d i s e r t a c i apress.tsu.edu.ge/data/image_db_innova/Disertaciebi/ana... · 2016. 2. 5. ·...

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

literaturis Teoria (zogadi da komparativistuli kvlevebi~)

ana leTodiani

simbolos Teoriuli gaazreba da Tamar mefis eikonuri saxe

Zvel qarTul literaturaSi

(„istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani“, `cxovreba mefeT mefisa Tamarisi“,

Y„Tamariani“, „abdulmesiani“)

ivane javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D)

akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvanelebi: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori profesori r. siraZe filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori profesori T. kikaCeiSvili

Tbilisi 2009

avtoris stili daculia

2

s a r C e v i

Sesavali............................................................................................................................gv. 1

Tavi I

simbolos Teoriuli

gaazreba................................................................................................................................gv. 8

Tavi II

Tamar mefis gvirgvinis

simbolika...............................................................................................................................gv. 23

Tavi III

„istoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis“

erTi iambikos simboluri gaazrebisaTvis................................................ gv. 63

Tavi IV

Tamar mefe _ „samebisagan oTxad

TanaaRzevebuli...“.........................................................................................................................gv. 100

ZiriTadidaskvnebi…......................................................................................................................gv. 128

damowmebuli literatura...................................................................................................gv. 140

………………………………………

3

simbolos Teoriuli gaazreba da Tamar mefis

eikonuri saxe Zvel qarTul literaturaSi

(„istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani“, `cxovreba mefeT mefisa

Tamarisi“, Y„Tamariani“, „abdulmesiani“)

simbolos istoria uZvelesi droidan iwyeba. igi iseTi kategoriaa,

romelic yvela kulturaSi arsebobs da gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva movlenis,

saganis Tu procesis analizisas. misi ganviTareba naTlad asaxavs

kacobriobis azrovnebis gzas, samyaros suraTis cvlilebas (http://nauka-

shop.com/mod/shop/product ID/4166).

simbolo ori sawyisis aRsaniSnisa da aRmniSvnelis Serwymas

warmoadgens (meieri) (todorovi 1999: 249; siraZe 1982: 75). igi TavisTavad

arsebobs da mis mier rames aRniSvna meoreuli movlenaa (humboldti)

(todorovi 1999: 368). simbolo ara mxolod gamosaxavs, aramed upirveles

yovlisa, gvaziarebs im realobas, romelsac igi warmoadgens (ivanovi

1987: 368). simboluri Sinaarsis miniWeba movlenis siRmisken mimarTavs

Cvens yurdRebas, mis ,,dafarul“ azrze mianiSnebs (siraZe 1982: 79, 22).

„aranair xelovnebas, maqsimalurad realistursac ki ar ZaluZs

gverdi auaros simbolur konstruirebas“, _ wers a. losevi (losevi 1995:

http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/Los_prsimv/01.php). es sityvebi

SeiZleba ganvazogadoT da vTqvaT, rom ara mxolod xelovnebis

sxvadasxva dargi Tu literatura iyenebs simbolos, aramed „iseTi

maqsimalurad realisturi“ sferoc ki, rogoric istoriaa ver aridebs

Tavs mas da simbolos istoriul TxzulebebSic garkveuli roli eniWeba.

„istoria darCeba daluqul wignad, Tu istorikosi Tavs ver

gaarTmevs sakuTar ZeglTa simboluri enis gaSifvras. istorikosi

ikvlevs ara marto kacobriobis cocxalsa da mkvdar enebs, aramed

cdilobs sxvadasxva saxis simbolur enaTa dafaruli azris amocnobasac.

gardasul epoqaTa sulis gacocxleba da saerTod, istoriuli

WeSmaritebis Semecneba simboloTa gareSe SeuZlebelia“, _ aRniSnavs e.

kasireri (kasireri 1983: 277, 303). J. le gofic miiCnevs, rom „Rrma

4

politikuri procesebis istoria, upirveles yovlisa, mTeli rigi

Sinagani faqtorebis: niSnebisa da simboloebis SeswavliT“ iwyeba (le

gofi 2001: 11).

Cvens naSromSi, aRniSnulis cxadyofas SevecdebiT qarTuli

istoriuli Txzulebebis, kerZod, Tamar mefis matianeebis, aseve xotbebis

magaliTze.

Zveli qarTuli literaturuli Zeglebi, sxvadasxva, maT Soris,

metnaklebad simbolur_saxismetyvelebiTi TvalsazrisiTac aris

Seswavlili. rac Seexeba qarTul istoriuli Janris mwerlobas, mas,

samwuxarod, ZiriTadad mxolod istoriuli kuTxiT swavlobdnen.

mxatvruli literaturisagan gansxvavebiT, matianeebSi iSviaTad eqceoda

yuradReba movlenaTa simbolur gaSifvras, zogadad, simboloTa

ganmartebas, arada simbolos arsidan gamomdinare, istoriul ZeglebSi

simboluri plastebis danaxva saSualebas mogvcems Cveni matianeebi ufro

ukeT, axleburad wavikiTxoT da gaviazroT.

simbolos araerT qarTul istoriul TxzulebaSi vxvdebiT, magram

am kuTxiT Tamar mefis istoriebiTa da gansakuTrebiT, mis pirvel

istoriad aRiarebuli, ucnobi avtoris „istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTan“_iT davinteresdiT. es Zegli yvela sxva istoriuli

nawarmoebisagan gansxvavebulia. Txzulebidan Cans, rom misi avtori

sakmaod ganaTlebuli pirovneba yofila. „mas SeTvisebuli hqonia ori

kultura: qristianuli, berZnul_bizantiuri da mahmadianuri,

arabul_sparsuli“ (javaxiSvili 1929: 221).

„istoriani da azmani“ dawerilia mxatvrul_poeturi eniT (kekeliZe

1941: 1), „ritoruli xelovnebiTa da mWevrmetyveluri moqargulobiT“

(javaxiSvili 1977: 241). igi cnobebs gvawvdis jer giorgi III_is Semdeg ki,

ufro vrclad, Tamaris mefobis Sesaxeb. ucnobi avtoris nawarmoebi aseve

mdidaria: saRvTo werilis citatebiT, bibliur ambavTa TxrobiT,

terminebiT, sxvadasxva saxis SedarebebiT da rac CvenTvis am etapze

yvelaze mniSvnelovania, simbolur_saxismetyvelebiTi elementebiT.

Tamar mefeze saubrisas, bunebrivia, „istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTan“_is garda gasaTvaliswinebelia Tamaris meore

istorikosis, basili ezosmoZRvaris „cxovreba mefeT mefisa Tamarisi“,

5

mcireodeni cnobebi, romelTac Tamaris Sesaxeb laSa_giorgis

droindeli mematiane gvawvdis, aseve mexotbeTa CaxruxaZis, ioane

SavTelis Txzulebebi: „Tamariani“ da „abdulmesiani“.

saqarTvelos istoriaSi erT_erTi yvelaze popularuli mefis,

Tamaris Sesaxeb araerTi mxatvruli nawarmoebi da samecniero naSromi

dawerila (da ara marto qarTul enaze), aRarafers vambobT uxv

folklorul masalaze. Tumca, Tamar mefesTan, mis

cxovreba_moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebuli araerTi sakiTxebi kvlav

bundovani da sakamaToa.

vfiqrobT, garkveul kiTxvebs mainc gaecema pasuxi, Tu Tamar mefis

istoriebsa da Sesabamisad, mexotbeTa Txzulebebs

simbolur_saxismetyvelebiTi, aseve saRvTismetyvelo TvalsazrisiT

SeviswavliT. ukanaskneli faqtori aucileblad sayuradReboa, radgan

Tamar mefis matianeebi (garkveul wilad, „Tamariani“ da

„abdulmesian“_ic), rogorc Sua saukuneebis danarCeni qarTuli wyaroebi,

qristianuli epoqis sxva qveynebis qronikebis msgavsad, Seqmnilia

saRvTismetyvelo istoriuli koncefciis Sesabamisad; isini warmoaCenen

qarTuli qristianuli saxelmwifos saTaveSi myofi mefeebis qmedebaTa

qristianul motivebs (javaxia 2005: 129).

aRniSnuli kuTxiT kvleva mravlismomcvelia. Cvens naSromSi ki

mxolod ramdenime sakiTxs SevexebiT. pirvel TavSi „simbolos Teoriuli

gaazreba“ mimoxilulia simbolos Seswavlis istoria, terminis

(„simbolo“) etimologia, sxvadasxva Sexedulebis Sejerebis safuZvelze

warmodgenilia simbolos arsis ganmartebis mcdeloba. zemoTqmuls

organulad ukavSirdeba momdevno ori (II da III) Tavi: Tamar mefis

gvirgvinisa da „istoriani da azmani SaravandedTan“_is erTi iambikos

simbolika. II TavSi saubaria Tamar mefis gvirgvinis, masSi moTavsebul

patiosan TvalTa „iakinTTa, zmirTa da smaragdoTa“ simbolur

mniSvnelobebsa da Tamar mefis saxesTan maT mimarTebaze. III TavSi

mocemulia „istoriani da azman“_is bolos darTuli erTi iambikos

simboluri analizi. SeiZleba iTqvas, am iambikoSi simboloebis eniT

gadmocemulia Tamar mefis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis mniSvnelovani

momentebi. IV TavSi „Tamar mefe _ „samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebuli...“

6

vmsjelobT qarTul mecnierebaSi gavrcelebul mosazrebaze, TiTqos

Tamar mefe misi istorikosebisa da mexotbeebis mier qristianuli samebis

meoTxe wevrad, meoTxe hipostasadaa dasaxuli. es sakiTxebi SemTxveviT

ar dagvikavSirebia erTmaneTisaTvis. Cveni azriT, Tamar mefis gvirgvinis

Semamkobeli Zvirfasi qvebis simbolikis, „istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTan“_is bolos arsebuli iambikos saxe_simboloebis

mniSvnelobaTa meSveobiT, aseve ucnobi mematianis frazebiT: Tamari

„samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebulia“, „samebisa Tana ixilvebis (Tamar)

misworebuli da aRmatebuli...“ warmoCndeba Tamar mefis eikonuri saxe.

Tamar mefis eikonur saxeze saubrisas, ZiriTadad veyrdnobiT

eikonuri gansaxovnebis Sesaxeb qristianobaSi damkvidrebul gagebas

(siraZe 2008: 16). Zv. berZnuli („naxati“),„saxe“, „gamosaxuleba“)

RvTis, angelozTa, eklesiis mier wmindanad Seracxul adamianTa,

eklesiis istoriisaTvis mniSvnelovan movlenaTa gamosaxulebas

warmoadgens (uspenski 1995: http://ec-dejavu.ru/i/Icon.html). dionise

areopagelis swavlebis safuZvelze, romlis mixedviTac „xiluli sagnebi

uxilavis saxea“, bizantiaSi SemuSavda „eikonis“ Sesaxeb Teoria. am

Teoriis Tanaxmad gamosaxuleba, marTalia, garkveuli mniSvnelovani

gansxvavebiT daSorebulia pirvelsaxisagan, magram masSi arsebobs

(myofobs) pirvelsaxis „energiebi“. ra Tqma unda, ase gagebuli „eikon“

aris ara mxolooden esTetikuri, aramed Teologiuri da ontologiuri

termini (averincevi 2004:

http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Litarat/aver/zol_sist.php). qristianobaSi

eikonuri saxis Sinaarsi da Sina_arsi miRmuri, transcendenturia (freska,

xati) (siraZe 2008: 16).

amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom kulturaSi simbolizmis kvlevis

erT_erT metnaklebad adekvatur meTods warmoadgens ikonologia

(www.nauka-shop.com/mod/shop/product ID/4166). (Zv. berZnulad niSanTa Sesaxeb

moZRvreba), romelic me_20 saukuneSi Camoyalibda xelovnebis Teoriasa

da istoriaSi, Tumca, igi maleve iqca ideebis nayofieri da intensiuri

gacvlis saSualebad humanitaruli sferosaTvis (sokolovi:

http://culture.niv.ru/doc/culture/encyclopedia_XXvek/183.htm; kapitanCuki:

7

http://www.ikonolog.narod.ru/cto-takoe-ikonologia-predislovie). ikonologia, rogorc

meTodi orientirebulia gamoavlinos nawarmoebis Taviseburi „suli“ anu

ikvlevs nawarmoebis simbolur_saxismetyvelebiT Sinaarss, raTa

gansazRvros misi istoriul_kulturuli arsi, masSi gamoxatuli

msoflxedva (Tanamedrove enciklopedia http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/snc

1p/19342; www.nauka-shop.com/mod/shop/productID/4166; sokolovi

http://culture.niv.ru/doc/culture/encyclopedia_ XX vek/183.htm).*

aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, Tamar mefis eikonuri saxis safuZveli

misi wmindanobaa. wmindanoba adamianis Rvawlis, cxovrebis wesis Sedegia.

Tamaris Rvawli, Sesabamisad, procesi mefobidan wmindanobisaken swored

mis istoriebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki „istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTan“_Sia asaxuli. am mxriv sayuradReboa xotbebic.

sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom Tamaris mefobisa da cxovrebis mniSvnelovani

epizodebi xSirad saxe_simboloebis meSveobiTaa gadmocemuli.

aqve SevniSnavT, rom zemoaRniSnul sakiTxebze msjelobisas,

rogorc ukve iTqva, ZiriTadad, veyrdnobiT Tamar mefis pirvel istorias

(es naSromis Tavebis dasaxelebidanac Cans). Tumca, CvenTvis saWiro

konteqstsa Tu sakuTari Tvalsazrisis ukeT dasasabuTeblad saTanado

adgilebs movixmobT basili ezosmoZRvaris, laSa_giorgis droindeli

mematianisa da mexotbeTa Txzulebebidan.

________________________

* semotikaSi _Eikonuri niSani iseTi niSania, romelSic aRmniSvnel obieqts aqvs

igive Tviseba, rac Tavad niSans da efuZneba aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis

faqtobriv msgavsebas (lotmani 1992: http://www.durov.com/literature 1/lotman 92-e.htm).

8

simbolos Teoriuli gaazreba

simbolo sakmaod rTuli da specifikuri movlenaa. Tavisi

arsebobis mravalaTaswliani istoriis manZilze igi mudmivad iqcevs

yuradRebas da SeiZleba iTqvas, interdisciplinuri kategoriaa. mis

Seswavlas da kvlevas cdilobs humanitaruli da ara mxolod

humanitaruli codnis sxvadasxva sfero: filosofia, esTetika,

filologia, kulturologia, semiotika, hermenevtika, struqturalizmi,

xelovnebaTmcodneoba, politologia, eTnologia, analitikuri

fsiqologia, sociologia.

simbolo iqmneba da gamoiyeneba humanitaruli da socialuri

azrovnebis TiTqmis yvela sferoSi: religiaSi, xelovnebaSi,

literaturaSi, mecnierebaSi, adamianis yoveldRiur yofaSi (ivanovi 1987:

316).

simbolo iseve Zvelia, rogorc adamianis cnobiereba (averincevi

2001: 159). igi adamianis mier garemomcveli samyaros Secnobis Sedegad

aRmocenda. misi gaazreba iwyeba im droidan, roca Camoyalibda

sametyvelo garemo, adamianma dakarga samyaros aracnobieri, refleqsiuri

xedva da samudamod gadavida `gaformebulis“ aRqmasa da Cawvdomaze. am

periodidan iwyeba rTuli, winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse, dialoguri

urTierToba samyarosTan, rac iqca simbolizaciis

struqturul_mawarmoebel principad

(http://www.planetadisser.com/work/work_16768.html). garkveuli simboloebi jer

kidev damwerlobamdeli droidan momdinareobs, roca gansazRvruli (da

rogorc wesi, moxazulobis mxriv, elementaruli) niSnebi warmoadgenda

koleqtivis zepirsityvier mexsierebaSi teqstebisa da siuJetebis

Senaxuli, kondensirebur, mnemonur programebs (lotmani 1992:

http://www.durov.com/literature 1/lotman 92-e.htm).

interesi simbolosadmi uZvelesi droidan arsebobs. sxvadasxva

epoqaSi araerTi moazrovne Seexo simbolos sakiTxs. mis Sesaxeb

sxvadasxva aspeqtiT werdnen da msjelobdnen: empedokle, platoni,

9

aristotele, plotini, origene, prokle diadoqosi, dionise areopageli,

netari avgustine, Toma akvineli, m. fiCino, j. piko dela mirandola, e.

svedenborgi, i. kanti, g. v. T. hegeli, i. v. goeTe, f. Selingi, f. Slegeli,

s. kirkegori, S. bodleri, p. valeri, e. kasireri, k. g. iungi, i. Spengleri,

p. rikiori, g. gadameri, m. eliade, c. todorovi, i. haizinga, r. genoni, vl.

soloviovi, viaC. ivanovi, a. beli, p. florenski, a. losevi, m.

mamardaSvili, a. piatigorgski, s. averincevi, m. baxtini, v. biCkovi, a.

gureviCi, J. le gofi, d. lixaCovi, e. fromi, n. berdiaevi, e. huserli, a.

taxo-godi, k. levi_strosi, r. barti, b. uspenski, f. de sosiuri, k. ogdeni,

a. uaithedi, g. Sterni, l. vitgenStaini, d. rasmuseni, s. langeri, u. eko, C.

pirsi, C. morisi, i. stepanovi da sxvebi.

sxvadasxva epoqaSi simbolosadmi damokidebuleba, misi aRqma da

gaazreba sxvadasxvagvari iyo, rasac mohyva simbolos Sesaxeb araerTi

Teoriis warmoSoba.

simbolos, iseve rogorc zogadad niSanTa arqetipebs,

simbolurobis funqcionalur da diskursiul gamoxatvas, upirveles

yovlisa, miTosuri msoflxedva gvTavazobs, magram am periodis

simboluri konstruqciebi da maTi gamoxatvis Tavdapirveli formebi

gansxvavebulia simbolos Sesaxeb gviandeli warmodgenisgan.

(http://www.nauka-shop.com/mod/shop/productID/4166/). miTosuri azrovnebis

epoqaSi simbolos forma da misi arsi daunawevrebel igiveobad

aRiqmeboda (averincevi 2001: 159). simbolos Sina_arsi missave formaSi

vlindeboda (siraZe 2008: 15), rac gamoricxavda simboloze yovelgvar

refleqsias (averincevi 2001: 159); sxva fizikuri Tvisebebis msgavsad,

simboloc sagnis Tvisebas warmoadgenda. mag., am periodSi RvTis saxeli

misi bunebis ganuyofel nawilad aRiqmeboda (kasireri 1998: 482_483).

simbolo ar gamoxatavda transcendentur realobas, igi Tavad iyo

realoba (http://www.nauka-shop.com/mod/shop/productID/4166/; kiriles da

meTodes enciklopedia: http://www.megabook.ru/ArticlePrintasp?AIDe). mas

kosmologiuri funqcia eniWeboda da adamianis mier CarTuli iyo

samyaros saerTo suraTSi, rogorc misi yofisaTvis aucilebeli elementi

(http://www.nauka-shopm..com/mod/shop/productID/4166/). simbolizaciis

meSveobiT adamiani Seicnobda da awesrigebda sivrces, romelSic igi

10

cxovrobda. `pirvelyofil gonebas hqonda unari, yovelgvari ierofania

daenaxa misTvis damaxasiaTebeli simbolizmis CarCoebSi~, _wers m. eliade

(eliade 1999: 407).

damkvidrebuli TvalsazrisiT, simbolos filosofiuri gaazreba

antikuri xanidan momdinareobs, iseve, rogorc Tavad termini

`simbolo“*(http://www.nauka-shop.com/mod/shop/productID/4166/; kiriles da

meTodes enciklopedia:

http://www.megabook.ru/ArticlePrint.asp?AID=672087).� Zveli berZnuli

arsebiTi saxelia da pirobiT, amosacnob niSans, niSan-Tvisebas, saxes,

xats niSnavs. (averincevi 2001: 156; ivanovi 1987: 368). Tavis mxriv, arsebiTi

saxeli �nawarmoebia zmnisagan�(Tanxvedra, Sekreba,

SeerTeba, Serwyma, damTxveva), sadac ufro mkafiod Cans am sityvebis azri

(m. ivanovi 1997: 368).

Zvel saberZneTSi `simbolo~ mravali mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda.

saxelmwifo, sazogadoebriv Tu religiur jgufebs, partiebs,

gaerTianebebs hqondaT TavianTi, erTmaneTisagan ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi

(simboloebi). simbolo warmoadgenda pirobiT saidumlo niSans mag:

cibelas/kibelas, cereras da sxva RvTaebaTa TayvanismcemelTaTvis.

mogvianebiT, saberZneTSive `simbolo~ aRniSnavda saxelmwifo

xazinidan, guluxv mdidarTagan dabal fasSi an usasyidlod misaReb

puris bileTs an nomers; TeatrSi saxalxo TamaSebsa Tu gladiatorTa

brZolaze dasaswreb bileTebs; romaul `tesarebs~ (gasanTlul

firfitebs, romlebzec iwereboda samxedro brZanebebi). zogjer simbolo

______________________

* simbolos kvlevis antikur saTaveebze saubrisas unda vigulisxmoT simbolos ufro, rogorc terminis, cnebis da ara fenomenis istoria, radgan simboloebis gaazreba albaT maSinve unda dawyebuliyo, roca isini gaCndnen (www.nauka-shop.com/mod/shop/productID/4166/).**(berZn. laT. Cybele) berZn. miTologiaSi frigiuli warmoSobis: sicocxlis

Semoqmedi Zalis, nayofierebis RvTaeba. igi xSirad gaigivebuli iyo reasTan)

(meletinski 1991: 286; http://bibliotekar.ru/bek2/110.htm; http://dic.academic.ru/dic_fwords/8748/...)

***rom., berZn. demetra; uZvelesi italiuri da romauli xTonuri RvTaeba; nadirobis

qalRmerTi, nayofierebis, miwaTmoqmedebisa da qorwinebis mfarveli (miTologiuri

leqsikoni 1991: 604; http://www.foxdesign.ru/legend/demetra..html).

11

niSnavda xazinaSi qvelmoqmedebis, keTili saqmeebisaTvis Setanil

garkveul Tanxas; Segrovili fuliT sufris gaSlas da sayovelTao

gamaspinZlebas; ucxo qveynis elCisaTvis rwmunebis sigelis gadacemas;

„simbolo“ warmoadgenda or, mezobel saxelmwifos Soris dadebul

xelSekrulebas im qmedebaTa Sesaxeb, romelnic unda ganxorcielebuliyo

erT_erTi am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebis meore saxelmwifos

moqalaqeebTan davis SemTxvevaSi (aseTi xelSekrulebebi mkacrad

sruldeboda, magaliTad, aTenSi) (brokhauzi... enciklopedia 1990:

http://www.bashedu.ru/perspage/abdullin-ar/kult-simvol/2-1ht).

aRniSnuls garda ~simbolos~ hqonda aseve erTi gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba. `simbolo~ ewodeboda gasanTlul firfitas, romelzec

ganSorebisas megobrebi rames werdnen an xatavdnen, Semdeg firfitas

texdnen or nawilad. Sexvedrisis isini an maTi memkvidreebi (ufro metad

es ukanasknelni) im SemTxvevaSi aRiarebdnen erTmaneTs kvlav megobrebad,

mokeTeebad, Tuki firfita maT xelT arsebuli naxatebis erTad

dawyobisas gamTliandeboda anu `simbolos~ meSveobiT adamianebi

erTmaneTs amoicnobdnen xolme. (averincevi 2001: 156; brokhauzi...

enciklopedia 1990: http://www.bashedu.ru/perspage/abdullin-ar)kult-simvol/2-1htm).

miuxedavad imisa, rom Zvel berZnul �s mravali

mniSvneloba hqonda, Tavisi arsiT igi jer kidev ar niSnavda simbolos

misi dRevandeli gagebiT.

Zvel berZnul teqstebSi simbolo yovelTvis gaiazreba, rogorc

raRac ori sawyisis sinTezi da ara raRacis simbolo. igi ar ukavSirdeba

rame obieqts, risi simboloc SeiZleba iyos, ar mianiSnebs rame sxvaze,

ufro emblemas* warmoadgens. elinisturi azrovneba mudmivad Uurevs

erTmaneTSi simbolos da alegorias** (averincevi 2001: 156).

____________________________* emblema (Zv. berZn. ; laT. emblem_CarTva, Camateba, CanarTi; amoburculi samkauli) aris raime cnebis an ideis ganmarteba garkveuli gamosaxulebis daxmarebiT. igi unda iyos martivi da cxadi. Mmayurebelma masSi unda dainaxos zustad is, rac misTvis surdaT eTqvaT. Eemblemas xSirad ganixilaven alegoriis saxesxvaobad, viwro gagebiT ki_simbolur gamosaxulebad. Tumca,simbolosagan gansxvavebiT, is xorcs ar asxams cnebis Sinaarss, mxolod miuTiTebs masze (sokolovi: 1999; www.ec-dejavu.net/e-2/Emblem.html;brokhauzi...1890_1907: www.ec-dejavu.net/e-2/Emblem.html).

12

platoni cdilobda gaemijna simbolo filosofiamdeli miTisagan.

man daayena sakiTxi TviT absolutis adekvaturi formebiT gamoxatvis

SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. `eidosebi~, romlebic arc abstraqciaa, arc

saxeebi am konteqstSi SeiZleba gaviazroT swored, rogorc simboloebi

(kirilesa da meTodes didi enciklopedia:

http://www.megabook.ru/ArticlePrint.asp?AID=672087). igi simbolos ganmartavs

rogorc obieqtis umaRlesi idealuri formis intuitur wvdomas

(http://planetadisser.com/see/dis_117363.html).

marTalia pindares, evripides, demokrites, empedokles da

aristoteles ramdenime teqstSi simbolos eniWeba misi WeSmariti

mniSvneloba (sapirispiro sawyisebis Serwyma), magram miuxedavad amisa a.

taxo-godis azriT, klasikuri saberZneTis literaturaSi ar arsebobda

miswrafeba gamoxatuliyo, damkvidrebuliyo da gaformebuliyo sityvaSi

simbolizaciis gamovlena, rac imiT SeiZleba aixsnas, rom am epoqis

miTosuri cnobiereba da Semoqmedeba Tavad aris simboluri da amitom

damatebiT simbolizacias ar saWiroebda. (universaluri enciklopedia

http://www.mega.km.ru/bes_2004/encyclop.asp?TopicNumber=6335;http://www.bashedu.ru

/perspage/abdullin_ar/kult_simvol/2_1.htm).

mniSvnelovani wvlili simbolos gansazRvraSi neoplatonizmis

idealistur dialeqtikas miuZRvis. neoplatonizmis koncefcia simbolos

Sesaxeb amgvari iyo, simbolo upirispirdeba gamosaxulebas, radgan es

ukanaskneli mibaZvis Sedegia. gamosaxuleba unda hgavdes nimuSs, simbolo

ki unda warmoadgendes `WeSmarit arss~, rac miiRweva ara sagnis

kopirebiT, aramed piriqiT, masSi sapirispiro sawyisebis aRmoCeniT.

_________________________**alegoria (berZn. _,,qaragmulad, sxvagvarad gamoxatva"(canava 2009: 14, 15) warmoadgens saxes, romelSic konkretul sagans (movlenas, saxels) cvlis abstraqtuli cneba an ganyenebuli idea. maT Soris kavSiri, rogorc wesi, pirobiTi, logikuri da erTmniSvnelovania. mravalmniSvnelovani simbolosagan gansxvavebiT, alegorias yovelTvis aqvs erTi mniSvneloba, romelic ganpirobebulia tradiciiT an mwerlis varaudiT. alegoriuli saxeebi, rogorc wesi ar hgvanan im sagnebs an movlenebs,

romelTac aRniSnaven. isini ufro maTi pirobiTi niSnebia. am TvalsazrisiT,

alegoria Zalian axlos dgas saxe_emblemasTan (www.durov.com/study/1114521593-

102.html).

13

sapirispiro sawyisebis Tanaarseboba SesaZlebelia mxolod simboloSi

(prokle diadoqosi: http://planetadisser.com/see/dis_117363.html).

neoplatonizmma termini `simbolo~ gansazRvra, rogorc

msoflmxedvelobis erT_erTi universaluri, esTetikuri kategoria.

mogvianebiT, am saxiT damkvidrda simbolo evropul tradiciaSi

(universaluri enciklopedia

http://www.mega.km.ru/bes_2004/encyclop.asp?TopicNumber=6335).

simbolos neoplatonuri Teoria qristianobaSi gadavida

areopagetikis meSveobiT. areopagetikis mixedviT, WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb

codnis gadmocemis orgvari gza arsebobs: `erTi_gamouTqmeli,

meore_cxadi da iolad Sesacnobi. amaTgan, pirveli_simboluri da

mistikuria, meore ki filosofiuri da yvelasTvis misawvdomi“. dionise

areopagelis swavlebiT, umaRlesi WeSmariteba pirveli gziT gadmoicema

(http://planetadisser.com/see/dis_117363.html), radgan yvelaferi, rasac vxedavT,

aris uxilavis, sakraluris, RvTis ganusazRvreli arsis simbolo

(amasTan, amqveyniuri ierarqiis safexurebi aRadgenen umaRlesi, zeciuri

ierarqiis saxes).

simbolos amgvari gaazreba Sua saukuneebSi Tanaarsebobda

didaqtikur alegorizmTan erTad. (averincevi 2001: 159).* es aris epoqa,

romelSic simbolos udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. igi erT_erT

zogadkulturul princips warmoadgenda (universaluri enciklopedia:

http://www.mega.km.ru/bes_2004/encyclop.asp?TopicNumber=6335). simbolizmi

msWvalavs Suasaukuneobrivi cxovrebis yvela sferos, religiuriT

dawyebuli sazogadoebriviT damTavrebuli. (siraZe 1982: 76). sasuliero

moRvaweebi iyvnen pirvelebi, vinc seriozulad daiwyo simbolos

struqturuli analizi. pirvelebma maT dayves niSani or tipad:

_______________________

* didaqtikuri alegorizmi qristianuli kulturis Zveli meTodia. igavuri

(qaragmuli) didaqtikiT daiwyo qristianuli xelovneba.

TandaTanobiT alegorizmi qristianul kulturaSi aRqmul iqna rogorc

religiuri Semoqmedebis gagebis meoradi, damxmare meTodi. Tumca, sulieri

dacemis momentebSi adamianis simboloTSemoqmedebis unari sustdeba da am dros

kulturaSi TandaTan Semodis umaRlesi arsebobis alegoriuli saxeebi

14

realuri niSani anu saxe da pirobiTi niSani anu simbolo (,,rameTu

aCrdili aqunda sjulsa mermeTa maT keTilTaÁ, ara TÂT igi xati

saqmeTaÁ maT wliTi wlad msxuerplTa maT Seswirved samaradisod,

verasada SemZlebel iyvnes igini SemwirvelTa maT gansrulebad.~ (ebr. 10.

1) (axali aRTqumaÁ 2008: 713, 714).

renesansis periodSi, simbolo ganisazRvra, rogorc arsis Secnobis

instrumenti. amasTanave igi xdeba esTetikuri kategoria; es bunebrivia,

radgan am dros filosofiuri codnis sistemaSi esTetikas

gansakuTrebuli roli ekava (http://planetadisser.com/see/dis_117363). renesansis

epoqaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo simbolos intuitur aRqmaze, mis

mravalmniSvnelobaze, magram am periodSi simbolos Sesaxeb axali

Teoria ar Seqmnila.

manerizmis, barokos, klasicizmis, ganmanaTleblobis esTetikuri

modelebi simboloebiT mdidar religiur Tu mxatvrul samyaroebs

gvTavazoben, Tumca, yvela aRniSnul epoqaSi simbolos ZiriTadad

qaragmulad Tqmisa da heraldikuri reprezentaciis saSualebad

gaiazrebdnen, masSi amaze met mniSvnelobas ver Wvretdnen. (averincevi

2001:159: universaluri enciklopedia


viTareba icvleba me_18 saukunidan. kantis swavlebis (swavleba

,,warmodgenis~ Sesaxeb) wyalobiT, simbolo pirvelad iZens realobis

sulieri gaTvisebis gansakuTrebul statuss. igi simbolos ganmartavs,

rogorc warmodgenis gansakuTrebul formas, romlis saSualebiTac

gadmoicema raRac iseTi, rac ar SeiZleba gadmoices diskursiuli

________________________

me_16_e saukunis dasawyisidan kulturis istoria sul ufro da ufro Sordeba

absolutis simbolurad gamosaxvasa Tu gamoTqmas da xSirad mas enacvleba

RvTaebrivi bunebis gamoxatva: metaforis, emblemis an ganyenebuli

ideologemebis meSveobiT. simboluri Tanxvedra icvleba qaragmulad TqmiT

(ermolini: http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Cul ture/Ermol/14.php).

15

gansjis meSveobiT. kantis Tanaxmad, simbolo aris gamosaxvis

specifikuri forma, romelic gonebiT gaigeba, Tumca, mxolod

refleqsiis da ara Sinaarsis formiT. igi gonebis ideis warmodgenis

grZnobismieri saSualebaa. Ggaigo simbolo... niSnavs Caswvde ideas. K

kantis Teoriis safuZvelze, simbolos gagebis Sesaxeb ori

mimarTuleba ganviTarda. maTgan pirvels warmoadgenda Sileris Teoria

da romantikosebis tradicia, xolo meores goeTes Teoria.

Sileri gvTavazobs simbolos esTetikur koncefcias. igi simbolos

gansazRvravs, rogorc dialeqtikurad daZabul urTierTobas sulsa da

materias, sasrulsa da usasrulobas, formasa da realobas,

Tavisuflebasa da yofierebas Soris, romelTa `Serigeba~ SesaZlebelia

mxolod esTetikur sferoSi, rac adamians harmoniulobas, mTlianobas

aniWebs (http://planetadisser.com/see/dis_117363.html).

germanuli romantizmis filosofiaSi (Slegeli, novalisi,

kroiceri, Selingi...) simbolos specifika gaiazreba romantizmis ZiriTad

TemebTan mimarTebiT (universaluri enciklopedia

http://www.mega.km.ru/bes_2004/encyclop.asp?TopicNumber=6335). germaneli

romantikosebi simbolos gamosaxulebisa da ideis organul igiveobad,

Semoqmedebas ki „maradiul“ simboloebad aRiqvamdnen. SlegelisaTvis

simbolo aris saxe usasrulo substanciisa, romelsac Cven mxolod

fragmentulad vxedavT. misi erTi centri mdebareobs sasrul, meore ki,

usasrulo realobaSi. simbolos daxmarebiT SegviZlia gamovyoT is

realuri arseboba, WeSmariti azri, romelic amaRlebulia yovelgvar

iluziaze (http://planetadisser.com/see/dis_117363.html; averincevi:

http://www.krotov.info/lib_sec/01_a/ave/rinstser 6.htm).

goeTes TvalsazriT, bunebrivi da adamianuri Semoqmedebis

yvelanairi forma maradisobis mniSvnelovan da metyvel simbolos

warmoadgens, `yvelaferi, rac ki xdeba simboloa“

(http://planetadisser.com/see/dis_117363.html). Tumca goeTe, romantikosebisagan

gansxvavebiT, simbolos mouxelTeblobasa da daunawevrobas ukavSirebs

ara mistikur miRmiurobas, aramed cxovrebiseul organulobas, romelic

simboloTa meSveobiT gamoixateba. (averincevi 2001: 159; kiriles da

meTodes didi enciklopedia: www.mega.km.ru). romantizmTan daaxloebul

16

versias gvTavazobs a. Sopenhaueri, romelmac samyaro gamosaxa, rogorc

uSinaarso nebis simbolizacia ideebsa da warmodgenebSi.


romantikosebis sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebas gamoTqvams hegeli.

simbolos struqturaze saubrisas, igi, yuradRebas amaxvilebs

simboloze, rogorc pirobiTobaze dafuZnebul niSanze, xazs usvams mis

racionalur mxares. hegelis TqmiT, ,,zogadad simbolo... SeiZleba

warmovidginoT, rogorc garkveuli niSani an ubralod aRniSvna,

romelSic kavSiri azrsa da gamosaxvas Soris aris gamWvirvale“. igi

simbolos ganixilavs agreTve formaluri TvalsazrisiTac anu rogorc

reprezentaciisa da komunikaciis erT_erT saSualebas (basini:

http://www.gumer.info/bogoslov_Buks/Philos/Bas/11php).

XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi simbolizmma, rogorc literaturulma

mimdinareobam simbolo daubruna esTetikis sferos. simbolistebis

TvalsazrisiT, simbolo, _ es aris materialur sagnebSi dafaruli

WeSmariti, saidumlo arsi, idea. is xelovnebaSi xsnis sazrisTa aRmoCenis

usasrulo perspeqtivas (Tumca, misi saboloo interpretaciis mcdeloba

am perspeqtivas da Tavad simbolosac gaaqrobs) (nakudaSvili 1999: 83).

simbolosadmi interesi gansakuTrebiT mZafrdeba XX saukunis

dasawyisidan. am periodis dasavluri azris mdinareba simbolos gagebis

araerT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul models warmogvidgens. mokled

SevexebiT mxolod ramdenime maTgans.

