d/ V V - Cascadilla Press · This file contains all of tables, figures, and diagrams from The...
Transcript of d/ V V - Cascadilla Press · This file contains all of tables, figures, and diagrams from The...
This file contains all of tables, figures, and diagrams fromThe Sounds of Spanish: Analysis and Application, by RobertM. Hammond, published by Cascadilla Press.
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TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 6666
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 1.1. Basic organization of the rule-based generative phonology model
Phonological Representation
⇑⇓
Rule System
⇑⇓
Phonetic Representation
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 7777
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 1.2. An example of an SPE-based generative phonological rule
/d/ → [#] / V___V
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 11112222
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Table 2.1. Spelling/pronunciation non-correspondences in American Spanish
Words Problematic letters
astahasta
“h”
susurrozarzuelacerrarcicatriz
“s”, “z”, “c”
jeringarjinetegentegimnasio
“j”, “g”
bacavacatubotuvo
“b”, “v”
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 11114444
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 2.2. Boundary symbols used in this book
Boundary symbol Type of transcription Example
/.../[...]
PhonemicPhonetic
casacasa
/kasa/[kása]
Boundary symbol Type of boundary Example
CV.CV#...###...##
SyllableWordPhrase (breath group)
casala casaEstá en la casa.
ca.sa#la#ca.sa###es.tá#en#la#ca.sa##
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 11116666
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 2.3. Silent letters of Spanish orthography
Example Silentletter
Lettertranscription
Wordtranscription
1. hasta2. ahogar
“h”“h”
[Ø] (none)[Ø]
[ás.ta][a.o.ƒár]
3. guerra4. guitarra
“u”“u”
[Ø][Ø]
[gé.0a][gi.tá.0a]
5. quedar6. quitar
“u”“u”
[Ø][Ø]
[ke.#ár][ki.tár]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 11116666
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Table 2.4. The Spanish letter “x” representing two sounds in Spanish
Example Letter Lettertranscription
Wordtranscription
1. examen2. extraer
“x”“x”
[ƒs][ks]
[eƒ.sá.men][eks.tra.ér]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 11117777
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Table 2.5. Spanish spelling/transcriptiondifferences in seseo and distinción dialects
Word Letter Phonetic transcription
distinción seseo
1. sapo2. casas
“s”“s”
[sá.po][ká.sas]
[sá.po][ká.sas]
3. zarzuela4. caza5. paz
“z”“z”“z”
[Tar.Twé.ka][ká.Ta][páT]
[sar.swé.ka][ká.sa][pás]
6. centro7. cine
“c”“c”
[Té7.tro][Tí.ne]
[sé7.tro][sí.ne]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 11118888
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Table 2.6. Miscellaneous Spanish spelling/transcriptionproblems frequently encountered by English speakers
Example Problematicletter
Lettertranscription
Wordtranscription
1. guapo2. antiguo
“u”“u”
[w][w]
[gwá.po][a7.tí.ƒwo]
3. vergüenza4. pingüino
“ü”“ü”
[w][w]
[ber.ƒwén.sa][piN.gwí.no]
5. jeringar6. jinete7. jarabe8. jorobar9. junto
“j”“j”“j”“j”“j”
[h][h][h][h][h]
[he.riN.gár][hi.né.te][ha.rá.Be][ho.ro.Bár][hú7.to]
10. gente11. gimnasio
“g”“g”
[h][h]
[hé7.te][him.ná.syo]
12. baca13. tubo
“b”“b”
[b][B]
[bá.ka][tú.Bo]
14. vaca15. tuvo
“v”“v”
[b][B]
[bá.ka][tú.Bo]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 22222222
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Figure 3.1. Path of the airstream during the production of egressive speech sounds
1. Diaphragm
2. Lung
3. Bronchial tube
4. Trachea
5. Larynx
6. Pharynx
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 22223333
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Figure 3.2. Facial cross-section illustrating the location of some of the moreimportant anatomical structures involved in the production of human speech sounds
1. Lower teeth
2. Upper teeth
3. Lower lip
4. Upper lip
5. Oral cavity
6. Velum
7. Nasal cavity
8. Naso-pharynx
9. Pharyngeal cavity
10. Laryngeal cavity
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 33333333
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Figure 4.1. The five vowel phonemes of Spanish with key wordsshown according to their relative articulation position in the oral cavity
/i/ si/u/ su
/e/ se/o/ so
/a/ la
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 33334444
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 4.2. The eleven vowel phonemes of American English with key wordsshown according to their relative articulation position in the oral cavity
/iy/ beat
/I/ bit/uw/ boot
/U/ book
/ey/ bait
/E/ bet/√/ but
/ow/ boat
/ç/ bought
/Q/ bat /A/ bot
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 33335555
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 4.3. The nine regions of the oral cavity
high-front high-central high-back
mid-front mid-central mid-back
low-front low-central low-back
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 33338888
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Figure 4.4. Pairs of tense and lax vowel phonemes in American English
/iy/ [+tense]
/I/ [–tense]/uw/ [+tense]
/U/ [–tense]
/ey/ [+tense]
/E/ [–tense]/ow/ [+tense]
/ç/ [–tense]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 44441111
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Table 4.1. Some additional vowel contrasts found in standard European French
Oral versusnasalized vowels
/E/ Mid front lax oral vowelversus
/E/ Mid front lax nasalized vowel
fait [fF] ‘fact’ versus fin [fÔ] ‘end’
Rounded versusnon-rounded oral
vowels
/i/ High front tense non-rounded oral vowelversus
/ü/ High front tense rounded oral vowelversus
/u/ High back tense rounded oral vowel
si [sí] ‘if’ versus su [sÍ] ‘known’ versus sous [sú] ‘under’
Rounded versusnon-rounded
nasalized vowels
/E/ Mid front non-rounded lax nasalized vowelversus
/œ/ Mid front rounded lax nasalized vowel
brin [brÔ] ‘blade’ versus brun [br–] ‘brown’
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 44445555
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Figure 5.1. The structure of the Spanish syllable
(Onset) Nucleus (Coda)pgq
σ
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 44445555
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Table 5.1. Spanish syllable structures
Syllable type Example Transcription
1. V #a.mar# [a.már]
2. CV #me.sas# [mé.sas]
3. CCV #pla.cer# [pka.sér]
4. CCCVC #clien.te# [k¥yé7.te]
5. VC #al.go# [ák.ƒo]
6. VCC #abs.tracto [abs.trák.to]
7. CVC #co.mer# [ko.mér]
8. CCVC #pues# [pwés]
9. CCVCC #claus.tro# [kkáws.tro]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 44449999
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Table 5.2. The six active articulators and their descriptors
Active articulator Descriptors
Lower lip Bilabials Labio-dentals
Tongue blade Apical Laminal Frontal
Tongue body Dorsal Pre-dorsalPost-dorsal
Velum Nasal Uvular
Tongue root Pharyngeal
Vocal folds Laryngeal(or glottal)
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 55551111
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Table 5.3. Places of articulation, descriptors, and principal active articulators
Place of articulation Descriptors Activearticulator
Spanish example
Upper lipUpper front teeth
BilabialLabio-dental
Lower lip bocafijar
Between upper & lower front teethBehind upper front teethAlveolar ridgeAlveolar ridge/ pre-palatal areaAnterior portion of hard palateCentral or posterior area of hard palate
Interdental
DentalAlveolarRetroflex
Palato-alveolar
Palatal
Tongue blade cita (whenpronounced [Tí.ta])díarabosed
chico
ñame
Anterior area of soft palatePosterior area of soft palate
VelarPost-velar
Tongue body gatojarro (whenpronounced [Xá.ro])
Secondary occlusion in oral cavityUvula
Nasal
Uvular
Velum mata
jarro (whenpronounced [{á.ro])
Posterior wall of pharynx Pharyngeal Tongue root (none)
Glottis Glottal Vocal folds jarro (whenpronounced [há.ro])
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 55557777
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Table 5.4. Stricture types with the cavities where strictures occurand the active articulator associated with each group
Class ofsounds
Stricturetype
Cavity Primaryarticulator
Spanishexamples
1. GlidesMinimal
Laryngeal Vocal folds (none)
obstructionPharyngeal Tongue root (none)
of airflow OralTongue blade [y]
Tongue body [w]
2a. Lateral liquids
Lateral release Oral Tongue blade [k]
2b. Non-lateral liquids
Many Oral Tongue blade [r], [0]
3. Nasals Secondary articulatorin oral cavity
Nasal Velum [m], [n]
Radical closeLaryngeal Vocal folds [h]
approximation Pharyngeal Tongue root (none)
4. Fricatives between articulator
Oral
Tongue blade [s]and place of Tongue body [x]articulation
Lower lip [f]
5. AffricatesOcclusive onset
OralTongue blade [c]
followed by fricativerelease Lower lip (none)
Laryngeal Vocal folds (none)Total occlusion by Pharyngeal Tongue root (none)
6. Stopsarticulator in direct
Tongue blade [t], [d]contact with place of
Oral Tongue body [k], [g]articulationLower lip [p], [b]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 55558888
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Table 5.5. Spanish stop phonemes which exploit a voicing contrast
Stopphoneme
Voicing Primaryarticulator
Place ofarticulation
/p//b/
VoicelessVoiced
Lower lipLower lip
Upper lipUpper lip
/t//d/
VoicelessVoiced
Tongue bladeTongue blade
Upper teethUpper teeth
/k//g/
VoicelessVoiced
Tongue bodyTongue body
VelumVelum
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 66661111
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Figure 6.1. Relative airstream obstruction and the five families of sounds
Maximum obstruction
↑
Medium obstruction
↓
Minimum obstruction
OBSTRUENTS↑
NASALS
LIQUIDS
GLIDES↓
VOWELS
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 66662222
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 6.2. Subdivision of three principal categories of obstruentsaccording to the parameter of airstream obstruction
Greater obstruction↑
Medium obstruction↓
Lesser obstruction
STOPS↑
AFFRICATES↓
FRICATIVES
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 66664444
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Figure 6.3. The five vowel phonemes of Spanish
/i//u/
/e//o/
/a/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 66666666
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Table 7.1. Different pronunciations of the American English phoneme /t/
Word Phoneticrealization of /t/
Phonetic descriptionof /t/
stem [t] Plain, unaspirated
ten [th] Aspirated
strip [;] Retroflexed
atom [R] Flapped (tapped)
panty [≤] Nasal flap
hit [t/] Glottalized
button [/] Glottal stop
tents [Ø] Zero (deleted)
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 66668888
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Figure 7.1. Aspiration rule for the American English phoneme /t/
/t/ → [th] / $ ___1 2 3 4 5 6
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 66669999
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Figure 7.2. A phonological model and its three major components
PHONEMES → (PHONOLOGICAL RULES) → (ALLOPHONES)
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 66669999
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Table 7.2. English examples illustrating notion of distinctiveness
Original word Interchanged sounds New word
pit /pIt/ /p/ and /b/ bit /bIt/tip /tIp/ /t/ and /d/ dip /dIp/
back /bQk/ /k/ and /g/ bag /bQg/
cheap /ciyp/ /c/ and /j/ jeep /jiyp/
sun /s√n/ /n/ and /m/ sum /s√m/
rot /®At/ /®/ and /l/ lot /lAt/
peat /piyt/ /iy/ and /I/ pit /pIt/boot /buwt/ /uw/ and /ow/ boat /bowt/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 77771111
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Figure 7.3. Classical Latin vowel phonemes
/≈/
/ƒ//…/
/»/
/√/
/¬//«/
/∆/
/¡/
/¿/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 77772222
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Table 7.3. Vowel length in American English
Word Phonemicrepresentation
Phoneticrealization
Environment
1. cap2. cab
/kQp//kQb/
[khGp][khG:b]
Before /p/Before /b/
3. cat4. cad
/kQt//kQd/
[khGt][khG:d]
Before /t/Before /d/
5. back6. bag
/bQk//bQg/
[bGk][bG:g]
Before /k/Before /g/
7. batch8. badge
/bQc//bQj/
[bGc][bG:j]
Before /c/Before /j/
9. bus10. buzz
/b√s//b√z/
[bHs][bH:z]
Before /s/Before /z/
11. safe12. save
/seyf//seyv/
[séyf][séy:v]
Before /f/Before /v/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 77773333
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Figure 7.4. Oral vowel phonemes of Brazilian Portuguese
/i/ /u/
/e/
/E/ /o/
/ç/
/a/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 77773333
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Figure 7.5. The five vowel phonemes of Spanish
/i//u/
/e//o/
/a/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 77774444
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Table 7.4. Minimal pairs showing thephonemic function of /s/ and /z / in English
Word Phonemicrepresentation
Phoneticrepresentation
suezoo
/suw//zuw/
[súw][zúw]
busbuzz
/b√s//b√z/
[bHs][bH:z]
peacepeas
/piys//piyz/
[píys][píy:z]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 77775555
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Table 7.5. The phones [s] and [z] in some dialects of American Spanish
Word Phonemicrepresentation
Phoneticrepresentation
1. casa2. mesa3. caza
/kasa//mesa//kasa/
[ká.sa][mé.sa][ká.sa]
4. zapato /sapato/ [sa.pá.to]
5. mismo6. desde7. isla8. rasgo
/mismo//desde//isla//0asgo/
[míz.mo][déz.#e][íz.ka][0áz.ƒo]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 77776666
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Table 7.6. Pronunciation of representativewords in lleísta and yeísta Spanish dialects
Word lleísta dialects yeísta dialects
llave /¥abe/ /&abe/
calle /ka¥e/ /ka&e/
llegar /¥egar/ /&egar/
caballo /kaba¥o/ /kaba&o/
halla /a¥a/ /a&a/
haya /a&a/ /a&a/
callo /ka¥o/ /ka&o/
cayo /ka&o/ /ka&o/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 77777777
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Table 7.7. Phonemic and phonetic representationsof /k/ before palatals in all standard Spanish dialects
Word Phonemicrepresentation
Phoneticrepresentation
el llavero /ek#&abero/ [e¥.&a.Bé.ro]
el yate /ek#&ate/ [e¥.&á.te]
el ñame /ek#ñame/ [e¥.ñá.me]
al llegar /ak#&egar/ [a¥.&e.ƒár]
al llevar /ak#&ebar/ [a¥.&e.Bár]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 77777777
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Table 7.8. Complementary distributionof two allophones of American English /p/
Word Phonemicrepresentation
Phoneticrepresentation
spin /spIn/ [spIn]
pin /pIn/ [phIn]
pop /pAp/ [phAp]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 77778888
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Table 7.9. Free variation of two allophones of Spanish /n/
Word Phonemicrepresentation
Phoneticrepresentations
pan /pan/ [pán] or [páN]
hablan /abkan/ [á.Bkan] or [á.BkaN]
fin /fin/ [fín] or [fíN]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 77779999
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Figure 7.6. The five vowel phonemes of Spanish
/i//u/
/e//o/
/a/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 88880000
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Table 7.10. The consonant phonemes of Spanish
Bi-lab.
Lab-den.
Int-den.
Den. Alv. Al-pal.
Pal. Vel. Pos.vel.
Glot.
Voicelessstops
/p/ /t/ /k/
Voicedstops
/b/ /d/ /g/
Voicelessaffricate
/c/
Voicelessfricatives
/f/ /T/ /s/ (/x/ /X/ /h/)
Voicedfricatives
/&/ /%/
Nasals /m/ /n/ /ñ/Liquids /k/
/r//0/
/¥/
Glides /y/ /w/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 88881111
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Figure 7.7. The eleven vowel phonemes of American English
/iy/
/I//uw/
/U/
/ey/
/E//√/
/ow/
/ç/
/Q/ /A/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 88882222
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Table 7.11. The consonant phonemes of American English
Bi-lab.
