Deliverable 13

Volvo Technology AB / Volvo Technology CorporationDept. 6700 / UW / 20/04/23 / page 1

Particulates, Lemnos, 2003

Deliverable 13

Effects on particulate emissions of anticipated future engine and exhaust aftertreatment technologies complying

with future emission standards



A draft has been published on the Particulates site

Will be updated after the Lemnos meeting



Background

• A first selection of results related to particle emissions, differences between generations of vehicles and engines as well as effects of aftertreatment equipment (particle traps)

• ”A first feeling of the data”

• A detailed analysis of fuel effects will be available in a separate document (deliverable 14)

• It was not possible to analyse how combustion parameters such as injection pressure, EGR rate, boost pressure, pre-injection and post-injection influenced the particle emissions.

• Little information on ”future engine technologies” Look at previous trends, Euro I to Euro III etc.

• More data available on exhaust aftertreatment technology HD: Continuous Regeneration Trap (CRT)

LD: Diesel particulate filter(DPF)

• Based on a ”first version” of the database



HD, Transient cycle (ETC)

Raw data from Euro III engine + CRT running on D5 diesel

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 500 1000 1500 2000

Time (s)

Exh

aust

tem

p (°

C)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Aer

oso

l cu

rren

t, P

artic

le c

ou

nte

r

Raw Exhaust Temp [ºC]

Particle Counter 1 [#/cm3]

Aerosol Current [fA]

030411p02_ETC.xls!Chart1



HD, Nucleation mode, CRT

Volvo, St3 (ESC 12)

1,00E+09

1,00E+10

1,00E+11

1,00E+12

1,00E+13

1,00E+14

1,00E+15

1,00E+16

1 10 100 1000

dp (nm)

dN

/dlo

gd

p k

Wh

-1

Euro I, D1

Euro III, D2

Euro III, D5

Euro III+CRT, D5

Correction for losses needed



HD, PM

PM, Heavy-duty engines, ESC cycle

0,00

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,10

0,12

Volvo HDEEuro III D4

Volvo HDEEuro III+CRT

D4

Volvo HDEEuro III D5

Volvo HDEEuro III+CRT

D5

VTT ScaniaDC11 Euro III

D4

VTT ScaniaDC11 EuroIII+ SCR D4

VTT VolvoDH10 Euro II

D3


+ CRT D3


D4


+ CRT D4

PM

, g

kW

h -

1



The total number of particles emitted (CPC Total N) for a combination of Volvo engines

and fuels (D2, D5)

CPC Total N, Heavy-duty engines, ESC cycle overall, Fuel D2 and D5

1,00E+10

1,00E+11

1,00E+12

1,00E+13

1,00E+14

1,00E+15

1,00E+16

Volvo HDE EURO IIID2

Volvo HDE EURO IIID5

Volvo HDE EURO I D5 Volvo HDE EUROIII+CRT D5

VTT Volvo DH10EURO II D2

VTT Volvo DH10EURO II D5

CP

C T

ota

l N

, k

Wh

-1



The number of “non-volatile” particles for a combination of various engines, laboratories and fuels (D2, D5)

ELPI N Stages 1-7, Heavy-duty, ESC cycle overall, Fuels D2 and D5

1,00E+08

1,00E+09

1,00E+10

1,00E+11

1,00E+12

1,00E+13

1,00E+14

1,00E+15

AVL ScaniaEURO III D2

AVL ScaniaEURO III D5

AVL prototypeEURO III +

CRT D5

AVL prototypeEURO III +

SCR D5

Volvo HDEEURO III D2

Volvo HDEEURO III D5

Volvo HDEEURO I D5

Volvo HDEEURO

III+CRT D5

VTT VolvoDH10 EURO II

D2

VTT VolvoDH10 EURO II

D5

EL

PI

N S

tag

es 1

-7,

kWh

-1



Number-based size distribution of particles emitted from four different cars (LAT)