. e. kasireris neokantianizmisagan aRmocenebuli „simboluri formebis

filosofiam“ simbolos adamianuri samyarosTvis ukiduresad farTo

mniSvneloba mianiWa; igi sulieri realobis amsaxvel universalur

saSualebad, kulturis Secnobisa da Semoqmedebis sayovelTao funqciad

miiCnia. kasireri fiqrobs, rom adamiani aris `simboluri cxoveli~, ena,

miTi, religia, xelovneba da mecniereba simboluri formebis arsia,

romelTa meSveobiTac adamiani awesrigebs garSemomyof qaoss.

simbolos fsiqologiur analizs aviTarebdnen: z. froidi, i.

kristeva, a. stori, k. iungi (http://www.dslib.ru/religio-vedevie/ten.htm).

17

z. froids simbolo dahyavs aracnobieri fsiqikuri moqmedebebis

funqciamde anu misi SexedulebiT, simbolo gaTanabrebulia

fsiqo_paTologiur simptomTan (http://www.lib.ua.ru.net//diss/cont/198071.html).

k. iungma uaryo froidis Tvalsazrisi. man gaagrZela romantikuli

tradicia da adamianTa simboloebi axsna, rogorc aracnobieris (anu

arqetipis) gamoxatvis myari figurebi, romlebic TavianTi arsiT

daunawevrebelni arian da gamoxatvas hpoveben sxvadasxva kulturis

simboloebSi. iungis warmodgena simbolos Sesaxeb mTlianad Slis

sazRvrebs simbolosa da miTs Soris, simbolos gadaaqcevs myar

azrobriv safuZvels moklebul stiqiad (averincevi 2001: 161; kiriles da

meTodes didi enciklopedia: http://www.mega.km).

XX saukunis II naxevarSi C. pirsis, u. morisis, r. karnapis da sxvaTa

mier semiotikis (niSnebisa da niSanTa sistemebis Sesaxeb mecniereba)

ZiriTadi principebis damuSavebam imoqmeda filosofiaSi simbolos

statusze. semiotikis farglebSi, niSanTa sistemebis SedarebiTi

analizisas, simbolo ganixileba, rogorc erT_erTi niSani, rogorc

konvenciuri (dadgenili) urTierToba niSansa da mniSvnelobas Soris (C.

pirsi) (Satini 2003: http://www.philology.ru/literature1/shatin-03.htm). C. pirsis

SexedulebiT, simbolo, imgvari niSania, romelic enacvleba obieqts,

amasTan aRsaniSnsa da aRmniSvnels Soris kavSiri Tavisufali xasiaTisaa.

f. de sosiuri „zogadi lingvistik“_is kursSi amtkicebs, rom es

Tavisufleba ar aris absoluturi da simboloSi aRsaniSnsa da

aRmniSvnels Soris arsebobs bunebrivi kavSiris rudimeti.

simbolos struqturalisturi interpretacia or pozicias

gamoxatavs. erTi mxriv, warmoadgens ra sociokulturul fenomens,

simbolo ganekuTvneba „diskursiis sferos“. am SemTxvevaSi, enis sxva

niSnebTan mimarTebiT simbolur da miTosur mniSvnelobas ar gaaCnia

sakuTari maxasiaTeblebi. isini gamoirCevian mxolod deskrifciis,

interpretaciis, aseve klasifikaciisa da kategorizaciis TvalsazrisiT.

meore mxriv, simbolo gamodis kulturuli logosis sazRvrebidan,

iZens miTebisa da ritualebis formas. aseT dros, igi warmoadgens

„sakralur enas“ (http://5ka.su/ref/culture/o_object10106.html)

18

simbolos struqturalisturi Teoriis mixedviT (XX saukunis II

naxevari), ,,simbolo~ Seesabameba ,,simulakras~ cnebas

(simulakra_erTgvari asli, romelic isea daSorebuli originals, rom

pirvelwyaro aRarc aqvs (literaturis Teoria 2008: 342).

simboloTa profanaciisa da desakralizaciis problema aisaxa: J.

bodriaris, r. bartis, u. ekos da sxvaTa naSromebSi

(http://www.dslib.ru/religio-vedevie/ten.htm).

,,tartu_moskovuri~ skolis lideri i. lotmani kulturas afasebs,

rogorc niSanTa sistemas, igi Tvlis, rom realuri samyaro am sistemaSi

aRiqmeba rogorc teqsti. kulturis daniSnuleba ki aris Setyobinebebisa

da maTSi arsebuli azris ,,gaSifvra“. i. lotmani simbolos miiCnevs

kulturis umniSvnelovanes niSnobriv saSualebad, teqstad, romlis

Sinaarsic mravalmxrivia da romelic SemWidrovebuli saxiT Tan axlavs

kulturuli programebis translirebas.

c. todorovis „simboloTa Teorieb“_is centrSi moqceulia

esTetikisa da poetikis problemebi. ikvlevs ra, simbolos istoriul

koncefciebs (netari avgustine, romantikosebi, f. de sosiuri), igi

eyrdnoba simbolos lingvistur, struqturalistur gagebas.

k. iaspersisaTvis yofiereba Seicnoba simboloSi da simbolos

meSveobiT. misi TvalsazrisiT, simbolo_es aris monawileobis saSualeba

yofierebis sxvadasxva doneze, sxvadasxva doziT. misi daxmarebiT

SegviZlia SevaRwioT ,,mouxelTebel realobaSi“, miTSi, da bolos

simbolos meSveobiT mivdivarT RmerTTan (http://simbols.ru/9/).

d. rasmusenis gansazRvrebiT, simbolo erTdroulad aris afeqturi

da kognituri, egzistencialuri da ontologiuri fenomeni. misi gagebiT,

simbolo aris kulturis bazisi, centri, yofierebis Secnobis gasaRebi.

m. haidegeris „fundamenturi ontologia“ da h. g. gadameris

hermenevtika cdiloben ena gaaTavisuflon scienturi cenzurisagan da

simbolos miscen saSualeba iyos samyaros gagebis TviTkmari saSualeba.

haidegerTan qreba simbolos analitikuri interpretacia. gadameri

eyrdnoba simbolozmis Sesaxeb germaneli romantikosebis (goeTe,

zolgeri, Selingi, kroiceri...) Tvalsazriss, aseve kantis Sexedulebas

(http://5ka.su/ref/culture/o_object10106.html).

19

a. losevi cdilobs axsnas simbolos dialeqtikuri buneba. igi

simbolos samyaros Secnobis universalur instrumentad miiCnevs.

kulturologiuri, esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT simbolos aseve

Seiswavlidnen p. florenski, s. averincevi.

simboloebze, rogorc cnobieri gzavnilebisa da cnobierebis

rezultatebis reprezentaciis saSualebebze msjeloben m. mamardaSvili

da a. piatigorski. maTi mosazrebiT, simbolo adamianis cnobierebas

akavSirebs kulturul cxovrebasTan (mamardaSvili... 1999: 195).

simbolos arsis, funqciis, simboluri struqturebis, formis,

sistemis dadgena_Seswavla sakmaod xangrZlivi procesi iyo. amas

simbolos Seswavlis istoriis zemoT warmodgenili mokle mimoxilva da

CamoTvlil avtorTa simravlec cxadhyofs. da mainc rogor SeiZleba

ganisazRvros simbolo, romlis Sesaxebac amdeni Tqmula? simbolos

arsis, funqciis gansazRvris mcdelobisas ZiriTadad daveyrdnobiT s.

averincevis Sexedulebebs, c. todorovis naSromSi ,,simbolos Teoriebi~

Sekrebil sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa naazrevs, aseve a. losevis, p.

florenskis, m. ivanovis da sxvaTa mosazrebebs.

yovelgvari simbolo aris gamosaxuleba da yvela gamosaxuleba,

garkveul wilad, aris simbolo, Tumca, simbolo, rogorc kategoria

gadis sakuTari sazRvrebidan da warmoadgens iseT raobas, romelic

ganuyofladaa Serwymuli gamosaxulebasTan, magram ar udris mas.

sagnobrivi gamosaxuleba da Rrma azri simbolos struqturis or

poluss warmoadgens. (avernicevi 2001: 155). simbolo, upirveles yovlisa,

TavisTavad arsebobs da mis mier rames aRniSvna meoreuli movlenaa.

masSi mocemulia konkretuli, gamosaxulebidan (saxidan) zogadi,

idealisaken gadasvla (goeTe) (todorovi 1999: 239, 240). simbolos

struqtura mimarTulia iqeTken, rom nebismieri kerZo movlenis meSveobiT

Seqmnas samyaros mTliani xati (averincevi 2001: 156). simboluri

erTgvarad niSnavs saxeobrivs, tipurs, amitom SesaZlebelia igi

ganvixiloT, rogorc zogadi kanonis gamovlineba (goeTe) (todorovi 1999:

239, 240). simbolo erTdroulad aris Serwyma: kerZosa da zogadisa,

materialurisa da sulierisa (goeTe, kroiceri) (todrovi 1999: 255, 340).

20

simboluria is, rac ara mxolod aRniSnavs ideas, aramed Tavad

aris igi (magaliTad, wminda mariam magdalineli ara marto aRniSnavs

sinanuls, aramed Tavad aris „cocxali sinanuli“).

simbolo realobis cocxal Wvretas efuZneba (losevi 1919: 218),

magram is ar aris realobis uSualo imitacia (m. ivanovi 1987: 379),

pirdapiri anarekli. igi aris miniSneba, idumali azris monacvle da

misken megzuri (viaC. ivanovi) (hofmani: http://slovar.lib.ru/dictionary/simvol.htm).

simbolo mimarTulebis momcemia, raTa sworad gavigoT sinamdvileSi ras

aRniSnavs TiToeuli saxe (Selingi 1996: 156, 157). igi movlenebis Tu

sagnebis siRrmisaken warmarTavs Cvens yuradRebas (siraZe 1982: 79) da

Sinagan, arsebiT mxareze miuTiTebs (m. ivanovi 1987: 370). simbolo

erTdroulad aris azrTa warmoebisa da gamouTqmelis gamoTqmis

saSualeba (humboldti) (todorovi 1999: 249; nakudaSvili 1999: 82).

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, yovelgvari simbolo aris ganzogadeba (goeTe)

(todorovi 1999: 340), iseTi saxis ganzogadeba, romelic usasrulo

azrobriv perspeqtivas qmnis (losevi 1995:

http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/Los_PrSimv/01ph) (florenski)

(lepaxini http://bestreferat.ru/referat-3746.html). mas amouwuravi Sinaarsi aqvs.

simbolos azrobrivi potenciebi yovelTvis ufro farToa, vidre misi

mocemuli realizacia (lotmani 1992: http://www.durov.com/literature 1/lotman

92-e.htm). simbolos yovelgvari interpretacia Tavad rCeba simbolod,

oRond ramdenadme racionalizebul simbolod (baxtini:

http://slovar.lib.ru/dictionary/simvol.htm). igi, rac ufro polisemiuria, miT met

Sinaarss itevs (r. barti) (www.book.ariom.ru).

simbolo ar aris `usulo tvifari~ (viaC. ivanovi) (hofmani:

http://slovar.lib.ru/dictionary/simvol.htm). igi Tavisi arsiT dinamikuria (Selingi

1996: 156). simboloebis Sinaarsi da mniSvneloba ar aris mocemuli

erTxel da samudamod. is, rogorc `cocxali~ struqtura rCeba

TavisTavadi, Tumca, mudmivi qmnadobis procesSia. (saerTod, simbolo

ufro qmedebaa, vidre Sedegi (zolgeri) (todorovi 1999: 255). cnobili

simboloebi axlebur Rirebulebebsa da interesebs iZenen (http://nauka-

shop.com/mod/shop/product ID/4166).

21

simbolos arsebiTi niSania, rom igi arasodes ekuTvnis romelime

kulturis erT romelime sinqronul Wrils, is yovelTvis msWvalavs am

Wrils, warsulidan mosuli midis ra momavalSi. simboloebi msWvalaven

kulturis diaqronias. maT kulturis erTi plastidan meoreSi gadaaqvT

teqstebi, siuJeturi sqemebi da sxva semiotikuri warmonaqmnebi. simbolo,

rogorc ganmeorebadi ram, aris gzavnili sxva kulturuli epoqebisa

(=sxva kulturebis), rogorc gaxseneba Zveli (=maradiuli) safuZvlebisa.

(lotmani 1992: http://www.durov.com/literature 1/lotman 92-e.htm).

simbolur azrovneba evolucias ganicdis. sxvadasxva epoqaSi

irekleba am epoqebis religiuri, miTosuri, xelovnebismieri (gamsaxurdia

1991: 19), politikur_ideologiuri memkvidreoba, Rirebulebebis, normebisa

da ideebis ZiriTadi arsi. kulturul konteqstTan aqtiuri

urTierTobisas ara mxolod simbolo transformirdeba misi zegavleniT,

aramed TviTonac axdens mis gardasaxvas (lotmani 1992:

http://www.durov.com/literature1/lotman 92-e.htm). simboloebi Cndebian,

transformirdebian da qrebian, magram maT SeswevT unari sakuTar wiaRSi

kvlav aRmoCenisa. amdenad, isini maradiuli saSualebebia da formiTac

maradiulni arian (p. florenski) (lepaxini 2005: http://bestreferat.ru/referat-

3746.html)

simbolo ar aris ubralo da yvelasTvis misawvdomi (m. ivanovi 1987:

379). simbolos `gaSifvra~ martivi gansazRvrebiT, mxolod gonebis ZaliT

SeuZlebelia. igi ar arsebobs raime racionaluri formulis saxiT.

(averincevi 2001: 155). simbolo Tavisi arsiT, upirveles yovlisa,

dialoguri movlenaa. misi arsi mxolod adamianTa urTierTobaSi

vlindeba. (averincevi 2001: 158). simbolos srulfasovani arseboba

aRmqmelis gareSe warmoudgenelia. (http://nauka-shop.com/mod/shop/product

ID/4166). misi arsobrivi struqtura orientirebulia aRmqmelis aqtiur

Sinagan muSaobaze (averincevi 2001: 157). is iTxovs ara mxolod gancdas,

aramed masSi SeRwevasa da ganmartebas. (kuperi: http://book.ariom.ru/txt188.html).

Tumca, simbolos ganmartebisas sifrTxilea saWiro, radgan dialogi,

romelic xorcieldeba misi Sinaarsis CawvdomiT SesaZlebelia dairRves

ganmmarteblis araswori interpretaciis SemTxvevaSi (averincevi 2001: 158).

22

amgvarad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom simbolo marTlac gansakuTrebuli,

mravalfunqciuri fenomenia. igi erTdroulad warmoadgens samyaros,

realobis Secnobis instrumentsa da gamosaxvis fundamentur meTods

(kuperi http://book.ariom.ru/txt188.html). simbolo adamianis cnobierebas

akavSirebs kulturul cxovrebasTan. masSi akumulirdeba garkveuli

sazogadoebrivi erTobis cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba, amave dros igi

asrulebs sakomunikacio_informaciul funqcias, radgan mas Seswevs

unari ideebisa da Rirebulebebis urTierTgacvlisa, rogorc Sida, aseve

interkulturuli kontaqtebis doneze. simbolos ZaluZs mravali iseTi

aspeqtis gamomJRavneba, romelic sxva saSualebebisaTvis miuwvdomelia.

aqedan gamomdinare, simbolo _ azrovnebis stilicaa.

sruliad veTanxmebiT s. averincevis mosazrebas, rom simbolologia

unda vaRiaroT ara rogorc aramecnieruli, aramed mecnierebis miRma

arsebuli (nairmecnieruli) codnis formac, romelsac gaaCnia sakuTari

Sida kanonebi da sizustis kriteriumebi (averincevi 2001: 157).

simbolos Sesaxeb arsebuli SexedulebaTagan, romelTa Soris

xSirad aris gansxvavebebi, winaaRmdegobebi (es zemoT warmodgenili

mokle mimoxilvidanac naTlad Cans), SevecadeT gamogveyo, is ZiriTadi da

mniSvnelovani, rac ukeT warmoaCenda simbolos arss, funqcias. sakiTxis

amgvari gaazrebiT gamovxateT simbolosadmi Cveni damokidebuleba.

naSromis momdevno or TavSi warmodgenilia, Tu rogor vlindeba

simboluri azrovneba istoriuli Janris mwerlobaSi da ra datvirTva

SeiZleba hqondes mas.

23

Tamar mefis gvirgvinis simbolika

qarTuli istoriuli Zeglebi naklebad, TiTqmis arc ki gvawvdian

informacias imis Sesaxeb, mefed kurTxevis dros Tu rogor gvirgvins

adgamdnen Tavze momaval xelmwifes. am mxriv gamonaklisia daviT

aRmaSeneblis istoria da Tamar mefis pirvel matianed wodebuli

ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~. daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi

gadmogvcems, daviTma `TÂsiTa ÃeliTa dasua saydarTa TÂsTa Ze TÂsi

dimitri da daadga Tavsa Sueniersa gÂrgÂni qvaTagan patiosanTa~ (daviT

aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955: 362). ìstoriani da azman~_is avtori ki

giorgi III_is mier Tavisi asulis, Tamaris Tanamosaydred gamocxadebis

(1178/1179 w.; javaxiSvili 1983: 244; metreveli 2002: 471) ceremonialis

aRwerisas aRniSnavs `Semyrelman SÂdTave samefoTa misTaman awvia

dedofalTa dedofali coli misi burduxan da Svili maTi Tamar...

gangebiTa da gagonebiTa zenisa mis xuedrisa, SaravandedTa

mnebebelisaTa mefe yo Tamar... da daadga gÂrgÂni oqrosa Tavsa missa,

oqrosa mis ofazisa, aRmkuli iakinTTa, zmirTa da smaragdoTa mier~

(istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 20).

mematianis cnobiT, gvirgvini, romelic Tamar mefes pirvelad

kurTxevisas daadges Tavze, òqro ofazis~ iyo.

saerTod, oqro mravalferovani simboluri mniSvnelobiT

gamoirCeva. igi gamoxatavs RirsebaTa mTel speqtrs siwmindes, simarTles,

harmonias, sibrZnes, codnas, amqveyniur siZlieres, didebas, simdidres,

srulyofilebas, simyares, araCveulebrivobas (tresideri: http://www.gumer.

Info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/JekTresidder/184.php; kuperi 1986: 65, 66). qristianobaSi

oqros ambivalenturi mniSvneloba aqvs. erTi mxriv igi ganasaxierebs

mzes, naTels, rac RvTis simboloebia (ioane RvTismetyvelis I epistole,

5), aseve siyvarulsa da rwmenas (1 petre 1. 7) (http://simbols.ru/articles/soloto.htm

1/2/; http://lib.deport.ru/slovar/sim/z/zoloto.htm/), meore mxriv ki, pativmoyvareobis (1

24

tim. 2_9, 10), angarebis da kerpTayvaniscemis niSania (gavixsenoT oqros

xbos kerpi; gamosvlaTa 32) (tresideri: http://www.gumer.

Info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/JekTresidder/184.php; kuperi 1986: 65, 66). Tamar mefis

istorikosis mier naxsenebi `oqro ofazi~ yovelgvari Seryvnilebisagan

ucxo, wminda, bajaRlo oqroa (orbeliani 1991: 68). simbolurad igi

gamoxatavs aseve qalwulebis siwmindes (averincevi

http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Literat/aver/zol_sist.php).

Teofilaqte bulgareli, maTes saxarebis ganmartebisas, yrma

iesosaTvis mogvebis mier saCuqrebis mirTmevis epizodze saubrisas

aRniSnavs, rom saCuqrebidan oqro, gundruki da muri, oqro ieso qristes,

rogorc mefes, ise miarTves (Teofilaqte bulgareli 1989: 21).

zemoTqmuli miuTiTebs imaze, rom axali aRTqmis mixedviTac, oqro

samefo pativis atributs warmoadgens.

ioane SavTeli ase mimarTavs Tamar mefes:

„oqro ofasad, Zniad safasad

yovlad yovliTurT biwSeuxeblad“

(Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1964: 331).

rac Sexeba gvirgvinis simbolikas, igi maRali mdgomareobis,

pativis, gamarjvebis, warmatebis, Rirseulobis, sasuliero da saero

xelisufalTa rCeulobis niSania. qristianuli tradiciiT, aseve

induizmsa da budizmSi, gvirgvini sulieri sinaTlisa da maradiuli

sicocxlis simbolod iTvleba (tresideri: http://www.gumer.

Info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/JekTresidder/184.php).

gvirgvinis istoria Soreul warsuls ukavSirdeba. Tavidan mas

ZiriTadad dafnis an zeTisxilis totebis, balaxebis, lerwmis da sxva

mcenareebisagan amzadebdnen. gvirgvini dakavSirebuli iyo qorwilisa da

dakrZalvis ritualebTan. aseve cnobilia, rom Zvelad, olimpiuri

TamaSebis dros gamarjvebuls gvirgviniT ajildovebdnen. mmarTvelebi

sxvaTagan gamorCeul, ufro TvalSisacem Tavsamkauls atarebdnen.

maTTvis gankuTvnil gvirgvinsa Tu diademas oqros an vardebisagan

amzadebdnen da Zvirfasi qvebis, qsovilebis da bumbulebis kombinaciebiT

25

rTavdnen. es sxvadasxva forma TandaTan gaerTianda Zvirfasi metalebisa

da Tvlebisagan damzadebul gvirgvinSi (tresideri: http://www.gumer.

Info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/JekTresidder/184.php), romelic samefo niSani gaxda

(nozaZe 1963: 499, 500). droTa ganmavlobaSi gvirgvins sul ufro da ufro

meti simboluri mniSvneloba eniWeboda (le gofi 2001: 408).

Sua saukuneebma, epoqam, romelSic simbolizmi erT-erT

zogadkulturul princips warmoadgenda, sakralurad aqcia politikuri

sferoc. am periodSi samefo Zalauflebis gamomxatvel regaliaTagan

(gvirgvini, taxti, skiptra...), simboluri TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba mieniWa gvirgvins, radgan masSi fokusirda Sua saukuneebis

mTeli politikuri peizaJi (le gofi 2001: 408).

saqarTveloSi, gvirgvini, mefobis es umTavresi atributi,

sxvadasxva saxeobisa da moyvanilobis arsebobda. rogorc Cveni mefeebis

freskebidan Cans, maTi gvirgvini araerTxel unda Secvliliyo,

_aRniSnavs ivane javaxiSvili (javaxiSvili 1984: 157). zemoTqmuli, aseve

Tamar mefis gvirgvinSi moTavsebuli Zvirfasi qvebis simboluri

mniSvnelobebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom SesaZlebelia TamarisaTvis

specialurad daemzadebinaT gvirgvini.

ìstoriani da azmanis SaravandedTan~_is cnobiT,YTamar mefis

òqro ofazis~ gvirgvini àRmkuli~ iyo iakinTTa, zmirTa da smaragdoTa

mier.

TavianTi feris, moyvanilobis Tu Tvisebebis gamo, Zvirfasi qvebis

ZvelTaganve simboloebs warmoadgendnen. wm. dionise areopagelis

gadmocemiT, `qvaTagan igi fermravali Tviseba gamomaCinebel sagonebel

ars... da TiToeulisa saxisagan gepovis saxismetyvelebiT (gamowmedaÁ

saxis momaswavebelTa mier~ (petre iberieli (fsevdo dionise areopageli)

1961: 148).

IV saukunis saeklesio moRvawis epifane kviprelis egzegetikuri

xasiaTis naSromSi `TvalTaÁ~ sxvadasxva aspeqtiT ganxilulia, bibliuri

gadmocemiT, pirvelmRvdelmTavris, aaronis samkerdulis Semamkobeli

Tormeti Zvirfasi Tvali, romelTagan TiToeuli iakobis Tormet Zes,

israelis Tormeti tomis pirvelwinapars Seesabameba. maTi meSveobiT

mRvdelmTavari israelis Tormet Stos GRvTis nebas gadascemda da

26

ganumartavda. am Tormet patiosan Tvals Sorisaa zemoxsenebuli iakinTis

da zmiri/samaragdis qvebic.

Eepifane kviprelis naSromSi CamoTvlili patiosani Tvlebi

sxvadasxva variaciiT ramdenjerme gvxvdeba Zveli da axali aRTqmis

wignebSi. „gamosvlaTa“ wignSi es Zvirfasi qvebi orjer aris

moxseniebuli: erTxel, rodesac sinas mTaze asul moses ufalma auwya

rogori unda yofiliyo aaronis samRvdlo Sesamoseli da rogori

TanmimdevrobiT unda ganelagebinaT masze Zvirfasi Tvlebi (gamosvlaTa

28. 2, 4, 15), xolo meored, roca mosem Seasrula RvTis uwyeba

(gamosvlaTa 39: 8_14).

Zvel aRTqmaSi am TvalTa CamonaTvals vxvdebiT aseve ezekielis

xilvaSi, edemis baRis aRwerisas ( ezek. 28. 13).

axali aRTqmis wignebidan Zvirfasi qvebi erTianad mxolod

apokalipsSia mocemuli. aq isini zeciuri ierusalimis zRudes

warmoadgenen (gamocxadeba 21. 19_20).

epifane kviprelis naSromSi CamoTvlili da ganxiluli Tormeti

patiosani Tvalidan TiToeulze amotvifruli iyo iakobis Tormeti Zis

saxeli. es niSnavs imas, rom, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, iakobis ZeTagan

TiToeuls Seesabameba erT_erTi Zvirfas qva.

Zvirfas Tvlebze saxelis warweris Sesaxeb apokalipsSi naTqvamia,

„romelsa hqonan yurni, isminen, rasa etyÂs suli eklesiaTa, viTarmed:

romelman sZlos, mivsce ricxÂ spetaki da ricxusa mas Tana saxeli axali

dawerili, romeli aravin uwyis, garna romelman miiRos“ (gamocxadeba 2.

17). (axali aRTqumaÁ 2008: 731).

andria kesaria_kapadokielis „iovanes gamocxadebis Targmaneba“_Si,

moxmobili adgili amgvaradaa ganmartebuli „mociqulisaÁ: romelsa

hqonan yurni, isminen, rasa etyÂis suli eklesiaTa: romelman sZlos,

mivsce mas Wamad Zelisa misgan cxorebisa, romeli ars Soris samoTxesa

RmrTisa Cemisasa. Targmani: Ãorcielni Tualni yovelsa kacsa hqonan,

xolo sulierni _ sulierTa oden. xolo eseviTari iyos da sZlos

brZolasa mas eSmakTasa, aRuTquams mas micemad, cxorebisa, saukunoÁsa,

romelsa saxelsdva Zelad“ (andria kesaria _kapadokieli: 8). andria

kesarielis teqstSi axali aRTqmiseuli „dafaruli mananaÁs“ nacvlad

27

gvaqvs „Zeli cxorebisa, romeli ars Soris samoTxesa RmrTisa ars“, rac

egzegetis ganmartebiT, saukuno ,,cxovrebas~ niSnavs. aq araferia naTqvami

„spetak qvaze~, romelzec iqneba „saxeli axali dawerili, romeli aravin

uwyis, garna romelman miiRos~ (gamocxadeba 2. 17). yovel SemTxvevaSi,

naxsenebi „spetaki qva“, erTi mxriv msgavsia im patiosani Tvlebisa,

romlebzec amotvifruli iyo iakobis Tormeti Zis anu israelis Tormeti

Stos saxeli da TiToeuli maTgani RvTismsaxurebisas wardgeboda RvTis,

„mimRebelis“ winaSe. meore mxriv ki es aris Tavad ieso qriste (epifane

kvipreli_ 162. 36). axali aRTqmis mixedviTac, meored mosvlis Jams

„spetak qvaze“ anu „sityvier ficarze“ warwerili saxeliT, romelic

mxolod mimRebels ecodineba, yoveli adamiani gaxdeba Rirsi „Wamad

Zelisa mis cxorebisa, romel ars Soris samoTxesa RmrTisa“ (andria

kesaria_kapadokieli) anu „mananaÁs dafarulis“, ese igi moipovebs

„saukuno cxovrebas“ (alibegaSvili 1999: 29, 30).

saRmrTo werilSi moxseniebul Zvirfas qvebze informaciis

misaRebad `TvalTaÁ~ sayuradRebo Zeglia, radgan masSi metnaklebad

gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos Zveli msoflios xalxTa – egviptelebis,

Sumerebis, babilonelebis, indielebis, ebraelebis, antikuri samyaros is

mineralogiuri monacemebi da, kerZod, Zvirfas qvebTan dakavSirebuli

tradiciebi, legendebi, Tqmulebebi, gadmocemebi, miTebi, romlebic

Faseuli iyo am qveynebis kulturisaTvis geologiuri, mineralogiuri,

samedicino, sakulto, liturgikuli Tu sxva TvalsazrisiT

(alibegaSvili 1999: 5, 6).

Tamar mefis gvirgvinSi moTavsebul TvalTagan `istoriani da

azman~_is avtori pirvel rigSi asaxelebs iakinTs.

mineralogiaSi iakinTi korundis saxesxvaobas warmoadgens (laT.

rubber–,,wiTeli~ (http://www.a-jewelens.com). almasTan, zurmuxtTan da

safironTan erTad igi pirveli klasis Zvirfas qvad miiCneva*

(enciklopediuri leqsikoni: http://lib.deport.ru/slovar/bes/d/1-dragotsennye-

kamni.html; http://www.a-jewelens.com). (sanskritSi iakinTs uwodebdnen

________________________

*fridrih moosi_germaneli geologi da mineralogi (1173_1839). man SeimuSava

mineralebis skala, romelic dRemde gamoiyeneba

28

,,ratnarais~ anu ,,Zvirfasi qvebis mefes~ (http://gemstone.org/gem-

bygem/russian/emerald.html).

`TvalTaÁ~_s mixedviT, iakinTi `mbrwyinvale cecxlisferia~,

mewamulobiT ki finiks hgavs (epifane kvipreli 1979: 131). misi Zala aseTia,

vinc mis nalesavs dalevs, `ganaRviZis suli samarTalTa sityuaTa

mimarT~, xolo vinc mas pirSi Caidebs, swor, samarTlian ganaCens

gamoitans (epifane kvireli 1979: 141, 132). iakinTis cecxlisa da

nakvercxlis fers epifane kvipreli Zveli aRTqmiseul, kerZod, esaias

xilvas ukavSirebs. esaia winaswarmetyveli ambobs,_ `da moivlina Cemdamo

erTi serafimTagani da Ãelsa Sina aqunda nakuercxali, romeli

marwuxebiTa moiRo sakurTxevelisagan da Seaxo pirsa Cemsa da Tqua: aha,

Sevaxe ese bageTa SenTa da mogispnes uSjuloebanni Senni da codvani

Senni ganiwmindnes~ (esaia 6. 1_7) (alibegaSvili 1999: 90). am xilvis Semdeg

esaia winaswarmetyveli `moguaswavebda Cuen yovelTa didsa da saSinelsa

zraxvasa~ (epifane kvipreli 1979: 142). aq xazgasmulia, rom iakinTis

mistikuri Tviseba `suli samarTalTa sityuaTa~ da `wrfeli da

samarTali saSjelis aRwonva~ bibliuradac dasturdeba (alibegaSvili

1999: 90, 91).

Tamar mefis istoriebSi sagangebod aRiniSneba misi

samarTlismoyvareoba, samarTlebrivi saqmianoba. Tamaris taxtze

asvlamde miRebuli iyo sikvdiliT dasja da sxvadasxva mkacri sasjeli.

giorgi III_is mmarTvelobis dros samefos warmomadgenlebis krebam

erTnebobiT, mekobreobis da avazakobis aRsakveTad, daawesa sikvdiliT

dasja CamoxrCobiT da xel_fexis mokveTa. istoriuli wyaroebis cnobiT,

Tamari `mSÂdi, mSÂdobisa myofeli iyo~, misi mefobisas arc sikvdiliT

dasja, arc sxva damasaxiCrebeli sasjeli ar moqmedebda (javaxiSvili

1983: 292; metreveli 1991: 301, 302).

`istoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is avtori gadmogvcems,

Tamarma `gangebasa aTormetsa weliwadsa Sina arca Tu tajganagi ubrZana

vis sadme krvad~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 34); basili

ezosmoZRvari ki aRniSnavs, `iyo dReTa misTa (TamarisaTa) simarTle,

aravin gamoCnda mimZlavrebuli mecnierebiTa misiTa, arca vin dasjili,

TÂnier Zuelisa sjulisa, romeli Zes avazakTa zeda Zelsa zeda

29

CamorCoba. TÂT arc avis Rirssa sikudilisasa da arca patiJisasa mieÃada

Tananadebi, arca-vin brZanebiTa misiTa aso-mokueTil iqmna da arca

sibrmiTa daisaja~. erTaderTi adamiani, vinc Tamaris mmarTvelobis dros

Tvalebis ,,dawviT~ dasajes, iyo guzan taoeli, romelic ganudga mefes

da giorgi russ miemxro. basili ezosmoZRvaris cnobiT, guzanis am

danaSauls isic emateboda, rom `kolas sadme mTaTa Sina avazakobda

malviT~. mTibavebma Seipyres guzani da daviT soslans mihgvares. daviTma

icoda ra `didi mowyaleba Tamarisi, amisTÂs missa SekiTxvamdis Tualni

daswuna, nacvlad mravalTa sisxlTa qristianeTasa~ (basili

ezosmoZRvari 1959: 141). basili ezosmoZRvarisve uwyebiT, Tamari `bWed

jda Soris Tavisa TÂsisa da mezobelTa mefeTa, ara miSuebad brZolisa,

arca gardadebad uRelsa mZlavrobisasa urTierTas, da saxed Tavsa

TÂssa miscemda da amisTÂs maT zeda meore solomon iqmna mefeTa Soris

(basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 148).

CaxruxaZe Tamar mefis Sesaxeb ambobs:

`mtkiced aqvs sjuli, Cans marTl-msajuli~ (111. 43)


`abdulmesian~_is mixedviT, Tamari aris `simarTlis msajuli~,

`pyrobilTa ganmaTavisuflebeli~ 25. 1. 2) (Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1964:

125), `TviT bWeTa bWedi, mtkice beWedi, mewde sityvaTa simarTlisaTa~ (47.

3) (Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1964: 132).

`TvalTaÁ~_s gadmocemiT, iakinTze amotvifruli iyo israelis

mamamTavris, iakobis meoTxe Zis, iudas saxeli (epifane kvipreli 1979: 141).

iudas tomidan iyvnen: mefeebi, mTavrebi. Tormeti Zmidan, iuda maT Soris

aRmoCnda, visi STamomavlobac mamam sikvdilis win daloca. mis modgmas

akurTxebs mosec (ipolite romaeli 1979: 204, 207). ipolite romaelis

naSromSi `ganmartebaÁ kurTxevaTa maTTÂs mosesTa~ aRniSnulia, rom

iudas tomi kurTxeula, radgan misi STamomavlobisagan unda Sobiliyo

daviT mefe, daviTis modgmisagan ki xorcielad ieso qriste (ipolite

romaeli 1979: 234) (aqve aRvniSnavT, rom ieso qriste, rogorc meufe da

mRvdeli, xorcielad iudas da levis (iakobis mesame Ze) tomTa

30

urTierTSerevis Sedegad iSva (bibliuri RvTismetyvelebis leqsikoni

1974: 1228; alibegaSvili 1999: 85). iudas Stodan iyvnen mefeebi, mTavrebi,

winamZRvrebi (epifane kvipreli 1979: 141). qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis

mixedviT cnobilia, rom bagrationTa samefo dinastia iwodeba

iesian_daviTian_solomonianad (iese daviT mefsalmunis mama iyo,

solomoni ki misi Ze).

bagrationebi evropis erT_erTi uZvelesi samefo dinastiaa,

cnobili taxtis mflobelobis xangrZlivobiT.

warmoSobiT isini speridan arian (ispiri dRevandel TurqeTSia).

speridan gamosuli bagrationebis erTi Sto saqarTveloSi

damkvidrda, erTi _ somxeTSi (bagratunebi).

cnobebi bagrationTa ebraelTagan warmomavlobis Sesaxeb adre

Cndeba somxur da qarTul wyaroebSi (VIII saukunis somxuri wyaroebiT,

bagratunebis mamamTavari bagrati, warCinebuli ebraelis SambaTis

STamomavladaa miCneuli (movses xorenaci, ioane kaTalikosi).

qarTul wyaroebSi bagrationTa ebrauli warmomavlobis Teoria

uSualod ukavSirdeba Tvalsazriss bagrationTa RvTiuri Camomavlobis

Sesaxeb. qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi cnobebi bagrationebis daviT

winaswarmetyvelisagan Camomavlobis Sesaxeb pirvelad dasturdeba

`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ (lorTqifaniZe 2003: 17, 19).

giorgi merCules cnobiT, grigoli aSot kurapalats amgvarad

mimarTavs,_ ,,daviT winaswarmetyuelisa da uflisa mier cxebulisa

Svilad wodebulo Ãelmwifeo, mefobaÁ da saTnoebanica misni

dagimkÂdrnen qristeman RmerTman~ (giorgi merCule 1982: 235; javaxiSvili

1984: 96). bagrationTa saxlis istorias, maTi gvaris RvTiuri

warmomavlobis genealogias, XI saukunis 30-ian wlebSi istorkosma

sumbat daviTis Zem sagangebo Txzuleba uZRvna `cxovreba da uwyeba

bagratonianTa~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 372-386) (lorTqifaniZe 2003: 21).

sumbat daviTis Ze Tavisi Txzulebis `Sesavali nawilis~

(genealogiuri nusxisaTvis) sargeblobs bibliiT (dab. 10; maTe 1. 1_16),

evsevi kesarielis eklesiis istoriiT; danarCeni nawilisaTvis ki

bagrationTa saxlis `qronikiT~, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁT~. misi cnobebis

garkveuli nawili dasturdeba ucxouri wyaroebiT, sxva avtorTa

31

cnobebiTa da warwerebiT (X saukunis bizantieli istorikosi

konstantine porfirogeneti; XI saukunis istorikosi juanSeri...