Lab-den.
Int-den.
Den. Alv. Al-pal.
Pal. Vel. Pos.vel.
Glot.
Voicelessstops
/p/ /t/ /k/
Voicedstops
/b/ /d/ /g/
Nasals /m/ /n/ /N/
Voicelessfricatives
/f/ /T/ /s/ /9/ /h/
Voicedfricatives
/v/ /#/ /z/ /:/
Voicelessaffricate
/c/
Voicedaffricate
/j/
Liquids /l//®/
Glides /y/ /!/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 88886666
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Figure 8.1. The thirteen vowel sounds found inthe speech of many speakers of American English
/iy/
/I/
[ˆ]/uw/
/U/
/ey/
/E/
[´]
/√//ow/
/ç/
/Q/ /A/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 88887777
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Table 8.1. Semantic distinctions in Spanish adjectives,nouns, and verbs lost due to improper unstressed vowel reduction
Lexical item Correct pronunciation Improper pronunciation
bonitobonita
[bo.ní.to][bo.ní.ta]
*[bo.ní.t´]*[bo.ní.t´]
casocasa
[ká.so][ká.sa]
*[ká.s´]*[ká.s´]
hablohabla
[á.Bko][á.Bka]
*[á.Bk´]*[á.Bk´]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 88888888
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Table 8.2. Phonetic transcriptions of the correct and *incorrect(diphthongized) pronunciations of the four non-low Spanish vowels
Lexical item Correct pronunciation Improper pronunciation
si [sí] *[síy]
su [sú] *[súw]
se [sé] *[séy]
so [só] *[sów]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 99991111
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Figure 8.2. The six vowel sounds of Spanish shownaccording to their relative articulation position in the oral cavity
/i//u/
/e/
[E]/o/
/a/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 99992222
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Figure 8.3. Facial cross-section showing the articulation of the Spanish vowel /a/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 99993333
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Figure 8.4. Facial cross-section showing the articulation of the Spanish vowel /e/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 99994444
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Figure 8.5. Facial cross-section showing the articulation of the Spanish vowel [E]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 99995555
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Figure 8.6. Facial cross-section showing the articulation of the Spanish vowel /o/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 99996666
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Figure 8.7. Facial cross-section showing the articulation of the Spanish vowel /i/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 99997777
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Table 8.3. Examples of the letter “i”in Spanish words when always pronounced as [i]
Word Position within word Pronunciation of “i”
invitar Word-initial, before a consonant [i]n.vi.tar
colibrí Word-final, following a consonant co.li.br[í]
colibríinvitar
Word-medially, between twoconsonants
co.l[i].bríin.v[i].tar
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 99998888
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Table 8.4. Examples of the letter “i” intautosyllabic pre-vocalic and post-vocalic environments
Word Correctpronunciation
Incorrectpronunciation
1. farmacia2. caigo3. siete4. veinte5. acción6. oigo
far.ma.[sya][káy].go[syé].te[béy7].teac[syón][óy].go
*far.ma.[si.a]*[ka.i]go*[si.e].te*[be.i7].te*ac[si.on]*[o.i].go
7. ciudad8. cuidado
[syu].dad[kwi].dado
*[si.u].dad*[ku.i]da.do
9. yo10. hierba
[&ó][&Fr].ba
*[i.o]*[i.Er].ba
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 99999999
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Table 8.5. Examples of the letter “i” in pre-vocalic andpost-vocalic environments varying according to stress
Word Vowel and stresscombination
Correctpronunciation
1. fiara2. panadería3. farmacia3. caigo4. maíz6. bailamos
ƒ + áí + ¿ƒ + ¿á + ƒ¿ + í¿ + ƒ
[fyá].rapa.na.de.[rí.a]far.ma.[sya][káy].goma.[ís][bay].la.mos
7. siete8. esquíe9. bienestar10. seis11. leído12. aceituna
ƒ + éí + ¬ƒ + ¬é + ƒ¬ + í¬ + ƒ
[syé].tees.[kí.e][bye].nes.tar[séys][ke.í].doa.[sey].tu.na
13. rió14. río15. principio16. oigo17. oí18. oigamos
ƒ + óí + ∆ƒ + ∆ó + ƒ∆ + í∆ + ƒ
[0yó][0í.o]prin.ci.[pyo][óy].go[o.í][oy].ga.mos
19. diurna20. ciudad21. cuida22. cuidado
ƒ + úƒ + »» + í» + ƒ
[dyúr].na[syu].dad[kwí].da[kwi].da.do
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111100000000
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Figure 8.8. Facial cross-section showing the articulation of the Spanish vowel /u/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111100001111
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Table 8.6. Examples of the letter “u” inSpanish words when always pronounced as [u]
Word Position within word Pronunciation of “u”
ubicar Word-initial, before a consonant [u].bi.car
tribu Word-final, following a consonant tri.b[u]
tradujepulpo
Word-medially, between twoconsonants
tra.d[ú].jep[ú]l.po
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111100002222
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Table 8.7. Examples of the letter “u” intautosyllabic pre-vocalic and post-vocalic environments
Word Correctpronunciation
Incorrectpronunciation
1. continua2. aula3. pues4. deuda5. cuota6. bou
con.ti.[nwa][áw].la[pwés][déw].da[kwó].ta[bów]
*con.ti.[nu.a]*[a.u].la*[pu.es]*[de.u].da*[ku.o].ta*[bo.u]
7. cuidado8. ciudad
[kwi].da.do[syu].dad
*[ku.i].da.do*[si.u].dad
9. hueso10. huele
[%é].so[%é].le
*[u.e].so*[u.e].le
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111100003333
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Table 8.8. Examples of the letter “u” in pre-vocalicand post-vocalic environments varying according to stress
Word Vowel and stresscombination
Correctpronunciation
1. continuara2. continúa3. continuará3. aula4. ataúd6. taurino
» + áú + ¿» + ¿á + »¿ + ú¿ + »
con.ti.[Nwá].racon.ti.[nú.a]con.ti.[Nwa].rá[áw].laa.[ta.ú#][taw]ri.no
7. duende8. continúe9. buenísimo10. deuda11. reúne12. feudal
» + éú + ¬» + ¬é + »¬ + ú¬ + »
[dwé7].dekon.ti.[nú.e][bwe].ní.si.mo[déw].da[0e.ú].ne[few].dal
13. cuota14. actúo15. continuo
» + óú + ∆» + ∆
[kwó].taac[tú.o]con.ti.[nwo]
16. cuida17. cuidado18. diurna19. ciudad
» + í» + ƒƒ + úƒ + »
[kwí].da[kwi].da.do[dyúr].na[syu].dad
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111100007777
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Figure 9.1. Facial cross-section comparing thearticulation of the palatal glide [y] and of the vowel [i]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111100009999
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Table 9.1. Spanish lexemes with the pre- or post-consonantal grapheme“i” preceding and following “e”, “o”, or “a”, or preceding the vowel “u”
Word Phonetic transcription
1. siete2. veinte3. acción4. oigo5. farmacia6. caigo
[syé.te][bey7.te][ak.syón][óy.ƒo][far.má.sya][káy.ƒo]
7. ciudad [syu.#á#]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111100009999
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Table 9.2. Spanish lexemes with the grapheme “i”bearing a written accent or when it follows the letter “u”
Word Phonetic transcription
1. esquíe2. leído3. río4. oí5. panadería6. maíz
[es.kí.e][ke.í.#o][0í.o][o.í][pa.na.#e.rí.a][ma.ís]
7. cuidado [kwi.#á.#o]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, pppppppp.... 111111111111----111111112222
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Table 9.3. Lexical items where{consonant + [y] + vowel} sequences occur in Spanish
Consonantcluster
Followingvowel
Example Phonetictranscription
/p/ + /y//p/ + /y//p/ + /y//p/ + /y/
[a][e][o][u]
pianopiepiojopiular
[pyá.no][pyé][pyó.ho][pyu.kár]
/b/ + /y//b/ + /y//b/ + /y//b/ + /y/
[a][e][o][u]
viajeviejovioviuda
[byá.he][byé.ho][byó][byú.#a]
/m/ + /y//m/ + /y//m/ + /y//m/ + /y/
[a][e][o][u]
miasmamielmiopemiura
[myás.ma][myék][myó.pe][myú.ra]
/f/ + /y//f/ + /y//f/ + /y//f/ + /y/
[a][e][o][u]
fianzafiestafiofiucia
[fyán.sa][fyés.ta][fyó][fyú.sya]
/T/ + /y//T/ + /y//T/ + /y//T/ + /y/
[a][e][o][u]
ciáticocierrabendiciónciudad
[Tyá.ti.ko][Tyé.0a][be7.di.Tyón][Tyu.#á#]
/t/ + /y//t/ + /y//t/ + /y//t/ + /y/
[a][e][o][u]
tiaratienesintiótiuque
[tyá.ra][tyé.ne][si7.tyó][tyú.ke]
/d/ + /y//d/ + /y//d/ + /y//d/ + /y/
[a][e][o][u]
dialectodietadiodiurno
[dya.kék.to][dyé.ta.][dyó][dyúr.no]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, pppppppp.... 111111111111----111111112222
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/l/ + /y//l/ + /y//l/ + /y//l/ + /y/
[a][e][o][u]
liarliebrejulioliudo
[¥yár][¥yé.Bre][hú.¥yo][¥yú.#o]
/r/ + /y//r/ + /y//r/ + /y/
[a][e][o]
memoriaariesprimario
[me.mó.rya][á.ryes][pri.má.ryo]
/0/ + /y//0/ + /y//0/ + /y/
[a][e][o]
riachoriesgorio
[0yá.co][0yés.ƒo][0yó]
/n/ + /y//n/ + /y//n/ + /y/
[a][e][o]
Antonianiegodemonio
[a7.tó.ñya][ñyé.ƒo][de.mó.ñyo]
/s/ + /y//s/ + /y//s/ + /y//s/ + /y/
[a][e][o][u]
ciáticocierracocióciudad
[syá.ti.ko][syé.0a][ko.syó][syu.#á#]
/k/ + /y//k/ + /y//k/ + /y/
[a][e][o]
psiquiatraquierequiosco
[si.kyá.tra][kyé.re][kyós.ko]
/g/ + /y//g/ + /y//g/ + /y/
[a][e][o]
guiaralguienguió
[gyár][ák.ƒyen][gyó]
/x/ + /y//x/ + /y//x/ + /y/
[a][e][o]
magiasugieroescogió
[má.xya][su.xyé.ro][es.ko.xyó]
/h/ + /y//h/ + /y//h/ + /y/
[a][e][o]
magiasugieroescogió
[má.hya][su.hyé.ro][es.ko.hyó]
(Table 9.3. continued)
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111111113333
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Table 9.4. Spanish lexical items with [C1C2GV]sequences in word-initial and syllable-initial positions
Consonantcluster
Example Phonetictranscription
/pr/ + /y//pk/ + /y/
prietopliego
[pryé.to][p¥yé.ƒo]
/br/ + /y//bk/ + /y/
brialbiblia
[bryál][bí.B¥ya]
/fr/ + /y//fk/ + /y/
friegoCantinfliar
[fryé.ƒo][ka7.tiM.f¥yár]
/tr/ + /y/ triunfo [tryúM.fo]
/dr/ + /y/ vidrio [bí.#ryo]
/kr/ + /y//kk/ + /y/
crianzacliente
[kryán.sa][k¥yé7.te]
/gr/ + /y//gk/ + /y/
griegomangliar
[gryé.ƒo][maN.g¥yár]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111111114444
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Table 9.5. Representative examples of cognatevocabulary items with English [CyV] and Spanish [CV] sequences
English word{C+[y]+V}
Spanish cognate{C+V}
1. popular popular
2. distribution distribución
3. regular regular
4. pure puro
5. puberty pubertad
6. vocabulary vocabulario
7. future futuro
8. music música
9. Cuba Cuba
10. argue argüir
11. futile fútil
12. salutation salutación
13. monument monumento
14. museum museo
15. granulate granular
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111111116666
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Figure 9.2. Facial cross-section comparing thearticulation of the labio-velar glide [w] and of the vowel [u]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111111118888
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Table 9.6. Spanish lexemes with the pre- and post-consonantal grapheme“u” preceding and following “e”, “o”, or “a” or preceding the vowel “i”
Word Phonetic transcription
1. dueño2. suave3. cuota4. deuda5. autor6. bou
[dwé.ño][swá.Be][kwó.ta][déw.#a][aw.tór][bów]
7. cuidado [kwi.#á.#o]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111111119999
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Table 9.7. Spanish lexemes with the grapheme “u”bearing a written accent and when it follows the vowel “i”
Word Phonetic transcription
1. continúe2. continúa3. actúo4. reúne5. ataúd
con.ti.[nú.e]con.ti.[nú.a]ac[tú.o][0e.ú].nea.[ta.ú#]
6. ciudad [syu].dad
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, pppppppp.... 111122221111----111122222222
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Table 9.8. Lexical items where{consonant + /w/ + vowel} sequences occur in Spanish
Consonantcluster onset
Followingvowel
Example Phonetictranscription
/p/ + /w//p/ + /w/
[a][e]
puarpuerta
[pwár][pwér.ta]
/b/ + /w//b/ + /w//b/ + /w/
[a][e][i]
buharrobuenobuitre
[bwá.0o][bwé.no][bwí.tre]
/m/ + /w//m/ + /w/
[a][e]
muarémueco
[mwa.ré][mwé.ko]
/f/ + /w//f/ + /w//f/ + /w/
[a][e][i]
fuacatazofuentefui
[fwa.ka.tá.so][fwé7.te][fwí]
/T/ + /w//T/ + /w//T/ + /w/
[a][e][i]
zuavozuecozuiza
[Twá.Bo][Twé.ko][Twí.Ta]
/t/ + /w//t/ + /w//t/ + /w/
[a][e][i]
tuatúatuertotuina
[twa.tú.a][twér.to][twí.na]
/d/ + /w//d/ + /w//d/ + /w//d/ + /w/
[a][e][o][i]
dualduendeduodécimoduita
[dwák][dwé7.de][dwo.#é.si.mo][dwí.ta]
/l/ + /w//l/ + /w//l/ + /w/
[a][e][i]
luanluegoLuis
[kwán][kwé.ƒo][kwís]
/r/ + /w//r/ + /w/
[a][e]
peruanociruela
[pe.rwá.no][si.rwé.ka]
/0/ + /w//0/ + /w//0/ + /w/
[a][e][i]
ruanaruegoruido
[0wá.na][0wé.ƒo][0wí.#o]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, pppppppp.... 111122221111----111122222222
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/n/ + /w/ [e] nuera [Nwé.ra]
/s/ + /w//s/ + /w//s/ + /w/
[a][e][i]
zuavozuecozuiza
[swá.Bo][swé.ko][swí.sa]
/c/ + /w//c/ + /w//c/ + /w/
[a][e][i]
chualchuecochuita
[cwák][cwé.ko][cwí.ta]
/ñ/ + /w/ [e] pañuelo [pa.ñwé.ko]
/¥/ + /w/ [e] llueve [¥wé.Be]
/&/ + /w/ [e] llueve [&wé.Be]
/k/ + /w//k/ + /w//k/ + /w//k/ + /w/
[a][e][o][i]
cuatrocuerpocuotacuidar
[kwá.tro][kwér.po][kwó.ta][kwí.#ár]
/g/ + /w//g/ + /w//g/ + /w//g/ + /w/
[a][e][o][i]
guapogüélfosantiguogüipil
[gwá.po][gwék.fos][a7.tí.ƒwo][gwi.pík]
/x/ + /w//x/ + /w//x/ + /w/
[a][e][i]
Juanajuevesjuicio
[xwá.na][xwé.Bes][xwí.syo]
