will support

the results of the group. Activities are scheduled beginning with May 20

and carrying through the whole year.

Gne of the most visible and impact effects on migration flues is the

evolution of the labor market. Massive migration for work and the present

population aging process affects the labor force offer. 4urvey from the

Ministry of @abor and 4ocial 4olidarity indicate significant labor forcedeficit in certain areas 6constructions, tourism, tetile industry8. ;ossible

answers for filling the eisting gap are professional reconversion or labor

force import from Moldova ?epublic, $kraine or other countries outside the#$. This yearIs activities list holds a !uantitative survey based on a phone

pole, on a sample of companies from industries utterly affected by migration.ata gathering is scheduled for this fall.

3. Advocacy and promotion

All components programmed for 20 are to be finalized with

recommendations for public policy measures to the local and centralauthorities. Those are to be grouped in guides of good practices for local

authorities and recommendations for legislative steps towards a coherentstrategy on the national level, synchronized with #$ regulations. The

promotion activities of those instruments will include&

5nvolving representatives of authorities in producing the papers, to

create an ownership sense on the results and to facilitate theiracceptance

4eries of round tables in 3ucharest and on local level, withrepresentatives of authorities, civil society organizations and mass%

media, to launch the debate on negative effects of migration and howto prevent them

5nternational seminar, necessary due to the nature of migration Jtransnational phenomenon

The placing of the debate in an #uropean contet opens the door to continue


8/8

the pro(ect in the following years.

The promotion and dissemination activity is practically continuously, starting

from the moment when the first results of the program are produces. Afterthe guides for the authorities are produced, the advocacy component will

intensify, in cooperation with other pro(ects of the 4oros >oundation.

http&''www.osf.ro'en'program+articol.php)articol*/22.1.2-
http://www.osf.ro/en/program_articol.php?articol=54http://www.osf.ro/en/program_articol.php?articol=54

Demographic Impact in Turkey

Documents

Transcript of Demographic Impact in Turkey