(lorTqifaniZe 2003: 21).

rodis unda Camoyalibebuliyo moZRvreba qarTvel bagrationTa

RvTiuri warmomavlobis Sesaxeb?

XIX s_is bolosa da XX s_is dasawyisSi moRvawe somexi

istorikosis, markvartis azriT (mas ekuTvnis naSromi `bagratidebis

genealogia~), aRniSnuli Teoria IX saukunis bolosa da X saukunis

dasawyisSi SemuSavda; korneli kekeliZisa da pavle ingoroyvas

SexedulebiT, IX saukunis dasawyisSi, aSot I bagrationis mmarTvelobis

dros. eqvTime TayaiSvilis mosazrebiT_VIII saukuneSi. eqvTime TayaiSvili

miiCnevs, rom am Teoriam garkveuli cvlilebebi ganicada, gadamuSavda da

XI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis Camoyalibda im saxiT, rogorc is

warmodgenilia sumbat daviTis Zis TxzulebaSi (lorTqifaniZe 2003: 36_38

(sayuradReboa, rom bizantiis imperiaSi verc erTma dinastiam ver

daamkvidra Tavisi sagvareulos uflis mier dadginebis idea (litavrini

1989: 29).

bibliuri gadmocemiT, ieso qriste iwodeba iesean_daviTianad (maTe

1) (axali aRTqumaÁ 2008: 3_7). qarTul sasuliero literaturaSi ieso

qristes kacebrivi warmomavlobis misaniSneblad xSirad vxvdebiT

gamoTqmebs Ziri iesesi, Ze daviTisi, Sto solomonisi (mag. Zvel qarTul

sagaloblebSi macxovars xSirad miemarTeba amgvari frazebi: ìeses

Zirisagan gamovida dRes WeSmariti RmerTi Cueni~ (sin. xelnaweri #64:14);

ìeses Zirisagan morCi aRyuavebuli sasoebaÁ warmarTTaÁ dRes

aRmogvicenda (ioane mtbevari) (ingoroyva 1913: 73) (Zveli qarTveli

mexotbeni 1964: 92). aRniSnulis Sesabamisad bagrationebi da maT Soris

Tamaric dokumentebSic aseve ixsenebian: iesian_daviTian_solomoniani

(baqraZe 1983: 161) (saqarTvelos mefeTa titulatura ìesian-daviTian-

solomoniani~ zustad asaxavs dinastiis pozicias, adasturebs maT

bibliur warmomavlobas (lorTqifaniZe 2003: 22).

Tamaris daviT mefisagan Camomavlobis Sesaxeb ioane SavTeli wers:

`vardo ufrWvnelo, cvriT ganbanilo

32

nergo sviano, daviTiano~ (51. 1)


zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebiT sagulisxmoa iakinTis Sesaxeb kidev

erTi cnoba. epifane kviprelis TqmiT, es Zvirfasi qva, romelzec iudas

saxeli iyo amotvifruli, nakvercxaliviT brwyinavs, radgan `misi

naTesavisagan ufali gamogvibrwyinda~ da `daisxnes safuZvelni sionisni,

dasabam da saZirkueli da Tav kideTa_lodi igi, romel Seuracx_yves

maSenebelTa~ (epifane kvipreli 1979: 142).

Tamaris ucnobi istorikosi, gadmogvcems ra Tamaris mefed

pirvelad kuTrxevis Sesaxeb, dasZens `Tamari msgavsad lodisa mis

gamovida mTisa mis, danielisagan xilulsa, imata, imatos da mermeca

imata, vidremdis iqmna mTa did, lod sakidur da ara lod Sebrkolebisa

da vercxlisa, rkinisa da kecisa, romelime uxilavTa Zeglebi da

adrinitebi, romelime xilulTa mbrZolTa da winaaRmdgomTa (istoriani

da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 21).

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom aq ori momentia xazgasmuli, erTi mxriv,

saubaria imaze, rom daniel winaswarmetyvelis winaswarmetyveleba

gacxadda saqarTveloSi, radgan aq mefoben daviTis STamomavlebi,

bagrationebi. maT Soris erT_erTi Rirseulia Tamari, msgavsi – `lodi

Semmusvrelisa~, romelic gamoekveTa mTidan (daviTian_bagratovanTa

sagvareulodan) da daasmxvria yoveli kerpovneba – xilul da uxilav

mterTa Zeglebi, riTac Zlevamosileba moupova marTlmorwmune

saqarTvelos (Zveli qarTveli mexotbeebi 1964: 72); meore mxriv, Tamaris

`lodad~ moxsenieba, misi mimsgavseba `lod sakidurTan~ mxolod

aRniSnuli mizeziT ar unda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli. saRmrTo werilis

mixedviT, qriste aris `lod Tav sakiduri~ (luka 20. 17) (axali aRTqumaÁ

2008: 248). gavixsenoT `abos wamebis~ pirveli Tavi, sadac iovane sabanis Ze

macxovris simboloebs CamoTvlis. maTgan erT_erTi swored `lodia~

(iovane sabanisZe 1982: 123). morwmuneni da, gansakuTrebiT maT Soris

gamorCeulni, wmindanni iwodebian `cocxal lodebad~ (I pet. 2. 5)

(bibliis leqsikoni 2000: 187), Tamari ki mefe_wmindania.

33

`lodiani mTa~ RvTismSoblis simbolocaa (es saxe daviT

guramiSvilis `daviTian~_Sic gvxvdeba) (siraZe 1997: 111) (RvTismSoblis

simboloebis Tamar mefis saxesTan kavSirze mogvianebiT ufro vrclad

visaubrebT).

zemoT ukve iTqva, rom iuda, romlis saxelic amotvifruli iyo

iakinTze, sikvdils win mamam akurTxa. iudasadmi kurTxevaSi

nawinaswarmetyvelebia ieso qristes qalwul mariamisagan Soba, misi

samdRiani miZineba, Tu rogor Sevida macxovari ierusalimSi saxedarze

mjdomi, misi naTlisReba, Tu rogor ganiwminda wminda bagidan rZesaviT

gadmodinebulma RvTis sityvam mociqulebi da aseve ganwmends yvelas,

vinc eziareba zeciur sazrdos.

iakobi Tavis meoTxe Zes, iudas, loms, lomis bokvers uwodebs.

ipolite romaelis ganmartebiT, aq mamisa da Zis saxeebi igulisxmeba

(ipolite romaeli 1979: 234).

zogadad, cxovelTa da frinvelTa simbolikas saRvTo werilSi

didi mniSvneloba eniWeba.

Zvel aRmosavleTSi, antikur xanasa da Sua saukuneebSi

gavrcelebuli moZRvrebis, fiziognomikis (Zv. berZnuli υς – buneba, –

γνομικος SorsmWvreteli, gamWriaxi) mixedviT, adamianisa da cxovelis

garegnobasa da xasiaTs Soris arsebobs kavSiri

(http://dic.academic.ru/dic/bse/144624). Zvelad adamianSi xedavdnen igavur

cxovels. fiziognomikas antikurma tradiciam mianiWa mecnierebis

statusi. fiziognimikiT dainteresebuli iyvnen: hipokrate, aristotele,

zenoni. es mecniereba ar aris magiuri disciplina. antikurobisa da Sua

saukuneebisaTvis fiziognomika iseTive srulyofili mecnierebaa,

rogorc, magaliTad, ganmanaTleblobisaTvis aris niutoniseuli fizika

(s. averincevi) (http://pedib.ru/Books/3/0249/3_0249-29shtml).

gvianantikuri da adrebizantiuri fiziognomikis Tanaxmad, adamianis

garegnoba da cxovelis garegnoba, rogorc `znisa~ da `bunebis~

gansagneba, gaTanagvarebulia. amas emateba qristologiuri TvalTaxedva,

romlis mixedviTac, adamiani Tavis arCevanSi Tavisufalia. swored nebis

Tavisufleba ganasxvavebs adamians `sityvieri~ arsebis saxiT `utyvi~

cxovelisagan. cxovels ar ZaluZs Secvalos sakuTari bunebrivi `zne~,

34

Tavisi `goneba~, adamians ki es xelewifeba. `gonebis Secvla~ – es aris Zv.

berZnuli sityvis – μετάνοια–s (`monanieba~) sityvasityviTi mniSvneloba. ar

arsebobs codvili, romelsac ar SeeZlos monanieba; iseve rogorc, ar

aris rCeuli, romelic ar SeiZleba daeces. Tavisufali nebis qmedeba,

riTac adamiani cxovelebisagan gansxvavdeba, SeiZleba nadirTa saxiT

warmodgeniliyo. magaliTad, pavle mgelia, romelic cxvari gaxda, iuda

ki cxvari iyo da mgeli Seiqna.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, adamiani imiT gansxvavdeba

cxovelisagan, rom irCevs romeli cxoveli gaxdes: kravi Tu mgeli,

mtredi Tu gveli... adamians swored Tavisufali neba aniWebs `gonebiT

RvTis wvdomis~ madls (averincevi 1977: 165, 167; alibegaSvili 1999: 83).

fiziognomikas ganekuTvneba basili kesarielis naSromi `mÃecTaTÂs

saxisa sityuaÁ~, sadac igi `lomis~ saintereso alegoriul ganmartebas

gvTavazobs, `yovelTa mÃecTa da yovelTa pirutyuTa Saravandeds~, loms,

Tvalebgaxelils sZinavs, rac simboloa RvTaebrivi sifxizlisa (kuperi

1986: 115). basili didis da aseve sxva avtorTa gadmocemiTac, lomis

bokverebi mkvdradSobilni ibadebian. sami dRis ganmavlobaSi aseT

mdgomareobaSi imyofebian; mesame dRes mama `hberis Sublsa da aRadginnis

lekuni igi~. es movlena, simbolur_saxismetyvelebiTi TvalsazrisiT,

ieso qristes sami dRis manZilze saflavSi yofnas, jojoxeTis bWeTa

Semusvrasa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomas ukavSirdeba (basili kesarieli 1979:

176). aqve SevniSnavT, rom romelime cxovelis adamianTan simboluri

mimarTebis gaazreba mxolod dadebiTi an mxolod uaryofiTi kuTxiT,

arasworia. rogorc epifane kvipreli aRniSnavs, aseT SemTxvevaSi saWiroa:

`wignTa Sina mravlad warmoReba~ (epifane kvipreli 1979: 145). es lomis

simbolosac exeba, romelic ambivalenturia. erTi mxriv igi RvTiurobis,

mziuri energiis, samefo xelisuflebis, srulyofilebis,

keTilSobilebis, gamarjvebis, samarTlianobis, mfarvelobis, silamazis,

simamacis, simtkicis, meore mxriv ki – borotebis, sisastikis, mrisxanebis,

sikvdilis gamomxatvelia (tresideri: http://sigils.ru/symbols/lev.html; niustremi:

http://www.gumer.info; kuperi 1986: 114; http://simbols.ru/articles/lev.html). lomi

emblemaa, rogorc ieso qristesi, romelic iwodeba `iudas tomis lomad~

(gamocx. 5. 6) (axali aRTqumaÁ 2008: 548), aseve eSmakisa da iuda

35

iskariotelisa. epifane kviprelis ganmartebiT, aRniSnuli simbolos

dadebiTi mniSvneloba ieso qristes meufebas, aRdgomis madls `yovelTa

mimarT ganyofiTa da mravalTa TÂssa mas sagrilsa queSe SekrebiTa~

sixaruls ukavSirdeba, xolo uaryofiTi: `sisxlismWameloba~,

`pirutyumÃecoba~, `mtacebloba~, `mZlavreba~ eSmakis saxeze migvaniSnebs

(epifane kvipreli 1979: 145).

lomis simbolo sainteresoa Tamar mefis saxesTan mimarTebiTac.

Tamaris samefo taxtze asvla XII saukunisaTvis uprecedento movlena

iyo. im dros arc erT qveyanaSi magaliTi ar yofila, rom mefed da

saxelmwifos mmarTvelad qali gamxdariyo. XII saukuneSi saqarTvelo

erT_erT Zlier saxelmwifod iTvleboda, romlis meTauri iyo mravali

da vrceli qveynis batoni, sxvadasxva modgmisa da sarwmunoebis xalxTa

mbrZanebeli. aqedan gamomdinare, saWiro iyo didi sifrTxile, sibrZne da

winadaxeduleba, rom saqarTvelosTvis Rirseuli mefe aerCiaT, –

SeniSnavs ivane javaxiSvili da Semdeg dasZens, giorgi III_is

gardacvalebis Semdeg sagangebod Sekrebilma didebulTa bWobam

Rirseulad Seasrula Tavisi movaleoba da Tamari – qali – mamakacis

Tanaswori uflebis Rirsad scno. aseT SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrobT, bunebrivad

SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva, – iyo ki erTsulovneba feodalur

aristokratias Soris Tamaris gamefebis dros? amasTan dakavSirebiT,

ivane javaxiSvili aRniSnavs,_ `ueWvelia, yvela ar iqneboda amis momxre

da momavalSi iqneb ufro meti da sagulisxmiero cnobebi aRmoCndes am

saistorio TaTbiris Sesaxeb, magram, cxadia, rom umravlesoba, Tamaris

gamefebis momxre yofilao~ (javaxiSvili 1983: 310).

marTalia, zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebiT istoriul wyaroebSi dRemde

aranairi konkretuli faqti ar moipoveba, magram sagulisxmoa Tamaris

ucnobi mematianis cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, rom misi gamefebisTanave

sxvadasxva moTxovniT daiwyo didebulTa gamosvlebi. savaraudod, amis

erT_erTi (Tumca ara erTaderTi) mizezi isic SeiZleba yofiliyo, rom

qveyanas saTaveSi mefe_qali edga da cdilobdnen is zegavlenis qveS

moeqciaT. bunebrivia (amis Sesaxeb ivane javaxiSvilic aRniSnavs

TxzulebaTa II tomSi), Tamars, mowinaaRmdegeTa garda, mxardamWerTa didi

da Zlieri jgufic eyoleboda, romelic, albaT, umTavresad

36

ideologiurad ganamtkicebda misi, rogorc mefe_qalis, poziciebs.

Tamaris momxreTa Soris moiazreba saqarTvelos patriarqyofili

nikoloz gulaberisZe (igi saqarTvelos eklesiis meTauri iyo

daaxloebiT 1150_1178 wlebSi). Tamarma mas gamefebisTanave `aRmouwoda

ierusalimiT, romelsa simdablisa ZaliT ejmna qarTlisa

kaTalikozobisagan~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 117) da saeklesio

saqmeebis mogvareba miando. nikoloz gulaberisZe pirvelia, vinc qarTul

mwerlobaSi axali sakiTxi wamoayena, kerZod ki, Tu ratom moaqcia

qarTli maincdamainc qalma? Tavis naSromSi `sakiTxavi suetisa

cxovelisa da kuarTisa sauflosa da kaTolike eklesiisa~ amas igi

ramdenime mizeziT xsnis: 1) saqarTvelo RvTismSoblis wilxvdomili iyo.

wminda mariams Tavad surda CvenSi qristianobis gavrceleba, magram

radgan misi miZinebis dros moaxlovda, man es ver SeZlo. misi locviT,

saqarTveloSi qristianobis saqadageblad wminda nino movida; 2) am dros

qarTvelebi umZvinvaresni da usastikesni iyvnen. maT mosaqcevad qalis

mosvliT kidev erTxel gacxadda RvTaebrivi WeSmariteba: `Zali Cemi

uZlurebasa Sina iqmnebiso~, radgan Cveni qveynis mosaqcevad gamoirCia

ara Zlieri, mamaci da sibrZnismetyveli mamakaci, aramed susti qali; 3)

macxovris aRdgomis pirvelad xilvis da am sasixarulo ambis sxvaTaTvis

uwyebis pativi swored qalebs, menelsacxeble dedebs xvdaT wilad.

amdenad, amaod borotmetyveleben ugunurni, TiTqos qalis mier

qarTvelTa moqceva damakninebeli iyoso, – dasZnes nikoloz gulaberisZe

(gulaberisZe 1882: 72). iyo Tu ara amgvari faqtebi Cvens warsulSi, amis

Sesaxeb cnobebi ar mogvepoveba. viziarebT Sexedulebas, rom nikoloz

gulaberisZis Txzuleba mxolod zemoaRniSnuli mizezis gamo ar

Seqmnila da mas sxva daniSnulebac hqonda, kerZod, Tamar mefis taxtisa

da avtoritetis ganmtkiceba (kekeliZe 1980: 319-320).

`sakiTxavi sÀtisa cxovelisa da kuarTisa sauflosa~_ze

dayrdnobiT Semdegi daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba: Tuki saqarTvelo

RvTismSoblis wilxvdomilia da misi ganmanaTlebelic qalia, ra aris

gasakviri imaSi, rom Cveni qveynis mefe qali iyos?!

qarTlSi qristianobis gamavrceleblad qalis warmogzavnis

mizezebze saubrisas, nikoloz gulaberisZe xazs usvams im garemoebas,

37

rom am dros qarTvelni sastikni da ficxelni yofilan da rom am

SemTxvevaSi kidev erTxel gacxadda RvTis sityvis WeSmariteba: `Zali

Cemi uZlurebasa Sina srul iqmnebiso~. vfiqrobT, amasTan dakavSirebiT

sainteresoa is cnoba, romelsac `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is

avtori gvawvdis. misi TqmiT, Tamar mefes hqonia araCveulebrivi unari

`kacisa uvneblobasa Sina uvnebelad da mSÂdobiT daWirvebisa~ da `kacTa

qedficxelobisa da goneba-urCobisa mowurTisa~ (istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTani 1959: 35).

Tamar mefis lomTan Sedarebas vxvdebiT mis meore istorikos,

basili ezosmoZRvarTan, aseve ioane SavTelis ,,abdulmesian~_Si. ,,garna

lomi brWalTagan sacnaur ars da Tamar saqmeTagan~, _aRniSnulia

Tamaris meore mematianesTan (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 143). mexotbe ki

ambobs:

`loms Zliereba, mzes brwyinvaleba,

muSks surneleba Sengan mieca~ (58. 1)

(Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1964: 136)

____________

`galaRebulo, galomebulo...~


_____________

`mefev maRalo, qceva_mdabalo,

lomisa msgavso Zalad da gulad~ (100. 1, 2)


zemoaRniSnul Temas (vgulisxmobT lomis simbolikas da mis Tamar

mefis saxesTan kavSirs) Taviseburad exmianeba `vefxistyaosani~.

ivane javaxiSvili miiCnevda, rom rusTaveli Tavisi qmnilebis

`arakad~, anu fabulad SemTxveviT ar aiRebda iseT ambavs, sadac

38

moTxrobilia, `sxva Ze ar esva mefesa, marT oden martod asuli~ da

sadac naTqvami SeiZleba yofiliyo: `lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos,

Tunda xvadia~ (javaxiSvili 1983: 245). swored am ukanasknel frazze

gvsurs SevaCeroT yuradReba. zogierTi mecnieris mosazrebiT, aq

saubaria qalTa sworuflebianobaze. es Sexeduleba arsebiTad emyareba

qristianul swavlebas, romlis mixedviTac ar xdeba diferenciacia

mamakacsa da qals Soris (TviT mamakaci da qali wmindanTa Sorisac: `ara

ars rCeva mamakacisa, arca dedakacisa, aramed Tquen yovelni erT xarT

qriste iesus mier~ (gal. 3. 28) (axali aRTqumaÁ 2008: 617).

Tumca arsebobs sxva azric, romlis mixedviT frazaSi: `lekvi

lomisa sworia, Zu iyos, Tunda xvadia~, igulisxmeba ara qalTa

sworuflebianoba zogadad, aramed Tanasworoba mefis ojaxSi (kekeliZe

1982: 245)

`vefxistyaosanSi~ SemTxveviT ar unda iyos yuradReba

gamaxvilebuli swored lomze, lomis lekvze. moxmobili aforizmis ise

gageba, TiTqos aq qalTa Tanasworobazea laparaki, albaT ar iqneba

mTlad swori, – aRniSnavs vukool beriZe da dasZens, `saqme isaa, rom

rostevan mefe damwuxrebulia: vaJi memkvidre ar hyavs, mxolod erTi qali

uzis, vezirebi anugeSeben: `Tuca qalia xelmwifed, marT RvTisa

danabadia~... e. i. qali gyavs, magram xelmwifed windawinvea dabadebuli

(laparakia samefo uflebis RmrTismierobaze). ar gepirferebiT, icis

mefoba, es uTqvenodac gviTqvams, sazogadod, misi saqmeebi misi SuqiviT

ganaTebulia imitom, rom igi Seni, lomis, e. i. mefis Svilia da Seni

Svili, qali iqneba Tu vaJi – sul erTia. maSasadame, am meoTxe striqonSi

Tu vinmea Seqebuli, isev mefe~ (beriZe 1936: 145) Cvenc am Tvalsazriss

vemxrobiT.

aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT gavixsenoT JamTaaRmwerlis cnoba,

romlis mixedviTac sikvdilis win laSa_giorgim TavisTan ixmo

warCinebulni da maT Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTa: `naTqvami aris ZuelTa,

lekvi lomisa sworia, Ze iyos, Tunda xvadia. da es sityva mefeT mefes

dedas Cems Tamarzedac iTqmis. aw me mogaÃseneb dasa Cemsa rusudans~

(JamTaaRmwereli 1959: 167; javaxiSvili 1983: 245).

39

zemoTqmulTan mimarTebiT vfiqrobT, gasaTvaliswinebelia kidev

erTi niuansi, lomi – iakobis meoTxe Zis, iudas emblemaa, mefobis

simboloa. bibliuri gadmocemiT, iudas tomidan warmodgnen mefeebi,

mTavrebi.* iudas tomidan iyo israelis mefe daviTi, romlis

STamomavlebadac, qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, iwodebian

bagrationebi, maT Soris, ra Tqma unda, Tamaric, misi gvirgvinis

Semamkobel Zvirfas qvaTagan erT_erTi, iakinTi, swored iudas Sesabamisi

patiosani Tvalia.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, iakinTi simbolurad iudas, mis

STamomavlebs da, amdenad, misi Stosagan xorcielad naSob ieso qristes,

aseve RvTismSoblis saxesac ukavSirdeba, radgan wminda mariamic daviT

winaswarmetyvelis modgmas ekuTvnoda.

gavixsenoT aseve ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is teqstSi

CarTuli Tamar mefis ìambiko xuTeuli~ `casa caTasa~ (`casa caTasa~

iambikos pirobiTad, dasawyisi sityvebis mixedviT ewodeba (siraZe 2008:

129).

1195 wels, Samqoris brZolaSi gamarjvebis Semdeg, qarTvelebma

xalifas misi uZlevelobis niSnad warmodgenili droSa waarTves da igi

Seswires `monastersa didsa xaxulisa RvTismSoblisasa~ msgavsad daviT

aRmaSeneblisa, romelmac didgoris omSi gamarjvebis niSnad mopovebuli

arabTa mefis Zvirfasi maniaki gamarjvebisTanave xats miarTva (istoriani

da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 74, 75). `natyvenavi~ droSis SewirvasTan

dakavSirebiT, ucnobi mematianis cnobiT, Tamarma `mizezad ZRunisa

* ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is bolos aris erTi iambiko, sadac TiTqmis yvela sityva saxe-simbolod SeiZleba miviCnioT:

`mefe, mTavari, sioni da wyaroni,abuki, qalwuli, ebguri saebguroaRÂri kicuTa, Tualni da israeli,godoli, menave, saxli da mamacamegÂpteli cxeni, lazare da qudi~ (istoriani da azmani


am patara leqsSi TiTqos ,,Cateulia~ Tamar mefis mTeli cxovreba da moRvaweoba. aqedan gamomdinare, niSandoblivia, rom Tamari iambikos dasawyisSive ixsenieba mefed, mTavrad (iambikos Sesaxeb ufro vrclad momdevno TavSi visaubrebT).

40

Semwirvelobisasa da mvedrebelobisa... eseviTarad ese iambiko xuTeuli

ocdaxuT leqsad aRwera~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 74).

`casa caTasa~_s safuZvlad udevs himnografiuli tradicia. masSi

saubaria qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis ZiriTad sakiTxebze: sameba-

erTarsebaze, samyaros Seqmnaze, zeciur dasze, ieso qristes

qalwulisagan Sobaze, macxovris vnebiT pirvelcodvis daxsnaze. masSi

agreTve asaxulia istoriuli movlenebi.

iambikoSi Tamari RvTismSoblisadmi madlierebas gamoxatavs

daxmarebisaTvis da momavalSic SesTxovs Semweobas, raTa `agaris

naTesavni~ gandevnos ise, rogorc am omSi mowyla isini daviT soslanma.

am iambikos mizani RvTis maradiulobis gamoxatvaa, romelic sufevs

`casa caTas~. `casa caTasa~ bibliuri sityvebia (fs. 113. 24; 148. 4; II sj. 10.

14 da a. S.) mas simboluri gaazreba aqvs da is RvTismSoblis

aRmniSvnelia (ioane mtbevari, Teodore studieli, andria kreteli...

(siraZe 2008: 129, 131; sulava 2003: 442).

amjerad, yuradRebas SevaCerebT iambikos mesame strofze (aseve

meoTxe strofis pirvel taepze), romelic msgavsad wina ori strofisa,

bibliur_evangeluri da amave dros istoriuli xasiaTisaa. masSi

bibliuri daviT winaswarmetyvelis epizodTan erTad, romelsac

RvTismSoblisa da Ze RvTisas simboloebi ukavSirdeba, warmoCenilia

Tamaris, zogadad, bagrationTa Camomavloba. Tamar mefe wers:

`Sengan, qalwulo, romelsa SenTÂs daviT

rokvida Zisa RmrTisa Zed Senda yofad,

me, Tamar, miwa Seni da mierive,

cxebulobas Rirs myav da TÂsobasa.

edems, RadirTad, samxriT da CrdiloeTiT~

----------------------

`Suamflobeli, iavars Senda vmrTmelob...~

(istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 74,

75).

41

am strofSi Tamari RvTismSobels madlierebiT evedreba, rom igi

gaxados Rirsi misi naTesaobisa (`mierive~, `TÂsobisa~).

aq naTqvamia, rom aRmosavleTis, dasavleTis, samxreTisa da

CrdiloeTis SuaSi moqceulia qveyana, romlis mefea Tamari, xolo

edemis, Radiris, samxreTisa da CrdiloeTis xsenebas

simbolur_alegoriuli datvirTva ekisreba. Tamaris Zala, rogorc

RvTismSoblisagan cxebuli da `TÂsi~ mefisa, yvela kuTxes unda

gadaswvdes.

,,TvalTaÁ~_s cnobiT, iakinTi xsnisa da risxvis gamomxatvelia; xsna

RirsTaTvis, xolo risxva, tanjva uRirsTa da SeuracxmyofelTaTvis

(epifane kvipreli 1979: 142). es Zvirfasi qva manaTobelia Ramisa, romelSic

qristes Sobamde imyofeboda kacobrioba. qristes Sobam naTliT Semosa

yoveli, vinc WeSmaritad irwmuna igi. amitom es Zvirfasi Tvali

RvTismSoblis simbolodacaa miCneuli (sulava 1998: 97).

saubrobs ra laSa_giorgis Sobaze ucnobi mematiane gadmogvcems,

msgavsad `mariamissa miudga Tamar ganwmediliTa gonebiTa da taZrisa,

RmrTisa aRmsWualulisa sanTliTa sxeulisaTa, mÃurvaliTa guliTa da

ganaTlebuliTa suliTa tabaÃmelisa beTlem-myofelman mun Sva Ze swori

Zisa RmrTisa da uwoda saxeli axovnisa mis mamisa TÂsisa giorgi...

da eseviTarsa mas dRekeTilobasa Sina ixiles yrma axali, pirvel

saukuneTa ganwesebuli Zed mefisa, mefed, Svilad cxebulisa daviTianad~

(istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 56, 57). laSa_giorgis

dabadebasa da ieso qristes Sobas Soris paraleli gavlebulia

`abdulmesian~_Sic. ioane SavTeli gvauwyebs:

`ZiriT misisa iesesisa

Svili marTali iSva cxovrebad,

qalwul_wmidisa wilÃdomilisa

saqarTvelosa mefed wodebad~ (16. 1_3)

(Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1964: 122) (moxmobil

citatebs mogvianebiT kvlav davubrundebiT).

42

xsenebuli Zvirfasi Tvali msgavsia im anTebuli lamprisa,

romlisagan ganSoreba da romlis dafarvac aravis ZaluZs. epifane

kvipreli SeniSnavs, aseTive `ganaTlebuli~ da didebulia yvela wmindani,

vinc namdvilad iwama qriste da vinc Rirsi gaxda suliwmidis madli

mieRo misgano. sinas mTidan ori fiqaliT Camosul moseze bibliaSi

naTqvamia àerovan iqmna piri mSÂdisa mis mosÀsi da, viTarca

mzisTualisagan, gamohkrTebied~. stefane pirvelmowamis Sesaxeb ki

epifane kvipreli ambobs `mbrwyinvalebasa ganaTlebuli Cnda piri igi

stefanÀsi~ da aqve dasZens, – èsreT iyvnes yovelni wmindannio~ (epifane

kvipreli 1979: 143).

istoriebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mexotbeebTan, Tamar mefes Zalze

xSirad miemarTeba naTlis gamomxatveli simboloebi.

ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_Si Tamaris Sesaxeb naTqvamia,

is iyoo ùRrublo mze~, `piri eTerovani~, `naTeli umetes naTlisa mis

pirvelisa~, `naTelbrwyinvale~ da sxva (istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTani 1959: 21, 24, 27, 39). basili ezosmoZRvari gadmogvcems

`Sevida Tamar... viTarca mzisa Saravandedi mifeniTa~, `viTarca mze

swor_patiobiT yovel zeda ganuteobda naTelsa TÂsTa SaravandedTasa~...

(basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 140, 147).

CaxruxaZe ase mimarTavs Tamars:

`naelvebiTa, mzisa vnebiTa

ciskrovnad vxedav Suqmosiersa~ (3. 11. 12)


• • •

`Tamar! Sen giZnob, asulad gicnob:

mze dauvali, Suq_momfinari!~ (21. 5)


• • •

43

àrsni mzed gÃmoben, Svidni gamkoben,

vinca Segcoda, Tavis saqnari~ (23. 14)


• • •

„arsa RaRadi: `rad ars-Ra Radi

mze Sengan mrTvevad uetlovnebad?!~ (25. 4)


• • •

ège naTeli! ege naTeli

ra naxos, mzesa aqvs bnelovnebad~ (27. 12)


• • •

`vina Sen ebrad, vin a Senebrad

TvalT_Seudgami naTlis mfenali?~ (69. 4)


• • •

ànu SuqiTa, msgavsad uqiTa,

bnelTa ciskrulad gamaTenali~ (70. 6)


• • •

`naTeli uTqman, Senve daginTqman,

Tvalni ver gsaxven sxiv-Sesadgmevad~ (51. 56) da a. S.


44

`abdulmesian~_Si Tamar mefis Sesaxeb naTqvamia:

`RmerTman samoTxiT mogvca sam-oTxiT

eTer brwyinvale, mzeebr sadari~ (3. 2)


• • •

`naTeli, wrfeli, uxrwnel_myofeli,

Semwynarebeli davrdomilisa~ (12. 2)


• • •

`davlaT-svianad, sufevs mzianad,

SvidTa mnaTobTa garemozRudviTa~ (18. 1)


• • •

`mze dauvali, myis dauvali

ars Svidi mnaTi mas zed mowamed~ (72. 3)


• • •

`qristes sasZlosa vinmca asZlosa,

ganwmediT qmnilsa, ganbrwyinvebulsa? (95. 1)


45

vfiqrobT, moxmobil magaliTebSi Tamar mefis saxe warmodgenilia

RvTiuri naTelmosilebiT.

naTeli did sulierebas gamoxatavs, siwmindis simboloa. mze

imTaviTve iyo erTaderTi simbolo RvTiuri Zalis yovlismomcvelobisa.

is gvian gaxda pirovnebis individualobis simbolo (nozaZe:

http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/collect/0001/00001/mzismetyveleba.pdf).

qristianul mwerlobaSi naTeli Tavdapirvelad mxolod RmerTis,

samebis, misi hipostasebis saxeli iyo, xolo gvian SuasaukuneebSi igi

iqca mariam RvTismSoblis epiTetadac (sulava 1983: 216)

ra Tqma unda, mzis, naTlis simboloebs yovelTvis RvTaebriobis

niSani ar axlavs, magram moxmobil citatebSi mziuroba da

naTelmosileba, romelsac Tamari asxivebs, aRemateba zeciur mnaTobTa

brwyinvalebas, ganRmrTobilobis gamomxatvelia. es bunebrivicaa, radgan

Tamari mefe_wmindania. wmindanni ki, bibliuri gadmocemiT, msgavsni arian

mzisa (msaj. 5. 31; maT. 13. 43) (bibliis leqsikoni 2000: 396).

iakinTis Tvali, epifane kviprelis cnobiT, mdinare fisonSi

moipoveba (epifane kvipreli 1979: 131). fisonis, igive gangis Sesaxeb (ioane

damaskeli 2000: 73) saRmrTo werilSi naTqvamia `mdinareÀ gamovidoda

edemiT da ganiyofvoda oTxad Tavad. saxeli erTisaÁ mis fison. ese ars,

romeli moexuevis mas queyanasa evilTas... mun ars oqroÁ da oqroÁ

queyanisaÁ mis keTil ars da mun ars anTraki... (Sesaq. 2. 10_12) (epifane

kvipreli 1979: 131).

uZvelesi rwmenis Tanaxmad, adamiani SemTxveviT ar atarebda ama Tu

im saxels.* saxeli gansazRvravda adamianis misias, mis gzasa da

mizandasaxulebas. is gamoxatavda adamianis pirovnul arssac da, Tavis

mxriv, zemoqmedebda kidec adamianis srulqmnaze (grigolaSvili 2002:

86,87; brokhauzi: http://www.gumer.info/bogoslov_Buks/dictionary/brokg/index.php).

bibliuri RvTismetyvelebis leqsikonis mixedviTac, yoveli adamiani

atarebs im saxels, romelic mis amqveyniur daniSnulebas Seesabameba

(bibliuri RvTismetyvelebis leqsikoni 1974: 453).

* saxelis simbolizebis idea ukavSirdeba egviptur tradicias. egviptelebi Tvlidnen, rom sityvas gansakuTrebuli Zala gaaCnia da rom saxelis yvela elements simboluri mniSvneloba aqvs. maTi SexedulebiT, saxeli sulis anarekli, adamianis xasiaTisa da bedis ganmasaxierebeli iyo.