/h/ + /w//h/ + /w//h/ + /w/
[a][e][i]
Juanajuevesjuicio
[hwá.na][hwé.Bes][hwí.syo]
(Table 9.8. continued)
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111122222222
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Table 9.9. Spanish lexical items with [C1C2GV]sequences in word-initial or syllable-initial positions
Cluster Example Phonetictranscription
/pr/ + [w]/pk/ + [w]
pruebaPluesti
[prwé.Ba][pkwés.ti]
/br/ + [w]/bk/ + [w]
bruetaabluente
[brwé.ta][a.Bkwé7.te]
/fr/ + [w]/fk/ + [w]
fruirfluente
[frwír][fkwé7.te]
/tr/ + [w] trueco [trwé.ko]
/dr/ + [w] druida [drwí.#a]
/kr/ + [w]/kk/ + [w]
cruelclueca
[krwék][kkwé.ka]
/gr/ + [w]/gk/ + [w]
gruesoigluar
[grwé.so][i.ƒkwár]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111122229999
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Figure 10.1. Segmental sonority
Obstruents Nasals Liquids Glides Vowels →
1 2 3 4 5
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111133331111
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Figure 10.2. The structure of the Spanish syllable
(Onset) Nucleus (Coda)pgq
σ
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111133332222
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Table 10.1. The nine different Spanish syllable templates
Syllable type Example Transcription
1. V #a.brir# [a.Brír]
2. CV #ca.sas# [ká.sas]
3. CCV #bra.vo# [brá.Bo]
4. CCCVC #in.fluen.cia# [iM.fkwén.sya]
5. VC #en.trar# [e7.trár]
6. VCC #abs.tracto [aBs.trák.to]
7. CVC #an.dar# [a7.dár]
8. CCVC #brin.dis# [brí7.dis]
9. CCVCC #claus.tro# [kláws.tro]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111133332222
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Table 10.2. Possible syllable onsets in Spanish
Syllable onset Example
1. Ø a.brir
2. C co.mer
3. CC pla.cer
4. CCC prue.ba
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111133333333
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Table 10.3. Words illustrating the twelvepossible {consonant + liquid} Spanish syllable onsets
CC onset Examples
Word-initial Word-internal
1. /pr/ pra.do im.pre.sion.an.te
2. /pk/ pla.cer im.pli.car
3. /br/ bre.gar em.bra.gue
4. /bk/ blan.co tem.blar
5. /tr/ tré.bol re.tra.to
6. /dr/ dro.ga po.drar
7. /kr/ cris.tal in.cre.í.ble
8. /kk/ cla.ve a.cla.rar
9. /gr/ gra.ve a.gra.de.cer
10. /gk/ glo.ria in.glés
11. /fr/ fre.gar en.friar
12. /fk/ flor in.fluen.cia
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111133334444
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Table 10.4. The structure of all Spanish CC syllable onsets
Onset Nucleus
Consonant1 Consonant2
/p//b//f//t//d//k//g/
/k//r/
[y][w]
Syllable nucleus
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111133335555
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Table 10.5. Possible CCC syllable onsets in Spanish
CCC onset Example Phonetictranscription
1. /pr/ + /y/ prieto [pryé.to]
2. /pr/ + /w/ prueba [prwé.Ba]
3. /pk/ + /y/ ampliar [am.p¥yár]
4. /pk/ + /w/ Pluesti [pkwés.ti]
5. /br/ + /y/ embriagar [em.brya.ćr]
6. /br/ + /w/ brueta [brwé.ta]
7. /bk/ + /y/ biblia [bí.B¥ya]
8. /bk/ + /w/ abluente [a.Bkwé7.te]
9. /tr/ + /y/ triunfar [tryuM.fár]10. /tr/ + /w/ trueco [trwé.ko]
11. /dr/ + /y/ vidrio [bí.#ryo]
12. /dr/ + /w/ druida [drwí.#a]
13. /kr/ + /y/ criar [kryár]
14. /kr/ + /w/ cruel [krwék]
15. /kk/ + /y/ cliente [k¥yé7.te]
16. /kk/ + /w/ clueca [kkwé.ka]
17. /gr/ + /y/ griego [gryé.ƒo]
18. /gr/ + /w/ grueso [grwé.so]
19. /gk/ + /y/ mangliar [maN.g¥yár]
20. /gk/ + /w/ igluar [i.ƒkwár]
21. /fr/ + /y/ friego [fryé.ƒo]
22. /fr/ + /w/ fruir [frwír]
23. /fk/ + /y/ Cantinfliar [ka7.tiM.f¥yár]
24. /fk/ + /w/ fluidez [flwi.#és]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111133336666
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Table 10.6. The structure of Spanish CCC syllable onsets
Onset Nucleus
Consonant1 Consonant2 Consonant3
/p//b//f//t//d//k//g/
/k/
/r/
[y]
[w]Syllable nucleus
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111133336666
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Table 10.7. Possible Spanish syllable nuclei
Example Phonetic transcription
asar [a.sár]
edad [e.#á#]
izar [i.sár]
oler [o.kér]
unir [u.nír]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111133337777
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Table 10.8. Possible syllable codas in Spanish
Syllable coda Example
1. Ø a.brir
2. C co.mer
3. CC abs.tracto
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111133337777
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Table 10.9. Examples of Spanish word-final single consonant codas
Example Phoneme incoda position
Phonetictranscription
1. pan2. pared3. comer4. papel5. tos
/n//d//r//k//s/
[pán][pa.ré#][ko.mér][pa.pék][tós]
6. ley7. bou
/y//w/
[kéy][bów]
8. paz /T/ [páT]
9. reloj /h/ or /x/ [0e.kó]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111133338888
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Table 10.10. Single consonant word-internal Spanish syllable codas
Consonant Example Phonemictranscription
Phonetictranscription
1. /y/2. /w/
peineauto
/peyne//awto/
[péy.ne][áw.to]
3. /r/4. /k/
cartaselva
/karta//sekba/
[kár.ta][sék.Ba]
5. /m/6. /n/
sombraandar
/sonbra//andar/
[sóm.bra][a7.dár]
7. /s/8. /p/9. /b/10. /t/11. /d/12. /k/13. /g/14. /f/15. /T/
astaaptoabsortoatletaadmitiractoindignoafganoizquierdo
/asta//apto//absorto//atkéta//admitir//ákto//indigno//afgano//iTkyerdo/
[ás.ta][áp.to][aB.sór.to][at.ké.ta][a#.mí.tir][ák.to][i7.díƒ.no][af.ƒá.no][iT.kyér.#o]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111133339999
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Table 10.11. The structure of the possible single consonant Spanish syllable codas
Word-internalconsonant coda
Word-finalconsonant coda
Syllable nucleus
/y//w//r//k//n//m//p/
/b//f/(/T/)/t//d//s//k//g/
/y//w//r//k//n/
(/T/)
/d//s/
(/<h/x>/)
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111144440000
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Table 10.12. A survey of CC word-internal Spanish syllable codas
Codaconsonants
Example Phonetictranscription
1. /y/ + /s/2. /w/ + /s/
aislarclaustro
[ays.kár][kkáws.tro]
3. /r/ + /s/4. /k/ + /s/
perspicazsolsticio
[pers.pi.kás][soks.tí.syo]
5. /n/ + /s/ monstruo [móns.trwo]
6. /b/ + /s/7. /k/ + /s/
abstractoextenso
[aBs.trak.to][eks.tén.so]
8. /y/ + /n/ veinte [béy7.te]
9. /w/ + /k/ auxilio [awk.sí.¥yo]
10. /w/ + /n/ aunque [áwN.ke]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111144440000
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Table 10.13. The structure of Spanish CC syllable codas
Nucleus Coda
Consonant1 Consonant2
Syllable nucleus
/y//w//r//n//b/
/s/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111144444444
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Table 11.1. The stressed Spanish graphemes“i” and “u” in contact with non-high vowel phonemes
Word Vowel and stresscombination
Correctpronunciation
1. panadería2. maíz
í + ¿¿ + í
pa.na.de.[rí.a]ma.[ís]
3. esquíe4. leído
í + ¬¬ + í
es.[kí.e][le.í].do
5. río6. oí
í + ∆∆ + í
[0í.o][o.í]
7. continúa8. ataúd
ú + ¿¿ + ú
con.ti.[nú.a]a.[ta.ú#]
9. continúe10. reúne
ú + ¬¬ + ú
con.ti.[nú.e][0e.ú].ne
11. actúo ú + ∆ ac[tú.o]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111144445555
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Table 11.2. Spanish words with two contiguous vowel sounds in whichneither is pronounced as a glide in formal and semi-formal speech registers
Vowelletters
Phonemecombination
Example Phonetictranscription
1. “aa” /aa/ Sahara [sa.á.ra]
2. “ae” /ae/ saeta [sa.é.ta]
3. “ao” /ao/ Laos [ká.os]
4. “ea” /ea/ teatro [te.á.tro]
5. “oa” /oa/ loar [ko.ár]
6. “ee” /ee/ leer [ke.ér]
7. “eo” /eo/ leonés [ke.o.nés]
8. “oe” /oe/ poeta [po.é.ta]
9. “oo” /oo/ moho [mó.o]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111144445555
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Table 11.3. Spanish words with two contiguous vowels inwhich the graphemes “i” and “u” are pronounced as glides
Vowelletters
Phonemecombination
Example Phonetictranscription
1. “ie”2. “ei”3. “io”4. “oi”5. “ia”6. “ai”
/ye//ey//yo//oy//ya//ay/
sieteveinteacciónoigofarmaciacaigo
[syé.te][béy7.te][ak.syón][óy.ƒo][far.má.sya][káy.ƒo]
7. “ue”8. “eu”9. “uo”10. “ou”11. “ua”12. “au”
/we//ew//wo//ow//wa//aw/
dueñodeudacuotabousuaveautor
[dwé.ño][déw.#a][kwó.ta][bów][swá.Be][aw.tór]
13. “iu”14. “ui”
/yu//wi/
ciudadcuidado
[syu.#á#][kwi.#á.#o]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111144447777
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Figure 11.1. The five vowel phonemes of Spanish shown according to theclassifications of ‘high’ and ‘non-high’
Highvowels
/i//u/
Non-highvowels
/e/
/a/
/o/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111144447777
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Table 11.4. Distinctive features for Spanish vowel and glide phonemes
[feature] Vowels Glides
/i/ /e/ /a/ /o/ /u/ /y/ /w/
[high] + – – – + + +
[low] – – + – – – –
[back] – – – + + – +
[round] – – – + + – +
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111144449999
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Table 11.5. Spanish words with two contiguous vowels acrossword boundaries that are affected by the glide-formation rule
Vowel lettersand phonemes
Example Phonemictranscription
Phonetictranscription
1. “ie” /ie/2. “ei” /ei/3. “io” /io/4. “oi” /oi/5. “ia” /ia/6. “ai” /ai/
mi edadse interesasi olvidasentó y gritómi amigola irlandesa
/mi#edad//se#interesa//si#okbida//sento#i#grito//mi#amigo//ka#irkandesa/
[mye.#á#][sey7.te.ré.sa][syok.Bí.#a][se7.toy.ƒri.tó][mya.mí.ƒo][kayr.ka7.dé.sa]
7. “ue” /ue/8. “eu” /eu/9. “uo” /uo/10. “ou” /ou/11. “ua” /ua/12. “au” /au/
su edadse ubicacaos u ordenlo urgentesu avela humedad
/su#edad//se#ubika//kaos#u#orden//ko#urhente//su#abe//ka#umedad/
[swe.#á#][sew.Bí.ka][ka.o.swor.#en][kowr.hé7.te][swá.Be][kaw.me.#á#]
13. “iu” /iu/14. “ui” /ui/
mi únicosu interés
/mi#uniko//su#interes/
[myú.ni.ko][swi7.te.rés]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111155550000
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Table 11.6. Combinations of high vowels adjacent to non-highvowels across word boundaries that escape the glide-formation rule
Vowelletters
Phonemes Example Phonetictranscription
1. “íe”2. “eí”3. “ío”4. “oí”5. “ía”6. “aí”7. “íu”
/ie//ei//io//oi//ia//ai//iu/
recibí estufasse hinchaperdí originalesbusco higosrecibí anillosla indiarecibí uvas
[0e.si.Bí.es.tú.fas][se.í8.ca][per.#í.o.ri.hi.ná.kes][bús.ko.í.ƒos][0e.si.Bí.a.ní.&os][ka.í7.dya][0e.si.Bí.ú.Bas]
8. “úe”9. “eú”10. “úo”11. “oú”12. “úa”13. “aú”14. “úi”
/ue//eu//uo//ou//ua//au//ui/
bambú esféricose hundebambú olvidadolo hundebambú antiguola hundebambú importante
[bam.bú.es.fé.ri.ko][se.ú7.de][bam.bú.ok.Bi.#á.#o][ko.ú7.de][bam.bú.a7.tí.ƒwo][ka.ú7.de][bam.bú.im.por.tá7.te]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111155551111
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Table 11.7. Spanish diphthongs within words
Diphthong Example Phonetic transcription
1. [ye]2. [ey]3. [yo]4. [oy]5. [ya]6. [ay]
sieteveinteacciónoigofarmaciacaigo
[syé.te][béy7.te][ak.syón][óy.ƒo][far.má.sya][káy.ƒo]
7. [we]8. [ew]9. [wo]10. [ow]11. [wa]12. [aw]
dueñodeudacuotabousuaveautor
[dwé.ño][déw.#a][kwó.ta][bów][swá.Be][aw.tór]
13. [yu]14. [wi]
ciudadcuidado
[syu.#á#][kwi.#á.#o]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111155552222
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Table 11.8. Examples of Spanish triphthongsthat appear across word boundaries
Words Triphthong
1. cambia invitaciones2. inopia humana3. estudie irlandés4. pie ulceroso5. cambió historia6. limpió uñones
[yay][yaw][yey][yew][yoy][yow]
7. antigua instalación8. antigua unión9. fue imposible10. fue urgente11. antiguo impulso12. antiguo ultraje
[way][waw][wey][wew][woy][wow]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111155553333
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Syllabification Rule #1:
A single consonant is always assigned to the onset position of thefollowing syllable, i.e., [VCV] → [V.CV].
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111155554444
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 11.9. Spanish words with single intervocalic consonants
Word Transcription andsyllabification
1. ata2. eje3. ira4. oso5. uso6. haba
[á.ta][é.he][í.ra][ó.so][ú.so][á.Ba]
7. bife8. casa9. mata10. mayo11. lago12. carro13. calle14. macho
[bí.fe][ká.sa][má.ta][má.&o][ká.ƒo][ká.0o][ká.&e][má.co]
15. patada16. barato
[pa.tá.#a][ba.ra.to]
17. calabaza [ka.ka.Bá.sa]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111155555555
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Syllabification Rule #2:
A sequence of two contiguous consonants is syllabified according tothe following criteria:
A. The two contiguous consonants are divided, with the first beingassigned to the coda of the preceding syllable and the second to theonset position of the following syllable, i.e., [VCCV] [VC.CV],except if the two consonants consist of one of twelve indivisibleSpanish consonant clusters.
B. If these two contiguous consonants are one of the twelve indivisibleSpanish consonant clusters, then they are both assigned to the onsetposition of the following syllable, i.e., [VCCV] → [V.CCV].
