Davis- International Cooperation to Manage High Skill Migration (2010)
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Transcript of Davis- International Cooperation to Manage High Skill Migration (2010)
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Planteamiento/Datos sobre migracion
Davis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *0+
n estimated 200 million people -ere living o.tside t!eir !ome co.ntries in200* ( oser, 200 )
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.sti icacion /Datos sobre migraci n especiali3ada
Davis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *0+
T!e !ig!l4 s$illed constit.te a signi icant proportion o international migrantsIn 2000, a person -it! a .niversit4 or grad.ate sc!ool ed.cation -as si5times more li$el4 to migrate legall4 t!an one -it! less t!an a !ig! sc!ool
ed.cation T!irt4" ive percent o t!e legal immigrant stoc$ in 67CDco.ntries, more t!an 20 million people all told, ell into t!e !ig!"s$illcategor4, compared -it! 80 percent a decade earlier (Doc9.ier & ar o.$,200*)
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.sti icacion/ a3ones para migrar
Davis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *0+
H.man mobilit4 is constrained or man4 reasons ost people are attac!edto t!eir !ome co.ntries and c!oose not to leave an4 ot!ers are too poor to be able to leave :et t!ere is no do.bt t!at p.blic polic4 also s.ppresses
migration lo-s
Planteamiento/;Por 9.e los gobiernos act.an
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Davis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *10
eceiving co.ntr4 governments eel obliged to reg.late =people lo-s> inorder to protect $e4 constit.ents, de end perceived national interests, andavoid t!e pop.lar bac$las! t!at opening t!e borders -o.ld li$el4 prod.ce Indoing so, t!ese governments ma4 be missing o.t on opport.nities t!at
-o.ld prod.ce m.t.al gains or bot! t!eir o-n co.ntries and t!e sendingco.ntries
Planteamiento/;Por 9.? es importante la migraci n
Planteamiento
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Davis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P*11
It is not s.rprising, t!en, t!at global demand or !ig!l4 s$illed -or$ers isrising odern tec!nolog4, especiall4 in ormation and comm.nicationstec!nolog4, is complementar4 to !ig!l4 s$illed -or$, even as it displaces.ns$illed labor ( cemogl., 2002)
Planteamiento
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Davis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P*11
s in t!e b.siness -orld, bot! =inc.mbents> and =ne- entrants> amongnational governments are emp!asi3ing t!e attraction and retention o !ig!l4s$illed -or$ers
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PlanteamientoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P*11
T!e 'nited ingdom and Grance !ave recentl4 instit.ted policies t!at t!eir polic4 ma$ers !ope -ill allo- t!em to compete more e ectivel4 or globaltalent 7ven Aerman4 and apan, -!ic! !ave not !istoricall4 -elcomedimmigrants, are beginning to adE.st to t!e ne- realities (Hart, 200 b)
mong t!e =ne- entrants,> Tai-an, Ireland, and Israel !ave demonstratedt!at -ooing !ome e5patriates can be a ver4 val.able component o a$no-ledge"based economic development strateg4 ( re3nit3, 200J)
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PlanteamientoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P*11
T!e 'nited #tates and India are not e5empt rom t!ese trends T!e 'nited#tates remains t!e central !.b o t!e global !ig!"s$ill migration s4stem, andit !as not elt t!e press.re to adE.st its policies as ac.tel4 as ot!er =inc.mbents > .t it !as made important c!anges in recent 4ears, as -e
describe in more detail belo-, and !ig!"s$ill migration polic4 remains on t!e' # governmentKs agenda
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Planteamiento/A.erra de talentoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *11"*12
Co.ntries and companies t4picall4 ass.me t!at t!e competition or talent isa 3ero"s.m game% -!en a !ig!l4 s$illed person crosses national or organi3ational bo.ndaries, all t!e pa4o s rom t!e !.man capital t!at s!ecarries -it! !er -ill ollo- Common metap!ors re lect t!is ass.mption
#ince t!e 1+ 0s, international dialog.e on !ig!"s$ill migration !as oc.sedon t!e idea t!at a =brain drain> ma$es t!e ric! ric!er and t!e poor poorer
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.sti icaci nDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *12
s!o- t!at t!e migrants t!emselves and t!e economies t!at receive t!emderive bene its rom a sim.lated increase in international migration, -!ereast!ose le t be!ind in t!e so.rce co.ntries are made -orse o