46

ìuda~ niSnavs ìahves qebas~ an àqebdiT ufals~ (bibliuri

enciklopedia 1991: 369; alibegaSvili 1999: 93), `Cinebuls~ (saqarTvelos

saeklesio kalendari 1992: 415). am saxeliT miniSnebulia iudas sameufo

Zalaufleba mesiis movlinebamde (bibliis enciklopedia 1990: 369;

alibegaSvili 1999: 93). sainteresoa, rogor ganimarteba Zvelebrauli

saxeli `Tamar~. erTi mxriv igi niSnavs `palmis xes~ (saqarTvelis

saeklesio kalendari 1992: 415), meore mxriv ki `Tamar~ alegoriulad

ganimarteba rogorc `siqvele~, `moZRvari~ (gamsaxurdia 1991: 128).

palma solaruli simboloa, gamarjvebas, ukvdavebas, didebas,

samarTlianobas gamoxatavs. qristianuli tradiciiT, is maradiulobis,

ukvdavebis, aRdgomis simbolodaa miCneuli (kuperi 1986: 134;

http://simbols.ru/articles/palmovoe-derevo.html). palmis xe gamosaxuli iyo

Zvelebraul monetebze, rogorc iudeis samefos emblema (bibliis

enciklopedia 1998: 17). iudea, ebraelTa samefos es saxelwodeba, saTaves

iudas, iakobis meoTxe Zis saxelidan iRebs (kulturologia 2003: 4;

brokhauzi http://www.gumer.info/bogoslov_Buks/dictionary/brokg/index.php). rac

mTavaria, palma sicocxlis xis simbolos warmoadgens (kuperi 1986: 134).

ioane damaskelis uwyebiT, `xe cxovrebisa RvTisagan mocemul mcnebas

niSnavs, radgan es xe aris simarTle yvelasaTvis, vinc misken iswrafvis

(ioane damaskeli 2000: 78). grigol noselis ganmartebiT ki, `xe

cxovrebisa~ `puri~ da `wyalia~, sulieri sazrdelia maTTvis, vinc

`sityuaTa RmrTisaTa~ mosmenas eswrafvis (grigol noseli 1979: 100, 101).

sicocxlis xes, rogorc simbolos, ukavSirdeba aseve

iesian_daviTian bagrationTa warmoSoba. am dinastiis mefeni arian

`morCni~, anu rtoni cxovrebis xisa. amitomac qarTveli mefeebis

sigelebze gvxvdeba warwera `morCi~, xolo gerbze daviTis qnari da

Surduli. xe cxovrebisa, romlis Ziric ieses uWiravs da romlis

StoebSic iesian_daviTiani mefeebia gamosaxuli, sayovelTaod cnobili

motivia Sua saukuneebis qarTul Wedur xelovnebaSi (gamsaxurdia 1991:

136).

rac Seexeba saxel `Tamar~_is meore mniSvnelobas `siqvele~,

`moZRvari~.

47

qristianul rwmenasa da mwerlobaSi patiosan TvalTa da ferTa

sombolikas gansakuTrebuli roli eniWeba. rogorc Zvirfas qvebs, aseve

ferebs, sakuTari mniSvneloba gaaCnia. ukve aRiniSna, rom iakinTi, igive

anTraki, mewamuli ferisaa. mewamuli, wiTeli, garda imisa, rom

samarTlianobasa da sxvaTagan gamorCeulobas gamoxatavs, sazogadod

mefobis, siqvelis, saTnoebis simbolod iTvleba (nozaZe 1951: 8, 11;

http://www.gumer.info) (am sakiTxs ufro vrclad mogvianebiT SevexebiT).

`vinc ganwmendas eswrafvis, unda gaTavisufldes yovelgvari

umsgavso minarevisagan, rom wminda gonebis ZaliT miswvdes mWvretelobiT

Zalas, amasTanave, is, vinc TviT ganwmends Tavs, sxvebsac unda aniWebdes

siwmindes~, – aRniSnavs wminda dionise areopageli (wminda dionise

areopageli 1987: 109).

mematianeTa gadmocemiT, Tamar mefem `esreT ganswavlna xuTnive

sagrZnobelni, da SeizRuda SiSiTa RmrTisaTa, xedva, ynosa, smena, gemos-

xilva da Sexeba, da uliqnavad satanas da guelisa mier da esreT marad

warmdinare ese sawuTo da que damzidveli, msgavsad solinarTa,

Seuxebelman biwisaman uvnebelad wariÃadna, da eseodenTa didebaTa da

simdidreTa gardareulTa da simaRlesa Sina esreT iyo, viTarmca yovlad

ara raÁ hqoneboda, da udares da uglaxakes yovelTa kacTasa Seeracxa

Tavi TÂsi, momÃsenebeli Ãmisa mis: `SiSveli gamoved dedis mucliT

CemiTgan, da SiSvelsa megulebis warsvlad~. da eseodensa amas

RmrTismsaxurebasa da krZalulebasa Sina nu ukue queynieri ese mefoba

udideblad da ganugebelad dauteva, nu iyofin, aramed uzesTaes yovelTa

mefeTa da filosofosTasa, keTilad ganago, da Seamko, da warmarTa,

romeli_ese SeuZlebel ars sxuaTa kacTa mier Ãmisaebr sameufosa,

viTarmed: `orTa ufalTa moneba SeuZlebel arso~, (istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTani 1959: 28), `Rame yovel mRÂZareba, locva, muÃlT-dreka da

cremliT vedreba RmrTisa~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 79)

wesad hqonia Tamars. misi mefobis dros `saeklesio locvad wesi

locvisa dauklebelad aResrulebodis, viTarca tibikoni moaswavebda da

ganweseba palestinis monastrisa mogviTxrobs, yoveli srulad. darbazis

kars myofi wirvad vervin daakldeboda: mwuxri, dileul, samxari,

viTarca Tqumul ars~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 81).

48

yovelive amis Sesaxeb gvamcnobs laSa_giorgis droindeli mematianec.

misi TqmiT, Tamar mefe: `locvisa moyuare iyo, daucadebeli: viTar

moweseman uwinares Zilisa locva da fsalmuneba gardaiÃada~. igive

avtori Tamaris Sesaxeb saubrisas aRniSnavs, is iyoo `yovelTa mefeTa

Soris RmrTismoSiSi, tkbili, saxieri (da Tavi yovelTa RmrTismoSiSeba

ars da simdable), eklesiaTa da monazonTa moyuare~ (laSa-giorgis

droindeli mematiane 1955: 368). basili ezosmoZRvari ki wers `xolo

sjulTa mimarT saRmrToTa vin iyo esreT moSurne, gina simdabliT

Tavisa momdrekel, rameTu Teodosi didsaca aRemateboda. locvani da

RamisTevani, romelni palatsa Sina amissa aResrulebodes, saeWuel miCans

meudabnoeTaganca, xolo marxvisaTvis raRa vTqua, rameTu wesi iyo

monazonTa da mamxilebel udebTa eri palatisa~ (basili ezosmoZRvari

1959: 147).

Tamaris mmarTvelobis periodSi `mRvdelT-moZRuarTa Seimoses

SiSi; mRdelTa daicves wesi TÂsi; monazonTa moiges wesieri moqalaqoba;

mTavarni ganiswavlnes siwmindiT cxovrebad da simarTliT slvad; erni

ganmtkicnes SiSiT monebad RmrTisa~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 149).

Tamarma eklesiebi `SesawiraviTa aRavsna~ da xaraja-begarisagan

gaaTavisufla (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 35). man araerTi

monasteri aaSena, rogorc saqarTvelos teritoriaze, aseve mis sazRvrebs

gareT da `Seamko yovliTa wesiTa~. `ara oden saqarTvelosa monasterni

aaSenna, aramed palestines ierusalems aaSena pirvelad monasteri; da

kualad kÂpres Raliaca... kualad konstantinepolis aRaSena metoqi maTi...

da yovelsa eladas-Sinani monasterni uxuad wyaloba mifenil yvna da

saqarTvelosa mciriTgan monastriT saydar_eklesiani ara dauteva,

romeli ara wyalobiTa aRavso~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959:

91). Tamar mefis meore istoriaSi vkiTxulobT: `kualad kerZoTa

eladisaTa da mTawmindas, egreTve makedoniisaTa petriwons, kerZoTa

TrakisaTa da konstantinepolis monastrebTa, romanas da yovelgan,

kualad isavrias, kuruseTs, da yovelTa maT sanaxebTa Savisa mTisaTa da

kÂprisaTa ese yovelni aRavsna qvelis saqmiTa (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959:

142). `xolo sjulTaTÂs suliTTa meore konstantine iqmneboda da

misebrve hgorovnebda dawyebasa saRmrTosa saqmeTasa, rameTu iwyo

49

aRlesvad orpirsa maxvilsa mosasrvelad TeslTa borotTa~, – aRniSnavs

basili ezosmoZRvari, rodesac saubrobs Tamaris iniciativaze saeklesio

krebis Catarebis Sesaxeb. am krebaze, romelsac nikoloz gulaberisZe da

anton quTaTeli saRiris_Ze Tavmjdomareobdnen, marTalia, Tavisi

`pativisaTvis~ Seuferebeli qarTlis maSindeli kaTalikosis, miqaelis

gadayeneba ver SeZles, Tumca `marTlmadideblobasa zeda STamoTesilni

Teslni borotni aRmofxurnes~, uRirs sasuliero pirTa nacvlad

`saRmrToni kacni dasxnes da sxuani saeklesioni wesni ganmarTnes udebTa

mier daÃsnilni~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 117, 118, 119).

Tamar mefis istoriebis mixedviT, misi ara mxolod cxovrebis wesi

iyo zedmiwevniT qristianuli, aramed igi qristianuli principebiT

xelmZRvanelobda saxelmwifo saqmeTa ganmgeblobis drosac. marTalia,

misi mefobisdroindeli mravali laSqrobis Semdgom, cota ar iyos,

gasakviric kia, magram saerTaSoriso saqmeebSic is marto ZaliTa da

samxedro gavleniT ar moqmedebda, mimZlavrebis mimdevari ar iyo da

samarTlianobis aRsadgenad iRwvoda: `wamebs amas yoveli maxlobeli

gareSemo qarTlisa~_o, – ambobs mematiane. `Tu raodenTa daglaxakebulni

mefeni ganamdidrna, raodenTa mimZlavrebelTa ukunsca samefoÁ TÂsi,

raodeni gandevnilni samefodve TÂsad kvalad agna... misi mowame ars

saxli SarvanSeTi da darubandelTa, RunZTa, ovsTa, qaSagTa,

karnuqalaqelTa da trapizonelTa, romelni TavisuflebiTsa cxovrebasa

amis mier iyvnes da mterTa ganuzrunvelobasa~_o (javaxiSvili 1983: 292).

Tamar mefis istoriebidan Cans, rom iseTi mniSvnelovani brZolebis

dros, rogoric iyo Samqori da basiani, igi qarTvelTa gamarjvebis imeds

RvTis Semweobaze amyarebda. Samqoris brZolis win Tamarma jaris

Sekrebis paralelurad anton Wyondidels ubrZana: ,,...miumceniT yovelTa

eklesiaTa da monasterTa, raTa daucadebelni RamisTevani da

litaniobani aResrulebodian yovelsa adgilsa, da wargzavneT friadi

safase da saÃmari glaxakTaTvis, raTa moicalon locvad da mowyale yon

RmerTi, nu sada Tquan warmarTTa: sada ars RmerTi igi maTi~. brZolis

win Tamarma daloca laSqari, win Zeli cxovrebisa waruZRvana da Tan

anton Wyondideli gaayola. Tavad ki fexiT, `ferÃiTa SiSueliTa~ mivida

metexis RvTismSoblis taZarSi da xatis winaSe `ara dascxreboda

50

cremliTa vedrebad, vidremdis srulyo RmerTman saTxoveli misi~.

basili ezosmoZRvaris TqmiT, qarTvelma meomrebma didi `Sewevna moiRes

Tamaris cremlTagan~. ramdenime dRis Semdeg sargis mxargrZelma maTi

gamarjvebis cnoba moutana mefes. gamarjvebuli jaris dabrunebis Semdeg

Tamari ùfrosad damdabldeboda winaSe RmrTisa mmadlobeli da moqene

misgan wyalobisa, aRavsebda Ãelsa moqeneTasa da wiaRebsa glaxakTasa,

ganamdidrebda samzrunvelTa eklesiaTa, qurivTa da obolTa da

davrdomilTa zogad yovelTa zeda~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 125, 127,

129).

aseve basianis brZolis win ,,RmrTisa mimarT sasoebis damdebelma~

(basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 134) Tamarma TiToeul molaSqres `mÃarsa niSi

juarisa gamosaxa samgzis, daloca da egreT waremarTnes mindobilni

RmrTisani da Tamaris cremlTani~. manamde ki, ruqnadinisadmi sapasuxo

werilSi Tamari wers: ,,...me arca simdidreTa, arca spaTa CemTa

simravlesa, arca ras sxuasa kacobrivsa saqmesa mindobil var, aramed

Zalsa RmrTsa yovlisa, mpyrobelisasa da Sewevnasa qristes juarisasa...

iyavn neba RmrTisa da nu Seni! samarTali misi da nu Seni!~ (basili

ezosmoZRvari 1959: 135). qarTvelebma amjeradac daamarcxes mteri, xolo

Tavad mefe `moiqca samcxes... oZrÃes da moicala locvad da marxvad... da

iyvnes locvani da RamisTevani laSqarTa ganmarjuebisaTÂs~ (basili

ezosmoZRvari 1959: 136). basili ezosmoZRvari, jaris saerTo ZlierebasTan

erTad, am gamarjvebis mizezad aseve miiCnevs Tamaris `cremlTa da

sasoebasa simtkiceTa~. basianis velidan qarTvelTa laSqari didZali

alafiT dabrunda. Tamar mefem ki am saganZuriT: àRavsna yovelni

eklesiani... yovelni Ãelni mTxovelni da ganaZRna yovelni glaxakni da

aRuvso wiaRni maTi uxuebiT~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 140).

mexotbeebic araerTxel aRniSnaven, rom Tamari RmrTismoSiSi iyo

da sarwmunoebas ganamtkicebda.

CaxruxaZe gvauwyebs:

àseTi ese ars es mowese,

jvarTaca, RmerTo ar momTminari.

didsa msajulsa amtkicebs sjulsa,

51

RmerTman miT mogvca misi saqnari~ (22. 11. 12)


• • •

ùklebi ese ars gulsa mTese

SiSisa RmrTisa dauviwyebad;~ (96. 7)


àbdulmesian~_Si Tamaris Sesaxeb naTqvamia:

àqvs mas dabeWdviT, smeniT da xedviT

`sibrZnis dasabam – SiSi uflisa~,

naTeli, wrfeli, uxrwnel-myofeli,

Semwynarebeli davrdomilis-a~ (12. 1. 2)


ioane SavTeli Tamar mefes `sjulis svets~, `sulis zRudes~

uwodebs (Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1964: 122).

istorikosebic da mexotbeebic bevrs weren Tamaris qvelmoqmedebis

Sesaxeb. mematianeTa gadmocemiT, gaWirvebulTa da qvriv_obolTa

dasaxmareblad Tamari iSviaTad iyenebda samefo salaros. daviT

aRmaSeneblis msgavsad, ZiriTadad, isic Tavisi SromiT mopovebuli

fuliT eweoda qvelmoqmedebas. RamiT igi yovelTvis xelsaqmobda, Semdeg

es yvelaferi iyideboda da mTeli Semosavali glaxakebs urigdeboda

(istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 79). `raJams moicalis

martoebiT yofad, myis aRiRis sasTueli, gina sakeravi, da naSromsa mas

TÂsTa ÃelTasa xucesTa da glaxakTa ganuyofn TÂsiTa ÃeliTa~, –

gadmogvcems ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is avtori (istoriani

da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 147).

Tamaris pirveli mematiane aRniSnavs, rom igi iyo `saxieri da

mowyale~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 32) (saxiereba,

erT_erTi saRvTo saxelTagania. „saRmrToTa saxelTasa Sina_ Tu viTar

52

saxier saxeledebis, viTar ars, viTar cxovreba da sibrZne“, _wers

dionise areopageli (petre iberieli (fsevdo dionise areopageli 1961:

226) sulxan_saba orbelanis ganmartebiTac: „WeSmariti saxiereba igi ars,

romeli simarTlisa da sibrZnisa da Zlierebisa Tana Sewyobil iyos,

rameTu usamarTlo da ara_brZeni da uZluri ara ars saxier.

keTilismyofeli (19, 16 maTe)... naTel sacnaur saxierebasa ewodebis

(dionisi 4, 23) da saxiereba didTa RvTismetyvelTagan esreT iqebis,

viTarca keTili, viTarca sikeTe, viTarca siyvaruli, viTarca sayvareli

da raodenni_raÁ arian keTilad Suenierni, keTilismyofelisa da

sixarulevanisa Svenierebisa RvTis saxelni“ (orbeliani 1993: 75, 76);

`mzeebr uxu~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 76); `wyalobis

moyuare~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 132); `siuxviT ganlaRebuli,

aRyuavebuli~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 147); `mefobasa Sina araodes

gare miaqcia Ãeli saTxovelTagan qurivTa, obolTa da

mimZlavrebulTasa. warvlna dReni misni sixarulsa Sina, amisTÂs, rameTu

maradRe axarebda yovelTa glaxakTa da davrdomilTa~ (basili

ezosmoZRvari 1959: 149); ìÃsnna movaleni valTagan, da misca obolTa

Rone da qurivTa Ãelmwifoba qorwinebad, da Ronier yvna glaxakni da

mdidar Ronierni~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 29). `Tamar

ucxosaca zeda da davrdomilTa lmobier iyo tkivneulobad da

wyalobad~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 143). `qvelad~ (4. 2) (Zveli qarTveli

mexotbeni 1964: 132), `mowyalebisa naufskrulevad~ (47. 38) (Zveli qarTveli

mexotbeni 1957: 196), ùxuad~ (Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1957: 190), `mowyale

sulad~ (82. 9) (Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1957: 207) iwodeba Tamari

mexotbeebTanac. mis Sesaxeb `Tamarian~_Si naTqvamia:

`siuxviT zRvebri, simaRliT cebri,

mdablad mowyale, Wvretad narnari~ (22. 9)


ioane SavTeli ki Tamar mefeze wers:

àqvs sasoeba, mas saTnoeba

53

sarwmunoeba siyvaruliTa

madlTa talanti, savsed balanti

Seukrebies TviT surviliTa

qvelis saqmeTa vkvirob ar miTa,

rac oden mesmis, idumaliTa

usxeuloni zecisa Zalni

misTvis iSveben sixaruliTa (22. 1_4)


`mefeTa Soris udidesi~ Tamar `glaxakTa ganmkiTxveli~ iyoo, –

aRniSnavs laSa_giorgis droindeli mematianec (laSa_giorgis

droindeli mematiane 1955: 368).

Tamar mefis gvirgvinis Semamkobel Zvirfas TvalTagan, ìakinTTa~

Semdeg, ucnobi mematiane asaxelebs `zmirTa~ da `smaragdoTa~ (istoriani

da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 20, 21).

mineralogiasa da Sesabamis samecniero litaraturaSi zmiri//zmu-

ri//zurmuxti//smaragdi erTi da imave qvis sinonimuri saxelwodebebia,

`zmiri~ aRniSnuli patiosani Tvalis aRmosavluri saxeldebaa

(sparsulad am qvas `zommorod~, àrabulad `zummurud~, Turqulad

`zumuruT~ (`zurmuT~ ewodeba). `smaragdi~ ki dasavluri (berZnulad:

`smaragdis~, laTinurad `zeraldi~, germanulad `smaragd~ da a. S.)

(nozaZe 1951: 8, 11; alibegaSvili 1999: 68, 69; kekeliZe 1957: 80; orbeliani

1993: 511).

rodesac ucnobi mematiane Tamaris gvirgvinSi moTavsebul patiosan

Tvlebs CamoTvlis, STabeWdileba iqmneba TiTqos `smaragda~ `zmirisagan~

gansxvavebul qvad warmoudgenia: Tumca, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

aRmosavluri da dasavluri kulturis im zedmiwevniT codnas, romelic

ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_Si Cans, aq SeiZleba davinaxoT ara

terminTa aRreva, aramed Tamar mefis pirveli istorikosis azrovnebisa

da mxatvruli stilis erT_erTi Tviseba, rac sinonimTa uxvad xmarebaSi

gamoixateba. niSnadoblivia is faqtic, rom `qarTlis cxovreb~_is sxva

redaqciebSi, garda mariamiseulisa da maCabliseulisa, `zmuri~

gamotovebulia. safiqrebelia, aRniSnuli redaqciebis avtorebma icodnen,

54

rom `zmuri~ da `smaragdi~ sinonimebia da, amdenad, saWirod ar miiCnies

erTi qvis ori saxelwodebiT moxsenieba, – SeniSnavs k. kekeliZe (kekeliZe

1957: 80). am Sexedulebas viziarebT Cvenc.

mineralogiaSi zmiri anu zurmuxti (smaragdi) berilis saxesxvaobas

warmoadgens. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, iakinTTan erTad isic pirveli

klasis Zvirfas qvad iTvleba (http://www.a-jewelens.com/alf-i-3.htm). igi mwvane

ferisaa, uZvelesi droidan didad fasobs. sxvadasxva periodsa da

qveyanaSi yvelaze Zvirfas qvadac miiCneoda

(http://www.interlinks.ru/jewelery/1359.html).

zmiri, anu zurmuxti (smaragdi), epifane kviprelis mixedviT, mwvane

feris qvaa. masze amotvifruli iyo iakobis mesame Zis, levis saxeli. mis

STamomavlebs `aqunda mRdeloba~, rasac isini `didi SromiTa~ da

`SromismoyvareobiT~ aRwevdnen. levis tomidan iyvnen mose, misi Zma

aaroni, ioane naTlismcemeli `moTmine SromiTa~, romelic `wmidiTa miT

qalwulebiTa TÂsiTa maT gulis_TqumaTa ganiSorebda~ (epifane kvipreli

1979: 130, 140). sagulisxmoa, rom ieso qriste xorcielad levisa da iudas

modgmaTa urTierTSerevis Sedegad iSva. am ori tomis saxiT macxovars

erTdroulad unda mieRo meufebac (iudas Stodan) da mRvdlobac (levis

tomidan) (ipolite romaeli 1979: 234; bibliuri RvTismetyvelebis

leqsikoni 1974: 1228; alibegaSvili 1999: 215). (amis Sesaxeb zemoT, iakinTze

subrisas, ukve iTqva).

aaronis Sesamoselze mesame rigSi moTavsebuli zmiri simbolurad

gamoxatavs nayofierebas, gaaxalgazrdavebas, erTgulebas (http://lib.deport.ru ;

tresideri: http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/JekTresidder/192.php),

siwmindes, warmatebas (http://www.all-gem-stones.net/se/emerald.html).

qristianobaSi zmiri/smaragdi ukvdavebis, rwmenis, imedis, mistiuri

qalwulebis simboloa (tresideri: http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Cultu-

re/JekTresidder/192.php).

epifane kviprelis cnobiT, am patiosani Tvalis feri marTalia,

mwvanea, magram mopovebis adgilis mixedviT, sxvadasgvari Seferiloba da

sikaSkaSe aqvs. zurmuxtis im saxeobaTa .,mwuanÀ~, romlebic mzis

aRmosavaliT moiZebneba, „did mrume (dabinduli) ars... da romeli igi

dasavaliT ipovebian missa, ufroisRa momrume“. mdinare fisonSi

55

mopovebuli zmuri „naTliTa miT aRreulad uCuenebn simwuanesa TÂssa“.

rogorc aRmosavleTiT mopovebuli zurmuxti gansxvavdeba tonalobiT

dasavleTiT mopovebulasagan da orivesTan mimarTebiT ki mdinare

fisonSi moZiebuli, aseve unda ganvasxvavoT zmiris Sesabamisi levis

naTesavis mRvdelmTavarTa „sityuaÁ moZRurebisaÁ swavliTa erisa mis

mimarT“. Tu Tvali „daSavebuli“ feriT Cans, moaswavebs codvianobas da

moZRvrebis ukeTurebas, xolo Tu „spetak“ ferad gamoiyureba, maSin

keTil saqmeebs, saukeTeso da wrfel moZRvrebas warmoaCens (epifane

kvipreli 1979: 140; alibegaSvili 1999: 74).

zmiris Zala amgvaria, yvela Sinagani saidumlo da momavali uwyeba

masSi sarkis msgavsad airekleba (nozaZe 1951: 84). amasTanave miiCneva, rom

zmuri mis mflobels niWs, sixaruls, mexsierebis simtkices, sulier

harmonias da winaswarWvretis unars mihmadlebs

(http://simbols.ru/articles/izumrud.html; alibegaSvili 1999: 74). winaswarWvreta,

dRevandeli gagebiT, momavlis winaswarmetyvelebaa. Zvelad ki (mag., Zvel

aRTqmaSi) winaswarmetyveleba, ra Tqma unda, niSnavda momavlis winaswar

ganWvretas (es gansakuTrebiT mesiis movlinebas exeba), magram

winaswarmetyvelTa qadagebebSi umTavresi adgili eTmoboda ara momavlis

uwyebas, aramed awmyos. isini mouwodebdnen xalxs, mobrunebuliyvnen

RvTisaken da ewamaT misi (bibliis enciklopedia 1998: 94; bibliis

enciklopedia 1990: 583).

`TvalTaÁ~_s mixedviT, zmuri aris `Tavadi (ieso qriste) ufali

cxorebisaÁ da brwyinvalebisaÁ, viTarca sarkisa ganaTlebul piri TÂsi,

da mecnierebiTa – gonebaÁ TÂsi WeSmaritebiTa da wrfeliTa

sarwmunovebiTa~ (epifane kvipreli 1979: 140).

niSandoblivia, rom Zvel qarTul leqsikaSi sityva `zmuri~ mursac

(mirrha) ukavSirdeba (alibegaSvili 1999: 76); muri, igive zmirini/smirna

(bibliis enciklopedia 1998: 349) Sedgeba gansakuTrebuli,

keTilsurnelovani nivTierebebisagan da gamoiyeneba mironcxebisaTvis

(bibliis enciklopedia 1990: 494). aRniSnuli xazs usvams zmuris, am

patiosani Tvalisa da surnelebis liturgiul mniSvnelobas. surnelebis,

keTilsurnelebis SegrZneba ynosviT STagvenergeba. RvTisadmi

sxeulebrivad Tqmuli es erT_erTi simbolo, ioane damaskelis Tanaxmad,

56

RvTisadmi mimarTuli fiqrisa da keTilganwyobis gamomaaSkaraveblobas

aRniSnavs (ioane damaskeli 2000: 47). zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebiT,

sainteresoa Tamar mefis pirveli istorikosis cnobebi. ucnobi mematiane

Tamar mefis Sesaxeb wers: `viTa utyueli piri ityÂs: èZiebdiT

sasufevelsa RmrTisasa simarTlesa missa da yoveli SegeZinos Tquen~

(maTe 6. 33) da amis msmenelman da keTilad gulis_Ãmis myofelman

aRixilna Tualni maRlisa mimarT, da aRamaRla goneba, yovlad rame

brZeni da keTilad cnoba-gonieri, romeli yovliTurT Seeyo maRalsa mas,

yovelTa zeda mxedvelsa da SemsWuala Tuali umrumed mxedveli, raTa

mecnier yos da mas mxolosa xedvides~; `pirvelad meZiebelman

sasufevelisaman da zena sufevisa mosurneman quenaca ese dideba da

simdidre uxuebiT da savsebiT miiRo aRTqmisaebr utyuvelisa: `pirvelad

eZiebdiT sasufevelsa RmrTisasa da ese yoveli SegeZinos~; `rameTu

aRamaRla maRlad goneba da mdabliTa suliTa ganicada sidide saqmiTa

misda xuedrebulsa~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 79).

zmiri sibrZnis qvad iwodeba (http://simbols.ru/articles/izumrud.html).

Tamarze, rogorc brZen mefeze, saubroben mematianeebic da mexotbeebic.

istorikosebi weren, rom Tamari iyo `brZeni~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959:

145); `brZniv_gamorCeuli~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 63);

ùbrZene... brZenisa mis (solomonisa)...~ (istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTani 1959: 79). àbdulmesian~_is mixedviT, Tamari `brZenTa

sexnaa~ (20, 2) (Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1964: 123); `sibrZnis vazia~ (Zveli

qarTveli mexotbeni 1964: 150). CaxruxaZe ki `sibrZniT savsi~ (8. 39) (Zveli

qarTveli mexotbeni 1957: 196). Tamaris Sesaxeb ambobs:

ànu vTqva isi: ars brZenTa Tvisi

askliposebr goneba_vrceli~ (64. 11)


rogorc ukve aRiniSna, Tamar mefis gvirgvinis Semamkobeli Zvirfasi

qvebidan, iakinTi mewamuli_wiTeli, xolo zmiri/smaragdi mwvane ferisaa.

ferTametyvelebis istoria uZvelesi xanidan iRebs saTaves.

uxsovari droidan eniWeboda mniSvneloba ferTa ènis~ wakiTxvasa da

57

amocnobas. amas mowmobs: Zveli miTebi, xalxuri gadmocemebi, zRaprebi,

tradiciebi, sxvadasxva mistikuri swavleba da a. S. ferTa simbolikas

gaaCnia: socialuri, fsiqologiuri, alqimiuri, astraluri, politikuri

da, ra Tqma unda, religiuri aspeqti (http://psyfactor.org/color.htm; abzianiZe

2007: 78).

wiTeli mravalferovani da amave dros winaaRmdegobrivi simboluri

mniSvnelobiT gamoirCeva. igi erTi mxriv, gamoxatavs siyvaruls,

silamazes, sixaruls, cxovrebis sisavses, meores mxriv ki – mtrobas, oms,

SurisZiebas. uZvelesi droidan wiTeli aseve dakavSirebuli iyo

agresiul survilebsa da vnebebTan (http://psyfactor.org/color.htm).

mewamuli_wiTeli aris samefo, imperatorTa, umaRlesi

xelisuflebis, samarTlianobis, pativis, didebulebis feri.

qristianobaSi igi mama RmerTis simbolod miiCneva. mewamuli aseve

RvTismSoblis, rogorc zeciuri dedoflis samosis feria

(http://sumbol.grimuar.info/пурпурный-70.html; http://psyfactor.org/color.htm; abzianiZe

2007: 82). bizantiaSi imperatori aucileblad unda dabadebuliyo

mewamuli feris kedlebian oTaxSi. mxolod imperators hqonda wiTeli

waRebis tarebis ufleba, igi yovelTvis mewamul taxtze ijda da amave

feris melniT awerda xels.

Tumca, saberZenTSi mewamul samoss atarebdnen fexosani

jariskacebi, raTa am fers daefara Wrilobebidan gadmodenili sisxli,

rac garkveul fsiqologiur upiratesobas aniWebda maT mtris winaaRmdeg

brZolaSi. romaeli senatorebi ki mewamuli feris lents ikeTebdnen

samosis zemodan (http://psyfactor.org/color.htm).

mewamuli, wiTlisa da lurjis kombinacias warmoadgens da am

ferebis simbolikidan gamomdinare, siyvarulsa da gulwrfelobas

gamoxatavs (http://sumbol.grimuar.info/пурпурный-70.html; abzianiZe 2007: 82).

qristianul ikonografiaSi mewamuli sevdis, sinanulis da codvaTa

mitevebis feria. wiTeli Seferilobis mewamuli rwmenis, simtkicis, xolo

mocisfro Seferilobisa ki sulieri simSvidisa da sufTa sindisis

simboloa (http://sumbol.grimuar.info/пурпурный-70.html).

58

rac Seexeba mwvanes, igi gazafxulis, sikvdilze sicocxlis

gamarjvebis simbolos warmoadgens. mwvane feri Tavis TavSi aerTianebs

yviTelsa da lurjs. am ferTa simbolikidan gaTvaliswinebiT:

inteleqtis, guluxvobis niSania. rogorc YwiTlisa da lurjis

kombinacia, mistikuri TvalsazrisiT, mwvane simbolurad realurisa da

irealuris kavSirs aRniSnavs.

mwvane aseve simboloa nayofierebis, sibrZnis, simSvidis, cxovrebis

ganaxlebis, aRdgomis, Tanasworobis. igi agreTve gamoxatavs ayvavebas,

keTildReobas, stabilurobas, Secnobasa da rwmenas.

qristianobaSi mwvane samoTxis baRis (edemis), amasTanave,

iniciaciisa da qvel saqmeTa feria; Sua saukuneebSi ki wminda samebis,

epifaniis, ieso qristesa da wmindanTa amqveyniuri cxovrebis, ioane

RvTismetyvelis simbolos warmoadgenda (http://www.mironovacolor.org/theory/hu-

mans_and_color/symbolism/; http://simbol.grimuar.info/зеленый-69.html).

mkveTr, xasxasa mwvane fers ukavSirebdnen zurmuxtis Tvals.

romaeli moazrovne pliniusis Tanaxmad, `zurmuxtsa da misgan

gamomdinare zurmixtisfers Zvelad Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen~.

Tavis wignSi `Txroba Zvirfas TvalTa Sesaxeb~ me_20 saukuneSi moRvawe

geoqimikosi da ekonomisti a. fersmanic aRniSnavs, rom zurmuxtis, anu

`mbrwyinavi qvis~ feri yvelaze metad fasobda. igi iyo sicocxlis,

siwmindis, axalgazrdobis simbolo. mas miawerdnen uZlurebisagan

gankurnebis idumal Zalas (http://www.mironovacolor.org/theory/humans_and_co-

lor/symbolism/).

qristianul tradiciaSi zurmuxtisferi mwvane qristianuli

rwmenis, aRdgomis da samebis emblematuri feria. adreqristianul

xelovnebaSi am feriTaa gamosaxuli golgoTis jvari, zogjer

RvTismSoblis samosi; aseve mwvane samosSi iyvnen xolme gamosaxulni

angelozebi mironcxebis sakralur scenebSi. qristianul taZarSi

RvTismsaxurebis dros mwvane fers upiratesoba eniWeboda Sobidan

samebis dResaswaulamde (liturgiaSi igi imedis niSans warmoadgens).

v. kandinski absolutur mwvanes arsebulTagan yvelaze mSvid fers

uwodebs (abzianiZe .... 2007: 83, 84).

59

Tumca, mwvane feris simbolika araerTmniSvnelovania da mas, garda

pozitiurisa, negatiuri mniSvnelobac aqvs. igi umwifrobas,

arasrulyofilebasac gamoxatavs (http://psyfactor.org/color.htm).

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRniSnul ferTa ZiriTadi da Tan pozitiuri

mniSvnelobebi Tanxvdeba iakinTisa da zmiri/smaragdis simbolur

mniSvnelobebs. kerZod, iseve rogorc iakinTi, mewamuli_wiTelic mefobis,

umaRlesi xelisuflebis, samarTlianobis simboloa. mwvane ki,

zmiri/smaragdis msgavsad rwmenis, qveli saqmeebis, sibrZnis niSania.*

amdenad, vfiqrobT, Tamar mefis saxes SeiZleba davukavSiroT rogorc

Zvirfas TvalTa, agreTve maTi ferebis simbolikac.

dasasrul SevniSnavT, Zvirfas qvaTa, iseve rogorc ferTa

simbolur mniSvnelobebs rom didi roli eniWebaT ara mxolod

xelovnebis sferoSi, aramed religiur da saxelmwifoebriv_politikur

cxovrebaSi, amas Tamar mefis gvirgvinis Semamkobel patiosan TvalTa da

maTi ferTa simbolikac mowmobs. amasTan Tu gaviTvaliswinebT am Tavis

dasawyisSi qarTvel mefeTa gvirgvinis cvalebis Sesaxeb moxmobil ivane

javaxiSvilis mosazrebas, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom gvirgvinSi

simbolurad ama Tu im mefis daniSnuleba, misi misia unda

gansaxierebuliyo. aRiSnuli exeba Tamar mefesac (SeiZleba yvelaze metad

swored mas!). migvaCnia, rom `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is

avtori, romelsac, ivane javaxiSvilis TqmiT, `windawinve mofiqrebuli

hqonia sad, ra da rodis eambna... mouazrebia ras da sad unda Sehxeboda

misi winamdebare sityva~ (javaxiSvili 1929: 237), Tamar mefis gvirgvinze

tyuilad ar gaamaxvilebda yuradRebas.**

__________________

*Tamaris mefobisdroindeli saqarTvelos mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, mwvane

feris simboluri mniSvnelobebidan mis saxes SeiZleba davukavSiroT aseve

ayvaveba, keTildReoba, stabiluroba.

**Tamar mefis gulsakidi jvaric (XI s_is bolo XIII s_is dasawyisi), romelic

daculia saqarTvelos Salva amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis saxelmwifo

muzeumis oqros fondSi, Semkulia lalisa da zurmuxtis TvlebiT,

gamSvenebulia TeTri margalitebiT. lalis igive iakinTis da zmiri/smaragdis

60

zemoT ukve iTqva, rom Tamaris samefo taxtze asvla XII

saukunisaTvis arcTu Cveulebrivi movlena iyo, radgan am periodSi arc

erT sxva qveyanas qali ar marTavda. bunebrivia, am faqts yvela

aRtacebiT ar Sexvdeboda da Tamars mowinaaRmdgeebi eyoleboda.

qali_mefis poziciebis gasamyareblad, vfiqrobT, mematiane Zvirfas qvaTa

simbolikasac mimarTavs. iakinTisa da zmiri/smaragdis simboluri

mniSvnelobis meSveobiT xazgasmulia Tamaris, Tumca qalis, magram, rac

mTavaria. bagrationi mefis RvTiuri warmomavloba, rac misi mefobis

uflebas udavos xdida, asevev aqcentirebulia, rom Tamari iyo

samarTliani da brZeni mefe, romelic gamoirCeoda RvTismosaobiT,

qristianuli cxovrebis wesiT da qveyanasac qristianuli principebiT

marTavda (javaxiSvili 1983: 292).

aqve saWirod miviCnevT erTi ramis aRniSvnas, Tamar mefis

gvirgvinze saubrisas, albaT saintereso iqneboda Tamaris freskebze

gamosaxul gvirgvinTa da maT Semamkobel Zvirfas qvaTa gaTvaliswinebac.