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111155556666
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 11.10. Spanish words with two intervocalicconsonants that are assigned to different syllables
Word Transcription andsyllabification
1. auto2. peine
[áw.to][péy.ne]
3. alto4. archivo
[ák.to][ar.cí.Bo]
5. hampa6. indigno7. innato
[ám.pa][i7.díƒ.no][in.ná.to]
8. cesto [sés.to]
9. apto10. abdicar11. afgano12. azteca13. atmósfera14. admitir15. acto16. lección17. agnóstico
[áp.to][aB.#i.kár][af.ƒá.no][aT.té.ka][at.mós.fe.ra][a#.mi.tír][ák.to][kek.syón][aƒ.nós.ti.ko]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111155557777
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Table 11.11. Spanish words with two intervocalicconsonants assigned to the onset position of the following syllable
IndivisibleCC onset
Word Transcription andsyllabification
1. /pr/2. /pk/3. /br/4. /bk/5. /tr/6. /dr/7. /kr/8. /kk/9. /gr/10. /gk/11. /fr/12. /fk/
apretaraplastarebrioobligarretratopodraracreditaraclararagradeceriglesiarefreírreflejo
[a.pre.tár][a.pkas.tár][é.Bryo][o.Bki.ƒár][0e.trá.to][po.#rár][a.kre.#i.tár][a.kka.rár][a.ƒra.#e.sér][i.ƒké.sya][0e.fre.ír][0e.fké.ho]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111155558888
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Syllabification Rule #3:
A sequence of three adjacent consonants is divided according to thefollowing criteria:
A. The first two of three contiguous consonants are assigned to thecoda of the preceding syllable and the third to the onset position of thefollowing syllable, i.e., [VCCCV] → [VCC.CV], except if the last twoconsonants consist of one of the twelve indivisible Spanish consonantclusters.
B. If the second two of three contiguous intervocalic consonants areone of the twelve indivisible Spanish consonant clusters, then they areboth assigned to the onset position of the following syllable and thefirst consonant serves as the coda of the preceding syllable, i.e.,[VCCCV] → [VC.CCV].
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111155558888
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 11.12. Spanish [CCC] clusters that are syllabified [CC.C]
Word Transcription andsyllabification
1. aislar2. veinte3. aunque4. auxilio
[ays.kár][béy7.te][áwN.ke][awk.sí.¥yo]
5. perspicaz6. solsticio
[pers.pi.kás][soks.tí.syo]
7. instintivo8. transporte
[ins.ti7.tí.Bo][trans.pór.te]
9. extenso10. obstáculo
[eks.tén.so][obs.tá.ku.ko]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111155559999
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 11.13. Spanish [CCC] clusters that are syllabified [C.CC]
IndivisibleCC onset
Word Transcription andsyllabification
1. /pr/ impresionante [im.pre.syo.ná7.te]
2. /pk/ implicar [im.pki.kár]
3. /br/ embrague [em.Brá.ƒe]
4. /bk/ temblar [tem.bkár]
5. /tr/ entrar [e7.trár]
6. /dr/ esdrújula [es.#rú.hu.ka]
7. /kr/ increíble [iN.kre.í.Bke]
8. /kk/ incluso [iN.kkú.so]
9. /gr/ engrosar [eN.gro.sár]
10. /gk/ inglés [iN.gkés]
11. /fr/ enfriar [eM.fri.ár]
12. /fk/ influjo [iM.fkú.ho]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111166660000
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Syllabification Rule #4:
In sequences of four consecutive consonants, the first two segments arealways assigned to the coda position of the preceding syllable and theremaining two consonants become the onset of the following syllable,i.e., [VCCCCV] → [VCC.CCV].
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111166660000
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 11.14. Spanish words with four intervocalic consonants
Word Transcription andsyllabification
1. instrumento2. construcción3. transplante
[ins.tru.mé7.to][kons.truk.syón][trans.pká7.te]
4. extracto5. abstracto6. obstrucción
[eks.trák.to][aBs.trák.to][oBs.truk.syón]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111166661111
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Syllabification Rule #5:
Contiguous vowel phonemes across word boundaries are assigned todifferent syllables unless they form a diphthong or triphthong.
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111166662222
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 11.15. Representative Spanish lexical items withcontiguous vowel graphemes and their correspondingphonemic and phonetic transcriptions in formal discourse
Word Phonemicrepresentation
Phoneticrepresentation
1. Sahara2. teatro3. moho4. leonés5. leer
/saara//teatro//moo//keones//keer/
[sa.á.ra][te.á.tro][mó.o][ke.o.nés][ke.ér]
6. esquíe7. leído8. río9. continúe10. actúo11. ataúd
/eskie//keido//0io//kontinue//aktuo//ataud/
[es.kí.e][ke.í.#o][0í.o][ko7.ti.nú.e][ak.tú.o][a.ta.ú#]
12. siete13. acción14. farmacia15. deuda16. cuota17. autor
/syete//aksyon//farmasya//dewda//kwota//awtor/
[syé.te][ak.syón][far.má.sya][déw.#a][kwó.ta][aw.tór]
18. ciudad19. cuidado
/syudad//kwidado/
[syu.#á#][kwi.#á.#o]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111166665555
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 11.2. Steps to follow to syllabify andphonetically transcribe Spanish breath groups
1. Erase or remove all word boundaries from the breath group.
2. Phonetically transcribe the breath group with word boundaries removed.
3. Resyllabify the phonetic transcription following Syllabification Rules #1–5 as if it were one single word.
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111166666666
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 11.16. Differences in the number of symbols betweenphonetic symbols and letters of the Spanish alphabet
Letterof alphabet
Phonemicsymbol(s)
Standard Spanishphonetic symbol(s)
1. “h” /Ø/ [Ø]
2. “x” /ks/ or /gs/ [ks] or [ƒs]
3. “ch”4. “rr”5. “ll”
/c//0//&/ or /¥/
[c][0][&] or [¥]
6. “u” after “g” and before “e” or “i”
/Ø/ [Ø]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111166666666
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 11.17. Spanish lexemes withoutone-to-one letter-to-sound correspondences
Standardorthography
Orthographicsyllabification
Syllabification ofphonetic transcription
1. alcohol al.co.hol [ak.ko.ók]
2. texto3. examen
tex.toe.xa.men
[téks.to][eƒ.sá.men]
4. carro5. calle6. calle7. muchacho
ca.rroca.lleca.llemu.cha.cho
[ká.0o][ká.&e][ká.¥e][mu.cá.co]
8. guerra9. guitarra
gue.rragui.ta.rra
[gé.0a][gi.tá.0a]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111166669999
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 12.1. Relative airstream obstruction and the five families of sounds
Maximum obstruction
↑
Medium obstruction
↓
Minimum obstruction
OBSTRUENTS↑
NASALS
LIQUIDS
GLIDES↓
VOWELS
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111166669999
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 12.2. Subdivisions of obstruents according tothe parameter of relative airstream obstruction
Greater obstruction↑
Medium obstruction↓
Lesser obstruction
STOPS↑
AFFRICATES↓
FRICATIVES
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111177770000
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 12.3. Facial cross-section illustrating the positionof the articulatory apparatus in the production of ////p////
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111177771111
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 12.1. Phonetic distribution of Spanish ////p////
Phoneticenvironment
Lexicalitem
Phonetictranscription
Word-initial poco [p]o.co
Word-final ****** ******
Syllable-initial tope to.[p]e
Syllable-final apto a[p].to
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111177773333
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 12.2. Distribution of Spanish and English /p/ phonemes
Phonetic environment English Spanish
After /s/ in same syllable spin [p] ******
Syllable-final hopeless [p] apto [p]
Breath-group-final top [p] or [p|] ******
Word-final (within breath group) top [p] ******
Syllable-initial impose [ph] tope [p]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111177774444
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 12.4. Facial cross-section illustrating the position of thearticulatory apparatus in the production of Spanish dental /t/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111177774444
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 12.3. Phonetic distribution of Spanish /t/
Phoneticenvironment
Lexicalitem
Phonetictranscription
Word-initial tomo [t]o.mo
Word-final ****** ******
Syllable-initial mata ma.[t]a
Syllable-final atmósfera a[t].mós.fe.ra
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111177777777
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 12.4. Examples of possible miscommunicationdue to inappropriate tapping of Spanish /t/ and /d/
Word Phonemicrepresentation
Incorrectpronunciation(with /t/ and/d/ tapping)
Semanticinterpretation(due to /t , d/tapping)
Correctpronunciation
1. moto2. pata3. lata
/moto//pata//káta/
*[mó.Ro]*[pá.Ra]*[ka.Ra]
moroparaLara
[mó.to][pá.ta][ká.ta]
4. modo5. todo6. cada
/modo//todo//kada/
*[mó.Ro]*[tó.Ro]*[ká.Ra]
morotorocara
[mó.#o][tó.#o][ká.#a]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111177777777
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Table 12.5. Distribution of Spanish and English /t/ phonemes
Phonetic environment English Spanish
After /s/ in same syllable stop [t] ******
Syllable-final atlas [t] atmósfera [t]
Breath-group-final bat [t] or [t|] ******
Word-final (within breath group) cat [t] ******
Syllable-initial intact [t h] intención [t]
Intervocalic position (with stresson preceding vowel)
water [R] mata [t]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111177779999
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 12.5. Facial cross-section illustrating the positionof the articulatory apparatus in the production of /k/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111177779999
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 12.6. Phonetic distribution of Spanish /k/
Phoneticenvironment
Lexicalitem
Phonetictranscription
Word-initial como [k]o.mo
Word-final ****** ******
Syllable-initial pequeño pe.[k]e.ño
Syllable-final actuar a[k].tuar
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111188880000
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 12.7. Orthographic Representations of Spanish /k/
Phoneticenvironment
Spelling Example Phonetictranscription
Before /a/Before /o/Before /u/Before consonant
“c”“c”“c”“c”
cartacomoculpaclave
[k]ar.ta[k]o.mo[k]ul.pa[k]la.ve
Before /e/Before /i/
“qu”“qu”
quedarquitar
[k]e.dar[k]i.tar
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111188881111
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 12.8. Distribution of Spanish and English /k/ phonemes
Phonetic environment English Spanish
After /s/ in same syllable skin [k] ******
Syllable-final active [k] activo [k]
Breath-group-final back [k] or [k|] ******
Word-final (within breath group) back [k] ******
Syllable-initial include [kh] saca [k]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111188883333
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 12.6. Facial cross-section illustrating the positionof the articulatory apparatus in the production of /c/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111188884444
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 12.9. Phonetic distribution of Spanish /c/
Phoneticenvironment
Lexicalitem
Phonetictranscription
Word-initial chico [c]i.co
Word-final ****** ******
Syllable-initial mucho mu.[c]o
Syllable-final ****** ******
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111188885555
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Table 12.10. Distribution of Spanish /c/ and English /ch/ phonemes
Phonetic environment English Spanish
Before stressed vowel chin [ch] chico [c]
Syllable-initial pinching [ch] mucho [c]
Word-final much [c] ******
Breath-group-final much [c] ******
Syllable-final matchless [c] ******
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111188889999
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 13.1. Facial cross-section illustrating the positionof the articulatory apparatus in the production of /b/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111188889999
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 13.1. Distribution of Spanish phoneme /b/
Phonetic environment Lexical item Phonemic transcription
Word-initial bobola bocaen boca
/bobo//ka#boka//en#boka/
Word-final ****** ******
Syllable-initial after vowel rabo /0abo/
Syllable-initial afterconsonant
convenceralbaembrague
/konbenser//akba//embrage/
Syllable-final obtener /obtener/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111199990000
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 13.2. The phonetic realizations of the principal allophones of Spanish /b/
Phonetic environment Lexicalitem
Phonemictranscription
Phonetictranscription
Word-initial bobola bocaen bocael boboun bobo
/bobo//ka#boka//en#boka//ek#bobo//un#bobo/
[bó.Bo][ka.Bó.ka][em.bó.ka][ek.Bó.Bo][um.bó.Bo]
Word-final ****** ****** ******
Syllable-initial after vowel rabo /0abo/ [0á.Bo]
Syllable-initial afterconsonant
convencer /konbenser/ [kom.ben.sér]
Syllable-final obtener /obtener/ [oB.te.nér]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111199991111
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 13.3. Environments of the principalphonetic realizations of the phoneme /b/
Surfacerealization
Environment Example Phonetictranscription
Stop[b]
1. After a pause2. After a nasal
bocaun baúlconvencer
[bó.ka][um.ba.úk][kom.ben.sér]
Fricative[B]
3. Elsewhere el bobola bocaraboobtener
[ek.Bo.Bo][ka.Bó.ka][0á.Bo][oB.te.nér]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111199992222
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Table 13.4. Pronunciation of the Spanish graphemes “b” and “v”
Word Phonemictranscription
Phonetictranscription
1. baca2. vaca
/baka//baka/
[bá.ka][bá.ka]
3. tubo4. tuvo
/tubo//tubo/
[tú.Bo][tú.Bo]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111199994444
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 13.5. Distribution of the phonetic variantsof standard Spanish and English /b/ phonemes
Phonetic environment English Spanish
Word-initial bit [b] vaca [b]
Word-final tab [b] ******
Breath-group-final tab [b] ******
Syllable-initial after vowel abuse [b] rabo [B]
Syllable-initialafter consonant
imbed [b] convencer [b]alberca [B]
Syllable-final abstract [b] obtener [B]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111199994444
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 13.2. Facial cross-section illustrating the positionof the articulatory apparatus in the production of /d/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111199995555
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 13.6. Distribution of the Spanish phoneme /d/
Phonetic environment Lexicalitem
Phonemictranscription
Word-initial dedola damacon dolor
/dedo//ka#dama//kon#dokor/
Word-final verdad /berdad/
Syllable-initial after vowel nada /nada/
Syllable-initial afterconsonant
mandaraldeael díaun día
/mandar//akdea//ek#dia//un#dia/
Syllable-final admitir /admitir/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111199996666
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 13.7. The phonetic realizations of theprincipal standard Spanish allophones of the phoneme /d/
Phonetic environment Lexicalitem
Phonemictranscription
Phonetictranscription
Word-initial dedola damalos díasun díael día
/dedo//ka#dama//kos#dias//un#dia//ek#dia/
[dé.#o][ka.#á.ma][kos.#í.as][un.dí.a][ek.dí.a]
Word-final verdad /berdad/ [ber.#á#]
Syllable-initial after vowel nada /nada/ [ná.#a]
Syllable-initial afterconsonant
mandaraldeaarderesdrújula
/mandar//akdea//arder//esdruhuka/
[man.dár][ak.dé.a][ar.#ér][es.#rú.hu.ka]
Syllable-final admitir /admitir/ [a#.mi.tír]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111199997777
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 13.8. Environments of the principalphonetic realizations of the phoneme /d/
Surfacerealization
Environment Example Phonetictranscription
Stop[d]
1. After a pause2. After a nasal3. After /k/
darun díaaldea
[dár][u7.dí.a][ak.dé.a]
Fricative[#]
4. Elsewhere arderlos dedosnadaadmitir
[ar.#ér][kos.#é.#os][ná.#a][a#.mi.tír]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 111199999999
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 13.3. Facial cross-section illustrating the positionof the articulatory apparatus in the production of /g/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222200000000
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 13.9. Distribution of Spanish phoneme /g/
Phonetic environment Lexical item Phonemic transcription
Word-initial gagola gataun gato
/gago//ka#gata//un#gato/
Word-final ****** ******
Syllable-initial after vowel lago /kago/
Syllable-initial afterconsonant
vengoel gatoun gato
/bengo//ek#gato//un#gato/
Syllable-final agnóstico /agnostiko/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222200000000
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 13.10. The phonetic realizations of the principal allophones of Spanish /g/
Phoneticenvironment
Lexicalitem
Phonemictranscription
Phonetictranscription
Word-initial gagola gataun gato
/gago//ka#gata//un#gato/
[gá.ƒo][ka.ƒá.ta][uN.gá.to]
Word-final ****** ****** ******
Syllable-initial after vowel lago /kago/ [ká.ƒo]
Syllable-initial afterconsonant
vengoalgoengordar
/bengo//akgo//engordar/
[béN.go][ák.ƒo][eN.gor.#ár]
Syllable-final agnóstico /agnostiko/ [aƒ.nós.ti.ko]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222200001111