SMPS distribution - 90 km/h

1000000000

5,0001E+13

1,00001E+14

1,50001E+14

2,00001E+14

2,50001E+14

3,00001E+14

1 10 100 1000

nm

dN

/dlo

gd

p k

m-1

Lag D2

Lag D3

Lag D4

Lag D5

Cor G3

Cor G1

BMW G1

BMW G3

Golf Cat D4

Golf Cat D3

Golf Cat D2

Golf D2

Lag trp1 D4

Lag trp1 D3

Lag D4

Lag trp2 D4



Number-based size distribution of particles emitted from four different cars (LAT)

SMPS distribution - 120 km/h

1000000000

5,00001E+14

1E+15

1,5E+15

2E+15

2,5E+15

3E+15

3,5E+15

4E+15

4,5E+15

1 10 100 1000

nm

dN

/dlo

gd

p k

m-1

Lag D2

Lag D3

Lag D4

Lag D5

Cor G3

Cor G1

BMW G1

BMW G3

Golf Cat D4

Golf Cat D3

Golf Cat D2

Golf D2

Lag trp1 D4

Lag trp1 D3

Lag D4

Lag trp2 D4



Particulate emissions (PM) from light-duty diesel cars over the cold NEDC cycle using

fuel D2 or D5

PM, Light-duty vehicles, Cold NEDC cycle, Fuel D2 and D5

0,00

0,01

0,02

0,03

0,04

0,05

0,06

LATRenaultLaguna

DI Euro 3D2

LATRenaultLaguna

DI Euro 3D5

LAT VWGolf DIEuro 1

D2

LAT VWGolf DIEuro 1

oxicat D2

MTCPeugeot406 Euro

3 D2

MTCPeugeot406 Euro

3 D5

MTCPeugeot607 HDIEuro 3

DPF D2


DPF D5

MTC VWGolf TDIEuro 3

oxicat D2


oxicat D5

SHELLPeugeot607 2.2

HDI Euro3 DPF D2

SHELLPeugeot607 2.2

HDI Euro3 DPF D5

SHELLVW Golf1.9 TDIEuro 3

oxicat D2


oxicat D5

PM

, g

km

-1



The total number of particles emitted (CPC Total N) for a combination of light-duty vehicles and fuels (D2, D5)

Total particle count (CPC), Light-duty vehicles, Cold NEDC, Fuel D2 and D5

1,0E+09

1,0E+10

1,0E+11

1,0E+12

1,0E+13

1,0E+14

1,0E+15

1,0E+16

LATRenaultLaguna

DI Euro 3D2

LATRenaultLaguna

DI Euro 3D5

LAT VWGolf DIEuro 1

D2

LAT VWGolf DIEuro 1

oxicat D2

MTCPeugeot406 Euro

3 D2

MTCPeugeot406 Euro

3 D5


DPF D2


DPF D5


oxicat D2


oxicat D5

SHELLPeugeot607 2.2

HDI Euro3 DPF D2

SHELLPeugeot607 2.2

HDI Euro3 DPF D5


oxicat D2


oxicat D5

To

tal

N,

km

-1



The active surface area measured (ASMO) for a combination of light-duty vehicles and fuels (D2, D5)

DC Active Surface Area, Light-duty vehicles, Cold NEDC cycle, Fuel D2 and D5

1,00E+00

1,00E+01

1,00E+02

1,00E+03

1,00E+04

1,00E+05

1,00E+06

LATRenaultLaguna

DI Euro 3D2

LATRenaultLaguna

DI Euro 3D5

LAT VWGolf DIEuro 1

D2

LAT VWGolf DIEuro 1

oxicat D2

MTCPeugeot406 Euro

3 D2

MTCPeugeot406 Euro

3 D5


DPF D2


DPF D5


oxicat D2


oxicat D5

SHELLPeugeot607 2.2

HDI Euro3 DPF

D2

SHELLPeugeot607 2.2

HDI Euro3 DPF

D5


oxicat D2


oxicat D5

Ac

tiv

e S

urf

ac

e A

rea

, c

m2

km

-1



The number of “non-volatile” particles (ELPI) for a combination of light-duty

vehicles and fuels (D2, D5)