Cvenamde moRweulia Tamar mefis oTxi freska: varZiis, berTubnis,

yinwvisis da beTaniis. samwuxarod, aRar arsebobs daviT garejis ioane

naTlismcemlis saxelobis monastris taZris Tamaris freska.

varZiaSi, RvTismSoblis taZarSi gamosaxul freskaze Tamaris

gvirgvinis centrSi moTavsebulia wiTeli feris didi zomis qva,

gverdebze ki mcire zomis aseve wiTeli da molurjo feris Tvlebi. am

gvirgvins aqvs margalitebiTa da Zvirfasi qvebiT mooWvili dasakidebi.

_____________________

Sesaxeb ukve visaubreT. rac Seexeba margalits, is srulyofilebis, qalurobis,

sibrZnis, sinaTlis (gansakuTrebiT TeTri margaliti), samarTlianobis,

ubiwoebis, qalwulebis da amave dros nayofierebis simboloa. qristianobaSi

margaliti qalwul mariamis wiaRSi davanebuli ieso qristes metaforaa;

apokalifsSi axali ierusalimis kedlebi margalitisaa (gamocxad. 21. 21)

(http://mirslovarei.com/content_sim/ZHwmchug-253.html; tresideri:

http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/JekTressider/159.php). margalitis simbolika

garkveul wilad emTxveva iakinTis (samarTlianoba) da zmiri/smaragdis

(qalwuleba, sibrZne) simbolur mniSvnelobas. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare,

SesaZlebelia vifiqroT, rom Tamar mefis gulsakidi jvrisaTvis Zvirfasi

Tvlebis SerCevisas maTi simbolikac gaiTvaliswines.

61

beTaniis RvTismSoblis eklesiis freskaze Tamar mefis Tavs

umSvenebs Zvirfasi TvlebiTa (maTi ferebisa da raodenobis dadgena

freskis dazianebis gamo Znelia) da margalitebiT Semkuli sakidrebiani

gvirgvini.

rac Seexeba yinwvisis wminda nikolozis taZris Tamaris freskas, aq

freskebi saerTod, da maT Soris Tamar mefisac, sakmaod dazianebulia.

Tamaris freska mxolod konturis saxiTaa Semonaxuli, isic

nawilobriv. aqedan gamomdinare, gvirgvinze TiTqmis verafers vityviT,

garda imisa, rom konturebis meSveobiT garkveviT mxolod misi formis

garCevaa SesaZlebeli.

berTubnis monastris RvTismSoblis taZris freskaze Tamar mefis

gvirgvini margalitebiTaa Semkuli.

oTxive freskaze Tamar mefesTan erTad gamosaxulni arian mama,

giorgi III (yinwvisi, varZia, berTubani) da Ze, laSa_giorgi (beTania,

berTubani, yinwvisi) an orive erTad (yinwvisi, beTania).

safiqrebelia, rom aRniSnul freskebze gamosaxuli samive mefis

gvirgvini pirobiTia (alibegaSvili 1979: 28).

daTariRebis mixedviT varZiis freska yvelaze axlosaa Tamaris

mefed meored kurTxevis drosTan (1184 w.). marTalia, am SemTxvevaSi

mematiane ufro dawvrilebiT cnobebs gvawvdis, dagvirgvinebis wesisa da

gangebis srul suraTs warmogvidgens, magram mefis gvirgvins mxolod

Tamaris pirveli kurTxevis Sesaxeb saubrisas aRgviwers. rogorc gaiane

alibegaSvili aRniSnavs, araTu varZiis, aramed danarCen sam freskazec ar

aris gamosaxuli Tamaris (arc giorgi III_isa da laSa_giorgis) realuri

gvirgvini. isini samefo Tavsamkaulis mxolod simbolizebuli,

sxvadasxvagvari dekoratiuli detaliT utrirebuli variantebia

(alibegaSvili 1979: 28).

zemoaRniSnulidan Cans, rom Tamar mefis gvirgvini oTxsave, ufro

sworad sam freskaze (radgan dazianebis gamo yinwvisis freskaze

saubaria Znelia), didad gansxvavdeba gvirgvinis im aRwerilobisagan,

romelsac mematiane gadmogvcems. met_naklebad mainc mosalodneli iyo,

rom is gvirgvini, romlis Sesaxebac ucnobi istorikosi gvamcnobs,

swored Tamar mefis freskebze yofiliyo gamosaxuli. sainteresoa, ratom

62

ar aisaxa freskebze is gvirgvini, romelic Tamars, saqarTveloSi pirvel

da imdroindel msoflioSi erTaderT qal_xelmwifes, Tanamosaydred

gamocxadebis, anu mefed pirvelad kurTxevis dros Tavad mamam, giorgi

III_m daadga Tavze da romelsac, Cveni azriT, mkveTrad gamoxatuli

simboluri mniSvneloba unda hqonoda?! rogorc ukve vTqviT, migvaCnia,

rom am gvirgvinis, mis Semamkobel Zvirfas TvalTa simbolikis

saSualebiT kidev erTxel esmeba xazi Tamaris, bagrationi mefis

RvTaebriv warmomavlobas da amdenad, misi mefobis uflebas, rac

dakavSirebuli unda yofiliyo Tamaris, qali_mmarTvelis poziciebis

gamyarebasTan. SesaZloa, im droisaTvis, roca Tamaris dRemde moRweuli

freskebia Sesrulebuli (rogorc aRiniSna, varZiis garda yvela sxva

taZris freska gviandeli periodisaa), es sakiTxi aRar iyo aqtualuri,

radgan cxadi gaxda, rom saqarTvelos Tamaris saxiT, marTalia, qali,

magram Zlieri mmarTveli hyavda.

63

ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis~ erTi iambikos

simboluri gaazrebisaTvis

ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis~ bolos aris erTi iambiko,

sadac TiTqmis yvela sityva saxe_simbolod SeiZleba miviCnioT:

`mefe, mTavari, sioni da wyaroni

Wabuki, qalwuli, ebguri saebguro

aRÂri kicuTa, Tualni da israeli,

godoli, menave, saxli da mamaca,

megÂpteli cxeni, lazare da qudi~

(istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 113).

iambikos meore striqoni mcireodeni gansxvavebiTaa warmodgenili

ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTanis~ korneli kekeliZiseul

gamocemaSi: `Wabuksa swori, ebguri saebguro~) (istoriani da azmani


`qarTlis cxovreba~_Si es iambiko arsen iyalToels miewereba;

erT_erT leqsTa krebulSi – ioane petriws (istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTani 1959: 113), ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is

korneli kekeliZiseul gamocemaSi ki _ arsen iyvnels (Tumca ìstoriani

da azman~_is miseuli gamocemis Sesaval werilSi korneli kekeliZe

iambikos Semqmnelad ioane WimWimels miiCnevs. arseni ki, misi azriT,

ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is avtorad SeiZleba vigulisxmoT.

korneli kekeliZe moixmobs erT xelnawers (S379; gv. 192-193), sadac, misi

TqmiT, iambiko moewereba ioane petriws, romelic gaigivebulia ioane

WimWimelTan) (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1941: 140). rogorc

vxedavT, aRniSnuli iambikos damweris vinaobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva

mosazreba arsebobs, magram es calke saubris Temaa. Cven iambiko im

64

kuTxiT gvainteresebs, Tu ras aRniSnaven masSi simbolurad moxmobili

sityvebi da ra datvirTva SeiZleba hqondeT maT.

m e f e

ganasaxierebs mamrobiT princips. igi simboloa RvTisagan

kurTxeuli xelisuflebisa (tresideri: http://www.gumer.info

/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/JekTresidder/255; simboloTa leqsikoni www.mirslovarei.com

/content_sim/korol-370.html).

umaRlesi saero xelisuflebis RvTissworobis idea uZvelesi

droidan arsebobda.

Zvel aRmosavleTSi mefis xelisufleba mWidrod iyo

dakavSirebuli RvTaebis mefobis Sesaxeb miTosur koncefciasTan, rac im

drois sxvadasxva kulturis saerTo maxasiaTebels warmoadgenda.

miTosis mefe iyo kulturuli gmiri, wminda mmarTveli, radgan mas

RvTaebisagan moniWebuli hqonda garkveuli funqciebi, igi wminda nebis

gamtareblad miiCneoda (niSanTa da simboloTa enciklopedia:

http://sigils.ru/symbols/zar.html). zogadad, mefoba, gaiazreboda erTgvar wminda

instituciad, romelic met_naklebad RvTaebrivis sferos ganekuTvneboda.

egvipteSi Tvlidnen, rom faraoni iyo gankacebuli RmerTi hori

(hori egviptelTa erT_erTi uZvelesi RmerTia, mas gamosaxavdnen

miminosTaviani adamianis an miminosfrTebiani mziuri diskos saxiT. hori

miCneuli iyo rogorc ciur, mzis RmerTad, RvTaebaTa mefed, aseve

amqveyniur xelmwifed, faraonad. faraonebi warmoadgendnen `horis

msaxurebs~, egvipteSi misi xelisuflebis memkvidreebs (miTologiuri

leqsikoni 1991: 158,159; http://bibliotekar.ru/100bogov/8/htm). misi (faraonis) yvela

saqcieli RvTaebriv qmedebad aRiqmeboda. mas aseve miniWebuli hqonda

sakulto funqciebi.

65

babilonSi mefe RmerT marduqis rCeulad, misgan xeldasxmulad

miaCndaT, rac imas niSnavda, rom mas unda emarTa `oTxi sfero~, e. i.

mTeli dedamiwa (babilonuri miTosis Tanaxmad, marduqi aris mTavari

RmerTi, kacTa modgmis Semoqmedi an mxsneli, kacTmoyvare, viTarca

harmoniuli da mwyobri samyaros Semqmneli, mSvidobiani, mkvdreTiT

aRmadgeneli (kiknaZe: 1976:49), brZeni, mkurnalobis xelovnebisa da

`wyevlis Zalis~ mflobeli, aseve wylis da mcenareTa RvTaeba, RmerTTa

mbrZanebeli da mama~ (miTologiuri leqsikoni 1991: 344;

http://ulenspiegel.od.ua/?ID=4190). babilonis mefis xelSi gaerTianebuli iyo

rogorc samoqalaqo, ise samxedro Zalaufleba. amave dros, igi qalaq-

saxelmwifos umaRles qurums warmoadgenda.

moxmobili magaliTebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom mefis tituli mis

mflobels RmerTsa da adamians Soris Suamavlad warmoaCenda. misi

movaleoba iyo adamianebi uzrunveleyo marTlmsajulebiT, gamarjvebiT

da mSvidobiT, magram aseve aucilebeli iyo, mas hqonoda RvTaebrivi

madlmosileba, rac imaSi gamoixateboda, rom adamianebi, niadagi da

cxovelebi nayofierni unda yofiliyvnen.

hesiodes gadmocemiT, Tu mefe samarTliania, misi qveSevrdomebi uxv

mosavals iReben, futkrebi bevr Tafls amzadeben, cxvrebs xSiri matyli

aqvT. arasamarTliani, uRirsi mmarTveli ki Tavisi erisaTvis ubedurebis,

mousavlianobis, avadmyofobebisa da katastrofebis mizezi xdeba

(analogiuri warmodgena arsebobda CineTSic) (niSanTa da simboloTa

enciklopedia: http://sigils.ru/symbols/zar.html).

amrigad, samefo xelisufleba, rogorc institucia, warmoadgenda

miTologiuri sistemebisa da poliTeisturi kultebis erTianobas.

mogvianebiT, monarqTa gaRmerTebis Sesaxeb warmodgena SeiTvises

elinisturma da romis imperiebma.

mefoba RvTisagan kurTxeulia bibliuri tradiciiT, romelic,

zemoaRniSnulis fonze, mTeli rigi TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva. Zvelsa

da axal aRTqmaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs uwyebas RvTis meufebis

Sesaxeb. saRvTo werilSi amqveyniuri mefobis Tema, israelianTa

gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, viTardeba da saboloo jamSi is ieso

66

qristes meufebis gansazRvras emsaxureba (bibliuri RvTismetyvelebis

leqsikoni 1974: 1224).

mefis xelisuflebisadmi aseTive damokidebulebaa axal aRTqmaSi.

saxarebaSi macxovari ambobs,_ `mieciT keisrisaÁ keisarsa da RmrTisaÁ

RmerTsa~ (maTe 22. 21; markozi 12. 17; luka 20. 25) (axali aRTqumaÁ 2008: 73;

145; 249). gavixsenoT agreTve ieso qriste mimarTva pilatesadmi,_ `ara

gaqus ÃelmwifebaÁ Cemi arca erTi, ukueTumca ara mocemul iyo Senda

zegardamo, amisTvis mimcemelsa Cemsa Senda udidesi codvaÁ aqus~ (ioane

19. 12) (axali aRTqumaÁ 2008: 340). petre mociquli Tavis epistoleSi wers,_

`yovelTa pativs_scemdiT, ZmaTa hyuarobdiT, RmrTisa geSinoden, mefesa

pativs_scemdiT~ (1 petre 2. 17) (axali aRTqumaÁ 2008: 469). pavle mociquli

ki aRniSnavs,_ `yoveli suli Ãelmwifebasa mas umTavrÀssa daemorCilen,

rameTu ara ars ÃelmwifebaÁ, garna RmrTisagan da romelni arian

Ãelmwifebani, RmrTisa mier ganwesebul arian~ (rom. 13. 1) (axali aRTqumaÁ

2008: 533).

adreqristianul dokumentebSi gadmocemulia samefo

xelisuflebisadmi damokidebuleba, romelic Semdeg wminda mamaTa

nawerebsa Tu saeklesio krebaTa dadgenilebebiT gamyarda da damkvidrda

qristianul ideologiaSi. am damokidebulebis Tanaxmad, mefe, imperatori

miiCneoda adamianad, romelsac RvTisagan eboZa xelisufleba da

romlisadmi morCileba ar niSnavda mis RmerTad aRiarebas (iustine

filosofosi, Teofile antioqieli, papi klimenti romaeli, tertuliane

(marTalia, igi ar miekuTvneba eklesiis mamebs, magram mis naSromebs

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba eklesiis istoriisaTvis) (iustine

aseve aRniSnavs, rom `cudi mmarTvelobisaTvis mefeebs elodebaT

saSineli sasjeli – mudmivi cecxli jojoxeTSi~ (raneri 1961; javaxia

2005: 51, 52, 53; averincevi 1977: 116).

IV saukunidan konstantine didis mmarTvelobis, anu qristianobis

saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis periodidan Camoyalibda samefo

xelisuflebis RvTisagan rCeulobis Teoria, rasac ukavSirdeba

imperatoris, rogorc marTlmadidebluri samyaros mmarTvelis da

romeebis (bizantiis) saxelmwifos, rogorc qristiani xalxis damcvelisa

da mfarvelis kultis Seqmna, romelic iwyeba IV saukunidan da apogeas

67

aRwevs Semdgom saukuneebSi. bizantiaSi warmoiSva imperatoris

xelisuflebisa da saxelmwifos erTiani qristianuli koncefcia,

romelic safuZvlad daedo bizantiis politikur doqtrinas. am

koncefciis Tanaxmad, RmerTi (pantokratori) iyo yoveli arsebuli

wesrigis, rogorc zecieris, aseve miwieris Semoqmedi da Tavi, imperatori

ki, zeciuri wesrigis Sesabamisad, miwieri wesrigis damamyarebeli. es iyo

diarxiis principi, anu saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis erTianobis

idea (javaxia 2005: 55).

Suasaukuneobrivi qristianuli ideis Tanaxmad, miuxedavad

uflisagan boZebuli SeuzRudavi uflebebisa, imperatori rogorc

adamiani iseTive mona iyo RvTisa, rogorc yvela mokvdavi (averincevi

1977: 116). misTvis cxadi iyo amqveyniuri Zalauflebis araraoba, da piradi

pasuxismgebloba RvTis winaSe moniWebuli uflebebisaTvis. aRniSnuli

damokidebuleba Camoyalibebulia iustinianes (527_565) werilSi

tribonianesadmi, _ „RvTis nebiT vmarTavT Cven saxelmwifos, nebiT,

romelic gadmogveca zeciuri yovlismpyrobelisagan, vuZRvebiT brZolebs

bednierad, vamyarebT brwyinvale mSvidobas da samarTlianad ganvagebT

qveyanas, aseve Zlier avamaRlebT Cvens suls yovlisSemZle uflis

SemweobiT. Cveni miRwevebi iaraRis, Cveni jariskacebis, mxedarTmTavrebis

Tu Cveni niWis meSveobiT mainc damyarebulia mxolod yovladwmida

samebaze, romelic awesrigebs yvelafers mTels samyaroSi, dedamiwis

yvela kuTxeSi“ (runcimani 1976: 214; javaxia 2005: 56).

konstantine didis Rvawlma qristianTa winaSe garkveulwilad

ganapiroba TanamedroveTa mier xSirad qristianuli

RvTismetyvelebisaTvis Seusabamo RvTaebrivi pativiT moxsenieba.

magaliTad, misi sagvareulos sadideblad umbraSi taZris ageba an

imperatorTa winaSe muxlis modreka. Tumca, am ukanasknelis warmoSobas

ambrosiusi ase ganmartavs, _ muxlis moyra xdeboda macxovris

samsWvalis winaSe, romelic elene dedofalma ierusalimidan Camoitana

da Casmuli iyo imperatoris gvirgvinSi (enslini 1975: 67; javaxia 2005: 53).

zemoT ukve aRniSna, rom qristianuli swavlebiT kurTxeulia

mefoba, rogorc institucia da ara romelime konkretuli adamiani (mefe);

mefis titulis tareba ki gulisxmobs gansakuTrebul pasuxismgeblobas

68

RvTis winaSe. Tumca, mogvianebiT, bizantiaSi (romelic erTi mxriv,

ideologiurad axal ierusalimad iTvleboda, xolo meore mxriv

cezarTa imperiis pirdapir gagrZelebas warmoadgenda (kaJdani 1968: 103),

rac upirvelesad adamianTa cnobierebaze aisaxeboda da, Sesabamisad,

vlindeboda garkveul sakiTxebTan damokidebulebaSi) moxda am swavlebis

`gaukuRmarTeba~. bizantiis imperatori miiCnies amqveyniur RmerTad,

sakralur figurad (averincevi 1977: 116; kaJdani 1968: 103; litavrini 1989:

29) (XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi, bizantiuri tradiciis gavleniT, am

movlenam Tavi iCina ruseTSic (Jivovi... 1987: 76). bizantielTa

warmodgeniT, koronacia imperators avtomaturad ganwmendda yovelgvari,

maT Soris momakvdinebeli codvis, mkvlelobisagan. siwmindeebad

iTvleboda vasilevsis sasaxle, tanisamosi.

amgvari kulti imperatorisa nergavda imperiis sidiadisa da

maradiulobis rwmenas, Tumca, praqtikaSi reprezentatiuli funqcia

mmarTvels arcTu xSirad sazeimo manekenad aqcevda xolme.

imperatori arasdros dgeboda pirdapir iatakze, yovelTvis idga

SemaRlebul adgilze; mas ar unda emoZravebina xeli, ar unda Serxeoda

saxis nakvTebic ki. mkacrad iyo gansazRvruli, romel dReebSi unda

gamoCeniliyo imperatori aivanze, rodis unda gaevlo dedaqalaqis

quCebSi (reprezentatuli funqciis gamo igi ZiriTadad dedaqalaqs iyo

mijaWvuli) an rodis unda daswreboda RvTismsaxurebas aia sofias

taZarSi. igi iyo ara mxolod umaRlesi mosamarTle, administratori da

kanonmdebeli, aramed TviT xorcSesxmuli kanoni. imperatori kanonze

maRlac ki idga (kaJdani 1968: 86).

saqarTveloSi, miuxedavad saerTo religiur_kulturuli arealisa,

bizantiisagan gansxvavebuli situacia iyo. qristianuli tradiciis

Tanaxmad, mefe CvenSic RvTisagan xeldasxmulad iTvleboda, magram is ar

gauRmerTebiaT. qarTuli istoriuli Zeglebidan Cans, rom CvenSi kargad

yofila gaazrebuli qristianuli swavleba,_ `bunebiT RmerTobisa~ da

`madliT RmerTobis~ Sesaxeb. daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi, rodesac

daviT mefis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs, aRniSnavs,_ `egreTve Jamsa

Sina Sueniersa da jerovansa mouwoda RmerTman Semyuarebelsa TÂssa da

maradis mosurnes samaradisod mefobad winaSe missa... da aRiyvana mun...

69

sada TÂT igi bunebiT RmerTi meufebs madliT RmerTqmnilTa zeda, mas

Tana mefobad... sada igi aq mkÂdr ars da iqcevis naTelsa Sina

RmrTaebisasa~ (daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955: 362).

mefis xelisufleba RvTisagan dadgenilad rom iyo miCneuli

qarTul sinamdvileSic, es araerTxelaa xazgasmuli rogorc

hagiografiul, aseve saero xasiaTis literaturul Zeglebsa da, ra Tqma

unda, istoriuli Janris mwerlobaSi.

gavixsenoT Tundac grigol xanZTelis mimarTva aSot

kurapalatisadmi, _ `Tquen xelmwifeni ufal gyuna RmerTman queyanisa

gangebad~ (giorgi merCule 1982: 234) (aSot kurapalati ara mefe, aramed

erismTavari, magram rac mTavaria, bagrationTa gvaris warmomadgeneli

iyo (javaxiSvili 1984: 95). marTalia, VI saukunis 30_ian wlebSi

iranelebma qarTlSi mefoba gaauqmes, magram rodesac imave saukunis

50_ian wlebSi aRsdga adgilobrivi xelisufleba da Seiqmna e. w.

erismTavris instituti, TviT erismTavrebi TavianT Tavs da maTi

Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoeba maT `mefed~ Tvlidnen (juanSeri 1955:

222; asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zveli redaqciebi 1955: 204, 205)

(lorTqifaniZe 2003: 22).

mefes RvTisagan xeldasxmulad miiCnevs SoTa rusTavelic

(yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare da rusTvelis epoqis

gaTvaliswinebiT es savsebiT bunebrivia!) gavixsenoT `vefxistyaosnis~

prologi:

`romelman Seqmna samyaro ZaliTa miT ZlieriTa,

zegardmo arsni suliTa yvna zeciT monaberiTa,

Cven, kacTa, mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa,

misgan ars yovli xelmwife saxiTa mis mieriTa~

(rusTaveli 1987: 9).

xelmwifis RvTisagan kurTxeulobis idea, bunebrivia, aisaxa Tamar

mefis istoriebSic. basili ezosmoZRvari gvamcnobs,_ `dajda nebiTa

RmrTisaTa Tamar mefed. amieriTgan jer ars Tamaris Tqmad, garna

70

monacvleoba*RmrTisa samefosa da erisaTvis, rameTu aRiRo goneba

maRlad da mdabliTa suliTa ganicada sidide misda rwmunebulisa.

miayvna myvanebelsa TÂssa xedva da iwyo gangebad, viTar igi mobervida

suli~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 117). `istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTan~_is avtori ki SeniSnavs,_ `dajda nebiTa RmrTisaTa

(Tamar) saydarTa zecamdi amaRlebulTa~ (istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTani 1959: 30). igive mematiane Tamars ixseniebs `RmrTiv

gvirgvinosan mefed~ da `mefeT mefed~ (istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTani 1959: 52). CaxruxaZe Tamars `zenaiT cxebuls~ uwodebs


sxva qristian** da, maT Soris, qarTvel mefeTa msgavsad*** Tamaric

RvTisgan xeldasxmulad miiCnevs Tavs. darbazis winaSe igi aseT sityvebs

warmoTqvams, saydari, samefo taxti `rwmunebul ars Cemda pirvel

RmrTisagan da Semdgomad mSobelTa Cemgan~ (istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTani 1959: 47); sikvdilis win ki ukanasknel mimarTvaSi

`warCinebulTa samefosa TÂsisaTa~ Tamari ambobs,_ `gangebiTa RmrTisaTa

viyav Tquen zeda~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 145).

*monacvle – Semcvlels, memkvidres niSnavs (sarjvelaZe 1997: 478). qristianuli swavlebiT, RvTis Zeebad da, aqedan gamomdinare, mis memkvidreebad iTvlebian wmindanebi (galat. 4. 7; rom. 8. 17). Tamari mefe_wmindania da, amdenad, mis RvTis `monacvled~ saxeldebas ormagi datvirTva eniWeba (amis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad ix. naSromis momdevno Tavi).

**adreSuasaukuneebSi mefeebi werilebsa da mimarTvebSi TavianT Tavs ixsenieben Semdegi formuliT: `RvTis nebiT mefe~ (Gracia Dei rex) (de kulanJi 1916: 264_271; javaxia 2005: 52).

XVI saukunis ruseTSi, ivane IV mrisxanes dros sagangebod aRiniSneboda, rom misi xelisufleba RvTis mier iyo dadgenili. aseve dadasturebulia evropuli dinastiebisaTvis (tiudorebi, hohencolerebi da sxvaTa) mefobis RvTis mier boZeba (litavrini 1989: 29).

***giorgi II Sio mRvimis monastrisadmi naboZeb Tavis sigels ase iwyebs: `nebiTa RmrTisaTa: afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa, kaxTa da somexTa mefisa (1088 wlis sigeli, Sio mRv. ist. sab. gv. 13). daviT mefec Tavis wyalobis wigns aseTive winadadebiT iwyebs: `nebiTa RmrTisaTa: afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa da kaxTa mefisa (iqve, 21) (javaxiSvili 1984: 96). daviT aRmaSenebeli ki Tavis anderZSi sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom mefoba mas RvTisagan `erwmuna~ (anderZi daviT aRmaSeneblisa Sio mRvimisadmi; qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi 1966: 12).

71

m T a v a r i

mTavari aris `kacTa Soris uzeSTaesi... gina saqmiTa da swavliTa

umetesi~ (orbeliani 1991: 295); `samarTlis mqmneli~ (orbeliani 1991: 296);

`winamZRvari~ (brokhauzi...:

www.gumer.info/bogoslov_Buks/dictionary/brokg/index.php). mematianeTa uwyebiT,

Tamari `marTlad ganagebda~ qveyanas (istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTani 1959: 60). `iyo dReTa misTa simarTle da mravali mSÂdoba.

ganefina madli bageTa misTa. amisTÂs akurTxa igi RmerTman ukunisamde

da daadgra Tavsa missa gÂrgÂni patiosnebisa, da dasdva welTa misTa

maxÂli Zlierebisa da waremarTa sufevad ukunisamde WeSmaritebisaTÂs,

simSÂdisa da samarTalsa cxoreba Tamarisa~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959:

141).

bibliuri tradiciiT, mTavrebad iwodebian: mefeebi, eris

mmarTvelebi, winamZRolebi (bibliuri RvTismetyvelebis leqsikoni 1974:

776; brokhauzi: www.gumer.info/bogoslov_Buks/dictionary/brokg/index.php ).

`mefesTan~, `mTavarTan~ dakavSirebiT, vfiqrobT, sagulisxmoa aseve

erTi faqti.

naSromis pirvel TavSi ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom Tamar

mefis gvirgvinSi moTavsebul Zvirfas qvaTagan erT_erTi, iakinTi mefeTa,

mTavarTa da winamZRvarTa Sesabamisi Tvalia. masze iakobis meoTxe Zis,

iudas saxeli iyo amotvifruli. bibliuri gadmocemiT, swored iudas

Stodan iyvnen: mefeebi, mTavrebi, winamZRvrebi, maT Soris israelis mefe

daviTi, romelic qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, bagrationTa

winapradaa miCneuli.

72

s i o n i

sioni warmodgeba ebrauli sityvisagan `saxelganTqmuli~

(brokhauzi: www.gumer.info/bogoslov_Buks/dictionary/brokg/index.php). igi odiTgan

iudisturi sakraluri adgili iyo. es aris ierusalimis

samxreT_dasavleTiT mdebare maTaTagan (Tu borcvTagan) erT_erTi,

romlebzec gaSenda ierusalimi (siraZe 2002: 110; bibliis enciklopedia

1991: 655). sionis mTaze sataxto qalaqi ierusalimi daviT mefem mas Semdeg

daaarsa, rac dampyrobel iebusielTa tomisagan gaaTavisufla (bibliis

enciklopedia 1998: 272; brokhauzi... 1900: 513).

wminda werilSi sioni iwodeba `daviTis qalaqad~ (II mef. 5. 7; III mef.

8. 1.); `RvTis samyofelad~ (fs. 77. 68l is, 8. 18); `wminda mTad~ (fs. 2. 6)

(bibliis enciklopedia 1991: 655; brokhauzi... 1900: 153).

bibliis mixedviT, `sionSi~ umetes wilad igulisxmeba ierusalimi,

rogorc pirdapiri, aseve aRmatebuli mniSvnelobiT, rac RvTisagan

rCeulobaSi gamoixateba (fs. 2. 6; 9. 12; 83. 8; 131. 13; is. 2. 3; rom. 11. 26; ebr.

12.22) (vixliancevi:

http://www.gumer.info/bogoslov_Buks/dictionary/biblical_dict/index.php; brokhauzi:

www.gumer.info/bogoslov_Buks/dictionary/brokg/index.php).

sxvadasxva religiaSi, maT Soris, qristianobaSi, mTa miwisa da

zecis damakavSireblad iTvleba. igi sulieri simaRlis, siwmindis,

amaRlebis simboloa (SarabiZe 2005: 127, 137).

`istoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is avtori, roca Tamaris

mefed kurTxevis ceremonialis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems, aRniSnavs, giorgi

III_m `...mefe yo Tamar... da daisua marjueniT missa mefe da dedofali,

Semkuli da Semosili pirad_piradiTa fesuediTa oqroaniTa, bisoniTa da

zeziTa, romelsa xada mTad RmrTisad, mTad poxilad da mTad

Seyofilad~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 21). am SemTxvevaSi,

Tamarze saubrisas, ucnobi mematiane exmianeba daviT mefsalmunes,

romelic ambobs,_ `mTaÁ RmrTisaÁ, mTaÁ poxili... mTaÁ ese, romeli sTnda

73

RmerTsa damkÂdrebad mas zeda, rameTu ufalman daimkÂdros igi

sruliad~ (fs. 67. 15, 16) (fsalmunni 2005: 107).

mTis simbolos Tamar mefis saxesTan dakavSireba SemTxveviTi ar

aris. istorikosebsa Tu mexotbeebTan Tamari warmogvidgeba sulieri

simaRliTa da siwmindiT gamorCeulad. es rCeulTa xvedria. Tamaric

rCeulia. amaze kidev erTxel mianiSnebs amave iambikoSi misi ìsrael~

_ad wodeba (amis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT ufro vrclad visaubrebT).

`vinaca saxed mzisa Saravandni cisagan iSuqebodes miwierTa

saWuretelad, egreTve queyanisagan Tamaris Ãelmwifebisa SaravandTa

maTelTa brwyinvalebani efinebian iataksa amas zeda cisasa~, – aRniSnavs

ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is avtori (istoriani da

SaravandedTani 1959: 42). basili ezosmoZRvarisa da CaxruxaZis TqmiT,

Tamari gamorCeuli iyo `Seusworebeli simaRliT~ (basili ezosmoZRvari

1959: 147), `simaRliT cebri~ (Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1957: 189). igive

mexotbe Tamaris Sesaxeb ambobs, is ariso `maRali, didi, uklebi, mSvidi~

(Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1964: 137). ioane SavTeli Tamar mefes `mTas

SeuZvrels~ (Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1964: 137), `siwmindis gzas~

uwodebs (Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1964: 135).

sioni gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT miemarTeba eklesias, rogorc

miwiers, ise zeciurs (esaia 2. 3; ebr. 3. 22; gamocxad. 14. 1). `sioni~

personificirebulia qalis saxeSi. bibliuri saxeldeba àsuli sionisi~

aRniSnavs qalaq ierusalims. umetes SemTxvevaSi ki, àsulni sionisani~

ierusalimis mdedrobiTi sqesis mosaxleobas niSnavs (bibliis


sioni aseve ukavSirdeba RvTismSoblis saxes. esaia

winaswarmetyveli ambobs,_ `movides sioniT mÃsneli da moaqcios

uRmerTebisagan iakobi~ (es. 59. 20) (mcxeTuri xelnaweri 1985: 146). ùkueTu

ilmo dedakacman erTsa Sina, anu iSva naTesavi erTgzis, rameTu ilmo da

Suna sionman yrmani TÂsni~ (es. 66. 8) (mcxeTuri xelnaweri 1985: 154).

andria kretelma Tavis TxzulebaSi `SobisaTvis RvTismSoblisa~

yovladwminda RvTismSoblis saxelad miiCnia esaias winaswarmetyvelebaSi

naxsenebi sioni. `da gamoarCia ufalman sioni da saTno yo samkÂdreblad

igi~, rac fsalmunTa sityvebTan Sexmianebacaa (fs. 136. 3).

74

uflisagan sionis gamorCeva Tavis samkvidreblad

saxismetyvelebiTad wminda mariamis wiaRSi ieso qristes davanebis

winasaxea. fsalmunSi naTqvamic asea gasaazrebeli, radgan sions dedas

uwodebs adamiani (sulava 2003: 56).

naSromis pirvel TavSi ukve aRvniSneT, rom ìstoriani da azmani

SaravandedTan~_is avtori, mogviTxrobs ra laSa_giorgis Sobis Sesaxeb,

Tamar mefes RvTismSobels adarebs. kidev erTxel gavixsenoT es

epizodi,_ `viTar iqmna saras ze, gina Tu raqaelissa, anu Tu

elisabedissa da ufrosRa annassa da vikadro mariamissa. miadga Tamar

ganwmendilTa gonebiTa da taZari RmrTisa aRmsaWualulisa sanTliTa

sxeulisaTa, mÃurvaliTa guliTa da ganaTlebulTa suliTa tabaÃmelisa

beTlem-myofelman mun Sva Ze, swori Zisa RmrTisa, da uwoda saxeli

aÃovnisa mis mamisa TÂsisa giorgi da eseviTarisa mas dRekeTilobasa

Sina ixiles yrma axali, pirvel saukuneTa ganwesebuli Zed mefisa, mefed,

Svilad cxebulisa daviTianad~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959:

56, 57).

Tamar mefis pirveli istorikosis moxmobili sityvebi, rogorc a.

baqraZe aRniSnavs, orTodoqsaluri qristianuli SexedulebiT, usaSvelo

mkrexelobaa, radgan Tamari gaTanabrebulia RvTismSobelTan,

laSa_giorgi ki qristesTan. Tumca mematianis aseT saqciels, mkvlevari

qarTuli mesianisturi ideis arsebobiT xsnis (baqraZe 1988: 6).

ver gaviziarebT a. baqraZis mosazrebas, TiTqos ucnobi istorikosi

mkrexelobas Cadiodes, roca Tamar mefes laSa_giorgis Sobisas

RvTismSobels adarebs, xolo laSa_giorgis `sworsa Zisa RmrTisas~

uwodebs.

saerTod, ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_ze saubrisas

sayuradReboa is faqti, rom misi avtori, rogorc Txzulebidan Cans,

RvTismetyvelebaSi kargad ganswavluli adamiania. amdenad, mematianisagan

mkrexeluri saqcieli naklebad savaraudod gveCveneba. amasTanave

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~

simbolur_saxismetyvelebiTi elementebiT erT_erTi yvelaze mdidari

qarTuli istoriuli Zeglia. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, laSa_giorgis

Sobis epizodi, vfiqrobT, ufro simbolur planSi unda gaviazroT.

75

wminda mariami, rogorc `sioni~, uflisagan gamorCeulia, radgan mas

unda daetia gankacebuli Ze RvTisa. RvTisagan rCeulia Tamaric, rogorc

RvTismSoblis wilxvedri qveynis bagrationi mefe, daviT

winaswarmetyvelis kidev erTi STamomavlis, momavali bagrationi mefis

mSobeli (ukve araerTxel aRiniSna, rom bagrationebi daviT

winaswarmetyvelis memkvidreebad iTvlebian). daviTis winapari iyo iuda,

visi modgmidanac warmodgnen mefeebi. iudas da, Sesabamisad, daviTis

STamomavali iyo mariam RvTismSobeli. daviTis Stodan iSva xorcielad

ieso qriste, yovelTa meufe, meufeTa meufe (1 tim. 6. 15; gamocx. 17. 14)

(axali aRTqumaÁ 2008: 681, 762). laSa_giorgic, swored am TvalsazrisiT,

mefobis uflebiT, anu simbolurad, SeiZleba iwodos ieso qristes

`sworad~ (da ara bunebiT!) (am sakiTxze ufro vrclad momdevno TavSi

visaubrebT). igive iTqmis naSromis meore TavSi ukve moxmobil

`abdulmesian~_is im monakveTze, romelic laSa_giorgis Sobas exeba:

`ZiriT misisa iesesisa

Svili marTali iSva cxovrebad

qalwul_wmidisa wilxvdomilisa,

saqarTvelosa mefed wodebad~ (16. 1, 2)


aqve gavixsenoT Tamar mefis meore iambiko `qalwulebriviTa

sisxliTa~, romelic ramdenime gviandeli xelnaweriTaa cnobili.