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Table 13.11. Environments of the principal phoneticrealizations of the phoneme /g/ in standard Spanish
Surfacerealization
Environment Example Phonetictranscription
Stop[g]
1. After a pause2. After a nasal
gatoun gato
[gá.to][uN.gá.to]
Fricative[ƒ]
3. Elsewhere el gatola gatalagoalgoagnóstico
[ek.ƒá.to][ka.ƒá.ta][ká.ƒo][ák.ƒo][aƒ.nós.ti.ko]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222200002222
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Table 13.12. Orthographic representations of the Spanish phoneme /g/
Word Grapheme(s) Phonetic transcription
1. guerra2. guitarra
gu + egu + i
[gé.0a][gi.tá.0a]
3. guapo4. antiguo5. gato6. golpe7. gusto8. gloria9. grande
g + uag + uog + ag + og + ug + consonantg + consonant
[gwá.po][a7.tí.ƒwo][gá.to][gók.pe][gús.to][gkó.rya][grá7.de]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222200007777
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Figure 14.1. Facial cross-section illustrating the positionof the articulatory apparatus in the production of /f/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222200008888
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Table 14.1. Distribution of Spanish phoneme /f/
Phonetic environment Lexical item Phonemic transcription
Word-initial foca /foka/
Word-final ****** ******
Syllable-initial after vowel gafas /gafas/
Syllable-initial afterconsonant
enfermo /enfermo/
Syllable-final afgano /afgano/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222200009999
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Table 14.2. Distribution patterns of theprincipal phonetic realizations of the phoneme /f/
Word Dialects without[∏] and [v]allophones
Dialects with [∏] and[v] in complementarydistribution
Dialects with [∏]and [v] in freevariation
focagafasenfermoafligir
[fó.ka][gá.fas][eM.fér.mo][a.fki.hír]
[fó.ka][gá.fas][eM.fér.mo][a.fki.hír]
[fó.ka][gá.fas][eM.fér.mo][a.fki.hír]
afgano [af.ć.no] [av.ć.no] [af.ć.no] or [av.ć.no]
fuertefui
[fwér.te][fwí]
[∏wér.te][∏wí]
[fwér.te] or [∏wér.te][fwí] or [∏wí]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222211111111
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Figure 14.2. Facial cross-section illustrating the position ofthe articulatory apparatus in the production of lamino-alveolar /s/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222211112222
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Figure 14.3. Facial cross-section illustrating the configurationof the vocal apparatus in the production of apico-alveolar /s/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222211113333
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Figure 14.4. Facial cross-section illustrating the position of thearticulatory apparatus in the production of alveolar retroflex /S/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222211113333
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 14.3. Distribution of Spanish coronal /S/
Phonetic environment Lexical item Phonemic transcription
Word-initial sol /Sok/
Word-final tos /toS/
Syllable-initial after vowel masa /maSa/
Syllable-initial after consonant mensaje /menSahe/
Syllable-final espesa /eSpeSa/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222211114444
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 14.4. Coronal /S/ voicing assimilation in /S/-retention dialects
Environment Word Phonemictranscription
Phonetictranscription
Word-initial sol /Sok/ [sók]
Syllable-initial after vowel masa /maSa/ [má.sa]
Syllable-initial afterconsonant
mensaje /menSahe/ [men.sá.he]
Word-final before vowel los ojos /koS#ohoS/ [ko.só.hos]
Word-final beforeconsonant
tos ferinalos tíostos gravelos díaslos huevos
/toS#ferina//koS#tioS//toS#grabe//koS#diaS//koS#%eboS/
[tos.fe.rí.na][kos.tí.os][toz#ƒrá.Be][koz.#í.as][koz.%é.Bos]
Syllable-final beforeconsonant
astalascadesdeislamismo
/aSta//kaSka//deSde//iSka//miSmo/
[ás.ta][kás.ka][déz.#e][íz.ka][míz.mo]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, pppppppp.... 222211115555----222211116666
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Figure 14.5. Consonant strength scale of voicelessallophones of Spanish lamino-alveolar /s/ and apico-alveolar /s/
[s] → [s] → [s] → [h] → [h] → [h] → [Ø]Strong ←→ Weak
Figure 14.6. Different free-variant articulations oflamino-alveolar /s/ along a consonant strength continuum
casas
Strongest /s/↑↓
Weakest /s/
[ká.sas][ká.sas][ká.sas][ká.sah][ká.sah][ká.sah]
[ká.saØ]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222211117777
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Table 14.5. Pronunciation of lamino-alveolar /s/ andapico-alveolar /s/ in phonetic environments of retention in weakening dialects
Environment Word Phonemictranscription
Phonetictranscription
Word-initial sol /Sok/ [sók]
Syllable-initial after vowel masa /maSa/ [má.sa]
Syllable-initial after consonant mensaje /menSahe/ [men.sá.he]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222211117777
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 14.6. Pronunciation of lexemes with lamino-alveolar /s/ and apico-alveolar/s/ in retention, aspiration, or deletion environments in weakening dialects
Word(s) Free-variant phonetic transcriptions
Breath-group-final
/s/ retention /s/ aspiration /s/ deletion
gatos [gá.tos] [gá.toh] [gá.toØ]
Word-final before vowel
/s/ retention /s/ aspiration /s/ deletion
los ojos [ko.só.hos] [ko.hó.hoh] [ko.Øó.hoØ]
Word-final before consonant
/s/ retention /s/ aspiration /s/ deletion
tos ferinalos tíostos gravelos díaslos huevos
[tos.fe.rí.na][kos.tí.os][tos.grá.Be][kos.#í.as][kos.%é.Bos]
[toh.fe.rí.na][koh.tí.oh][toh.grá.Be][koh.#í.ah][koh.%é.Boh]
[toØ.fe.rí.na][koØ.tí.oØ][toØ.ƒrá.Be][koØ.#í.aØ][koØ.%é.BoØ]
Syllable-final before consonant
/s/ retention /s/ aspiration /s/ deletion
astalascadesdeislamismo
[ás.ta][kás.ka][dés.#e][ís.ka][mís.mo]
[áh.ta][káh.ka][déh.#e][íh.ka][míh.mo]
[áØ.ta][káØ.ka][déØ.#e][íØ.ka][míØ.mo]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222211119999
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 14.7. Phonetic variants of the phoneme /s/in weakening and voicing assimilation dialects
Retention[s]
Aspiration[h]
Deletion[Ø]
Retention/Voicing[z]
Aspiration/Voicing[˙]
Deletion[Ø]
Table 14.8. Examples of Spanish lexemes with differentallophones of /s/-weakening/voicing assimilation dialects
Word(s) Phonetic representations
los días [kos.#í.as][koz.#í.as]
[koh.#í.ah][ko˙.#í.ah]
[koØ.#í.aØ][koØ.#í.aØ]
desde [dés.#e][déz.#e]
[déh.#e][dé˙.#e]
[déØ.#e][déØ.#e]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222222220000
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Table 14.9. Orthographic representations ofthe phoneme /S/ in Spanish seseo dialect areas
Orthographicrepresentation
Examples
“s” sato, compás, masa, isla
“z” zapato, paz, caza, juzgar
“ce” cena, cerca, veces, paces
“ci” cigarro, cine, oficina, cinta
Table 14.10. Orthographic representations ofthe phoneme /S/ in Spanish distinción dialect areas
Orthographicrepresentation
Examples
“s” sato, compás, masa, isla
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222222224444
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Figure 15.1. Facial cross-section illustrating the positionof the articulatory apparatus in the production of /x/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222222225555
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Figure 15.2. Facial cross-section illustrating the positionof the articulatory apparatus in the production of /X/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222222225555
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Table 15.1. Distribution of Spanish phoneme /h/
Phonetic environment Lexical item Phonemic transcription
Word-initial gente /hente/
Syllable-initial after vowel eje /ehe/
Syllable-initial after consonant álgebra /akhebra/
Word-final (reloj) (/0ekoh/)
Syllable-final ****** ******
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222222226666
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Table 15.2. Orthographic representationsof the Spanish phonemes /h/, /x/, and /X/
Spelling Examples
“j” bajar, jerga, jinete, cajón, jugar
“g” before “e” gente, escoger, genio, general, gemir
“g” before “i” gimnasio, gitano, dirigir, afligido, agitar
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222233330000
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Figure 15.3. Facial cross-section illustrating the positionof the articulatory apparatus in the production of /T/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222233330000
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 15.3. Distribution of Spanish phoneme /T/
Phonetic environment Lexical item Phonemic transcription
Word-initial cerca /Terka/
Word-final paz /paT/
Syllable-initial after vowel cenicero /TeniTero/
Syllable-initial after consonant alzar /akTar/
Syllable-final izquierdo /iTkyerdo/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222233331111
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Table 15.4. Voicing assimilation of the phoneme /T/
Position Word Phonemictranscription
Phonetictranscription
Word-initial zorro /To0o/ [Tó.0o]
Syllable-initial after vowel caza /kaTa/ [ká.Ta]
Syllable-initial afterconsonant
alzar /akTar/ [ak.Tár]
Word-final before vowel paz árabe /paT#arabe/ [pa.Tá.ra.Be]
Word-final beforeconsonant
paz cubanapaz chilenapaz vascamaíz largoen vez de
/paT#kubana//paT#cikena//paT#baska//maiT#kargo//en#beT#de/
[paT.ku.Bá.na][paT.ci.ké.na][paD.Bás.ka][ma.íD.kár.ƒo][em.béD.#e]
Syllable-finalbefore consonant
aztecamezclamezquitanoviazgoazremaznarjuzgar
/aTteka//meTkka//meTkita//nobiaTgo//aTre//maTnar//xuTgar/
[aT.té.ka][méT.kka][meT.kí.ta][no.ByáD.ƒo][áD.re][maD.nár][xuD.ƒár]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222233332222
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Table 15.5. Orthographic representations of the Spanish phoneme /T/
Spelling Examples
“z” before vowels zapato, (zeta), (zirconio), zona, azúcar
Final “z” paz, vez, lápiz, maíz, atroz
“ce” cena, cerca, cebolla, centro, cereza
“ci” cita, cine, cisne, cinco, ciruela
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222233335555
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 16.1. Facial cross-section illustrating the positionof the articulatory apparatus in the production of /&/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222233336666
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 16.1. Distribution of Spanish phoneme /&/
Phonetic environment Lexicalitem
Phonemictranscription
Word-initial yeso /&eso/
Word-final ****** ******
Syllable-initial after vowel hoyuelomayo
/o&ueko//ma&o/
Syllable-initial after consonant inyección /in&eksion/
Syllable-final ****** ******
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222233337777
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Figure 16.2. Consonant strength scale of allophones of the Spanish phoneme /&/
[Ø] ← [y] ← [y] ← [y] ← [&] ← [&] → [:] → [9] → [y] → [Y]Weak ←→ Strong
Table 16.2. Phonetic description of allophones of the phoneme /&/
Phonetic symbol Phonetic description
1. [Ø] Deletion or phonetic zero
2. [y] Severely weakened voiced palatal glide
3. [y] Weakened voiced palatal glide
4. [y] Voiced palatal glide
5. [&] Weakened voiced palatal slit fricative
6. [&] Voiced palatal slit fricative
7. [:] Voiced palato-alveolar grooved fricative
8. [9] Voiceless palato-alveolar grooved fricative
9. [y] Voiced palatal affricate
10. [Y] Voiceless palatal affricate
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222233338888
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Table 16.3. Different phonetic realizations ofmayo, caballo, and hierba in ≥eísmo and ≤eísmo
Representative lexical items
mayo caballo hierba
[má.:o][má.9o][má.yo][má.Yo][má.jo][má.co]
[ka.Bá.:o][ka.Bá.9o][ka.Bá.yo][ka.Bá.Yo][ka.Bá.jo][ka.Bá.co]
[&ér.Ba]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222233339999
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Table 16.4. Orthographic representations of the Spanish phoneme /&/
Spelling Examples
“y” haya, yeso, rayita, arroyo, yunque, inyección,cónyuge, enyesado, conyugal, enyugar
“ll” llana, llenar, allí, llorar, lluvia, conllevar, enllantar
“hi” before “e” hielo, hierba, hiedra, hiena, hierro
“hi” before “a” hiato, hialografía, hialino, hialúrgico, hialurgia
“hi” before “o” hiogloso, hioides
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222244440000
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Figure 16.3. Facial cross-section illustrating the positionof the articulatory apparatus in the production of /%/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222244440000
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Table 16.5. Distribution of Spanish phoneme /%/
Phonetic environment Lexicalitem
Phonemictranscription
Word-initial hueso /%eso/
Word-final ****** ******
Syllable-initial after vowel nahuatl /na%atk/
Syllable-initial after consonant deshuesar /des%esar/
Syllable-final ****** ******
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222244442222
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 16.4. Consonant strength scale of allophones of the Spanish phoneme /%/
[w] ← [%] ← [%] ← [%] → [ƒw] → [gw]Weak ←→ Strong
Table 16.6. Phonetic description of allophones of the phoneme /%/
Phonetic symbol Phonetic description
1. [w] Voiced labio-velar glide
2. [%] Severely weakened voiced bilabio-velar slit fricative
3. [%] Weakened voiced bilabio-velar slit fricative
4. [%] Voiced bilabio-velar slit fricative
5. [ƒw] Voiced rounded bilabio-velar slit fricative
6. [gw] Voiced rounded bilabio-velar stop
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222244443333
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Table 16.7. Different phonetic realizations ofthe lexeme hueso found among Spanish speakers
Representative lexical items
hueso los huesos
[wé.so][%é.so][%é.so][%é.so][gw é.so]********
[kos.wé.sos][kos.%é.sos][kos.%é.sos][kos.%é.sos]************[kos.ƒwé.sos]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222244443333
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Table 16.8. Orthographic representations of the Spanish phoneme /%/
Spelling Examples
“hu” native vocabulary hueso, huida, huerta, hueco, huérfano
“w” borrowings whisky, Wáshington, wáter, Hawaii, Wili
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222244447777
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Figure 17.1. Facial cross-section illustrating the positionof the articulatory apparatus in the production of /m/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222244447777
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Table 17.1. Distribution of Spanish phoneme /m/
Phonetic environment Lexicalitem
Phonemictranscription
Word-initial más /mas/
Word-final ****** ******
Syllable-initial after vowel cama /kama/
Syllable-initial after consonant almendra /akmendra/
Syllable-final before nasal consonant gimnasio /himnasyo/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222244448888
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Table 17.2. Orthographic representations of the Spanish phoneme /m/
Spelling Examples
Word-initial más, medir, mismo, montaña, muerto
Syllable-initialafter vowel
cama, remar, imitar, omitir, humedad
Syllable-initialafter consonant
almendra, mismo, inmediato,hermano, asma
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222244449999
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 17.2. Facial cross-section illustrating the positionof the articulatory apparatus in the production of /n/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222255550000
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Table 17.3. Distribution of Spanish phoneme /n/
Phonetic environment Lexicalitem
Phonemictranscription
Word-initial nada /nada/
Word-final pan /pan/
Syllable-initial after vowel bueno /bueno/
Syllable-initial after consonant asno /asno/
Syllable-final insistirhombresembrarimpresiónumbral
/insistir//onbre//senbrar//inpresion//unbrak/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222255551111
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Table 17.4. Phonetic symbols used to represent differentSpanish nasal allophones and their phonetic descriptions
Phonetic symbol Phonetic description
[m] (voiced) bilabial nasal
[M] (voiced) labio-dental nasal
[n] (voiced) laminal interdental nasal
[7] (voiced) apico-dental nasal
[n] (voiced) apico-alveolar nasal
[|] (voiced) laminal retroflex nasal
[8] (voiced) laminal palato-alveolar nasal
[ñ] (voiced) laminal palatal nasal
[N] (voiced) dorso-velar nasal
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222255551111
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Table 17.5. The phonemic and phonetic realizations ofSpanish words with /n/ preceding bilabial consonants
Word(s) Phonemicrepresentation
Phoneticrepresentation
imposibleimbécilenvidiainmediato
/inposibke//inbesik//enbidya//inmedyato/
[im.po.sí.Bke][im.bé.sik][em.bí.#ya][im.me.#yá.to]
un pocoun burroun vasoun maestro
/un#poko//un#bu0o//un#baso//un#maestro/
[um.pó.ko][um.bú.0o][um.bá.so][um.ma.és.tro]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222255552222
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Table 17.6. Progressive and regressive assimilation in Spanish
Word(s) Phonemicrepresentation
Phoneticrealization
condición /n/ phonemeis alveolar.