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arco TeoricoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *12
lt!o.g! t!e point is sometimes lost in political debate, t!e Linters andot!ers (2008) sim.lations point o.t t!at t!e migrants t!emselves are t!emost signi icant direct bene iciaries o migration
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.sti icaci nDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *12
Pritc!ett (200 ) t!.s arg.es t!at =migration is development > Fationalincome statistics loo$ 9.ite di erent i t!e4 are calc.lated b4 s.mming .pt!e earnings o all t!ose born in a partic.lar co.ntr4, regardless o t!eir c.rrent place o residence, t!an t!e4 do i t!e4 are meas.red -it!in t!e
geograp!ical bo.ndaries o a nation (Clemens & Pritc!ett, 200 )
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arco TeoricoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *12
s$illed migration is bene icial or receiving co.ntries #ome anal4sts gobe4ond t!e conventional !.man capital acc.m.lation arg.ment, claimingt!at t!e diversit4 o ideas and relations!ips t!at migrants bring to t!eir ne-!omes en!ances t!eir $no-ledge spillovers =T!e magic,> states Mac!ar4
(2008), =is in t!e mi5ing >
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arco Teorico/ De inicion de rain DrainDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *12
T!e =brain gain> arg.ment vie-s t!e opport.nit4 or s$illed migration as anincrease in t!e e5pected val.e o investment in ed.cation I a collegegrad.ate can earn ive ig.res as a n.rse in D.b.9.e or an engineer inD.bai, instead o o.r ig.res delivering mail in anila, t!e t!in$ing goes,
more people -ill see$ s.c! degrees
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arco Teorico/ De inicion de rain circ.lationDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *18
T!e =brain circ.lation> perspective asserts t!at t!e declining costs o transportation and comm.nication allo- people to capitali3e on $no-ledgeover m.c! larger distances t!an ever be ore no-ledge spillovers arem.c! less locali3ed t!an t!e4 .sed to be, t!an$s to more re9.ent personal
visits and massive band-idt!embers o a diaspora can more easil4 maintain strong relations!ips -it!t!e riends and colleag.es t!at t!e4 le t be!ind t!an t!e4 co.ld in t!e past,and t!ese social net-or$s in t!eir !ome co.ntries capt.re some o t!ebene its t!at -o.ld !ave been concentrated in t!e receiving co.ntr4 in t!epast
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arco Teorico/ De inicion de migraci n de retornoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *18
et.rn migration, -!et!er temporar4 or permanent, is more literall4 =braincirc.lation > L!en living conditions improve in t!e sending co.ntries, ret.rncan become an appealing prospect or !ig!"s$ill migrants et.rn migrantsbring -it! t!em t!e social capital as -ell as t!e !.man capital t!at t!e4
!ave gained d.ring t!eir soEo.rn abroad, acilitating contin.ed internationalcollaboration in creative and b.siness activities
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Planteamiento/Politica migratoriaDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"
#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *18
#tates t4picall4 vie- control over migration lo-s to be a .ndamentalattrib.te o sovereignt4 (Corneli.s, 200N) T!e4 implement migration policiesin response to po-er .l economic and social interests -it!in domestic civilsociet4 T!ese policies .s.all4 contrib.te to t!e sec.rit4 and oreign polic4
obEectives o t!e state itsel as -ell
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arco TeoricoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"
#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *1N
Competition or =brains> among states, eac! o -!ic! is independentl4p.rs.ing its perceived sel "interest, is not necessaril4 a bad t!ing 6nesal.tar4 e ect o s.c! competition is to give greater leverage to s$illedmigrants ( ap.r & cHale, 200*)
T!e interests o t!e migrants t!emselves are .s.all4 .nderrepresented int!e international arena, since t!e4 are not perceived to be .ll members o eit!er t!eir co.ntr4 o origin or t!eir co.ntr4 o destination
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arco TeoricoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"
#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *1N
I sending co.ntr4 ed.cational s4stems are too -ea$ or rigid to respond tot!e increased =p.ll> rom competing receiving co.ntries, as t!e brain gaint!eor4 anticipates, t!e sending co.ntries ma4 be made m.c! -orse o In a-orst"case scenario, one can imagine =intellect.al protectionism> t!at bot!