Svidtaepian, erT strofian klasikuri stiliT Sesrulebul

iambikoSi asaxulia qalwuli mariamisagan RvTis nebiT (`zenaÁsa

gangebisad~) saidumlo SezavebiT kacobriobis sicocxlis momniWeblad Ze

RvTisas xorcielad Soba. iambiko simboluri xasiaTisaa da masSi

xazgasmulia, rom rogorc qalwul RvTismSoblisagan ieso qristes Soba

wmindad ganxorcielda, aseve Tamari, daviT winaswarmetyvelis tomisagan

warmoSobili, RvTis gangebiT aris gamorCeuli. RvTismSobeli da ieso

qriste Tamarisa da misi Zis, laSa_giorgis pirvelsaxeebad arian

warmodgenilni (sulava 2003: 445).

76

Cveni azriT, zemoaRniSnul konteqstSivea gansaxilveli `istoriani

da azmani SaravandedTan~_is is sityvebic, romlebic Tamar mefis dedas,

burduxan dedofals exeba. roca giorgi III_is Tanamecxedris

gardacvalebis Sesaxeb gvamcnobs, Tamaris pirveli mematiane wers,_ `da

miicvala dedofali burduxan, deda Tamarisi, swori Zisa RmrTisa

dedisa~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 22). am SemTxvevaSic,

vfiqrobT, laSa_giorgis msgavsad, Tamaric `sworia Zisa RvTisa~, rogorc

RvTisagan kurTxeuli mefobis mqone, bagrationTa warmomadgeneli,

burduxan dedofali ki RvTismSobels edareba, rogorc mefis mSobeli.

sioni aseve niSnavs mziurs, brwyinvales, elvares (bibliis


(qristianul mwerlobaSi naTeli Tavdapirvelad mxolod RvTis,

samebis, misi hipostasebis saxeli iyo, gvian SuasaukuneebSi is iqca mariam

RvTismSoblis epiTetadac (sulava 1983: 216).

naTlis gamomxatveli simboloebi Tamars xSirad miemarTeba

rogorc istorikosTa, aseve mexotbeTa TxzulebebSi (am sakiTxs ufro

vrclad naSromis wina TavSi SevexeT). mematianeebi Tamar mefes uwodeben

`naTelsa da brwyinvalebas~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 20),

`mnaTobs~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 39), `mzes mzeTa da

naTels naTelTa~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 122); CaxruxaZe ase mimarTavs

Tamars,_ `mze dauvali, Suq momfinari~ (21. 5) (Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni

1957: 122), `gxmob, Tamar mzesa, umzesad zesa~ (61. 1) (Zveli qarTveli

mexotbeni 1957: 201). igive mexotbe Tamaris Sesaxeb ambobs:

„vin naxa sada, nasaxad sad a

Senebr naTleTa bneli mcebare“ (29. 4)


-------------

„ara gaqvs bneli, xar saZebneli

xveWiT da ndomiT SenamarTevad“ (39. 6)


77

-------------

„eTerTa mTneni Tqvengan narcxvenni

Senve geZeben Ronisa wvevad“ (49. 47)


xolo ioane SavTeli aRniSnavs:

`vTqva me aw viTa, rom iqmnes wviTa

mnaTobni mZafrad sxivTa misTagan,

xedven mzeriTa: `sworavs mze riTa?~ –

ficven: `mihrida TvisTa sxivTagan!~ (17. 3. 4)

-------------

`dovlaT_svianad sufevs mzianad~ (18. 1)


-------------

xotbaTa amjerad moxmobil taepebSic, naSromis wina Tavis

msgavsad, Tamari mziuri brwyinvalebiTa da naTelmosilebiT

warmogvidgeba Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi es ar aris mxolod RvTiuri naTlis

gamoxatuleba, radgan gviani Suasaukuneebidan naTels daekisra aseve

esTetikuri funqciac da is adamianis silamazes, Sinagan bunebas

gamoxatavs (sulava 1983: 219).

78

w y a r o n i

wyali uZvelesi universaluri simboloa. igi ganwmendis,

ganaxlebis, sibrZnis, gankurnebis niSania (tresideri http://www.gumer.

Info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/JekTresidder/184.php; bibliis enciklopedia 1990: 128).

wyali simbolurad mdedrobiT sawyiss, nayofierebas ukavSirdeba,

qristianobaSi `wyaro~ xsnis simboloa. bibliuri gadmocemis Tanaxmad,

pirvelsawyisi wyaroebi samoTxeSi mdgari sicocxlis xis fesvebidan

warmodgnen (tresideri: http://www.gumer.

Info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/JekTresidder/184.php; kuperi 1986: 209) (gavixsenoT

Zvelebrauli saxeli `Tamaris~ erT_erTi mniSvneloba `palmis xe~,

romelic, Tavis mxriv, sicocxlis xis simboloa). aRniSnuls SeiZleba

davukavSiroT CaxruxaZis da ioane SavTelis sityvebi:

`ars cnobaT moTxe, viTa samoTxe,

wyalad wyali mrwyveli, munve mdinari~ (21. 8)


-------------

„wyali mqnari, momdnari“ (24. 2)


-------------

,,gaqvs arsTa wyali...~ (62. 3)


-------------

79

„wylad gTqva nilosad, usasyidlosad

samoTxiT Cvenda qandakebulad“ (42. 1)


-------------

„giÃmobs ena miT swavlis enamiT

wylad wyarod, mrwyvelad borcvTa da velTa~ (105. 2)


ioane SavTeli Tamars `ukvdavTa wyarosac~ uwodebs (Zveli

qarTveli mexotbeni 1964: 120).

rogorc ukve vnaxeT, Tamari saxeldebulia `sionad~. sioni, wminda

werilis mixedviT, RvTis adgilad, RvTis samyofelad iTvleba.

fsalmunTa wignis Tanaxmad ki RvTis samyofeli yovelTvis mdidaria

wyliT. `mTaÁ RmrTisaÁ, mTaÁ Seyofili da mTaÁ poxili. rasame hgonebT

Tquen, mTano poxilno? mTaÁ ese romeli sTnda RmerTsa damkvidrebad mas

zeda da rameTu ufalmanca daimkvidros igi srulad~ (fs. 67. 15, 16)

(fsalmunni 2007: 139). `poxili~ poxiers, nayofiers, noyiers, wyaliTa da

teniT Sezavebuls niSnavs (SarabiZe 2005: 97) (67_e fsalmunis moyvanili

sityvebi, rogorc `sionis~ simbolikaze saubrisas vnaxeT, `istoriani da

azmani SaravandedTan~_Si Tamar mefesac miemarTeba).

`wyali~ aseve pativis, Rirsebis, saxelisa da didebis simboloa

(nozaZe 1951: 91).

`Tamarian~_Si Tamaris Sesaxeb naTqvamia:

`mefe mTavarTa, mflobi javarTa,

soflisa wyalTa damaSvenali~ (71. 9)


`soflisa wyals~ `vefxistyaosanSi~ rostevani uwodebs TinaTins

(`Cemi lxini da javari, Cemi soflisa wyalio~. moxmobil striqonebSi

80

`soflis wyali~ soflis, qveynis didebasa da saxels niSnavs (nozaZe 1951:

91).

QW a b u k i

`Wabuki~ ewodeb: rainds, mamacs, vaJkacs, gmirs, mxedars (istoriani

da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 625; orbeliani 1993: 100).

ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_Si Tamari Sedarebulia

bibliur gmir gedeonTan. gedeonis msgavsad, romelmac samasi kaciT

sZlia madiamelTa uricxv jars (msj. 7. 6, 7, 15, 16) (mcxeTuri xelnaweri

1981: 479, 480). Tamaris momxreebmac mcire laSqriT daamarcxes meored

ajanyebuli giorgi rusi. ucnobi mematiane aRniSnavs,_ `sueman da

simarTleman Tamarisman dasca risxva RmrTisa uxilavi da viTarca

gedeons gasmies, mciredni miewivnes da gaaqcivnes, Camoyarnes da

daÃocnes vina rusi ZliT same gardaixuewa~ (istoriani da azmani


aseve sagulismoa erTi momenti. qristianul literaturaSi aris

magaliTebi imisa, rom wmindanebs SeswevTa Zala cxovelTa mrisxane,

mtacebluri bunebis daTrgunvis, maTi moTvinierebisa. Zvel aRTqmaSi

gadmocemulia, rogor gadaurCa uvneblad mSier lomebs maTTan xaroSi

Cagdebuli Ddaniel winaswarmetyveli (dan. 6. 16_23) (mcxeTuri xelnaweri

1986: 20). `cxovreba Rirsisa mamisa Sio didisa, sakÂrÀlmoqmedisa~

gvamcnobs, rom wminda Sios moTvinierebuli mgeli saxedrebs mwyemsavda

(saqarTvelos samoTxe 1882: 238, 239).

ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is avtori Tamar mefis Sesaxeb

ambobs,_ ìxileT Tu viTar saturfo da andamatebrivi momzidoba aqus

mÃecTa gulebisao~ da aqve aseT ambavs gvamcnobs,_ òdesme SarvanSes

lomis bokueri gamoegzavna, maT gazardes da esden didi sazareli

Seiqmna, romel arca veluri, arca Sinauris gazrdili arc arvis unaxavs

81

misi araki. raJams darbazs moiyvanin, esre aqunda treli survili da

siyuaruli Tamar RvTiv-ganaTlebulisa, romel mrCoblTa jaWuTa mi-da-

mocalebaman kacTa kidebisaman ver daiWiris, vire Tavi ubesa ara Caudvis

da loSnidis, viTarca Zuel odesme mowameTa metafrasebi mogviTxrobs~

(istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 62; batoniSvili vaxuSti 1978:

181).

q a l w u l i

qalwulebas bevr Zvel religiaSi wminda mniSvneloba eniWeboda. igi

maradiul siWabukes, sicocxlisunarianobas, ubiwoebas gamoxatavda,

magram qalwulebis arsi mTeli Tavisi sisavsiT yvelaze metad

qristianobaSi warmoCnda. es aris RvTis erTgulebis, misi

siyvarulisaTvis Tavis Sewirvis gamoxatuleba. amasTan, qristianuli

TvalsazrisiT, qalwuleba ar gaigeba rogorc mxolod sxeulis umankod

dacva. qalwuli, siqalwule sulier umankoebas aRniSnavs. pavle

mociquli korinTelTa mimarT meore epistoleSi gamoTqvams survils,

isini qristes winaSe ubiwo qalwulebad waradginos (uwmindesi meufe

nikolozi (velemiroviCi) (abzianiZe... 2007: 92). ioane damaskeli Tavisi

dogmaturi xasiaTis naSromSi `marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis

zedmiwevniTi gardamocema~AaRniSnavs,_ `gvmarTebs ubiwoeba ufro

sulierad aRviqvaT, radgan arsebobs RvTis siyvarulisa da SiSis mier

suliseul saSoSi mucladRebuli Tesli... qalwuleba aRorZinebs sulis

Svilierebas da swiravs RmerTs nayofs – locvas~ (ioane damaskeli 2000:

207, 208), radgan locva RmerTTan kavSiris, masTan miaxlebis saSualebaa

(bibliis enciklopedia 2000: 140).

Tamar mefis RvTismosaobis, locvismoyvareobis Tu zogadad,

qristianuli cxovrebis Sesaxeb istorikosebi xSirad saubroben.

`umankoeba uzakueli, siwrfoeba usicruo RmrTisa da msaxureba misi

82

Seuorgulebeli~ – aseTi iyo Tamar mefe basili ezosmoZRvris cnobiT

(basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 147). ucnobi mematiane ki gadmogvcems, Tamarma

èseoden Seiyuara RmerTi igi_ucxo eqmna sacTurTa soflisaTa... ismina

Ãma igi utyuelisa pirisa da Seitkbo igi, rameTu Rame yovel mRviZareba,

locva, muÃldreka da cremliT vedreba RmrTisa zedamdgomrobiTa

gansakÂrvebel aqunda~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 79).

laSa_giorgis droindeli mematiane wers,_ ìqmna (Tamar) yovelTa mefeTa

Soris udides... RmrTismoSiSi, tkbili da saxier da Tavi yovelTa

keTilTa RmrTismoSiSeba ars da simdable~ (laSa_giorgis droindeli

mematiane 1955: 368). ioane SavTeli ki `sjulis ficars~ uwodebs Tamar

mefes (Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1964: 141).

aqve SevniSnavT, rom mistiurad qalwuleba Tamar mefis gvirgvinis

Semamkobeli Zvirfasi qvis zmiri/smaragdis erT_erTi Tvisebaa (nozaZe

1951: 84).

`Wabuki~, `qalwuli~ Tamars, garda zemoaRniSnuli mniSvnelobisa,

SeiZleba ewodebodes rogorc mamakacis uflebis mqone qal_xelmwifes. am

azrs gvimyarebs is gamoTqmebic, romlebic Tamars miemarTeba matianeebSi.

igi ixsenieba `dedofalTa dedoflad~ (istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTani 1959: 26, 141), aseve mamrobiTi wodebiT _ `mefe~, `mefeTa

mefe~ (JamTaaRmwereli 1959: 151, 168).*

rusudani, laSa_giorgis msgavsad, Tamaris `Zed~ iwodeba

(gavixsenoT rostevan mefis sityvebi, romelTac igi TanaTinis Sesaxeb

warmoTqvams,_ àsulo da Zeo Cemo~ (SoTa rusTveli 1987: 30).

zemoaRniSnul garemoebas xazs usvamda ivane javaxiSvilic. misi

TqmiT, `XII saukuneSi saqarTveloSi samefo taxtze ayvanil iqna qali,

magram ise ki ara, rogorc Cveulebriv iyo xolme, mxolod viTarca

dedofali, aramed rogorc qveynisa da saxelmwifos sruluflebiani

saWeTmpyrobeli da mefeT_mefe, misi meuRle ki _ mxolod mis,

_______________

*Tamar mefis gulsakidi jvaris warweraSic Tamari erTdroulad ixsenieba

,,mefed~ da `dedoflad~: ,,Zelo WeSmaritebisao, jvarisa SeniTa winaZRomiTa

yovladve Semwe da mfarvel eqmen mefesa da dedofalsa, Tamarsa~ (kirieeleison-

best.mylvepage.ru).

83

Tanamecxedred iyo cnobili da qmrobiT. mas arc mefeT_mefoba, arc

mesaWeoba mihniWebia (javaxiSvili 1983: 141) yvelaferi, rac ki xdeboda

saqarTveloSi, Tamaris saxeliT keTdeboda xolme: `jaris Seyra,

omisTvis mzadeba da laSqrobac ki – yovelTvis momxdara `brZanebiTa

TamarisTa~ (ist r̃ni da az m̃ni, gv. 380). amdenad, daviT soslani mxolod

qmari iyo mefisa da mxolod amis gamo mefe (javaxiSvili 1983: 291).

vfiqrobT, is faqti, rom `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is

korneli kekeliZiseul gamocemaSi, simon yauxCiSviliseuli gamocemisagan

gansxvavebiT, iambikos meore striqonSi Tamari `qalwulad~ saerTod ar

ixsenieba da mas mxolod `Wabukisa swori~ ewodeba, zemoTqmulze unda

mianiSnebdes. amaze miuTiTebs sityva `sworic~ (rogorc naSromis meore

TavSi aRiniSna, swori_sididiT, uflebiT, mniSvnelobiT an sxva TvisebiT

Tanaswors, Tanabars niSnavs (qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni 1955:

323; sarjvelaZe 1996: 521). aq saubaria Tamarze, uflebiT mamakacis `swor~

(Tanabar) mefeze. aqedan gamomdinare, migvaCnia, rom iambikos meore

striqonis dasawyisi aRniSnul gamocemebSi erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegeba.

e b g u r i s a e b g u r o

ebguri aris mzveravi, mcveli (abulaZe 1973: 145). sulxan-saba

orbelianis ganmartebiT, `maRliT mxedveli daraja~ (orbeliani 1991: 145).

Tavis mxriv `daraja~ `ganiyofebis xuTad: guSagad, ebgurad, talad,

Ãumilad da detad. guSagi aris daraja cixeTa; xolo ebguri maRliT

adgiliT modaraje; tala ars mgzavrTa RamiT modaraje; Ãumili ars

mepatronisa karTa Rames ar aTevdes anu xvastagTa udarajebdes; deti

ars, romeli dRisiT Soridam umzerdes da darajobdes~ (orbeliani 1991:

229).

84

Tamar mefe iwodeba `sarwmunoebis ebgurad~ (gavixsenoT basili

ezosmoZRvris cnoba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor mimarTa Tamar mefem

saeklesio krebaze myof sasuliero pirebs,_ `Ä wmidano mamano... Tquen

sityÂTa, xolo me saqmiT, Tquen swavliT, xolo me gansawavliT; Tquen

wurTiT, xolo me ganwurTiT, zogad Ãeli mivsceT dacvad sjulTa

saRmrToTa Seugineblad, raTa ara zogad vizRÂneT Tquen viTarca

mRvdelni, xolo me viTarca mefe; Tquen viTarca mneni, xolo me viTarca

ebguri~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 118). es pozicia, romelic Tamarma

gamefebisTanave gamoxata (am periodSi igi ukve erTpirovnuli

mmarTvelia) mTeli misi Semdgomi moRvaweobis erT_erTi ZiriTadi

ganmsazRvreli faqtori iyo. Tamari aseve iwodeba `swavlis ebgurad~


XII_XIII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis maRali done iyo,

rasac indroindeli swavla_aRzrdis sistema ganapirobebda. am dros

skolebi ZiriTadad eklesia_monastrebTan arsebobda (metreveli 2003: 691).

didi taZrebi sasuliero kerebTan erTad mniSvnelovan

kulturul_saganmanaTleblo centrebs warmoadgenda. ase iyo rogorc

saqarTvelos teritoriaze, aseve qveynis sazRvrebs gareT arsebul

eklesia_monastrebSi, sadac qarTveli sasuliero pirebi moRvaweobdnen.

mematianeebi aRniSnaven, rom Tamar mefe did yuradRebas iCenda

rogorc saqarTvelos, ise sazRvargareTis sasuliero,

kulturul_saganmanaTleblo kerebisadmi, uxv Sesawirs ugzavnida maT.

a R Â r i k i c u T a

qristianul simbolikaSi kvici vnebebs, stiqiurobas, aRviri ki

TavSekavebas, ukeTur vnebaTa marTvas aRniSnavs (bibliis enciklopedia

1990: 861; simboloTa leqsikoni www.mirslovarei.com).

85

istorikosTa uwyebiT, Tamar mefem ara mxolod Tavad `Seiyuara

RmerTi da ucxo eqmna sacTurTa soflisaTa (istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTani 1959: 91), aramed igi `sanTel iyo gonierTa da ugunurTa,

pirvelTa ganmanaTlebeli, meoreTa damwveli, aRÂri iyo uwesod

mkrTomelTa, dez udebTaTÂs~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 149).

Tualni

Tvali yovlismomcveli codnis, sulieri naTlis (fs. 118. 18, 37)

(bibliis leqsikoni 2000: 178), Secnobis, sulieri wvdomis, aseve:

gonierebis, sibrZnis, simtkicis, sifxizlis, daculobis simboloa (kuperi

1986: 15; abzianiZe ... 2006: 266).

ioane damaskelis ganmartebiT, Tvali is organoa, romliTac

,,STagvenergeba ufro srulyofili codna da gulsavseoba" (ioane

damaskeli 2000: 47). dionise areopagelis Tanaxmad ki, mxedvelobis unari

moaswavebs RvTiuri naTlisaken ugamWirvales zeaxilvas,

RmerTmTavrobiseuli gamobrwyinvebebis saTuTad, daubrkoleblad,

wmindad, xsnilad da aRuSfoTeblad Sewynarebas (dionise areopageli

1987: 266).

basili ezosmoZRvaris cnobiT, axladgamefebulma Tamarma (saubaria

im periodze, roca giorgi III_is gardacvalebis Semdeg Tamari meored

akurTxes mefed) àRiRo goneba maRlad da mdabliTa suliTa da ganicada

sidide saqmisa, misda rwmunebulisa. miayÂna myvanebelsa TÂssa xedva da

iwyo gangebad, viTar igi mobervida suli~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 117).

amasve imeorebs ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is avtori, Tamarmao

àRamaRla maRlad goneba da mdabliTa suliTa ganicada sidide saqmisa

misda xuedrebulisa. miayÂna myvanebelsa TÂssa xedva, da viTarca orbman

frTamalman aRifrinva ze da mimovlna gugani saxedvelTani~. igive

istorikosi iqve aRniSnavs,_ `viTa utyueli piri ityÂs: èZiebdi

86

sasufevelsa RmrTisasa da simarTlesa missa, da ese yoveli SegeZinos~

da amisman msmenelman keTilad gulis_Ãmismyofelman aRixilna Tualni

maRlisa mimarT da aRamaRla goneba, yovlad rame brZeni da keTilad

cnoba_gonieri, romeli yovliTurT Seeyo maRalsa mas, yovelTa zeda

mxedvels da SemsWvala Tuali umrumod mxedveli, raTa mecnier yos da

mas mxolosa xedvides~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 28).

i s r a e l i

ìsraeli~, es saxeli ewoda iakobs mas Semdeg, rac uflis

angelozs SeebrZola (dab. 32. 28) (bibliis enciklopedia 1990: 79) (es

brZola miCneulia rwmenasa da eWvs Soris brZolad, romelSic mtkicdeba

rwmena da ris gareSe rwmena fanatizmad iqceoda (vixliancevi:

http://www.gumer.info/bogoslov_Buks/dictionary/biblical_dict/index.php). iakobis

RmerTan SerkinebaSi ufro igulisxmeba adamianis Zalisxmeva RmerTTan

misaaxleblad (http://www.ortodoxy.ge/tsnobarebi/fsa/munis_sitkvebi.1htm).

bibliuri saxelebi sxvadasxva avtorTan gansxvavebuli azrobrivi

datvirTviT SeiZleba Segvxvdes, anu im semantikuri Tu funqcionaluri

kuTxiT, rogorc es konkretuli avtorisTvisaa mniSvnelovani. ìsraeli~

semantikurad niSnavs `RmerTi ibrZvis~, ùfali Zlieria~, ìgi ebrZoda

RmerTs~ (bibliuri RvTismetyvelebis leqsikoni 1974: 421), xolo

funqcionalurad – `RvTis rCeuls~, raSic igulisxmeba is, rom israelma

iwilxvedra WeSmariti RvTismsaxureba da ara is, rom RmerTmTavrobam

mxolod iudevelebi iwilxvedra sawinamZRvrod (wminda dionise

areopageli, ciuri ierarqiis Sesaxeb, gv. 248_249) (alibegaSvili 1999: 147).

rCeulT RmerTi Seamzadebs Tavisi nebis gamosavlenad, magram

gamorCeulobisaTvis aucilebelia mzadyofna, romelic TandaTan da

mudmivad xorcieldeba istoriuli gziT mTeli cxovrebis manZilze im

87

adamianTa mier, visac wilad xvda gamorCeuloba (auerbaxi 1976: 43;

grigolaSvili 2002: 86).

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, ìsraeli~ Tamar mefes am

sityvis ufro funqcionaluri mniSvnelobiT miemarTeba. am gziT iambikos

avtori kidev erTxel usvams xazs, rom Tamari RvTis rCeulia, rogorc

mefe_wmindani.

g o d o l i

godoli aris amaRlebulobis, siZlieris, sifxizlis, daculobis

simbolo (tresideri: http://www.gumer.

Info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/JekTresidder/184.php).

savsebiT bunebrivia, rom Tamars ewodeba `godoli~ an ,,mtkiced-

mpyrobeli~ (Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1964: 118), radgan misi mefobis

dros saqarTveloSi mSvidobianoba damyarda. ivane javaxiSvili aRniSnavs,

– `marTalia, Tamaris mmarTvelobis pirvel xanaSi ramdenime metad

saxifaTo moZraoba da gandgoma iyo, magram man Tavisi windaxedulebiTa

da frTxili moqmedebiT gansacdels yovelTvis sZlia. Tamarma SesZlo,

rom giorgi rusis pirveli Semosevis ukuqcevis Semdeg saqarTveloSi

Sinauri mdgomareoba aRar darRveula da yvelani erTsulovnad

saqarTvelos didebisa da ZlierebisaTvis iRwvodnen. Cveulebrivi

uTanxmoeba mefesa da didgvarovnebs Soris TiTqos moispo. aki laSa-

giorgis droindel mematianes Tamar mefis gansakuTrebul Rvawlad

aRiarebuli aqvs, rom man `samefo ganuxeTqelad daicva, yovelnive

Seitkbna da mSvidoba yo yovelTaTuis~ (d f̃si q c̃a, gv. 242, 18)

(javaxiSvili 1983: 292).

ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is avtori ambobs, rom

Tamaris mmarTvelobis periodSi ìyo simtkice queyanasa Cuensa da

88

mSÂdoba Tavsa mTaTasa~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 129).

ioane SavTeli ki aRniSnavs:

`Zirmtkiced godlad, zed karTa zRurblad

cis kamaraTa sCanxar zesT mdegad

orgulTa moswylav, ZiriTurT mohsxlav,

erTgulT eqmnebi farad da zurgad~ (61. 1. 2)


qristianobaSi `godoli~ RvTismSoblis simboloa (simboloTa

leqsikoni: www.mirslovarei.com), sionis mTas niSnavs (miq. 4.8) (bibliis

leqsikoni 2000: 87). rogorc ukve aRiniSna, iambikoSi Tamari `sionad~

iwodeba.

m e n a v e

menave qveynis winamZRolobas, mmarTvelobas unda ukavSirdebodes,

radgan navis erT_erTi umTavres simboloTagani_usafrTxoeba,

daculobaa (abzianiZe... 2006: 49). navi aseve ukavSirdeba qalur sawyiss,

nayofierebas (tresideri:

http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/JekTresidder/192.php).

qveynis rogori winamZRoli iyo Tamari, amaze yvelaze naTlad is

mdgomareoba metyvelebs, romelic misi mefobisas Seiqmna saqarTveloSi.

istoriuli Zeglebi gvamcnoben,_ `mefobasa Sina amissa: aRavsna

episkoposni da saydarni SesawiraviTa, Tavisufal yvna eklesiani

xarajisa da begarisagan, gaaznaurdes queyanisa moqmedni da

gadidebuldes aznaurni, da gaxelmwifdes didebulni~ (istoriani da

azmani SravandedTani 1959: 75); `JamTa misTa ara iyo mimZlavrebuli, arca

mtacebeli, arca mekobre da mparavi~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani

89

1959: 80); `mRdelTmoZRuarTa Seimoses SiSi, mRdelTa daicves wesi TÂsi,

monazonTa moiges wesieri moqalaqoba, mTavarni ganiswavlnes siwmidiT

cxovrebad da simarTliT svlad~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 149);

`saydarTa da monasterTa dalewasa vervin ikadrebda. qaravansa vervin

ZarcÂda ameri da imeri. Zueli samefo maTi afxazeTisa dawynarebiT

hqonda, romel erTi qaTami arsad moiklvoda: mparavi, avis_moqmedi aRar

iyo. Tu naparevi vinme povis, karsa zeda miiRis da droSaTa queSe dadvis.

ovsman, mTielman da yivCaRman da suanman ver ikadron parva da iyo

mdidrad ese samefo, romel aznauris yrmani maTTa patronTa sworad

imoseboda~ (laSa_giorgis droindeli mematiane 1959: 369).

Tamari uxvi wyalobiT avsebda `yovelTa ÃelTa mTxoelTasa~,

`ganamdidrebda qurivTa, obolTa da davrdomilTa~ (basili ezosmoZRvari

1959: 149).

`Tvali xar brmaTa, TviT mzrdeli yrmaTa

mSierTa puri, usaxlT sarTuli,

mama obolTa, msajuli qurivTa

SiSvelT samoslad moniWebuli

moxucebulTa, SromiT rebulTa

simtkicis kverTxi misayrdnobeli~ (63. 1. 2. 3) (Zveli

qarTveli mexotbeni 1964: 138), – ase mimarTavs Tamars

ioane SavTeli.

(„abdulmesian“_is moxmobili fragmenti, vfiqrobT, exmianeba ioane

minCxis erT_erT sagalobels, radgan Tamar mefis is Tvisebebi,

romelTac zemoT CamoTvlis mexotbe, himnografis TqmiT, saRvTo

Tvisebebia da „netari“, RmerTs Semsgavsebuli adamianisTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli:

„netar ars, romelman gulisÃma_yo

glaxakisa da davrdomilisaÁ

ufalman daicvas igi

da sanatrel yos queyanasa zeda,

90

rameTu TÂT RmerTi ars

mamaÁ obolTaÁ da msajuli qurivTaÁ

da glaxakTa megobari

da mÃsneli yovelTa dawunebulTaÁ

da Semwe, romelni xadian mas.“ (xaCiZe 2000: 248).

Tamaris mefobis xanaSi saxelmwifo Semosavlis (saSinao da

sagareo) aTi procenti, `naaTali~ gamoeyoT `glaxakebs~ (basili

ezosmoZRvari 1959: 147). termini `glaxaki~ V saukunidan XVIII saukunemde

arsebul qarTul istoriul, samarTlebriv Tu literaturul wyaroebSi

(am ukanasknelSi ki Semdgom periodSic) ZiriTada ori SinaarsiT

gvxvdeba. `glaxakni~ ewodebodaT rogorc ekonomikurad ukiduresad

gaWirvebul adamianebs, aseve im RvTismsaxurT, visTvisac, Tanaxmad

qristianuli swavlebisa, `netar arian glaxakni suliTa, rameTu maTi ars

sasufeveli caTa~ (maTe 5. 3). maradiuli sufevis dasamkvidreblad

glaxakoba, siRatake cxovrebis ideals warmoadgenda (metreveli 2003:

647). imisTvis, rom `galaxakebs~ kuTvnili daxmareba `dauklebelad

erTisa qrTilisa marculamdeca~ mieRoT, Tamarma `ganaCina sarwmunoni

zedamdgomelni~. swored maT evalebodaT am saqmis mowesrigeba (basili

ezosmoZRvari 1959: 147).

istoriuli qronikebis mixedviT, Tamar mefe imitom iyo gamorCeuli

mmarTveli, rom `ara veragobisa RoniTa acxovnebda ersa TÂssa, aramed

sibrZnisa winamZRomiTa da umankoebiTa daviTianiTa, simSÂdiTa iakobis

msgavsiTa, siuxviTa abramisebriTa, mowyalebiTa iesos RmrTisa msgavsisa

da simarTliTa misisa mobaZviTa~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 141).

s a x l i

saxli: daculobas, usafrTxoebas gamoxatavs (bibliis leqsikoni

2000: 87). es simbolo ZiriTadad mdedrobiT sawyiss ukavSirdeba. wminda

91

werilSi naTqvamia,_ `dedaTa brZenTa aRaSennes saxlni, xolo, romeli

ugunur iqmna, daarRÂa ÃeliTa TÂsiTa~ (igav. 14. 1) (mcxeTuri xelnaweri

1983: 296).

bibliuri RvTismetyvelebis leqsikonis mixedviT, saxlis

mSenebloba RvTaebrivi saqmea da am dros RvTis Sewevna aucilebelia.

saxlis ageba ar niSnavs mxolod kedlebis aSenebas, keris dafuZnebas. es

aseve gulisxmobs imas, rom STamomavlobas gadasce religiuri swavleba,

eqmne mas saTnoebisa da zneobriobis magaliTad (bibliuri

RvTismetyvelebis leqsikoni 1974: 295).

`saxlSi~, Tamaris saxesTan erTad, simbolurad SeiZleba mTeli

qveyanac moviazroT.

Tamaris mefobisas saqarTvelo daculi iyo rogorc SinaaSlilobis

safrTxisagan (saubaria XII s-is daaxloebiT 90_iani wlebis Semdgom

periodze), aseve mas Seswevda Zala gamklaveboda gareSe mtris Semosevas.

Tamaris mmarTvelobis xanaSi politikuri usafrTxoebis

uzrunvelyofasTan erTad ganmtkicdeboda da daculi iyo sarwmunoeba

(amis Sesaxeb ukve araerTxel aRiniSna).

logikuri Cans, rom iambikoSi Tamars jer `menave~ ewodeba da

Semdeg `saxli~, radgan qveynis aRmSenebloba mis mmarTvelze,

winamZRolze didwilad aris damokidebuli. `istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTan~_is avtoris Tanaxmad, swored Tamaris keTilgonivruli,

RvTis sasoebaze damyarebuli mmarTvelobis Sedegi iyo, rom misi mefobis

dros saqarTvelo miemsgavsa im idealur, WeSmariti simarTlis samefos,

romelic esqatologiuri momavlis, kerZod, sasufevlis saboloo

damkvidrebis Semdeg dafuZndeba. ucnobi mematiane wers,_ `Seiqmna

mSÂdoba, sixaruli da erToba, romeli ara odes sada vis uxilavs da

`erTbamad Zovdes lomi da Ãari, da ixarebdes vefxi TikanTa Tana da

mgeli cxovarTa Tana da gandidna saxeli Tamarisi yovelsa queyanisasa~

(istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 54, 55).

92

m a m a

mama simboloa mzis, sasuliero da saero xelisuflebis, gonis,

kanonis, sindisis (tresideri: http://www.gumer.

Info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/JekTresidder/184.php). mama_RmerTs, Semoqmeds ewodeba.

is yvelas mamaa (maT. 5. 45, 48; 6. 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 14, 15, 18, 26, 32; 7. 11; 10. 20, 29;

mark. 11. 25_26; luk. 6. 36; 11. 2, 13; 12. 30_32) (bibliis leqsikoni 2000: 294).

es simbolo mamrobiTi princips ganasaxierebs, samarTlianobisa da

wesrigis damcveli tradiciuli Zalis gamomxatvelia (kuperi 1986: 204).

mefe rogorc qveSevrdomTaTvis umaRlesi avtoriteti, maTi

uflebebis, Rirsebebisa da keTildReobis garanti `eris mamad~

iwodeboda (abzianiZe ... 2006: 142; niSanTa da simboloTa enciklopedia:

http://www.sigils.ru/symbols/zar.html).

msgavsad `Wabukisa~, Tamars am SemTxvevaSic mamrobiTi principis

gamomxatveli simbolo miemarTeba. manamde igi iwodeba `saxlad~. ukve

aRiniSna, rom es simbolo mdedrobiT sawyiss ukavSirdeba. vfiqrobT,

`Wabukisa~ da `qalwulis~ msgavsad, aqac sawinaaRmdego mniSvnelobis

mqone es ori simbolo erT mTlianobas qmnis, rac kidev erTxel

migvaniSnebs, rom Tamari, marTalia qali, Tumca uflebiTac da

TvisebebiTac mamakacis swori mefea.

m e g v i p t e l i c x e n i

cxenis simbolos mravali, maT Soris xSirad ambivalenturi

mniSvneloba aqvs. igi erTdroulad simboloa mzis, sicocxlis,

Zalauflebis (kuperi 1986: 138), aseve udrtvinvelobis, morCilebis (wminda

93

dionise areopageli 1988: 274), bunebrivi instiqtebis, mTvaris, sikvdilis

(simboloTa leqsikoni www.deport.ru; www.nevacropol.ru; tresideri:

http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/JekTresidder/184.php). amasTanave cxeni

ganasaxierebs codnas, sibrZnes, keTilSobilebas, didsulovnebas,

simamaces, gambedaobas, silamazes (tresideri: http://www.gumer.

info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/JekTresidder/184.ph; simboloTa leqsikoni www.deport.ru;

simboloTa da niSanTa enciklopedia: http://sigils.ru/symbols/kon.html).

eWvs gareSea, rom saerTo konteqstidan gamomdinare, `cxeni~ Tamars

warTqmiTi mniSvnelobiT miemarTeba.

ratom unda ewodebodes Tamar mefes maincdamainc `megvipteli

cxeni~?

Zvelad egvipte ganTqmuli iyo: mecnierebiT, simdidriT, nayofieri

miwebiT, Zvirfasi qsovilebiT, vaWrobiT da aseve kargi cxenebiT (3 mef.

10. 28, 29) (bibliis leqsikoni 2000: 126).

istorikosebi xSirad aRniSnaven, rom `gonebiTa da ganzraxviTa

brZeni~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 78) Tamar mefe

`sibrZnisa winaZRomiTa acxovnebda ersa TÂssa~ (basili ezosmoZRvari

1959: 141). ioane SavTeli Tamars `sibrZnis zRvas~ (Zveli qarTveli

mexotbeni 1964: 134), `sibrZnis ufskruls~ (Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1964:

136) uwodebs.

brZeni mefe bibliuri idealia. sibrZnis mniSvneloba saRmrTo

werilSi amgvaradaa gansazRvruli: `sibrZnis dasabam – SiSi uflisa~ (fs.

110. 10; igav. 1. 7, 9, 10). fsalmunTa mixedviT, netaria is, visac RvTis SiSi

aqvs (fs. 111. 1; 127. 10). morwmuneTa `SiSi RvTisa~ gulisxmobs: RvTis

mcnebaTa dacvas (2 sj. 8. 6; ekl. 12. 15), codvaTa, borotebisagan

ganSorebas (gam. 20. 20; fs. 4. 4: igav. 3. 7; 14. 16; 23. 17; isu nave 4. 24; iob. 1.