/kondisyon/
/d/ phoneme is a stop.
/n/ becomes dental via regressivenasal place assimilation. D444d[ko7.di.syón] a111A/d/ remains a stop due to progressiveassimilation of [–cont] of /n/.
un día /n/ phoneme isalveolar.
/un#dia/
/d/ phoneme is a stop.
/n/ becomes dental via regressivenasal place assimilation. D444d[u7.dí.a] a111A/d/ remains a stop due to progressiveassimilation of [–cont] of /n/.
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222255553333
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Table 17.7. The phonemic and phonetic realizations ofSpanish words with /n/ preceding labio-dental consonants
Word(s) Phonemic representation Phonetic representation
énfasisenfriar
/enfasis//enfryar/
[éM.fa.sis][eM.fryár]
un fuegoun foco
/un#fwego//un#foko/
[uM.fwé.ƒo][uM.fó.ko]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222255553333
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Table 17.8. The phonemic and phonetic realizations ofSpanish words with /n/ preceding interdental consonants
Word(s) Phonemic representation Phonetic representation
encerraranzuelo
/enTe0ar//anTweko/
[en.Te.0ár][an.Twé.ko]
un zapatoun cenicero
/un#Tapato//un#TeniTero/
[un.Ta.pá.to][un.Te.ni.Té.ro]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222255553333
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 17.9. The phonemic and phonetic realizations ofSpanish words with /n/ preceding dental consonants
Word(s) Phonemic representation Phonetic representation
mantenercondición
/mantener//kondisyon/
[ma7.te.nér][ko7.di.syón]
un tíoun día
/un#tio//un#dia/
[u7.tí.o][u7.dí.a]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222255554444
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Table 17.10. The phonemic and phonetic realizations ofSpanish words with /n/ preceding alveolar consonants
Word(s) Phonemic representation Phonetic representation
encerraranzueloenredarinnato
/ense0ar//answeko//en0edar//innato/
[en.se.0ár][an.swé.ko][en.0e.#ár][in.ná.to]
un zapatoun ceniceroun ladoun raboun seso
/un#sapato//un#senisero//un#kado//un#0abo//un#seso/
[un.sa.pá.to][un.se.ni.sé.ro][un.ká.#o][un.0á.Bo][un.sé.so]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222255554444
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Table 17.11. The phonemic and phonetic realizations ofSpanish words with /n/ preceding retroflex consonants
Word(s) Phonemic representation Phonetic representation
insistirenseñar
/inSiStir//enSeñar/
[i|.SiS.tír][e|.Se.ñár]
un sesoun señor
/un#SeSo//un#Señor/
[u|.Sé.So][u|.Se.ñór]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222255555555
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Table 17.12. The phonemic and phonetic realizations ofSpanish words with /n/ preceding the palato-alveolar affricate
Word(s) Phonemic representation Phonetic representation
anchoenchilada
/anco//encikada/
[á8.co][e8.ci.ká.#a]
un chanchoun chico
/un#canco//un#ciko/
[u8.cá8.co][u8.cí.ko]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222255555555
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Table 17.13. The phonemic and phonetic realizationsof Spanish words with /n/ preceding palatal consonants
Word(s) Phonemic representation Phonetic representation
1. inyección2. conllevar3. conllevar
/in&eksyon//kon&ebar//kon¥ebar/
[iñ.&ek.syón][koñ.&e.Bár][koñ.¥e.Bár]
4. un yeso5. un ñame6. un llanto7. un llanto
/un#&eso//un#ñame//un#&anto//un#¥anto/
[uñ.&é.so][uñ.ñá.me][uñ.&á7.to][uñ.¥á7.to]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222255556666
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 17.14. The phonemic and phonetic realizationsof Spanish words with /n/ preceding velar consonants
Word(s) Phonemic representation Phonetic representation
increíbleingleángelenhuecar
/inkreibke//ingle//anxek//en%ekar/
[iN.kre.í.Bke][íN.gle][áN.xek][eN.%e.kár]
un carroun gatoun gestoun hueso
/un#ka0o//un#gato//un#xesto//un#%eso/
[uN.ká.0o][uN.gá.to][uN.xés.to][uN.%é.so]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222255556666
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Table 17.15. The phonemic and phonetic realizationsof Spanish words with /n/ preceding glottal consonants
Word(s) Phonemic representation Phonetic representation
ángelenjabonado
/anhek//enhabonado/
[án.hek][en.ha.Bo.ná.#o]
un gestoun jarabe
/un#hesto//un#harabe/
[un.hés.to][un.ha.rá.Be]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222255558888
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Table 17.16. Representative vocabulary itemsoptionally realized as [N] in velarization dialects
Word(s) Standard dialectphonetic representation
Velarization dialectphonetic representation
SECTION 1:imposibleun vasoénfasisun fuegomantenerun díaanzueloun zapatoanchoun chanchoconllevarun yeso
[im.po.sí.Bke][um.bá.so][éM.fa.sis][uM.fwéƒo][ma7.te.nér][u7.dí.a][an.swé.ko][un.sa.pá.to][á8.co][u8.cá8.co][koñ.&e.Bár][uñ.&é.so]
[iN.po.sí.Bke][uN.bá.so][éN.fa.sis][uN.fwéƒo][maN.te.nér][uN.dí.a][aN.swé.ko][uN.sa.pá.to][áN.co][uN.cáN.co][koN.&e.Bár][uN.&é.so]
SECTION 2:ángelun gesto
[án.hek][un.hés.to]
[áN.hek][uN.hés.to]
SECTION 3:un ojoenaguas
[u.nó.ho][e.ná.ƒwas]
[u.Nó.ho][e.Ná.ƒwas]
SECTION 4:panasí hablan
[pán][a.si.á.Bkan]
[páN][a.si.á.BkaN]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222255559999
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Table 17.17. Pronunciation of sequences oftwo nasal phonemes in different speech registers
Nasal Speech registersequence Formal Careful Normal
/nn/ innato [in.ná.to] [i.ná.to] [i.ná.to]
/mn/ gimnasio [him.ná.syo] [hin.ná.syo] [hi.ná.syo]
/nm/ inmediato [in.me.#yá.to] [im.me.#yá.to] [i.me.#yá.to]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222266660000
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Table 17.18. Orthographic representations of the Spanish phoneme /n/
Spelling Examples
SECTION 1:Word-initial
nada, nervios, niño, nosotros, nuez
SECTION 2:Word-final
pan, son, hablan, comen, viven
SECTION 3:Syllable-initial aftervowel
cana, cena, sino, mono, unir
SECTION 4:Syllable-initial afterconsonant
cisne, adnotación, trasnochar, himno,magnitud
SECTION 5:Syllable-final beforenasal consonant
innato, innavegable, innatural,ennegrecer, ennoblecer
SECTION 6:Syllable-final beforenon-nasal consonant
hambre, lumbrar, imposible, hombre,umbral
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222266661111
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 17.3. Facial cross-section illustrating the positionof the articulatory apparatus in the production of /ñ/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222266662222
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 17.19. Distribution of Spanish phoneme /ñ/
Phonetic environment Lexicalitem
Phonemictranscription
Word-initial ñame /ñame/
Word-final ****** ******
Syllable-initial after vowel caña /kaña/
Syllable-initial after consonant ****** ******
Syllable-final ****** ******
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222266663333
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Table 17.20. Orthographic representations of the Spanish phoneme /ñ/
Spelling Examples
Word-initial ñame, ñandú, ñato, ñaño, ñapa
Syllable-initial after vowel caña, paño, raña, isleño, español
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222266667777
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 18.1. Facial cross-section illustrating the positionof the articulatory apparatus in the production of /r/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222266668888
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 18.1. Distribution of Spanish phoneme /r/
Phonetic environment Lexicalitem
Phonemictranscription
Word-initial ****** ******
Word-final mar /mar/
Syllable-initial after vowel caro /karo/
Post-consonantal in consonant + /r/syllable onsets
subrayar /subra&ar/
Syllable-final artista /artista/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222266669999
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Table 18.2. Representative vocabulary items phonetically realizedwith assibilated non-lateral liquid variants of the phoneme /r/
Word(s) Standard phoneticrepresentation
Assibilation dialect phoneticrepresentations
mar [már] [má2] [má3]
mar bonitomar azul
[mar.Bo.ní.to][ma.ra.súk]
[ma2.Bo.ní.to][ma.2a.súk]
[ma3.Bo.ní.to][má.3a.súk]
carosubrayarartistaardiente
[ká.ro][su.Bra.&ár][ar.tís.ta][ar.#yé7.te]
[ká.2o][su.B2a.&ár][a2.tís.ta][a2.#yé7.te]
[ká.3o][su.B3a.&ár][a3.tís.ta][a3.#yé7.te]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222266669999
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Table 18.3. Orthographic representations of the Spanish phoneme /r/
Spelling Examples
Syllable-initial after vowel caro, pero, ahora, foro, moro
Post-consonantal inconsonant + /r/ onsets
subrayar, subrogar, crema, trébol, grave
Syllable-final artista, mercado, irlandés, carbón, árbol
Word-final mar, hablar, estar, ser, tener
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222277772222
© 2001 Cascadilla Press. This page may be printed or reproduced for classroom use.Requests for any commercial use must be directed to Cascadilla Press, P.O. Box 440355,Somerville, MA 02144, USA. Web site: http://www.cascadilla.com.
Figure 18.2. Facial cross-section illustrating the positionof the articulatory apparatus in the production of /0/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222277772222
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Table 18.4. Distribution of Spanish phoneme /0/
Phonetic environment Lexicalitem
Phonemictranscription
Word-initial rojo /0oho/
Word-final ****** ******
Syllable-initial after vowel carro /ka0o/
Syllable-initial after consonants/k/, /n/, or /s/
alrededorenredarIsrael
/ak0ededor//en0edar//is0aek/
Syllable-final ****** ******
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222277774444
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Table 18.5. Representative vocabulary items phonetically realizedwith assibilated non-lateral liquid variants of the phoneme /0/
Word(s) Standard phoneticrepresentation
Assibilation dialectphonetic representations
rojo [0ó.ho] [2ó.ho] [3ó.ho]
una rosael rosal
[u.na.0ó.sa][ek.0o.sák]
[u.na.2ó.sa][ek.2o.sák]
[u.na.3ó.sa][ek.3o.sák]
carrocorridatorre
[ká.0o][ko.0í.#a][tó.0e]
[ká.2o][ko.2í.#a][tó.2e]
[ká.3o][ko.3í.#a][tó.3e]
alrededorenredarIsrael
[ak.0e.#e.#ór][en.0e.#ár][ih.0a.ék]
[ak.2e.#e.#ór][en.2e.#ár][ih.2a.ék]
[ak.3e.#e.#ór][en.3e.#ár][ih.3a.ék]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222277776666
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Table 18.6. Representative vocabulary items phonetically realizedwith posteriorized non-lateral liquid variants of the phoneme /0/
Word(s) StandardSpanish
Posteriorization dialectphonetic representations
rojo [0ó.ho] [XXXXó.ho] [{{{{ó.ho] [4ó.ho]
una rosa [u.na.0ó.sa] [u.na.XXXXó.sa] [u.na.{{{{ó.sa] [u.na.4ó.sa]
el rosal [ek.0o.sák] [ek.XXXXo.sák] [ek.{{{{o.sák] [ek.4o.sák]
carro [ká.0o] [ká.XXXXo] [ká.{{{{o] [ká.4o]
corrida [ko.0í.#a] [ko.XXXXí.#a] [ko.{{{{í.#a] [ko.4í.#a]
torre [tó.0e] [tó.XXXXe] [tó.{{{{e] [tó4e]
alrededor [ak.0e.#e.#ór] [ak.XXXXe.#e.#ór] [ak.{{{{e.#e.#ór] [ak.4e.#e.#ór]
enredar [en.0e.#ár] [en.XXXXe.#ár] [en.{{{{e.#ár] [en.4e.#ár]
Israel [ih.0a.ék] [ih.XXXXa.ék] [ih.{{{{a.ék] [ih.4a.ék]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222277776666
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Table 18.7. Orthographic representations of the Spanish phoneme /0/
Spelling Examples
Syllable-initialafter vowel
carro, perro, ahorra, forro, morro
Word-initial rabo, remar, rima, rojo, rubio
Syllable-initialafter /k/, /n/ or /s/
malrotador, alrededor, enredar, honrado, Israel
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222277779999
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Table 18.8. Distribution pattern of Spanish /r/ and /0/ phonemes
Environment Example Simplevibrant /r/
Multiplevibrant /0/
Word-initial rojo no yes
Word-final mar yes no
Syllable-initial after vowel peroperro
yes yes
Syllable-initial after consonant enredar no yes
Post-consonantal inconsonant + /r/ onsets
subrayartrébol
yes no
Syllable-final margen yes no
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222288880000
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Table 18.9. Derivation of representative Spanishlexemes using the one non-lateral liquid phoneme analysis
Example Phonemicrepresentation
Phonological rule affectingliquids
Phoneticrepresentation
rojo /roho/ Word-initial consonantstrengthening #/r/ → [0]
[0ó.ho]
mar /mar/ None [már]
pero /pero/ None [pé.ro]
perro /perro/ Geminate liquid consonantstrengthening /rr/ → [0]
[pé.0o]
enredar /enredar/ Post-consonantal coda /r/strengthening /C.r/ → [C0]
[en.0e.#ár]
subrayar /subrayar/ None [su.Bra.&ár]
trébol /trebok/ None [tré.Bok]
margen /marhen/ None [már.hen]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222288884444
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Figure 19.1. Facial cross-section illustrating the positionof the articulatory apparatus in the production of /k/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222288884444
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Table 19.1. Distribution of Spanish phoneme /k/
Phonetic environment Lexicalitem
Phonemictranscription
Word-initial lado /kado/
Word-final tal /tak/
Syllable-initial after vowel ilegal /ikegak/
Syllable-initial after consonant atleta /atketa/
Syllable-final alcoba /akkoba/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222288885555
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Table 19.2. Phonetic symbols used to represent differentSpanish lateral liquid allophones and their phonetic descriptions
Phonetic symbol Phonetic description
1. [l] (voiced) palatalized apico-dental lateral liquid
2. [k] (voiced) palatalized apico-alveolar lateral liquid
3. [$] (voiced) lamino-palato-alveolar lateral liquid
4. [¥] (voiced) lamino-palatal lateral liquid
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222288886666
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Table 19.3. The phonemic and phonetic realizations ofSpanish words with /k/ preceding dental consonants
Word(s) Phonemic representation Phonetic representation
altoaldea
/akto//akdea/
[ál.to][ál.dé.a]
el tíoel día
/ek#tio//ek#dia/
[el.tí.o][el.dí.a]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222288886666
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Table 19.4. The phonemic and phonetic realizations of Spanishwords with /k/ preceding the Spanish palato-alveolar affricate /c/
Word(s) Phonemic representation Phonetic representation
colchónsalchicha
/kokcon//sakcica/
[ko$.cón][sa$.cí.ca]
el chanchoel chico
/ek#canco//ek#cíko/
[e$.cá8.co][e$.cí.ko]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222288887777
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Table 19.5. The phonemic and phonetic realizations ofSpanish words with /k/ preceding palatal consonants
Word(s) Phonemic representation Phonetic representation
1. caliente2. el yeso3. el ñame
/kakyente//ek#&eso//ek#ñame/
[ka.¥yé7.te][e¥.&é.so][e¥.ñá.me]
4. el llanto5. el llanto6. al llegar7. al llegar
/ek#&anto//ek#¥anto//ak#&egar//ak#¥egar/
[e¥.&á7.to][e¥.¥á7.to][a¥.&e.ƒár][a¥.¥e.ƒár]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222288888888
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Table 19.6. Spanish words with /k/ in pre-consonantalnon-lateral assimilation environments alveolar consonants
Word(s) Phonemic representation Phonetic representation
albael mono
/akba//ek#mono/
[ák.Ba][ek.mó.no]
alfilerel fuego
/akfiker//ek#fwego/
[ak.fi.kér][ek.fwé.ƒo]
falsocalzadoel raboel nido
/fakso//kaksado//ek#0abo//ek#nido/