ELPI N Stages 1-7, Light-duty vehicles, Cold NEDC cycle, Fuel D2 and D5

1,0E+08

1,0E+09

1,0E+10

1,0E+11

1,0E+12

1,0E+13

1,0E+14

1,0E+15

LATRenaultLaguna

DI Euro 3D2

LATRenaultLaguna

DI Euro 3D5

LAT VWGolf DIEuro 1

D2

LAT VWGolf DIEuro 1

oxicat D2

MTCPeugeot406 Euro

3 D2

MTCPeugeot406 Euro

3 D5


DPF D2


DPF D5


oxicat D2


oxicat D5

SHELLPeugeot607 2.2

HDI Euro3 DPF D2

SHELLPeugeot607 2.2

HDI Euro3 DPF D5


oxicat D2


oxicat D5

EL

PI

N S

tag

es

1-7

, k

m-1



PM emissions from cars studied at LAT

Four different cars were studied: a Euro I diesel car (VW Golf), a Euro III diesel car (Renault Laguna), a Euro I gasoline car (BMW 318) and a Euro II gasoline car (Toyota Corolla). The two gasoline cars were both equipped with conventional multi-port injected engines.

PM - Cold NEDC

-1,00E-02

0,00E+00

1,00E-02

2,00E-02

3,00E-02

4,00E-02

5,00E-02

6,00E-02

Lag D2 Lag D3 Lag D4 Lag D5 Cor G3 Cor G1 BMW G1 BMW G3 Golf CatD4

Golf CatD3

Golf CatD2

Golf D2 Lag trp1D4

Lag trp1D3

Lag D4 Lag trp2D4

g k

m-1



Peugeot 607 particle emissions from comparable cycles at +22C (MTC)

1,E+09

1,E+10

1,E+11

1,E+12

1,E+13

1,E+14

1,E+15

Arte

mis

Urb

an

Arte

mis

Ro

ad

Arte

mis

Mo

torw

ay

50 k

m/h

90 k

m/h

120

km

/h

Arte

mis

Urb

an

Arte

mis

Ro

ad

Arte

mis

Mo

torw

ay

50 k

m/h

90 k

m/h

120

km

/h

EL

PI

an

d C

PC

, #/k

m

1,E+00

1,E+01

1,E+02

1,E+03

1,E+04

1,E+05

1,E+06

AS

MO

, cm

2/k

m

ELPI 1-7

CPC

ASMO

D5 D2



Wet branch particle concentration during Artemis Motorway as measured by the CPC for D2 and D5

fuels (MTC)

1,E+00

1,E+01

1,E+02

1,E+03

1,E+04

1,E+05

1,E+06

1,E+07

0 200 400 600 800

time (s)

pa

rtic

le c

on

cen

tra

tio

n (

#/c

m3

)

D2 D2 D5 D5



Particulate mass and active surface area for heavy-duty Euro II and Euro III engines

0,00E+00

5,00E+04

1,00E+05

1,50E+05

2,00E+05

2,50E+05

3,00E+05

3,50E+05

4,00E+05

4,50E+05

0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25

PM (g/kWh)

Act

ive

Su

rfac

e A

rea

(cm

2/kW

h)



Correlation between particulate mass and active surface area for light-duty Euro II and

Euro III cars

0,00E+00

2,00E+05

4,00E+05

6,00E+05

8,00E+05

1,00E+06

1,20E+06

1,40E+06

1,60E+06

1,80E+06

2,00E+06

0,000 0,050 0,100 0,150 0,200 0,250 0,300 0,350

PM (g/km)

Act

ive

Su

rfac

e A

rea

(cm

2/km

)



General findings

• Older engine technology produced higher mass emissions than newer technology

• Both new and old technology produced nuclei mode particles under certain operating conditions

• HD diesel particulate filters (CRT) removed around 95 % or more of the number of particles in the accumulation mode

• And more….



Deliverable 13, how to proceed?

• Update the report Aftertreatment effects might need more detailed analysis?

• Focus on general trends (complete driving cycles etc.)

• Contributions can be sent to Volvo

• Detailed analysis in reports from individual labs (or scientific papers to come)

Deliverable 13

Documents

Transcript of Deliverable 13