8; 2. 3; 1 petr. 1. 17). samarTlianobas (gam. 18, 21; mef. 23. 3) (bibliis

leqsikoni 2000: 321 ,322).

RvTismetyvelebaSi `SiSi RvTisa~ erT_erTi mTavari zneobrivi

kategoriaa. is adamians qmedebisaken mouwodebs. vinc RmerTs aRiarebs da

misi SiSi aqvs, xedavs ra gansxvavebaa absolutsa da mas Soris. aqedan

gamomdinare, adamiani iswrafvis sruli siwmindis (2 kor. 7. 1),

srulyofisaken (grigolaSvili 2002: 80).

94

Tamaris mematianeebsa da xotbebSi, iseve rogorc daviT

aRmaSeneblis istoriaSi aRniSnulia, rom mefeTa `sibrZnis dasabami~ aris

`SiSi uflisa~ (daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi aRniSnavs: ìtyÂs

solomon `dasabamad sibrZnisa moige sibrZneo~, xolo daviT, mama

RmrTisa: `dasabamad sibrZnisa SiSi uflisa~. es ,,SiSi uflisa moigo

siyrmiTgan TÂsiT daviT da hasakis missa Tana aRorZinda~ (daviT

aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955: 347). am sityvebiT mematiane xazs usvams,

rom daviT aRmaSenebeli Tavisi winapris, daviT winaswarmetyvelis

Rirseuli STamomavali da mefobis bibliuri idealis

ganmaxorcielebelia.

Tamaris Sesaxeb basili ezosmoZRvari wers, rom misi `sibrZnis

dasabami~ iyo `SiSi uflisa~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 140). mexotbeTa

mixedviTac, Tamari ùklebi ese ars gulsa mTese, SiSisa RmrTisa

dauviwyebad~ (97. 7) (Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1957: 121); àqvs mas

dabeWdviT, smeniT da xedviT `sibrZnis dasabam – SiSi uflisa~ (12. 1)


zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebiT sagulisxmoa agreTve ìstoriani da

azmani SaravandedTanis~ avtoris sityvebic, rom ùSiSoba RmrTisa da

gardamavlobiT moqmedeba sjulisa qristes mcnebaTasa... cuds iqms

yovelTa sikeTeTa da swavlulebaTa~ (istoriani da azmani


matianeebis gadmocemiT, Tamari didsulovani da keTilSobili

politikosi iyo. amaze metyvelebs Tundac is faqti, rom man èsreT

samefo gareSemo qarTlisa, Tu raodenni daglaxakebulni mefeni

ganamdidrna, raodenTa mimZlavrebulTa ukun sca samefo TÂsi, raodenni

gandevnilni samefodve TÂsad agna da raodenni sikudilad dasjilni

ganaTavisuflna da amis mowame ars saxli SarvanSeTi da darubandelTa,

RunZTa, ovsTa, qaSagTa, karnuqalaqelTa da trapizonelTa, romelni

TavisuflebiTsa cxovrebasa amis mier iyvnes da mterTagan

uzrunvelobasa~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 147).

marTalia, Tamari XII saukunisaTvis aRmosavleTis saqristianos

uZlieresi qveynis `mZleTa mZleveli, TviT uZlevel~ (Zveli qarTveli

mexotbeni 1957: 189; Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1964: 120) mmarTvels

95

warmoadgenda, magram upirvelesad is iyo qali `dabnelebamdis satrfo

saWvreti~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 120). `istoriani da

azmani SaravandedTan~_is avtorisve gadmocemiT, Tamaris `SuenebiTa miT

afroditianiTa~ da `saxebrwyinvaleobiT~ moxibluli da masze

gamijnurebuli araerTi raindi `gaxelda~ da `mÃecebr veladac ki

gaiWra~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 36, 40); mexotbeni weren:

„i cis karebiT iciskarebiT

SenTa brol_vardTa zro nafunCevad

naybier pirsa, mze danamWvirsa,

Svenis nargisTa ganaciskrevad.“ (48. 41, 42)


---------

`ukleblad saTni gciskroben Rawvni,

gturfobs moxedva, brol_vardobs yeli~ (62. 2)


---------

`vardTa gidarne naSvenebani~ (89. 5)

---------

`wamwamTa xrani, viskenc qmen cxrani

cxra aTas eqmnes natirebani~ (89. 9)


---------

`saxed elvisa! saxedvelisa

96

mWvretTa ver uZles gancdad sxivisa.

mo, e kalmiTa! moekal miTa,

rom uqmad sdegiT xatvad saxisa.

misTvis wamalni, sjobs, rom wam alni,

Tvar iqmneT TvisTvis mzaxni axisa.

man iosebsa_ar i osebsa! _

siturfe arTo, TviT msgavsi mis-a.~ (48. 1_4)

---------

àlvis xe_tani, msgavsad Semtani.

aqvs kowolT dayriT kviparozisa.

daswvavs srulobiT javar_srulobiT

mzeTa, saÃmilad eSyi ugzisa.~ (49. 1, 2)


---------

`turfad Sveneba, gamoCveneba

Tqveni daaWnobs yovelT yvavilsa~ (105. 1)

(Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1964: 151) da a. S

Llazare

lazare berZnuli formaa ebrauli saxelisa èliazari~ (`RmerTi

Seewia~). saxarebaSi ori lazare ixsenieba, lazare òTxi dRis adamiani~

(marTasa da mariamis Zma, romelic ieso qristem aRadgina beTaniaSi oTxi

dRis mkvdari (ioane 11. 1_5). es saswauli iyo winaswarmoswaveba macxovris

97

vnebisa da aRdgomisa) da lazare upovari (mdidrisa da lazares igavis

personaJi (luka 16. 19_31). es igavi gvamcnobs marTalTa da codvilTa

xvedris Sesaxeb imqveyniur cxovrebaSi (bibliis enciklopedia 1990: 421;

averincevi 2001: 115).

vfiqrobT, Tamaris `lazared~ wodeba orgvarad SeiZleba

gaviazroT. erTi mxriv es unda ukavSirdebodes am saxelis mniSvnelobas

– `RmerTi Seewia~, meore mxriv ki, `oTxi dRis adamianis~, marTasa da

mariamis Zmis, lazars saxes (am sakiTxs mogvianebiT, naSromis momdevno

TavSi davubrundebiT).

q u d i

qudi uZvelesi droidan simbolurad mefeTa, xelisufalTa,

sasuliero pirTa maRlobisa da Zlierebis niSania (nozaZe 1951:79). igi

Zalauflebis, siZlieris, sibrZnis (tresideri: http://www.gumer.

Info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/JekTresidder/184.php; simboloTa leqsikoni

www.mirslovarei,com), pativis, gansakuTrebiT, Rirsebis simboloa (kuperi

1986: 84; nozaZe 1951: 79).

`qudi~ iambikos bolo sityvaa, pirveli ki aris `mefe~. es ori

sityva simboluri mniSvnelobiT logikurad ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs.

mefoba, xeldasxmuloba, rCeulobis mZime tvirTis Rirseulad tarebas

niSnavs, `ara ars ÃelmwifebaÁ, garna RmrTisagan, viTarca ityÂs pavle

mociquli~ (rom. 13. 1), xolo ara Tqua viTarme ara ars Ãelmwife, aramed

ÃelmwifebaÁ, xolo ukueTu Ãelmwife umsjavro, usamarTlo iyos, ara

RmrTisa mier ars, aramed Tavisa TÂsisa dasasjelad aRdgebis~, – ase

ganmartavs pavle mociqulis sityvebs ioane oqropiri (javaxia 2005: 55).

amrigad, RvTisagan kurTxeulia zogadad xelmwifoba, xolo

romelime konkretuli mefe ramdenad gaamarTlebs RvTis rCeulobas,

98

ramdenad daimsaxurebs am pativs, es ukve masze, mis cxovrebasa da

moRvaweobazea damokidebuli. Tamaris mematianeebi da mexotbeebi swored

imis Cvenebas isaxaven miznad, rom Tamari qveynis kargi mmarTveli,

marTlac `RvTivgvirgvinosani~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959:

52) mefe iyo. Cveni azriT, amasve cdilobs iambikos avtori simboloTa

meSveobiT.

ganxiluli iambikos TiToeuli simbolos Sina_arsis àmokiTxvam~

dagvanaxa, rom aq saxe_simboloebiT, sxvadasxva aspeqtiT warmoCenilia da

amave dros Sefasebulicaa Tamar mefis cxovreba_moRvaweoba. istoriul

ZeglTa stilisaTvis sakmaod uCveulo da originaluri formiT, kidev

erTxelaa xazgasmuli, rom Tamari iyo `RvTisagan kurTxeuli~,

`simarTlis mqmneli~, `winamZRvari~ (`mefe~, `mTavari~), sulieri simaRliT

gamorCeuli, bagrationi mefe (`sioni~), Tavisi samefos Rirsebis da

didebis simbolo (`wyaroni~), uflebiT mamakacis Tanabari xelmwife,

qristianobis damcveli da ganmamtkicebeli; RvTismosavi, `swavlis

ebguri~, wyalobauxvi mefe (`Wabuki~, `qalwuli~, èbguri saebguro~),

Tavad `soflis sacTurTagan ucxoqmnili~, ùgunurTa ganmanaTlebeli da

damwveli aRÂri uwesod mkrTomelTa~ (àRÂri kicuTa~), gonierebiT,

sifxizliT, xasiaTis simtkiciT gamorCeuli mmarTveli (`Tualni~), Tavisi

mefobiT, cxovrebis wesiT man gaamarTla RvTisagan rCeulobis pativi

(ìsraeli~), brZenma mefem `samefo ganuxeTqelad daicva... mSÂdoba yo

yovelTaTuis~, is qveSevrdomTa keTildReobis, daculobis garants

warmoadgenda (`godoli~, `menave~, `saxli~, mama~), brZeni, keTilSobili,

didsulovani mefe_qali garegnuli mSvenierebiTac gamoirCeoda

(`megvipteli cxeni~), `RmerTi Seewia~ mas, mefobis mZime tvirTi

Rirseulad etarebina (`lazare~, `qudi~).

qveynisTvis gansakuTrebuli Rvawli, qristianuli cxovrebis wesi

gaxda safuZveli Tamaris wmindanad Seracxvisa. aqedan gamomdinare,

vfiqrobT, iambikoSi naCvenebia Tamaris wmindanad gaxdomis procesi; gza

mefobidan wmindanobisaken. albaT, swored amitom aris es leqsi

ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is bolos darTuli. marTalia, misi

avtoris vinaoba jer kidev ar aris dadgenili, magram mTavari isaa, rom

iambiko arsiT Seesabameba Tamaris pirveli istoriis saerTo ideur

99

konteqsts. Cveni azriT, amitomac Seutania ucnob mematianes igi Tavis

TxzulebaSi.

100

Tamar mefe – `samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebuli.~

`istoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is avtori Tavisi Txzulebis

Sesaval nawils Semdegi sityvebiT asrulebs: `luka aRmavlobasa

sityuÁsasa iqms, `seiTis, adamisa da RmrTisa~, meca esreT viwyo amis

Tamarisa, samgzis sanatrelisa da samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebulisa,

romeli eTeroan iqmna ÃelmwifeTa Soris, romlisa saxe da saxeli TÂssa

adgilsa sityuaman sacnaur hyos~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani

1959: 3); mogvianebiT mematiane wers,_ `Tu maSin nabuqodonosor samTa

yrmaTa Tana oTxebad ixila erTi samTagani, aqa kula samebisa Tana

ixilvebis oTxebad Tamar, misworebuli da aRmatebuli...~ (istoriani da

azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 25). CaxruxaZe ambobs:

`gulo, aba mo, dausabamo,

Tamar vTqua naTlad dasabamisad,

mzeebr savane, sulis savane,

Tan gamwyod Zisad, sworad mamisad~ (74. 1, 2)


Tamaris misamarTiT naTqvam msgavs frazebs kvlav vxvdebiT

istorikosebsa da mexotbeebTan. Tumca moxmobili citatebi im kuTxiTaa

ufro mniSvnelovani, rom ZiriTadad maTze dayrdnobiT gavrcelda

qarTul mecnierebaSi mosazreba, Tamar mefis gaRmerTebis ,qristianuli

samebis meoTxe wevrad gamocxadebaze. am sakiTxs araerTi mecnieri Seexo.

ivane javaxiSvili aRniSnavs, – `saqarTvelos mefis gamgeoba

RvTismieri gamgeoba iyo... saqarTvelos mefis pirovnebas RvTaebrivi

bunebis patronad, TviT RvTaebadac ki aRiarebdnen. mwignobarT_uxucesi

da vazirTa_upirvelesi anton Wyondideli ambobs: `RvTis sworsa

mefeTa_mefesa Tamars~ Sevexveweo. saqarTvelos mefe `RvTis swori~

`samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebuli~ iyo, rogorc Tamar mefis pirveli

101

istorikosi ambobs, e. i. samebasTan meoTxe saxed aRzevebulad iwodeba.

amave avtoris sityviT: èrTi samebisagani~ aqa kula samebisa Tana

ixilvebis Tamar, misworebuli da aRmatebuli~. ganTqmuli mexotbe

CaxruxaZec ambobda: minda `dausabamo Tamar vsTqva naTlad da Zed misad,

mzeebr savane, sulis savane, Tangamwyo Zisa, sworad mamisad~. erTi

sityviT, Cven vxedavT, rom saqarTvelos mefis pirovneba mTavrobis

momxre wreebma gaaRmerTes da mis uflebas zeciuri ucodvelobis

Tviseba mianiWes~ (javaxiSvili 1984: 96, 98).

simon yauxCiSvili iziarebs ivane javaxiSvilis Sexedulebas imis

Sesaxeb, rom ucnobi mematianis mier Tamar mefe samebis meoTxe wevrad

aris gamocxadebuli. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ II tomis SesavalSi,

ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is ganxilvisas, igi SeniSnavs:

`Tamar mefe gansakuTrebiT aris Semkuli epiTetebiT. igi samgzis

sanatreli da samebis meoTxe wevri (3. 1; 25. 22), naTeli da brwyinvaleba

mSobelTa TualTa, gvirgvini yovelTa xelmwifeTa (20. 13), mzeTa_mze da

dedofalTa dedofali, SaravandedTa Soris umetes aRmobrwyinvebuli

(103. 11). ìstoria da azmaTa~ avtors xiblavs Tamaris maRali zneobrivi

Tvisebebi da iqamde aRtaceebulia misi saxebiT, rom aviwydeba maSindeli

dogmebi da mzad aris Tamaris pirovneba CaurTos qristianul samebaSi.

orjer paTetikurad ambobs – Tamari imis Rirsia, rom wminda samebaSi

meoTxe wevri iyoso~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 015).

korneli kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom `Tamaris pirveli istorikosi

ganicdis odebis ucilobel gavlenas, is aRfrTovanebuli kilo,

romliTac mematiane agviwers Tamars da mis saqmianobas, Tamaris

pirovnebis is idealizacia, romelsac matianeSi vxvdebiT, gadmotanilia

am odebidan.

`SavTelisa da CaxruxaZis msoflmxedveloba erTi da igivea.

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis RvTaebrivi warmomavloba, Zveli da axali

aRTqmis istoriis mesianizmi, romelsac miznad hqonia Tamaris brwyinvale

epoqis momzadeba, eTerovani dedoflis gaRmerTeba da sxva amgvari~.

mecnieris azriT, istorikosis iseTi frazebi, rogoricaa: `samebisagan

oTxad TanaaRzevebuli~, `samebisa Tana ixilvebis oTxebad Tamar~

102

Sedgenilia xotbaTa zegavleniT (kekeliZe 1981: 231, 246, 272; kekeliZe 1962:

223).

pavle ingoroyva `vefxistyaosn~_is boloTqmaze msjelobisas

aRniSnavs, `rusTaveli „vefxistyaosans“ amTavrebs boloTqmiT, romelic

Seicavs Tamaris apoTeozs, warmogvidgens mas, rogorc RvTaebis naTel

saxes. sityvebi: `qarTvelTa RmrTisa Tamaris, vis mze msaxurebs

mareblad~, mecnieris SexedulebiT, `SesaZloa, mxolod Tamars

gulisxmobdes, radgan mxolod Tamars (da ara daviTs) miemarTeba

`RmerTis saxelwodeba~ (`samebisa Tana oTxad TanaaRzevebuli~) Tamaris

epoqis saistorio ZeglSi ìstoria_azmani SaravandedTani~ da

araerTgzis~ (ingoroyva 1978: 185).

ilia anTelavas mosazrebiT, saqarTvelos mefeebis `RvTisworobis~

formula dakavSirebulia bizantiur izoTeosTan. `bizantiis

imperatorebi (vasilevsebi) iwodebian wmindad, RvTaebad, RvTisSvilad. am

titulebTan da epiTetebTan pirdapir kavSirSia saTanado qarTuli

formulebi: `mze igi mzeTa~, `samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebuli~,

àvRustianosi~ (anTelava 2002: 9).

roin metreveli monografiaSi `mefe Tamari~ erTgan wers, _

`mematianeebma guluxvi epiTetebiT Seamkes Tamar mefe, `samgzis

sanatreli~ da `samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebuli~, sxvagan ki SeniSnavs:

`qarTvelma xalxma Tavisi saTayvanebeli mefe_qali wmindanad Seracxa da

samebis meoTxe wevrad aRiara~ (metreveli 2003: 724, 742).

jemal stefnaZe XII_XIII saukuneebis mijnis qarTul

istoriografiasa da poeziaSi, kulturisa da azrovnebis donis

sakiTxebze msjelobisas, xazs usvams, rom `basili ezosmoZRvari da

ucnobi istorikosi Tamars RmerTis swor arsebad miiCneven. igi

gaaRmerTes. Tamari RvTis msgavsad Secdomas ar uSvebs~ (stefnaZe 1986: 26,

28).

akaki baqraZis TqmiT, _ ,,Tamari bolomde darCeba SaravandediT

mosili, magram aravin gaixsenebs, rom igi samebis meoTxe wevria, aseTi

mkrexelobis gabedva ukve aRar ZaluZT~. mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom

mematianis sityvebi àqa kula samebisa Tana ixilvebis oTxebad Tamar,

misworebuli da aRmatebuli~, iseve rogorc ìstoriani da azmani

103

SaravandedTan~_is Cvens mier wina TavSi ganxiluli monakveTi, sadac

saubaria laSa_giorgis Sobaze, anu `miudga Tamar ganwmendiliTa

gonebiTa da taZrisa RmrTisa aRmsWualulisa sanTliTa sxeulisaTa,

mxurvaliTa guliTa da ganaTlebuliTa suliTa, tabaÃmelisa

beTlem_myofelman, mun Sva Ze, swori Zisa RmrTisa~, ,,orTodoqsuli

qristianuli SexedulebiT, usaSvelo mkrexelobaa, magram, ratomRac

avtors amis ar eSinia da aSkarad ambobs imas, rac marTlmorwmune

qristianma fiqradac ar unda gaivlos".

samebis meoTxe wevrad Tamaris gamocxadeba da Cvili laSa_giorgis

ieso qristesTan misworeba, akaki baqraZis azriT, ,,nawilia qarTuli

mesianisturi ideisa. es idea yovel erSi arsebobs da is eris

TviTganmtkicebas, TviTrwmenas, Zlierebas uwyobs xels.

mesianisturi idea qarTvel ers sWirdeboda erTi mxriv bizantiis

politikuri da religiuri agresiisagan dasacavad da meore mxriv,

somxuri eklesiis ideologiuri pretenziis Sesakaveblad, sWirdeboda

aseve kavkasiaSi hegemonobis gansamtkiceblad~ (baqraZe 1983: 17, 6).

vaxtang rodonaia miiCnevs, rom `klasikuri xana es is droa, roca

CvenSi myarad ikidebs fexs Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac

saqarTvelos gansakuTrebuli misi akisria: man saqristiano unda ixsnas~.

am konteqstSi ganixilavs igi mematianis sityvebs,_ `Tamari,

samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebulia~, `samebis Tana ixilvebis oTxebad~ da

dasZens, – `rogorc vxedavT, mama, Ze da suliwmida meoTxe wevrs SeiZens –

mefe_qals. es ~meoTxe hipostasi~ imJamindeli azrovnebis erT_erTi

ganmsazRvreli xdeba. cxadia, Tamaris mexotbe Tu istorikosi mas gverds

ver auvlian~ (rodonaia 1988: 437).

revaz TvaraZe, XII saukunis literaturaze saubrisas, SeniSnavs,–

`Tamaris RvTaebrioba saxotbo epiTeti ki ar aris, aramed sruliad

garkveviT iTqmis, rom Tamari ariso `samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebuli~,

`samebisa Tana ixilvebis oTxebad Tamar, misworebuli da aRmatebuli~.

ama Tu im xelmwifis RvTis sworad gamocxadebis, TviT gaRmerTebis

SemTxvevebi sakmarisad aris cnobili“, _wers mecnieri, magram mas miaCnia,

rom ,,istorikosis moxmobili frazebi qristianuli religiis upirvelesi

dogmatis, samebis xelyofa da metismeti kadnierebaa“ Tavad ki ,,am faqtis

104

ase Tu ise damajereblad axsna ar ZaluZs~ (TvaraZe 2001: 151, 152).

mogvianebiT igi aRniSnavs, _ `Tamaris istorikosebi mis Sesaxeb

ambobdnen, rom is aris `mze mzeTa, naTeli naTelTa, tarigi umanko,

msgavsi qristesi~ da samebisagan TanaaRzevebuli. Tamars RvTaebad saxaven

agreTve CaxruxaZe da SavTeli, saxaven kacTa modgmis mxsnel mesiad,

romelmac Semusra muslimebi da aRazeva qristianoba, da romelsac

msoflio erni adideben~. revaz TvaraZe fiqrobs, rom es aris poeturi

formiT Semosili mesianisturi koncefcia, romelic XII saukunis

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ideologiis qvakuTxeds warmoadgenda. igi ar

iziarebs qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom

Tamaris gaRmerTeba ukavSirdeba adamianis ganRmrTobis (Teozisi)

religiur_filosofiur ideas (TvaraZe 2001: 180).

zviad gamsaxurdia gamoTqvams varauds, rom XII saukunis

saqarTveloSi arsebobda faruli saRvTismetyvelo moZRvreba, romlis

mixedviTac Tamar mefe iyo inkarnacia RvTis erT_erTi hipostasisa

(`istoriani da azmani~, basili ezosmoZRvari `cxovreba mefeT_mefe

Tamarisi~, mexotbeebi da sxv.). Tamaris religiuri kulti gadavida

miTologiasa da folklorSi (gamsaxurdia 1991: 117, 118).

zemoTqmuli, misi azriT, gansakuTrebiT `Tamarian~_sa da

`vefxistyaosan~_Si gamovlinda. mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom Tamari

rusTvelisa da CaxruxaZis mier aRiarebulia suliwmidad, RvTis

suliwmidiseuli aspeqtis, parakletis inkarnaciad da rom

`vefxistyaosani~ aris alegoriuli poema suliwmida Tamaris da mis mier

kacobriobis xsnis Sesaxeb, xolo `Tamariani~ uSualod, alegoriis

gareSe exeba am Temas (gamsaxurdia 1991: 118).

zviad gamsaxurdia aRniSnavs, rom Tamaris suliwmidis inkarnaciad

aRiareba eyrdnoba grigol noseliseul moZRvrebas suliwmidiseuli

hipostasis mdedrobiT bunebaze, agreTve adreqristianul moZRvrebebs

suliwmidisa da saRvTo sofias (sibrZnis) arsze, suliwmidisa da

RvTismSoblis identifikaciaze.

mkvlevris TqmiT, amas yvelafers aseve safuZvlad udevs ioanes

saxarebis winaswarmetyveleba suliwmida parakletis, anu

nugeSinismcemelis Sesaxeb, romelic unda movides qristes Semdeg da

105

aRasrulos misi saqme am qveyanaze kacobriobis damoZRvriT, srulqmniTa

da sanqtifikaciiT. amas Tavad macxovari eubneba Tavis mowafeebs,_

`aramed me WeSmaritsa getyÂ Tquen: umjobes ars Tquenda, raÁTa me

warvide; ukueTu me ara warvide, nugeSinis_mcemeli igi ara movides

Tquenda; ukueTu me warvide, movavlino igi Tquenda da movides igi da

amxilos sofelsa codvisaTÂs da simarTlisaTÂs da sasjelisaTÂs...

xolo me mamisa Cemisa mival, da arRara mxedvidiT me; xolo

sasjelisaTÂs, rameTu mTavari igi amis soflisaÁ dasjil ars. friadRa

maqus sityuad Tquenda, aramed aw arRara Zalgic tvirTvad. xolo odes

movides suli igi WeSmaritebisaÁ, giZRodes Tquen WeSmaritebasa yovelsa:

rameTu ara ityodis TaviT TÂsiT, aramed raodenni_raÁ esmes, ityodis da

momavali igi giTxras Tquen. man me madidos, rameTu Cemgan miiRos da

giTxras Tquen. yoveli, raodeni aqus mamasa, Cemi ars; da amisTÂs garqu

Tquen, rameTu Cemgan miiRos da giTxras Tquen~ (ioane 16. 7_15).

zviad gamsaxurdias SexedulebiT, Tamaris `sulis savaned~

`Tangamwyod Zisa, sworad mamisad~ moxseniebiT, CaxruxaZe mas RvTis mesame

hipostasad warmogvidgens, radgan `Tangamwyod Zisa, sworad mamisa~ es

sityvebi mxolod suliwmidaze SeiZleba iTqvas (gamsaxurdia 1991: 129, 130).

igi aseve eTanxmeba niko maris Tvalsazriss imis Sesaxeb, rom

`abdulmesianSi~ daviT aRmaSenebeli Seqebulia, rogorc mona RvTisa,

xolo Tamari, rogorc TviT RmerTi, romelic:

`mamis Zed ari

samgzis netari

metrfe saqmeTa saxelisaTa~

(gamsaxurdia 1991: 127, 128).

mecnieri miiCnevs, rom `Tamariani~ da vefxistyaosani~, upirveles

yovlisa, ukavSirdeba bibliuri Sesaqmis, codviT dacemisa da gamosyidvis

koncefcias, romlis mixedviTac kacobriobam codviT dacemis Semdeg

dakarga sazeo cxovreba, samoTxe (samoTxis cnobiereba). Zis gankacebis

Semdeg gankacda suliwmida Tamar mefis saxiT (romelic aris igive

sofia, anu saRvTo sibrZne), raTa aRasrulos mesiis axali aRTqma, e. i.

106

dakarguli samoTxis kvlav mopoveba, rac iesian_daviTian_bagratovanTa,

Tamarsa da saqarTvelos samefos misiaa erTdroulad~ (gamsaxurdia 1991:

128).

ivane lolaSvili Zvel qarTvel mexotbeTa (CaxruxaZe, ioane

SavTeli) Txzulebebis Sesaxeb Tavis gamokvlevaSi aRniSnavs, _

`mematianeebi Tamars gvisaxaven RvTaebriv mefed, qristesebr movlenil

mxsnelad. àzmaTa~ avtori mas amkobs RvTaebis Sesaferi epiTetebiT:

`cxebuli RmrTisa~ (gv. 32), `samgzis sanatreli~ (gv. 34), `sÂsagan

uZleveli~ (gv. 38), `RmrTivgÂrgÂnosani~ (gv. 52), `RmrTiv_damyarebuli~ (gv.

60), `RmrTivganaTlebuli~ (gv. 62), `Ãelmwife sve_sruli da

RmrTiv_aRmobrwyinvebuli~ (gv. 64), `RmrTisagan RmerT_qmnili~ (gv. 63),

`RmrTiv_daculi~ (gv. 112), `patroni RmrTiv_Semosili~ (gv. 50),

`qristeSemosili Ãelmwife~ (gv. 53); erT adgilas ki SeniSnavs: ìs

ixilveboda RmrTisagan RmerT_qmnilad, Soris RmerTTa ganmkiTxvelad,

RmrTisa saxeobad~ (gv. 64). CaxruxaZis TqmiTac, Tamari aris `naTeli

dasabamisa~, `Tan_gamwyo Zisa, swori mamisa~ (XII, 1_2), `zenaT cxebuli~

(XIII, 8), `RmrTis saxieri~ (XVIII, 43), sulieri arseba, romelic zecaSia

asuli `Semwed mesiis aRnaTqvamisad~ (XII, 12) da sxva. aseve SavTelis

qebis obieqti qali samoTxidan RvTis mier movlenili mefea; is mis mier

Sobili RvTiuri arsebaa iseve, rogorc Ze_RmerTi. poeti wers, Tamari:

`mamis Zed aris

samgzis netari

metrfe saqmeTa saxelisaTa~ (47, 2)

---------------

ùfladca mxedi nivTTa yovlisa~ (71, 4)

---------------

`sulisa qnari, RmrTis mxedveloba~ (99, 4)

107

---------------

cierT umaRle~ (45, 3)

---------------

`cis kamaraTa... zesT mdegi~ (61, 1)

(Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1964: 74, 75)

`Tamaris `samebis meoTxe hipostazobaze~ saubrisas, revaz siraZe

gansakuTrebiT gamoyofs `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_s. igi

yuradRebas amaxvilebs Tamaris pirveli mematianis cnobil sityvebze:

`meca esreT viwyo amis Tamaris sanatrelisa da samebisagan oTxad

TanaaRzevebulisa, romeli eTeroan iqmna xelmwifeTa Soris~; `Tu maSin

nabuqodonosor samTa yrmaTa Tana oTxebad ixila erTi samebisagan~, aqa

kula samebisa Tana ixilvebis oTxebad Tamar misworebuli da

aRmatebuli~.

`ese igi Tamari mama RmerTis, Zisa da suli wmidis gverdiT

dasaxulia axal, meoTxe wevrad, erT_erT oTxTagan. is ara mxolod

samebis sworad, aramed masze aRmatebuladac ki cxaddeba. Tumca

dazustebuli araa, Tu ra saxiT Seemata Tamari samebas, rogori wevria

igi am oTxebisa. saWiroa gairkves ra safuZvelze SeiZleboda misuliyo

qarTuli azrovneba aseT mosazrebamde~, – aRniSnavs mecnieri (siraZe 1978:

167).

misi SexedulebiT, Tamaris meoTxe hipostasobis Sesaxeb Teoria,

imdroindeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi struqturis Sesatyvis

ideologiad unda miviCnioT. Tamaris mmarTvelobis periodSi saqarTvelo

aerTianebda amierkavkasiis yvela umTavres saxelmwifos da xalxebs.

,,marTalia, maT meTaurobda saqarTvelo da qarTvelTa samefo kari,

magram ideologiur_politikuri mosazrebiT, cdilobdnen es momenti ar

ar yofiliyo win wamoweuli. ideologia moiTxovda imasac, rom

108

dasabuTebuliyo Tamaris ufleba: igi aRmatebuli yofiliyo yvela

qveSevrdom mefeze. Tamaris qveSevrdomi mefeni, bunebrivad

sargeblobdnen mefeTa RvTaebriobis ideiT, amitom Tamari, viTarca

mefeT_mefe, unda warmosaxuliyo yoveliveze zeaRmatebuli

RvTaebriobiT~ (siraZe 1978: 168).

meoTxe hipostasobis ideas revaz siraZe aseve ganixilavs mefis

RvTaebriobis Sesaxeb TeoriebTan mimarTebiT. igi wers, `mefis

RvTaebriobis idea sxvadasxva qveyanasa da epoqaSi sxvadasxvagvarad

gaiazreboda: 1) mefes Zalauflebas RmerTi aniWebs; 2) mefe RmerTis

STamomavalia; 3) mefe RmerTs emsaxureba; 4) mefe RmerTis sworia, magram

sruliad gansakuTrebuli da yvela am Teoriaze aRmatebuli ideaa – mefe

meoTxe hipostazi~.

mecnieri SeniSnavs, `meoTxe hipostazoba aris `Teozisi~, anu

ganRmrToba. meoTxe hipostazobiT mefis ganRmrToba iTvaliswinebda

saerTod adamianis ganRmrTobas, Tanac ara mxolod sasuliero gzebiT.

adamianis cxovrebaSi, TviT mis yofaSi RvTaebriobis danaxva

qarTuli renesansuli humanizmis erT_erTi ZiriTadi

msoflmxedvelobrivi tendenciaa~ (siraZe 1978: 171, 172).

`qarTvel avtorebs surdaT ara trilogiis darRveva, aramed

Tamaris zedmiwevniT daaxloeba samebasTan. Tamari meoTxe hipostasad

gamocxadebulia ara misi RmerTobis, aramed misi adamianuri

srulyofilebis safuZvelze. misi RvTaebrioba mis gansakuTrebul

adamianobas gamoxatavs da ara `mdabal RmerTobas~, e. i. Tamaris

RvTaebrioba ase Tu ise yvela adamianSi RvTaebriobis gamovlenis

SesaZleblobas saxavda. adamianis RvTaebrioba esTetikur amaRlebas

niSnavda~.

revaz siraZe dasZens, `meoTxe hipostazoba ar gamxdara arc

dogmaturi debuleba, arc filosofiuri problema. es iyo garkveuli

filsofiuri SinaarsiT gaSualebuli poeturi naazrevi“ (siraZe 1978: 186,

187). `Tamars warmoadgendnen ara ise, rogorc iyo, aramed ise, rogorc

unda yofiliyo, xolo rogori unda yofiliyo Tamari, rogorc zogadi

saxe _ idea, zogadi personaJi, amas gansazRvravda adamianis renesansuli

ideali~ (siraZe 2000: 303).

109

mariam karbelaSvili XII saukunis politikuri azrovnebis

istoriaze, mis Teologiur_filosofiur safuZvelze saubrisas aRniSavs,

rom am periodis ukanasknel aTwleulebSi SemuSavebuli mefis

RvTisworobis Teoria gansakuTrebuli reliefurobiT Tamaris

istorikosTa, ufro konkretulad, ìstoriani da azmani

SaravandedTan~_is avtorisa da mexotbeTa TxzulebebSi gamovlinda.

`Tamaris pirvel istorikosTan araerTxel SevxvdebiT Tamaris izoTeosis

amsaxvel tropikas: `...meca esreT viwyo amis sanatrelisa da samebisagan

oTxad TanaaRzevebulisa, romeli eTerovan iqmna ÃelmwifeTa Soris~;

`...aqa kula samebisa Tana ixilvebis oTxebad Tamar, misworebuli da

aRmatebuli~ da sxv. mkvlevari Tvlis, rom am da mraval amgvar

metafora_epiTetSi bagrationTa iesian_daviTian_solomoniani dinastiis

èrTufleba_erTmTavrobis providencialuri misiis rwmenaa gamoxatuli,

romlis saboloo mizani da Sedegi maradiuli, samarTliani da bednieri

samefos idealia (es. 11)~ (karbelaSvili 2000: 155).

sxva naSromSi mariam karbelaSvili iziarebs ivane javaxiSvilisa

da korneli kekeliZis Sexedulebas Tamaris gaRmerTebis, misi samebis

meoTxe wevrad aRiarebis Sesaxeb (karbelaSvili 2000: 129).

igi miiCnevs, rom àraviTari istoriul_faqtobrivi da mecnieruli

safuZveli ar gaaCnia im azris damkvidrebis cdas, TiTqos àzmaTa~

avtors Tamari samebis meoTxe wevrad ar daesaxos da misi sityvebi:

`samebisa Tana ixilvebis oTxebad Tamar~, Turme imas ki ar niSnavs, rom

Tamari aris `samebis meoTxe wevri~, aramed ise unda gavigoT, rom Tamari

`samoTxeSi ixilvebis~. istoriul teqstTa mimarT amgvar midgomas

mkvlevari ukiduresad tendenciurad da `swavlul kacTa komisiis~

tendenciaTa analogiurad Tvlis.

`vaxtang meeqvsis `swavlul kacTa komisiis~ xelSi Tamaris pirveli

istorikosis Txzulebas safuZvliani revizia da koreqtireba, sruliad

mizanmimarTuli èmendacia~ ganucdia im TvalsazrisiT, rom mefis

RvTosworobis Semcveli zemoT moxmobili cnobili frazebi teqstidan

mTlianad amoRebulia da Secvlilia neitraluri gansazRvrebebiT~.

magram sami saukunis Semdeg, dRes, ocdameerTe saukuneSi, Tamaris epoqaSi

Seqmnili RvTisworobis Teoriis uaryofa mariam karbelaSvils sruliad

110

gaugebrad miaCnia, radgan, misi azriT, ori didi mecnieris ivane

javaxiSvilisa da korneli kekeliZis daskvnebi imis Sesaxeb, rom Tamari

`RvTaebrivi bunebis patronad~, samebis meoTxe wevradaa aRiarebuli,

epoqis istoriuli da mxatvruli Zeglebis Seswavlis safuZvelze

obieqturadaa gamotanili da aTwleulTa manZilze daeWveba ar

gamouwvevia~ (karbelaSvili 2000: 155).