[fák.so][kak.sá.#o][ek.0á.Bo][ek.ní.#o]
algoel carroel huesoel gesto
/akgo//ek#ka0o//ek#%eso//ek#xesto/
[ák.ƒo][ek.ká.0o][ek.%é.so][ek.xés.to]
el gesto /ek#hesto/ [ek.hés.to]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222288889999
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Table 19.7. Representative vocabulary items phoneticallyrealized with various liquid allophones in final environments
Process Lexical item
Marta /marta/ malta /makta/
None (standard) [már.ta] [mál.ta]
Rhotacization ****** [már.ta]
Lambdacization [mál.ta] ******
Hybridization [málr.ta] [mál
r.ta]
Devoicing [máq.ta] [máfi.ta]
Liquid-gliding [máy.ta] [máy.ta]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222299990000
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Table 19.8. Orthographic representations of the Spanish phoneme /k/
Spelling Examples
Word-initial lado, lema, lima, loma, luna
Word-final tal, miel, mil, sol, azul
Syllable-initial in CC clusters sublevar, afligir, aglutinar, blanco, pliego
Syllable-initial after vowel palo, gelar, ilegal, ola, mulero
Syllable-initial after consonant atleta, Carlos, perla, Atlántico, enlace
Syllable-final (before consonant) silbato, alfiler, selva, algo, calma
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222299992222
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Figure 19.2. Facial cross-section illustrating the positionof the articulatory apparatus in the production of /¥/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222299993333
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Table 19.9. Distribution of Spanish lleísta phoneme /¥/
Phonetic environment Lexicalitem
Phonemictranscription
Word-initial llave /¥abe/
Word-final ****** ******
Syllable-initial after vowel ella /e¥a/
Syllable-initial after consonant conllevar /kon¥ebar/
Syllable-final ****** ******
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222299993333
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Table 19.10. Orthographic representations of the Spanish phoneme /¥/
Spelling Examples
Word-initial llave, llamar, llover, llanto, lleno
Syllable-initialafter vowel
valle, calle, Castilla, hallar, callar
Syllable-initialafter consonant
conllevar, conllorar, enllantar, enllocar, enllentecer
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222299996666
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Table 19.11. Phonemic representation ofrepresentative pairs of words in lleísta and yeísta dialects
Word Phonemic representation
Lleísmo Yeísmo
cayo /ka&o/ /ka&o/
callo /ka¥o/ /ka&o/
maya /ma&a/ /ma&a/
malla /ma¥a/ /ma&a/
vaya /ba&a/ /ba&a/
valla /ba¥a/ /ba&a/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 222299999999
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Figure 20.1. The frequency of sound waves
BFigure 20.2. The amplitude of sound waves
A
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333300002222
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Table 20.1. Representative examples of regular Spanish oxytones (agudas)
Words ending in non-glides Words ending in glides
1. verdad 6. mamey
2. reloj 7. carey
3. caracol 8. convoy
4. hablar 9. Garay
5. atroz 10. Abreu
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333300003333
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Figure 20.3. Representative examples of regular Spanish paroxytones (llanas)
1. habla, casa, bonita
2. come, vive, hable, clase, base
3. casi
4. hablo, como, vivo, Caio, bonito
5. tribu
6. hablan, comen, viven
7. hablas, comes, vives, casas, bonitas
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333300004444
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Figure 20.4. Representative examples of Spanish proparoxytones (esdrújulas)
1. fonética 7. prosódico 13. ánimo 19. hablábamos
2. régimen 8. cardíaco 14. quirúrgico 20. comíamos
3. análisis 9. período 15. época 21. escribíamos
4. histórico 10. término 16. fábrica 22. diéramos
5. múltiple 11. atmósfera 17. huérfano 23. tuviéramos
6. plátano 12. público 18. indígena 24. pidiésemos
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333300005555
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Figure 20.5. Representative examples of Spanish sobreesdrújulas
1. escríbemela
2. láveselo
3. regalársenoslo
4. dígasemele
5. comprándosenoslo
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333300006666
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Figure 20.6. Spanish stress rules
1. Words ending in a single vowel letter or the consonant letter “n” or “s”are stressed on the penultimate syllable.
2. Words ending in a consonant letter other than “n” or “s” or ending in adiphthong are stressed on the last syllable.
3. Words that do not follow the first two rules must bear a written accent.
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333300006666
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Figure 20.7. Representative examples of irregular Spanish paroxytones (llanas)
1. césped 6. lápiz
2. mármol 7. fémur
3. automóvil 8. carácter
4. árbol 9. versátil
5. difícil 10. cráter
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333300006666
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Figure 20.8. Representative examples of irregular Spanish oxytones (agudas)
1. comején 7. acá 13. miré
2. compás 8. café 14. miró
3. limón 9. colibrí 15. miraré
4. atención 10. caló 16. comí
5. atrás 11. bambú 17. viví
6. adiós 12. maní 18. irá
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333300008888
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Table 20.2. Representative Spanish monosyllabic homophonouspairs distinguished by presence or absence of a written accent mark
Lexical pair Description Phonetic transcription
dedé
prepositionverb dar
[dé][dé]
elél
definite articlesubject pronoun
[ék][ék]
masmás
conjunction (pero)quantifier (more)
[más][más]
mimí
possessive adjectiveprepositional object
[mí][mí]
sesé
object or reflexive pronounverb saber
[sé][sé]
sisí
conjunction (‘if’)adverb (‘yes’)
[sí][sí]
teté
object or reflexive pronounnoun
[té][té]
tutú
possessive adjectivesubject pronoun
[tú][tú]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333300008888
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Table 20.3. Representative Spanish polysyllabic homophonouspairs distinguished by presence or absence of a written accent mark
Lexical pair Description Phonetic transcription
aquelaquél
demonstrative adjectivedemonstrative pronoun
[a.kék][a.kék]
eseése
demonstrative adjectivedemonstrative pronoun
[é.se][é.se]
esteéste
demonstrative adjectivedemonstrative pronoun
[és.te][és.te]
solosólo
adjective (‘only’)adverb (‘alone’)
[só.ko][só.ko]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333300009999
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Table 20.4. Representative Spanish homophonous pairsnot distinguished by presence or absence of a written accent mark
Lexical pair Description Phonetic transcription
vinovino
nounverb (preterite of venir)
[bí.no][bí.no]
trajetraje
nounverb (preterite of traer)
[trá.he][trá.he]
didi
verb (preterite of dar)verb (imperative of decir)
[dí][dí]
fuerafuera
prepositionverb (imperfective subjunctive ofir and ser)
[fwé.ra][fwé.ra]
pruebaprueba
verb (present indicative of probar)noun
[prwé.Ba][prwé.Ba]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333311110000
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Table 20.5. Homophonous Spanish interrogatives and relatives
Lexical pair Description Phonetic transcription
como¿cómo?
relativeinterrogative
[kó.mo][kó.mo]
cual¿cuál?
relativeinterrogative
[kwák][kwák]
cuando¿cuándo?
relativeinterrogative
[kwá7.do][kwá7.do]
cuanto¿cuánto?
relativeinterrogative
[kwá7.to][kwá7.to]
donde¿dónde?
relativeinterrogative
[dó7.de][dó7.de]
que¿qué?
relativeinterrogative
[ké][ké]
quien¿quién?
relativeinterrogative
[kyén][kyén]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, pppppppp.... 333311117777----333311118888
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Chapter 21 examples (3-6)
CCCC AAAA AAAA
(3) ¿Ya viene María? ‘Is Mary coming yet?’
CCCC AAAA AAAA
DDDD AAAABBBB(4) ¿Ya viene? María. ‘Are you coming yet, Mary?’
AAAABBBB(5) Ya viene María. ‘Mary’s coming now.’
AAAABBBB DDDD AAAABBBB(6) Ya viene, María. ‘He’s coming now, Mary.’
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, pppppppp.... 333311118888----333322220000
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Chapter 21 examples (7-11)
2
1 CCCCAAAABBBBFFFF
1
(7) Juan viene mañana. [hwan.bye.ne.ma.ñá.na]
2
1 CCCC AAAAAAAA
(8) ¿Juan viene mañana? [hwan.bye.ne.ma.ñá.na]
2
1 CCCCAAAA BBBB BBBB BBBB 1 FFFF
(9) ¿Quién viene mañana? [kyén.bye.ne.ma.ña.na]
(10) Juan vende libros, plumas, y lápices.
1 CCCC 1 CCCC AAAA 2 1
BBBBFFFF
[hwan.be7.de.li.Bros.plu.ma.si.lá.pi.ses]
(11) ¡Juan viene mañaná!
1 CCCC 2 AAAA
3 BBBB 2
BBBBFFFF1
[ h w a n . b y e . n e . m a . ñ á . n a ]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333322225555
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Table 22.1. The pronunciation of identical contiguous vowelphonemes within a word according to three different speech registers
Word Speech register
Affected speech Formal speech Casual speech
moho [mó.o] [mó:] [mó]
lee [ké.e] [ké:] [ké]
Sahara [sa.á.ra] [sá:.ra] [sá.ra]
alcohol [ak.ko.ók] [ak.kó:k] [ak.kók]
cree [kré.e] [kré:] [kré]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333322226666
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Table 22.2. The pronunciation of identical vowel phonemesacross word boundaries according to different speech registers
Words Speech register
Affected speech Formal speech Casual speech
la amistad [ka.a.mis.tá#] [ka:.mis.tá#] [ka.mis.tá#]
le entrega [ke.e7.tré.ƒa] [ke:7.tré.ƒa] [ke7.tré.ƒa]
mi hijo [mi.í.ho] [mí:.ho] [mí.ho]
lo odio [ko.ó.#yo] [ko:.#yo] [kó.#yo]
su humo [su.ú.mo] [sú:.mo] [sú.mo]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333322227777
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Table 22.3. The pronunciation of a contiguous [–high] vowel phoneme followedby an unstressed [+high] vowel phoneme according to different speech registers
Words Speech register
Affected speech Formal speech Casual speech
la ideala humana
[ka.i.#é.a][ka.u.má.na]
[kay.#é.a][kaw.má.na]
[ki.#é.a][ku.má.na]
le indicóle urgió
[ke.i7.di.kó][ke.ur.hyó]
[key7.di.kó][kewr.hyó]
[ki7.di.kó][kur.hyó]
lo ubicanlo hundió
[ko.u.Bí.kan][ko.u7.dyó]
[kow.Bí.kan][kow7.dyó]
[ku.Bí.kan][ku7.dyó]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333322227777
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Table 22.4. The pronunciation of an unstressed low vowel phoneme immediatelyfollowed by a mid vowel phoneme according to different speech registers
Word(s) Speech register
Affected speech Formal speech Casual speech
maestrolaosiano
[ma.és.tro][ka.o.syá.no]
[m¿.és.tro][k¿.o.syá.no]
[més.tro][ko.syá.no]
la entregala olvidó
[ka.e7.tré.ƒa][ka.ok.Bi.#ó]
[k¿.e7.tré.ƒa][k¿.ok.Bi.#ó]
[ke7.tré.ƒa][kok.Bi.#ó]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333322228888
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Table 22.5. The pronunciation of an unstressed mid vowel phonemefollowed by a different non-high vowel according to different speech registers
Word Speech register
Affected speech Formal speech Casual speech
peortoallapoetateatrohornearcrear
[pe.ór][to.á.&a][po.é.ta][te.á.tro][or.ne.ár][kre.ár]
[pi.ór][tu.á.&a][pu.é.ta][ti.á.tro][or.ni.ár][kri.ár]
[pyór][twá.&a][pwé.ta][tyá.tro][or.ñyár][kryár]
le arribale odialo abrelo estima
[ke.a.0í.Ba][ke.ó.#ya][ko.á.Bre][ko.es.tí.ma]
[ki.a.0í.Ba][ki.ó.#ya][ku.á.Bre][ku.es.tí.ma]
[¥ya.0í.Ba][¥yó.#ya][kwá.Bre][kwes.tí.ma]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333322229999
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Figure 22.1. Spanish vowel triangle
/i/
/a/
/u/
/o//e/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333322229999
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Table 22.6. Representative Spanish triphthongsoccurring across word boundaries in casual speech
Example Casual speech phoneticrealization of triphthong
estudia inglésestudie ingléssalió irritadoestudia humanidadesestudie humanidadessalió humilado
[yay][yey][yoy][yaw][yew][yow]
antigua ideafue irresponsableambiguo interésambigua uniónfue urgenteambiguo uniforme
[way][wey][woy][waw][wew][wow]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333333332222
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Table 23.1. The principal Romance languages
Spoken in Spain Spoken elsewhere
SpanishCatalanValencianGalicianAsturianAragoneseLeonese
PortugueseFrenchItalianRomanianProvençalRhaeto-RomanceOccitanGasconSardinian
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333333334444
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Table 23.2. Six representative basic core vocabulary itemsin four Romance languages and two non-Romance languages
Spanish French Portuguese Catalan Euskera English
pan pain pão pa ogi bread
fiesta fête festa festa jai party
padre père pai pare aita father
vino vin vinho vi ardo wine
venir venir vir venir etorri to come
hacer faire fazer fer egin to make
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333333335555
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Table 23.3. The consonantal phonemes of Classical Latin
Stops
A. /p, t, k/ Voiceless bilabial, dental/alveolar, and velar
B. /b, d, g/ Voiced bilabial, dental/alveolar, and velar
Fricatives
C. /f, s/ /(h)/
Voiceless labio-dental (bilabial?), dental/alveolar(and glottal)
Nasals
D. /m, n/ Voiced bilabial and dental/alveolar
Liquids
E. /l/ Voiced apico-dental/alveolar lateral
F. /r/ Voiced apico-dental/alveolar non-lateral
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333333336666
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Figure 23.1. The vocalic phonemes of Classical Latin
/≈/, /ƒ/High frontunrounded vowels(long and short)
/…/, /»/High backrounded vowels(long and short)
/√/, /¬/Mid frontunrounded vowels(long and short)
/«/, /∆/Mid backrounded vowels(long and short)
/¡/, /¿/Low centralunrounded vowels(long and short)
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333333337777
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Figure 23.2. Seven-vowel phonemic system of Popular Latin
/i/ /u/
/e/
/E/ /o/
/ç/
/a/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333333338888
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Figure 23.3. Important dates in the historical development of the Spanish language
Ancient Latin(500 BC–218 BC)
⇓Classical Latin ⇐⇒ Popular Latin(100 BC–AD 100) (218 BC–AD 180)
⇓Popular Hispanic Latin(AD 180–AD 409)
⇓Old Spanish(409–711)
⇓Medieval Spanish(711–1492)
⇓Spanish DevelopmentalPeriod (1492–1700)
⇓Pre-Modern Spanish(1700–1800)
⇓Modern Spanish(1800–present)
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333333339999
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Table 23.4. The six sibilant phonemes of Old Spanish (409–711)
Phoneme Description Spelling Example(s)
/s/ voicelessalveolar fricative
double “s” orconsonant + “s”
viniesseossomensaje
/z/ voicedalveolar fricative
single “s”between vowels
casaoso
/9/ voiceless palato-alveolar fricative
“x” Ximena
/:/ voiced palato-alveolar fricative
“j” or “g” beforea front vowel
hijocoger
/ts/ voiceless alveolaraffricate
“ç” plaça
/dz/ voiced alveolaraffricate
“z” hazer
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333344442222
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Table 23.5. The six sibilant phonemes of Medieval Spanish (711–1492)
Phoneme Description Spelling Example(s)
/s/ voiceless apico-alveolar fricative(retroflex?)