limits migration and also restricts postmigration contacts -it! t!e !omeco.ntr4
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arco Teorico o .sti icacionDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"
#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *1N
T!e scope and oc.s o s.c! cooperation -ill o necessit4 var4 over timeand across space #ome sending co.ntries are poor candidates or cooperative arrangements, beca.se t!e4 do not -elcome contrib.tions tot!eir development b4 members o t!e diaspora or beca.se conditions on t!e
gro.nd (s.c! as civil con lict or political instabilit4) ma$e it e5tremel4 di ic.ltor e5patriates to ma$e a contrib.tion
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.sti icacionDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"
#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *1N
6pport.nities or cooperation also var4 beca.se migration lo-s are not.ni orm Gor man4 sending co.ntries, a single receiving co.ntr4 dominatest!e emigration pattern d.e to actors s.c! as pro5imit4, colonial !istor4, and
s!ared lang.age
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arco TeoricoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"
#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *1*
lt!o.g! national interests are generall4 too diverse and sovereignt4 toopo-er .l a principle or m.ltilateral negotiations to 4ield concrete o.tcomes,global and regional or.ms on international migration can lead to in ormatione5c!ange, visibilit4, and artic.lation o norms ( artin, artin, & Cross, 200J)
t!at advance t!e prospects or bilateral deals (I6 , 200 , c!ap 18)
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Planteamiento/2da generacion mas ed.cadaDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"
#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *1
Indian" mericans are !ig!l4 ed.cated 6 t!e Indian"born citi3ens co.ntedb4 t!e Cens.s, appro5imatel4 0 percent !ad completed some college, andover + percent !ad completed at least a bac!elorKs degree
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arco TeoricoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"
#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *1
s -e describe in more detail belo-, Indians dominate temporar4admissions or !ig!l4 s$illed -or$ in t!e 'nited #tates ( onger & arr,200+), and t!e4 comprise t!e largest nationalit4 gro.p among oreign
st.dents in ' # !ig!er ed.cation as -ell (Instit.te o International7d.cation, 200 )
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arco TeoricoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"
#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *1
s -e noted above, t!e most severel4 a ected co.ntries e5perience s$illedemigration rates o over J0 percent, -!ereas IndiaKs is b.t N 8 percent (J 8percent or science and tec!nolog4 grad.ates) (Doc9.ier & ar o.$, 200*O
FI#T D#, 200+)
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PlanteamientoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"
#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *1J
T!e positive"s.m logic o =brain gain> and =brain circ.lation> s.ggests t!aten!ancing eedbac$s rom !ig!"s$ill migration to economic and socialdevelopment in India is not incompatible -it! s.stained contrib.tions b4migrants to ' # prosperit4 and contin.ed improvement o t!e migrantsK o-n-ell"being
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PlanteamientoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"
#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *1J
T!e binational net-or$s t!at t!e4 !ave beg.n to create ma4 give t!e 'nited#tates an important =collaborative advantage> (B4nn & #al3man, 200 ) int!e global econom4 compared -it! ot!er !ig!"income nations t!at are notas open to !ig!"s$ill migrationT!e prospect o aggregate gains or bot! India and t!e 'nited #tates as ares.lt o !ig!"s$ill migration does not precl.de t!e possibilit4 t!at partic.lar gro.ps -it!in one or bot! co.ntries -ill be disadvantaged b4 it
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arco TeoricoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"
#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *1J
#ome advocates arg.e t!at large s-at!es o ' # !ig!"tec!nolog4 ind.str4are in danger o being lost permanentl4 d.e to t!e openness o t!e co.ntr4to oreign st.dents and pro essionals T!is position reverses t!e .s.aldirection o t!e brain drain arg.ment, b.t maintains its 3ero"s.m concept t!ird obEective o bilateral cooperation bet-een t!e 'nited #tates and Indiaon !ig!"s$ill migration, t!en, in addition to ostering =brain gain> and =braincirc.lation> and en!ancing t!e contrib.tions o Indian immigrants to t!e'nited #tates, s!o.ld be to !ead o t!e t!reat o bac$las! b4 limiting !ig!"s$ill migrationKs negative conse9.ences or ' # -or$ers