double “s” orconsonant+ “s”
viniesseossomensaje
/z/ voiced apico-alveolar fricative(retroflex?)
single “s”between vowels
casaoso
/9/ voiceless palato-alveolar fricative
“x” Ximena
/:/ voiced palato-alveolar fricative
“j” or “g” beforea front vowel
hijocoger
/s/(< /ts/)
voiceless lamino-alveolar fricative
“ç” or “c” beforefront vowel
plaçahaces
/z/(< /dz/)
voiced lamino-alveolar fricative
“z” hazer
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333344444444
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Table 23.6. Comparison of sibilant phonemesbetween Medieval Spanish and early-16th-century Spanish
Medieval Spanish(711–1492)<Six Phonemes>
Early-16th-centurySpanish (1530–1550)<Three Phonemes>
Apico-alveolar:/s/ osso [óso]/z/ oso [ózo]
/s/ osso [óso]oso [óso]
Palato-alveolar:/9/ xira [9íra]/:/ gira [:íra]
/9/ xira [9íra]gira [9íra]
Lamino-alveolar:/s/ haces [áses]/z/ hazes [ázes]
/s/ haces [áses]hazes [áses]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333344445555
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Table 23.7. The relative articulation positions ofthe three Spanish early-17th-century sibilants.
Places of Active articulatorarticulation Lower Tongue blade Tongue Vocal
lip Tip Front back/root fold
BilabialLabio-dental
InterdentalDentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatal
/s/ /s//9/
Velar
Glottal
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333344446666
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Table 23.8. The relative articulation positions of thethree post-1700 Spanish fricatives in northern and central Spain
Places of Active articulatorarticulation Lower Tongue blade Tongue Vocal
lip Tip Front back/root fold
BilabialLabio-dental
InterdentalDentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatal
/T/
/s/
Velar /x/(or /X/)
Glottal
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333344447777
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Table 23.9. The relative articulation positions of thepost-1700 Spanish sibilants in Andalucía and the New World
Places of Active articulatorarticulation Lower Tongue blade Tongue Vocal
lip Tip Front back/root fold
BilabialLabio-dental
InterdentalDentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatal
/s/
Velar
Glottal /h/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333344449999
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Table 23.10. Different groups on the Iberian Peninsula
Groups Dates
Basques 6000 BC–Present
Iberians 4000 BC
Phoenicians 1200–600 BC
Celts 1100 BC
Greeks 700 BC
Celtiberians 1000–237 BC
Carthaginians 237–207 BC
Romans 207 BC–AD 409
Vandals and Sueves 409–429
Visigoths 429–711
Moors 711–1492
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333355551111
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Table 23.11. Guipuzcoan Basque consonant phonemes
Phonemes Phonetic descriptions
/p, t, k//b, d, g/
[–voice] bilabial, dental, and velar stops[+voice] bilabial, dental, and velar stops
/f, x//s, s, 9//à, á, â/
[–voice] labio-dental and velar fricatives[–voice] apico-alveolar, lamino-alveolar, and palato-alveolar fricatives[–voice] apico-alveolar, lamino-alveolar, and palato-alveolar affricates
/m, n//r, 0//l/
bilabial and alveolar (dental) nasalsapico-alveolar flap and trill liquidsapico-alveolar lateral liquid
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333355552222
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Figure 23.4. The five vocalic phonemes of Guipuzcoan Basque
/i//u/
/e//o/
/a/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333355558888
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Table 24.1. Three unique characteristics of Castilian Spanish
Feature Examples
Castilian Spanish Non-Castilian Spanish
distinción casa /kasa/caza /kaTa/
casa /kasa/caza /kasa/
The phoneme /X/ jefe /Xéfe/gente /Xente/gitano /Xitano/
jefe /xéfe/ or /héfe/gente /xente/ or /hente/gitano /xitano/ or /hitano/
vosotros habláiscoméisvivís
Vds. hablanVds. comenVds. viven
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333366660000
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Table 24.2. Andalusian Spanish ceceo and lack of distincíon
Feature AndalusianSpanish
CaribbeanSpanish
CastilianSpanish
ceceo secesión[Te.Te.TyóN]
secesión[se.se.syóN]
secesión[se.Te.syón]
Lack ofdistinción
casa [ká.Ta]caza [ká.Ta]
casa [ká.sa]caza [ká.sa]
casa [ká.sa]caza [ká.Ta]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333366661111
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Table 24.3. Andalusian Spanish yeísmo
Andalusian Caribbean Castilian SpanishSpanish Spanish yeísmo lleísmo
haya /a&a/ haya /a&a/ haya /a&a/ haya /a&a/
halla /a&a/ haya /a&a/ halla /a&a/ halla /a¥a/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333366661111
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Table 24.4. The phoneme /h/ in Andalusian Spanish
Andalusian Spanish Caribbean Spanish Castilian Spanish
hijo /iho/ hijo /iho/ hijo /iXo/ /ixo/
gira /hira/ gira /hira/ gira /Xira/ /xira/
gente /hente/ gente /hente/ gente /Xente/ /xente/
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333366662222
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Table 24.5. The velarization of the phoneme /n/ in syllable codas
Andalusian Spanish Caribbean Spanish Castilian Spanish
pan[páN][pÏN]
pan[páN][pÏN]
pan[pán]
pan y agua[pá.Nyá.ƒwa][pÏ.Nyá.ƒwa]
pan y agua[pá.Nyá.ƒwa][pÏ.Nyá.ƒwa]
pan y agua[pá.ñyá.ƒwa]
enaguas[e.Ná.ƒwah][f.Ná.ƒwah]
enaguas[e.Ná.ƒwah][f.Ná.ƒwah]
enaguas[e.ná.ƒwas]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333366662222
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Table 24.6. Phonetic realizations of the phoneme /S/ insyllable codas in Andalusian, Caribbean, and Castilian Spanish
Andalusian Spanish Caribbean Spanish Castilian Spanish
caspa[káh.pa][káh.pa][ká.pa]
caspa[káh.pa][káh.pa][ká.pa]
caspa[kás.pa]
comes[kó.meh][kó.meh][kó.me]
comes[kó.meh][kó.meh][kó.me]
comes[kó.mes]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333366663333
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Table 24.7. The pronunciation of the phoneme /c/in Andalusian, Caribbean, and Castilian Spanish
Andalusian Spanish Caribbean Spanish Castilian Spanish
chico [9í.ko] chico [9í.ko] chico [cí.ko]
mucho [mú.9o] mucho [mú.9o] mucho [mú.co]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333366664444
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Table 24.8. Weakening and loss of final consonants in Andalusian and CaribbeanSpanish and phonetic maintenance in Castilian Spanish dialect zones
Andalusian Spanish Caribbean Spanish Castilian Spanish
andaluz/anda.kuT/[a7.da.kúT][a7.da.kú]
andaluz/anda.kus/[a7.da.kúh][a7.da.kú]
andaluz/anda.kuT/[a7.da.kúT]
pan/pan/[pÏ] or [pÏN]
pan/pan/[pÏ] or [pÏN]
pan/pan/[pán]
pared/pared/[pa.ré#] or [pa.ré]
pared/pared/[pa.ré#] or [pa.ré]
pared/pared/[pa.ré#] or [pa.ré#]
comes/kome+s/[kó.meh] or [kó.me]
comes/kome+s/[kó.meh] or [kó.me]
comes/kome+s/[kó.mes]
reloj/0ekoh/[0e.kó]
reloj/0ekoh/[0e.kó]
reloj/0ekox/[0e.kó]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333366664444
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Table 24.9. Pronunciation of final liquids in casual discoursein Andalusian, Caribbean, and Castilian Spanish dialects
Andalusian Spanish Caribbean Spanish Castilian Spanish
muerte[mwél.te][mwél
r.te][mwé.te]
muerte[mwél.te][mwél
r.te][mwé.te]
muerte[mwér.te]
señor[se.ñók][se.ñól
r][se.ñó]
señor[se.ñók][se.ñól
r][se.ñó]
señor[se.ñór]
alma[ár.ma][ál
r.ma][á.ma]
alma[ár.ma][ál
r.ma][á.ma]
alma[ák.ma]
social[To.Tyár][To.Tyál
r][To.Tyá]
social[so.syár][so.syál
r][so.syá]
social[so.Tyák]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333366665555
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Table 24.10. Weakening and loss of intervocalicvoiced stop phonemes in Andalusian and Caribbean Spanish
Andalusian Spanish Caribbean Spanish Castilian Spanish
pelado[pe.ká.#o][pe.ká.o][pe.káw]
pelado[pe.ká.#o][pe.ká.o][pe.káw]
pelado[pe.ká.#o]
tobillo[to.Bí.&o][to.í.&o]
tobillo[to.Bí.&o][to.í.&o]
tobillo[to.Bí.&o][to.Bí.¥o]
lago[ká.ƒo][ká.o][káw]
lago[ká.ƒo][ká.o][káw]
lago[ká.ƒo]
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333366666666
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Table 24.11. The percentages of occurrence of phonologicalconsonant weakening in Las Palmas, Gran Canaria (Samper Padilla 1990)
Phonological process Percentage of occurrence
Weakening of final /n/ 17.83% (1990:217)
Weakening of final /s/ 90.56% (1990:64)
Weakening of final /r/ 81.85% (1990:152)
Weakening of final /k/ 68.17% (1990:191)
Weakening of intervocalic /d/ 67.93% (1990:262)
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333377770000
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Table 25.1. Voseo present-indicative morphological endings
-ar verbs -er verbs -ir verbs
1. vos hablás vos comés vos escribís
2. vos hablas vos comes vos escribes
3. vos habláis vos coméis vos escribís
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333377772222
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Table 25.2. The general distribution of the phonemes/h/ and /x/ in American Spanish dialects. (Canfield 1981)
Phoneme Geographical area
/h/ BoliviaColombiaCentral AmericaCaribbeanparts of Mexicocoastal PeruVenezuela
/x/ ArgentinaChileparts of Mexicohighland PeruUruguay
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333377773333
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Table 25.3. The general distribution of the assibilated and non-assibilatedphones of /r/ and /0/ in American Spanish dialects. (Canfield 1981)
Phone Geographical area
Assibilated[2] and/or [3]
interior Argentinahighland BoliviaChilehighland Colombianon-coastal Costa Ricahighland EcuadorGuatemalaparts of MexicoParaguayhighland Peru
Non-assibilated[r] and [0]
coastal Argentinalowland BoliviaPacific Coast/Costa RicaCaribbeancoastal EcuadorEl SalvadorNicaraguaHondurasparts of Mexicocoastal PeruUruguayVenezuela
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333399990000
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Appendix B:The Phonemes of Modern Spanish
Consonant phonemes of Modern Spanish
A. /p, t, k/ [–voice] Stops – bilabial, dental, and velarB. /b, d, g/ [+voice] Stops – bilabial, dental, and velarC. /f, s, (T)/ [–voice] Fricatives – labio-dental, alveolar, (and interdental)D. /x, X, h/ [–voice] Fricatives – velar, postvelar, and glottal
(note that only one of these is present as a phoneme in any particular dialect)E. /&, %/ [+voice] Fricatives – palatal and labio-velarF. /c/ [–voice] Affricate – palato-alveolar
G. /m, n, ñ/ Nasals – bilabial, alveolar, and palatalH. /k, (¥)/ Lateral liquids – apico-alveolar (and palatal)I. /r, (0)/ Non-lateral liquids – apico-alveolar simple (and multiple) vibrantJ. /y, w/ Glides – palatal and labio-velar
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333399990000
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Appendix B:The Phonemes of Modern Spanish
Vocalic phonemes of Modern Spanish
/i/high frontunrounded
/u/high backrounded
/e/mid frontunrounded
/o/mid backrounded
/a/low centralunrounded
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333399991111
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Appendix C:The Phonemes of Modern American English
Consonant phonemes of Modern American English
A. /p, t, k/ [–voice] Stops – bilabial, alveolar, and velarB. /b, d, g/ [+voice] Stops – bilabial, alveolar, and velarC. /f, T, s, 9, h/ [–voice] Fricatives – labio-dental, interdental,
alveolar, palato-alveolar, and glottalD. /v, D, z, :/ [+voice] Fricatives – labio-dental, interdental,
alveolar, and palato-alveolarE. /c/ [–voice] Affricate – palato-alveolarF. /j/ [+voice] Affricate – palato-alveolar
G. /m, n, N/ Nasals – bilabial, alveolar, and velarH. /l/ Lateral liquid – apico-alveolarI. /®/ Non-lateral liquid – apico-alveolarJ. /y, !/ Glides – palatal and labio-velar
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333399991111
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Appendix C:The Phonemes of Modern American English
Vocalic phonemes of Modern American English
/iy/high front tense
/I/high front lax
/uw/ highback tense
/U/high back lax
/ey/mid front tense
/E/mid front lax
/√/mid centralnon-rounded
/ow/mid back tense
/ç/ mid back lax
/Q/low front
/A/ lowcentral
TTTThhhheeee SSSSoooouuuunnnnddddssss ooooffff SSSSppppaaaannnniiiisssshhhh:::: AAAAnnnnaaaallllyyyyssssiiiissss aaaannnndddd AAAApppppppplllliiiiccccaaaattttiiiioooonnnn,,,, bbbbyyyy RRRRoooobbbbeeeerrrrtttt MMMM.... HHHHaaaammmmmmmmoooonnnndddd,,,, ppppaaaaggggeeee 333399992222
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Appendix D:Distinctive Feature Values for Spanish Phonemes
Feature p b m f T t d s k r 0 n c ¥ ñ & k g x % X h y w i e a o u
[sonorant] + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[syllabic] + + + + +
[consonantal] + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[anterior] + + + + + + + + + + + +
[coronal] + + + + + + + + + + + +
[voiced] + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
[continuant] + + + + + + + + + + + +
[back] + + + + + + + +
[nasal] + + +
[strident] + + + +
[tense] + + + +
[lateral] + +
[vibrant] + +
[high] + + + + + + + + + + +
[low] + +
[round] + + + +