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PlanteamientoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"
#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *1J
ot! t!e opport.nities or !ig!"s$ill migration bet-een India and t!e 'nited#tates to ac!ieve bilateral goals, and t!e t!reat o bac$las! t!at -o.ld.ndermine t!e relations!ip,
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PlanteamientoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"
#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *20
T!e ' # immigration s4stem provides visa -aivers or medicalpro essionals -illing to -or$ -it! s.c! pop.lations T!e so"called =Conrad80> program !as placed *00 nonimmigrants doctors in r.ral comm.nitiessince its inception in 1++N (Conrad, 200+)
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arco TeoricoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"
#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *21
Arad.ate ed.cation is a t!ird important sector -it!in t!e ' # India !ig!"s$ill migration relations!ip Bi$e medicine, ed.cation generall4 re9.irespersonal presence or t!e process to !ave its intended e ect T!is ispartic.larl4 tr.e at t!e grad.ate level, -!ere st.dents are pic$ing .p t!etacit, cra t s$ills t!at -ill be critical or t!em to be able to practice t!eir pro essions
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.sti icaci n/Inversion de gobierno para ed.ccionDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *22
not!er important area o cooperation relates to t!e rapidl4 increasing costo ed.cation, -!o pa4s or it, and -!o bene its T!e Indian p.blic sector ma$es a signi icant investment in .ndergrad.ate ed.cation, s.c! as t!atprovided b4 t!e Indian Instit.tes o Tec!nolog4, -!ic! eed ' # grad.ateinstit.tions #ome in India see t!is as an investment lost -!en st.dentsmigrate or grad.ate ed.cation abroad 6n t!e ot!er !and, man4 Indiangrad.ate st.dents receive s.pport rom ' # ederal &D .nds, -!ic!domestic st.dents and t!eir elected representatives ma4 vie- as.n-elcome oreign competition program o cooperation t!at acilitatesbrain circ.lation and researc!"oriented collaboration bet-een t!e 'nited#tates and India mig!t !ead o an4 bac$las! t!at mig!t arise d.e to t!eserictions
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arco Teorico/ cciones conE.ntasDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *22 a
n important long"term conse9.ence o t!e bilateral lo- o grad.atest.dents rom India to t!e 'nited #tates is t!e s!ortage o doctoral degree!olders in India to ill teac!ing and researc! positions (Pritc!ett, 200 ) T!iss!ortage in!ibits IndiaKs e orts to b.ild !.man capital and red.ces itsdomestic capacit4 or researc! and innovation Demograp!ic di erencesg.arantee t!at t!e 'nited #tates -ill contin.e to receive a stead4 lo- o grad.ate st.dents rom India L!ile man4 o t!ese migrants -ill remain int!e 'nited #tates and contrib.te to its econom4 and societ4, it is in t!e'nited #tatesK interest to acilitate t!e ret.rn o some o t!em in order toseed .rt!er development o Indian !ig!er ed.cation 'nilateral action,eit!er to restrict brain drain on t!e part o India or to restrict reverse braindrain on t!e part o t!e 'nited #tates, -o.ld miss t!is enormo.s opport.nit4or m.t.al bene it I too e- o t!e !.ndreds o millions o 4o.ng Indians areable to receive a !ig!"9.alit4 ed.cation, t!e4 ma4 be c!anneled into
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.nprod.ctive p.rs.its t!at co.ld a ect India and t!e 'nited #tatesnegativel4
arco Teorico/ cciones conE.ntas
Davis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *22 b
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PlanteamientoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"
#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *28
T!e process o globali3ation, enabled b4 advances in in ormation andcomm.nication tec!nologies, distrib.ted b.siness models, and liberali3ednational policies, !as created ne- c!oices or individ.als -!o !ave s$illsand $no-ledge t!at are in demand T!ese individ.als are increasingl4 ableto migrate to -!erever t!e4 believe t!e4 can best reali3e t!eir potential
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PlanteamientoDavis, Ted & Hart, David (2010), International Cooperation to anage Hig!"
#$ill igration% t!e Case o India"'# elations, Review of Policy Research ,P *28
T!ese d4namics are ostering a global mar$et or !ig!l4 s$illed people andt!e possibilit4 o a 3ero"s.m =-ar or talent> among irms and co.ntriesHo-ever, t!e distrib.tion o costs and bene its t!at res.lt rom t!is e5plosiono mobilit4 is not necessaril4 i5ed T!e m.t.al bene its o =brain gain> and=brain circ.lation> ma4, .nder some circ.mstances, o.t-eig! t!econcentrated costs o =brain drain >