Tamar mefis samebis meoTxe wevrad gamocxadebas ucilobel faqtad

miiCnevs nino CakunaSvilic. Tavis naSromSi `qali Suasaukuneebis

dasavlur da qarTul literaturaSi~ igi wers,_ `Tamaris mefobis dros

igi samebis meoTxe hipostasad Seracxes~ (http://www.lib.ge/body_text.php?4962).

sakuTar wignSi „narkvevebi Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriidan“

amasve imeorebs jaba samuSia (samuSia 1999: 191).

sxvadasxva qveynis da maT Soris saqarTveloSi samefo dinastiebis

RvTaebriv warmomavlobaze saubrisas Teimuraz gvancelaZe aRniSnavs, rom

„bagrationTa sagvareulo saxlis pirdapir dinastiur kavSirs daviT da

solomon winaswarmetyvelebTan, ieso qristesTan, xazi gaesmoda

tradiciuli formuliT „daviTian_iesean_solomoniani“,xolo Tamar mefe

RvTaebis meoTxe hipostasadac ki iTvleboda“ (gvancelaZe 1997:

33).

goCa kuWuxiZe werilSi `aris Tu ara Tamari meoTxe hipostasi~

cdilobs warmoaCinos ra Teologiur safuZvlebs eyrdnobian Tamar mefis

istorikosebi da mexotbeni, roca Tamars iseTi sityvebiT aqeben,

romelnic mxolod RmerTs SeiZleba miemarTebodes. igi aseve cdilobs

gaarkvios saerTod aris Tu ara Tamar mefesTan dakavSirebiT naTqvami

rame gansakuTrebuli, – iseTi, rac sxva qristianTa mimarT ar

SeiZleboda Tqmuliyo.

aRniSnul sakiTxze msjelobisas mkvlevari yuradRebas ZiriTadad

amaxvilebs Tamaris mematianeTa ramdenime gamonaTqvamsa da CaxruxaZis

aseve ramdenime strofze, kerZod: Tamari `samgzis sanatreli~,

`samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebulia~, `samebisa Tana ixilvebis oTxebad...

misworebuli da aRmatebuli (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani), `piri

amisi pirvelive iqo daviTis mier~ (basili ezosmoZRvari `cxovreba

mefeT_mefisa Tamarisi~ (kuWuxiZe 2001: 103).

111


Tamar vTqva naTlad dasabamisad,

mzeebr savane, sulis savane

Tan – gamwyod Zisad, sworad mamisad~

(CaxruxaZe, `Tamariani~, 74. 1, 2)

---------------

`giwoda Sen Tvis, rokvida SenTvis

pirvel daviT gancxadebulad~ (`Tamariani~, 80, 3)

---------------

`moses ficarsa, mTas naficarsa,

ewernes Tqveni Zleva gebulad~ (`Tamariani~, 87, 3)

`qristianuli Teologiis Tanaxmad~, – SeniSnavs goCa kuWuxiZe,

`yovel qristian adamianze, romelic keTil saqmeTa qmnis wyalobiT

sulierad ganwmendilia da amaRlebulia, suliwmida iseve aris

gadmosuli, rogorc mociqulebze gadmovida is uflis amaRlebidan

ormocdameaTe dRes. suliwminda aris davanebuli yvela did qristianTan.

suliwmida samebis hipostasia. masTan erTad yovelTvis sufevs mama

da Ze~ (kuWuxiZe 2001: 104).

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, mkvlevari askvnis, rom istorikosebsa

da CaxuxaZesTan Tamari ganRmrTobis gzaze damdgar, ze amaRlebul

adamianad aris warmoCenili, romelzec suliwmida aris mociqulebsaviT

gadmosuli, e. i. masTan sameba sufevs da is samebisa `Tana~ meoTxed

ixilvebis, TanaaRzevebulia samebis mier da masTan erTad moCans, rogorc

meoTxe. amave TvalsazrisiT ewodeba Tamars `mzeebr savane, sulis savane~,

radgan masSi davanebulia suliwmida, Zisa da mamis Tanaarsi.

goCa kuWuxiZis mosazrebiT, amiT unda aixsnas is faqti, rom Tamar

mefesTan dakavSirebiT iseTi sityvebia naxmari, romlebic mxolod

112

RmerTs miemarTeba. Tamari is adamiania, viszec suliwmida aris

gadmosuli da amdenad, mis mimarT araferi iseTi ar aris naTqvami, rac

nebismieri didi qristianis Sesaxeb ar SeiZleboda Tqmuliyo (kuWuxiZe

2001: 104, 105).

lia wereTeli statiaSi `samTa yrmaTa babilons~ aRniSnavs, rom

Tamar mefis `samebis meoTxe hipostasad~ gamocxadeba aTeisturi Teoriaa,

romelic aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi wignidan wignSi, gamokvlevidan

gamokvlevaSi, werilidan werilSi, statiidan statiaSi ucvlelad

gadadis (wereTeli 2006: 338) (am Sexedulebas Cvenc viziarebT).

mkvlevari Tamaris pirveli mematianis mier ìstoriani da azmani

SaravandedTan~_Si nagulvebi konteqstis wakiTxvas, saRvTismetyvelo

azrovnebis da saxismetyvelebis gaTvaliswinebiT gvTavazobs.

lia wereTeli vrclad msjelobs ìstoriani da azmani

SaravandedTan_~is cnobil monakveTze: àmieridan viwyo wyobad, brZolad

gonebisad mimzidavman da mkueTebelman msgavsad qvisa da rkinisaman

aRmovSobo cecxli sayuarulisa da qebisa da survilisa – aRvatyino da

aRvamaRlo saÃmili camdin. mun Sigan aRmovaCino eTerica cecxlisa da

queyana cecxlTagan mleveli urCTa da cecxlebr Rone da moÃmarebuli

megobarTa da moyuareTa, Tu maSin nabuqodonosor samTa yrmaTa Tana

oTxebad ixila erTi samebisagani, aqa kula samebisa Tana ixilvebis

oTxebad Tamar, misworebuli da aRmatebuli~.

nabuqodonosoris mier `samTa yrmaTa babilons~ cecxlis saxmilSi

Cayris, misi xilvisa da danielis wignis am epizodTan mematianis Txrobis

saxismetyveluri analogiis ganxilvis Semdeg mkvlevari saintereso

Sexedulebas gamoTqvams (wereTeli 2006: 338).

misi mosazrebiT, istorikosis sityvebis,_ àmieriTgan viwyo wyobad,

brZolad gonebisad mimzidavman da mkueTebelman msgavsad qvisa da

rkinisaman aRmovSobo cecxli siyvarulisa da qebisa da da survilisa –

aRvatkino da aRvamaRlo saxmili camdin. mun urCTa da cecxlebr Rone

da moxmarebuli megobarTa da moyuareTa.

Tu nabuqodonosor samTa yrmaTa Tana oTxebad ixila erTi

samebisagan, aqa kula samebisa Tana ixilvebis oTxebad Tamar,

misworebuli da aRmatebuli~. konteqsti ar gulisxmobs Tamaris samebis

113

`meoTxe~ hipostasad gamocxadebas. aq gansazRvrulia nabuqodonosoris

xilvis realoba. Tu nabuqodonosorma `sam yrmasTan~ òTxebad~ (anu

meoTxed) ixila erTi `samebisagan~ – macxovari, Ze RmerTi, ìstoriani da

azmanis~ mixedviT, mematianis mier `qebiT~ aRgznebul cecxlSi ìxilvebis

samebisa Tana~ (`sam yrmasTan~ erTad – grZnobad, materialur, amqveyniur

myofobaSi) òTxebad~ RvTivsulieri Tamar. nabuqodonosoris xilvaSi

`sam yrmas~ èrTi samebisagan~ (meoTxe) macxovari mfarvelobs da

ixilveba, xolo aq `sam yrmas~, anu amqveyniur myofobas mfarvelobs da

ixilveba `meoTxe~ – Tamari, `misworebuli da aRmatebuli~ `sam yrmasTan~

mimarTebaSi. es `meoTxe~ aris ara adamiani, aramed RvTiuri

warmomavlobis, angelozebrivi òTxTa nivTTagan~ agebul adamianze

aRmatebuli (`misworebuli da aRmatebuli~ niSnavs adamianis `sworis~,

msgavss, misnairs, magram masze àRmatebuli~, `misworebuli~ – `sam

yrmasTan~ erTad xilvaSi, amqveyniuri TvaliT da àRmatebuli sulieri

sazrisiT, RvTiuri warmomavlobiT)~.

ucnobi istorikosi, – wers lia wereTeli, – àm

urTierTdapirispirebulobas Tavad gansazRvravs – im `sam yrmas~

macxovari mfarvelobs, xolo aq `sam yrmas~ – adamianur sacxovriss,

mTlianad rwmeniT gansazRvrul saqarTvelos (amis simboloa `sami yrma~)

– Tamari, bagrationi mefe, STamomavlobiT macxovris monaTesave gvaris

warmomadgeneli `RvTisa swori~ (wereTeli 2006: 343).

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, aseTi suraTi ikveTeba.

moxmobil mecnierTa umetesoba Tamaris RvTaebad, `samebis meoTxe

hipostasad~ gamocxadebas ucilobel faqtad miiCnevs, zogierTi ki ar

iziarebs am Sexedulebas. Tumca TiTqmis yvela cdilobs mematianeTa

(gansakuTrebiT ucnobi istorikosis) da mexotbeTa sityvebs axsna

mouZebnos.

mkvlevarTa nawils miaCnia, rom Tamaris gaRmerTebis safuZveli

saxelmwifoebrivi an mefis momxreTa ideologia, an sulac qarTuli

mesianisturi ideis arsebobaa, romelic Cveni qveynis da xelmwifis

Zlierebis aRmatebulad warmoCenas isaxavda miznad. sxvaTa mosazrebiT,

Tamaris `samebis meoTxe hipostasad~ dasaxva adamianis ganRmrTobis

(Teozisis) zogadi ideiT SeiZleba aixsnas. arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, rom

114

Tamari suliwmidis inkarnaciad iyo miCneuli. aseve gamoTqmulia

Sexedulebebi, romelTa mixedviT, erTi mxriv, TamarTan, rogorc did

qristianTan suliwmida sufevs, meore mxriv ki, igi (Tamari), rogorc

bagrationi mefe, STamomavlobiT macxovris monaTesave gvaris

warmomadgeneli, `RvTis swori~ uflisagan saqarTvelos mfarvelad

mogvevlina.

ramdenime mecnieris msgavsad Cvenc ver gaviziarebT mosazrebas imis

Sesaxeb, rom Tamar mefe misi pirveli mematianis da mexotbeebis mier

`samebis meoTxe hipostasad~, `bunebiT RmerTad~ aris gamocxadebuli. am

sakiTxebze saubrisas, vfiqrobT, aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT

mexotbeTa da istorikosTa, gansakuTrebiT `istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTan~_is avtoris (iseve rogorc zogadad sxva qarTvel

mematianeTa, mag., juanSeris, daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis) Rrma

Teologiuri, aseve saxismetyvelebiTi codna; agreTve SevniSnavT, rom

zemoxsenebul TxzulebebSi garkveul SemTxvevebSi sityvebic bevrad mets

gamoxatavs, vidre maTi leqsikuri mniSvneloba gulisxmobs. SeiZleba

iTqvas, isini ara ubralod, aramed iseTi sityvebia, romlebic terminis

mniSvnelobas iZens. termini, _ es iseTi monacemia, romelic

msoflmxedvelobriv wvdomasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

aRniSnulis gaTvaliswineba, Cveni azriT, dagvexmareba Tamaris

pirveli istorikosis da mexotbeTa cnobili frazebis ukveT gagebasa da

gaazrebaSi.

`istoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is avtori wers,_ Tamari

`samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebulia~ (istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTani 1959: 3), `samebisa Tana oTxebad ixilvebis ..., misworebuli

da aRmatebuli~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 25).

`TanaaRzeveba~ Zvel qarTul enaSi vnebiTi gvaris mimReobaa da

mdgomareobiT amaRlebuls niSnavs (qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni

1950: 754). am sityvis pirveli nawili Tan(a), sazogadod, rTuli fuZeebis

pirveli nawilia da aRniSnavs vinmesTan an ramesTan yofnas (misdami

yofnas (ioan. 1. 4) (qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni 1986: 237;

orbeliani 1991: 299), xolo –gan (`samebisagan~) Tandebulia, moiTxovs

naTesaobiT brunvas da winamaval saxelTan erTad pasuxobs kiTxvas

115

visgan? risgan? (qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni 1950: 954). aqedan

gamomdinare, fraza Tamari `samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebulia~

sityvasityviT ase SeiZleba gavigoT, Tamari samebis mier misdami òTxad~

aris mdgomareobiT amaRlebuli.

axla rac Seexeba ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is Cvens

mier moxmobil meore frazas: `samebisa Tana oTxebad ixilvebis (Tamar)

misworebuli da aRmatebuli~.

`misworebuli~ msgavsebas, mimsgavsebas niSnavs (abulaZe 1973: 250,

408). àRmatebuli~ ki – àmaRlebuls~ (abulaZe 1973: 408). am SemTxvevaSic

saubaria imaze, rom Tamari samebasTan òTxebad~ ixilveba, (masTan)

mimsgavsebuli da amaRlebuli.

qristianuli Teologiis mixedviT, `msgavseba~ da `xateba~ es is

Tvisebebia, romelnic RmerTma adamians pirvelSesaqmeSive mihmadla.

`Sesaqmis~ wigni gadmogvcems,_ `da Tqva RmerTman: vqmneT kaci xatisebr

Cvenisa da msgavsebisaebr~ (dab. 1. 26) (mcxeTuri xelnaweri 1981: 49).

adamiani dasabamSive RvTis (yovladwminda samebis) bunebisadmi

xatqmnili iyo da ara mxolod Tavisufali nebiT, moazrovneobiT,

meufebrivobiT (rac xatebriv Tvisebad miiCneva), aramed saTnoebiTi

RirsebebiTac: sikeTiT, samarTlianobiT, siwmindiT, simdabliT,

uxrwnelobiT (rac msgavsebiseul Tvisebebad iTvleba). yovelive es

adamians aniWebda madlmosilebas, netarebas, didebulebas da mas,

ucodvels, warmoaCenda mamiseul mxareSi damkvidrebul sayvarel Zed,

RvTis Zeobilad, romelic Tavis TavSi gamomxatveli iyo Ze RmerTis

bunebiTi Zeobisa (ioane oqropiri) (WeliZe 2001: 94).

codviT dacemis Semdeg `xateba~ waruxocelad darCa adamianSi,

xolo msgavsebisebroba (Zeobiloba) srulyofilebis Sesabamisad

mosapovebeli gaxda. Ze RmerTis gankacebam adamianebs kvlav gauxsna gza

im Tavdapirveli msgavsebisaken (WeliZe 2001: 107), Zeobilobisaken, rac

ucodvel adamians hqonda Tavis pirvelqmnilebaSi da rac codvam

gaaukuRmarTa (ioane damaskeli) (WeliZe 2001: 107).

msgavsebis mopovebis aucileblobaze yvela RvTismetyveli awmyo

droSi saubrobs, rac kacobriobis dacemul codvis Semdgom periods

gulisxmobs (marTlmadidebluri Teologiis Tanaxmad, kacobriobis

116

istoria sam epoqad iyofa: ucodveli, codvis Semdgomi (dacemuli) da

kvlav ucodvelobaSi aRdginebuli). es niSnavs imas, rom xatisebrobis

Tvisebebi: Tavisufali neba, moazrovneoba adamianSi codvis Semdgom

mdgomareobaSic SenarCunebulia, rac ganwmendadi da aRdginebadia

naTlisRebis madliT. saTnoebebSi srulyofa ki saRvTo naTlisRebasTan

erTad aucilebeli piradi ZalisxmeviT moipoveba, rac aris swored

msgavsebisebroba (wm. diadiqos fotikeli) (WeliZe 2001: 111).

„yvela adamiani gonieria da yvela adamianSi aris xateba RvTisa,

xolo msgavsebas mxolod is aRwevs, vinc aris keTili da brZeni“,_

ambobs maqsime aRmsarebeli (RvTismetyveleba 2002: 347).

Tavis naSromSi, `dogmaturi RvTismetyveleba~ vladimer loskic

aRniSnavs,_ `adamianis Seqmna mis xatad aris RvTis neba, xolo msgavsebis

mopoveba ki RvTis nebasTan erTad adamianis Zalisxmevazea damokidebuli~

(loski http://www.gumer.info/bogoslov_Buks/dogmatika/Lossk/_02.php).

upirvelesad, wmindanni arian is adamianebi, romelnic mTlianad

Seudgebian da Seemecnebian RmerTs, TavianTi cxovrebis wesis,

saTnoebebSi srulyofis kvalobaze ufali `aZlevs maT Svilad gaxdomis

uflebamosilebas~ (ioan. 1. 12). isini aRar arian monebi – aramed Zeebi,

xolo Tu Zeebi arian, arian memkvidreebi RvTisa (galat. 4. 7; rom. 8. 17)

(ioane damaskeli 2000: 184).

arsebobs Tvisebrivad ori Zeoba: 1) bunebiTi, arsobrivi, Seuqmneli

da dausabamo Zeoba, rac aqvs meore hipostass mamaRmerTisadmi da 2)

madlismieri, SeqmnilobiTi Zeoba RvTisadmi, rac adamianis Tvisebaa.

Ppirvel SemTxvevaSi, bunebiTi Zeoba swored pirdapiri gagebiT

iTqmis, meore SemTxvevaSi ki adamiani pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ki ar aris

Ze RvTisa, aramed „Svilebulia“, „Zeddadebulia“, „Zeobilia“, madlismieri

Zea („Zeobilia“, es termini ekuTvnis arsen iyalToels) anu

Tavdapirvelad adamiani Seiqmna Zeobilad, madlismier Zed RvTisa.

Zeobilobis pativi man gaaukuRmarTa mcnebis darRveviT. macxovarma

Tavisi gankacebiT kvlav aRadgina adamiani Tavdapirveli Zeobilobis

pativSi (WeliZe 2001: 67, 68).

Zeobiloba mwvervalia RvTisadmi msgavsebisa (WeliZe 2001: 118)

„rameTu ara friad daaklda angelozTagan kaci da rameTu Zal_uc

117

RmrTisaca msgavsebad da romeli_friad uaRres, madliT Svil missa

yofad“ (mosaÃsenebeli wmidisa da didebulisa mociqulisa qristesisa da

maxarobelisa iovane RmrTismetyvelisaÁ (Zveli metafrasuli krebulebi

1986: 427).

ieso qriste saxarebaSi eubneba mociqulebs „Tqven megobrebi xarT

Cemi. aRar giwodebT Tqven monebs, radgan monam ar icis ras akeTebs misi

batoni“ (ioane 15. 14). Tuki yovelTa Semoqmedi da ufali `meufeTa

meufed~, `ufalTa uflad~ da `RmerTTa RmerTad~ iTqmis, es niSnavs, rom

wmindani, vinc iqceva vnebaTa meufed da gaukuRmerTebis gareSe saRvTo

xatis damcvelad xdeba madliT RmerTi, madliT da ara bunebiT~ (ioane

damaskeli 2000: 184).

`RmerTma Seqmna adamiani Tavisufali da pasuxismgebeli, raTa is

mowodebuli yofiliyo eswrafa umaRlesi jildos, ganRmrTobisaken, anu

imisTvis, rom adamians madliT mieRo is, rac RmerTia Tavisi bunebiT.

adamiani warmoadgens qmnilebaTa apogeas, radgan mas SeuZlia

Tavisi Tavisufali arCevanis safuZvelze gaxdes madliT RmerTi“, _ wers

vladimer loskic (loski

http://www.gumer.info/bogoslov_Buks/dogmatika/Lossk/_02.php).

qristianuli swavleba adamianis madliT RmerTobis Sesaxeb

farTod iyo gavrcelebuli bizantiur literaturaSi. es moZRvreba

aisaxa kevkamenis „rCevebsa da moTxrobeb“_.Sic igi wers, _ „me vTvli, rom

nebismieri adamiani: vasilevsi, arqonti, Tu, is, vinc TavisiT moipovebs

„arsobis“ purs, _ yvela erTi adamianis, adamis Svilia... adamians, rogorc

moazrovne arsebas, xom SeuZlia, rom Tu moindomebs RvTis wyalobiT,

RvTis madliT ( Tavadac gaxdes RmerTi“ (kevkameni 1972: 287;

vasilevski 1881: 316).

aRniSnuli exeba Tamar mefesac. misi: sikeTis, samarTlianobis,

simdablis, gulmowyalebis, lmobierebis da sxva saRvTo Tvisebebis,

saTnoebebis Sesaxeb bevrs weren istorikosebica da mexotbeebic

(yovelive amis Sesaxeb naSromis wina TavSi visaubreT). Tamari

ganmasaxierebelia ori umaRlesi mdgomareobis _ mefobis da wmindanobis.

Rirseuli xelmwifobiT igi mefobis bibliuri idealis

ganmaxorcielebeli gaxda (iyo samarTliani da brZeni mefe). misi

118

wmindanobis safuZvladac swored gamorCeuli mefoba da cxovrebis wesi

iqca. amdenad, rogorc mefe_wmindani Tamari `SeerTebulia~ RmerTs,

madliT ganRmrTobilia.

òTxeba~ unda miemarTebodes zogadad wmindanebs (maT Soris

Tamars, mefe_wmindans). vfiqrobT, òTxeba~ SeiZleba aseve davukavSiroT

marTali lazares saxes, romelic oTxi dRis mkvdari macxovarma

mkvdreTiT aRadgina beTaniaSi. òTxi dRis adamianis~ (bibliis

enciklopedia 1990: 421; averincevi 2001: 155), lazares mkvdreTiT aRdgena

moaswavebda ieso qristes jvarcmasa da aRdgomasa* macxovris

aRdgomasTanaa dakavSirebuli jojoxeTidan marTalTa sulebis amoyvana.

`mas Semdeg, rac qristem jojoxeTi `moialafa~, morwmuneebs kvlav

miecaT suli Zeobilobisa, – ambobs wm. kirile aleqsandrieli (WeliZe

2001: 87). es gulisxmobs imas, rom adamianebi, romelnic TavianTi

RvTivsaTno cxovrebiT miemsgavsebian Semoqmeds, saRvTo wiaRSi

daivaneben. (aqve gavixsenoT, rom ucnobi mematianis Txzulebis bolos

darTul iambikoSi Tamari saxeldebulia ,,lazared“).

sayuradReboa, rom „istoriani da azmani SaravandedTan“_is avtori

cnobil da zemoT ukve araerTxel moxmobil frazebSi, Tamaris Sesaxeb

saubrisas iyenebs raodenobiT ricxviT saxels „oTxebad“, „oTxad“

(viTarebiTi brunvis forma (sarjvelaZe 1997: 55) da ara rigobiTi

ricxviTi saxelis viTarebiTi brunvis formas _ „meoTxed“.

Cveni azriT, ucnobi mematianis sityvebi, Tamari `RmrTisagan

RmerTqmnilia~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 63, 64),

`samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebulia~, `samebisa Tana ixilvebis oTxebad ...

misworebuli da aRmatebuli~, zemoTqmulis kvalobaze unda gaviazroT,

rac niSnavs, rom Tamari bunebiT RmerTad, `samebis meoTxe hipostasad~ ar

aris dasaxuli. aq saubaria imis Sesaxeb, rom Tamar mefe samebis mier

misdami mdgomareobiT (anu Rirseuli mefobiT da Sesabamisad

wmindanobiT) amaRlebulia òTxad~ rogorc wmindani; swored

*didmarxvis meeqvse SabaTis troparSi, romelic marTali lazares SabaTs ikiTxeba, naTqvamia: `yovelTa aRdgomasa pirvel vnebisa Senisasa moaswavebdi, amisTvisca megobari Seni lazare mkvdreTiT aRadgine qriste RmerTo~... (saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari 1978: 225).

119

wmindanobis gamo ixilveba igi `oTxebad~ (samebasTan) mimsgavsebuli da

amaRlebuli.

vfiqrobT, aRniSnul konteqstSia gansaxilveli CaxruxaZis

sityvebic:

`Tamar vTqva naTlad dasabamisad,


Tan_gamwyod Zisad, sworad mamisad~ (74. 1, 2)


`Tan_gamwyo~ – Sesafers (qarTuli mwerloba 1988: 467; qarTuli enis

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni 1962: 1139), Rirss, swors niSnavs (abulaZe 1973:

408); `swori~ (`sworad~) ki msgavss (`msgavsad~), misTana_s (orbeliani 1993:

251).

amrigad, moxmobil strofSi naTqvamia, Tamari dabadebuli anu

Seqmnili (abulaZe 1973: 121; damaskeli 2000: 38) naTelia, mzis msgavsi

savanea, radgan masTan myofobs suli, e. i. suliwmida (am konkretul

SemTxvevaSi veTanxmebiT goCa kuWuxiZis mosazrebas. ix. gv. 110), anu masTan

aris suli mamisa, mamisagan gamomavali suliwmida, romelic amave dros

iwodeba Zis sulad (magram ara Zisagan gamomaval sulad), radgan is Zis

mier gangvecxada. ioane RvTismetyveli gvamcnobs,_ `mihbera (iesom) da

uTxra mis mowafeebs: miiReT suliwmida (ioan. 20. 29). pavle mociquli ki

romaelTa mimarT epistoleSi xazs usvams: `visac ara aqvs qristes suli,

is ar aris misi~ (rom. 8. 9). suliwmidis `miberva~, ioane damaskelis

mixedviT, msgavsia mzisagan gamomavali sxivisa da brwyinvalebis wyaro

mzea. xolo es gamobrwyinveba gangvanaTlebs da wilad gveboZeba sxivis

mier~ (ioane damaskeli 2000: 45).

amdenad, CaxruxaZis sityvebi ase SeiZleba gavigoT, Tamari, saRvTo

naTliT gabrwyinvebuli, mzis msgavsi savanea, radgan masTan davanebulia

suli (suliwmida). igi Rirsia `Zed~ wodebisa, imitom, rom msgavsia RvTisa

(`mamisa~), anu am SemTxvevaSic saubari unda iyos qristianul swavlebaze,

romlis mixedviTac adamiani RvTis `Zeobis~ Rirsi Seiqmneba maSin, roca

igi aRwevs RvTis msgavsebas, anu Tavisi arCevanisa da cxovrebis

kvalobaze madliT ganRmrTobilia.

120

agreTve gvsurs yuradReba mivaqcioT Semdegs, CaxruxaZis moxmobili

strofis Cveneuli interpretacia imaze miuTiTebs, rom mexotbe Tamarze

rogorc wmindanze ise saubrobs, uwodebs mas `sulis savanes~, `Zeobis~

Rirss, `mamis~ msgavss. xolo radgan wmindanad Seracxva adamianis

gardacvalebis, misi ganvlili cxovrebis da Rvawlis Sefasebis Semdeg

xdeba, naklebad savaraudod gveCveneba es sityvebi Tamar mefis

sicocxleSi iyos dawerili.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, Cndeba kiTxva, xom ar SeiZleba

dReisaTvis qarTul mecnierebaSi arsebulma `Tamarian~_is daweris

TariRma (es TariRi ramdenimea da ZiriTadad ar scildeba Tamaris

sicocxlisdroindel periods)* ramdenime wliT gvian, Tamaris

gardacvalebis Semdeg, ufro konkretulad ki misi wmindanad Seracxvis

xanaSi gadaiwios? an xom ar SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom CaxruxaZis

zemomoxmobili strofi xotbaSi mogvianebiT, Tamaris gardacvalebis,

misi kanonizebis Semdeg iyos CarTuli? aseTi kiTxvebis dasmisa Tu

mosazrebebis gamoTqmis safuZvels gvaZlevs korneli kekeliZis naSromi

`Tamarian~_is Sesaxeb. mecnieri aRniSnavs, rom `CaxruxaZis Txzulebis

xelnawerebi SedarebiT axali droisaa (XVIII_XIX ss.). am xelnawerebSi is

damaxinjebuli da SesamCnevad waryvnilia, rac sakmaod aZnelebs mis

Segnebasa da gagebas. am xelnawerTa Soris ar aris ori iseTi, romelnic

zustad udgebodnen erTmaneTs~. korneli kekeliZe dasZens, ìseTi Zveli

Txzulebis Sesagnebad, rogoric Tamariania, saWiroa imdenad ara

zedapiri, subieqturi msjeloba da waryvnili xelnawerebis furcvla,

ramdenad teqstis leqsikuri, morfologiuri da sintaqsuri gageba.

Tamariani am mxriv Znelad dasaZlevi Zeglia~ (kekeliZe 1981: 215, 216).

Cvens mier zemoT, `Tamarianis~ daweris TariRTan dakavSirebuli

kiTxva SesaZloa Seexebodes ioane SavTelis àbdulmesian~_sac.* amis

Tqmis safuZvels gvaZlevs SavTelis Semdegi sityvebi:

* `Tamarianis~ daweris drod sxvadasxva TariRs asaxelebs: 1192-1195 ww. (n. mari), 1184/5-1193 ww. (p. ingoroyva), 1202 w. (s. kakabaZe), 1205-1207 ww. (i. lolaSvili)...* am SemTxvevaSic viziarebT korneli kekeliZis Sexedulebas, oRond nawilobriv.is Tvlis, rom àbdulmesiani~ dawerili unda iyos 1210_1215 wlebSi. magram ver daveTanxmebiT mecnieris msjelobis im nawils, sadac SavTelis xotbas Tamaris sicocxleSi Seqmnilad miiCnevs (iv. lolaSvilis SexedulebiTac, àbdulmesiani~ Tamaris sicocxleSi unda daweriliyo) (Zveli qarTveli

121

`mamis Zed ari samgzis netari~ (47. 2)


vfiqrobT, ukve aRniSnulis msgavsad am frazaSic unda

igulisxmebodes is, rom Tamari, rogorc saRvTo xatis `gaukuRmarTebis

gareSe damcveli~ wmindani mefe, miemsgavsa mamas (RmerTs), misi `Zea~

(`Zeobilia~) da amitom `samgzis netaria~.

axla rac Seexeba Tamar mefis `netarad~ wodebas.

àbdulmesian~_is Sesaxeb naSromSi korneli kekeliZe ar iziarebs

niko maris mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom xotbaSi Seqebulia mxolod

erTi piri, mamakaci_mefe, daviT aRmaSenebeli. igi miiCnevs, rom SavTelis

Txzulebis qebis obieqti daviT aRmaSenebelTan erTad aris meore

adamianic, gvirgvinosani qali, konkretulad ki Tamar mefe. Tavis

Sexedulebas korneli kekeliZe ramdenime argumentiT asabuTebs. maT

Soris erTi_erTi amgvaria,_ àbdulmesianSi~ `samgzis netari~ mxolod

Tamars SeiZleba miemarTebodes, radgan, mecnieris TqmiT, xotbis `samgzis

netari~ analogiuria ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is avtoris

sityvebisa `Tamar samgzis sanatreli~ (kekeliZe 1981: 239).

gamonaTqvamze `samgzis netari~ ufro vrclad korneli kekeliZe

Tamaris pirvel matianeze, rogorc istoriul wyaroze, msjelobisas

saubrobs. igi ramdenime argumentze dayrdnobiT gamoTqvams Tvalsazriss,

rom Tamaris pirveli istoria aris erTi mTliani nawarmoebi, romelsac

hyavs erTi avtori da dawerilia Tanamedrovis mier (kekeliZe 1981: 265;

kekeliZe 1962: 201). korneli kekeliZemde jer Tedo Jordania (Jordania

XL-LII: 285_290) da Semdeg ivane javaxiSvili (javaxiSvili 1977: 222, 225)

miiCnevdnen, rom ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~ erTi Txzulebaa.

igive mecnierebi Tamaris pirveli matianes avtors mis Tanamedroved

Tvlidnen da SeniSnavdnen, rom Zeglis erTi nawili Samqoris brZolamde,

mexotbeni 1964: 113) ,xolo misi daweris terminus post non TariRad 1215 wels imitom asaxelebs, rom, misi azriT, Tamari 1215 wels gardaicvala. dResdReisobiT qarTul mecnierebaSi Tamar mefis gardacvalebis drod miRebulia 1213 weli (Tumca gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebic arsebobs).

122

Tamaris sicocxleSi unda Seqmniliyo, xolo meore – misi gardacvalebis

Sesaxeb ambis CaTvliT, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg.

erT_erTi argumenti, romelsac aRniSnuli Sexedulebis gamoTqmisas

eyrdnoba korneli kekeliZe, aris Semdegi: ìstoriani da azmani

SaravandedTan”_is avtori Tamars uwodebs `samgzis sanatrels~, `mas

SeeZlo ewodebina misTvis `RvTiswori~, – ase bizantiaSic uwodebdnen

mefes (ìzoTeos~), SeeZlo ewodebina misTvis `samebisagan oTxad

TanaaRzevebuli~, magram sicocxleSi `sanatrelsa~ da `samgzis

sanatrels~ ver uwodebda. saqme isaa, rom `sanatreli~, `netari~

saeklesio_kanonikuri terminologiiT sicocxleSi mxolod patriarqs

ewodeba, xolo gardacvalebis Semdeg aseT adamianebs, romelnic,

cocxalTa SegnebiT, sasufevlis Rirsni da mkvidrni arian.

ruis_urbnisis `Zeglis weraSi~ xazgasmiTaa naTqvami, rom `sanatreli~ da

`netari~, `dausrulebelisa netarebisa mkvidri~ ewodebaT mxolod

gardacvlilebs da arc erT cocxals (`saqarTvelos samoTxe~, gv.

529_530). Tamaris sicocxleSi daweril da gamocemul sigel_gujrebSi is

arsad iwodeba `sanatrelad~. imas xom ver vityviT~, – dasZens korneli

kekeliZe, rom istorikosma, rogorc misi Txzulebidan Cans, zedmiwevniT

mcodnea yovelive saeklesiosi, ar icoda kanonikuri wesi?!~ (kekeliZe

1962: 204).

Cven viziarebT korneli kekeliZis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom

ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~ Tamar mefis gardacvalebis Semdeg

unda iyos Seqmnili. Tumca Cvenis mxriv davamatebdiT Semdegs, Tu

`sanatreli~ da `netari~ ewodeboda mxolod gardacvlil, Tanac iseT

adamians, romelic sasufevlis damkvidrebis Rirsad iyo miCneuli (da

amgvar adamianebSi upirvelesad wmindanni moiazrebian. Tanac, rogorc

zemoT ukve aRiniSna, wmindanad adamianis Seracxva mxolod misi

gardacvalebis Semdeg xdeba). maSin, cota ar iyos, gasakviri da

gaugebaria, rogor da ratom SeiZleboda, korneli kekeliZisve TqmiT,

`yovelive saeklesios zedmiwevniT mcodne mematianes~ cocxali Tamaris

Sesaxeb daewera `samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebulia~, an kidev `samebisa

Tana ixilvebis oTxebad (Tamar), misworebuli da aRmatebuli~?! Cveni

azriT, moxmobili sityvebi kidev erT argumentad SeiZleba CaiTvalos

123

imis dasamtkiceblad, rom ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~ swored

Tamaris gardacvalebis Semdeg unda daweriliyo. zemoT araerTxel

aRvniSneT, rom ucnobi istorikosis cnobil frazebSi: Tamari


misworebuli da aRmatebuli~ unda igulisxmebodes is, rom Tamarma

Tavisi cxovreba_moRvaweobiT ganaxorciela mefobis mTavari

daniSnuleba, RvTis rCeuloba, misgan xeldasxmuloba da qristianuli

swavlebiT, adamianis umaRlesi mizani – RvTisadmi msgavseba. swored amis

kvalobaze igi, rogorc gamorCeuli mefe, wmindani, `samebisagan

TanaaRzevebulia~ da ìxilveba~ mis wiaRSi. am sityvebis Tqma, miTumetes,

qristianuli Teologiis Rrmad mcodne mematianisagan mxolod maSin

iqneboda SesaZlebeli, roca Tamar mefe ukve gardacvlili da wmindanad

aRiarebuli iqneboda. qarTulma eklesiam Tamar mefe gardacvalebidan

mcire droSive, XIII s_is dasawyisSi Seracxa wmindanad (ingoroyva 1978:

168).

aRniSnuli exeba àbdulmesian~_sac. naklebad sarwmunod gveCveneba,

rom RvTismetyvelebaSi aseve kargad ganswavlul ioane SavTels (mari

1902: 16,17; kekeliZe 1981: 242) TamarisaTvis sicocxleSive ewodebina

`samgzis sanatreli~.

migvaCnia, rom mematianeebis (am SemTxvevaSi ìstoriani da azmani

SaravandedTan~_is avtoris) da mexotbeebis Sesaxeb imis Tqmac ki, TiTqos

isini Tamars bunebiT RmerTad, `samebis meoTxe hipostasad~ aRiareben an

acxadeben, arasworia. Cveni azriT, msgavsi araferi igulisxmeba ucnobi

istorikosis, CaxruxaZisa da SavTelis sityvebSi.

marTlmadidebluri Teologiis mixedviT, RmerTi: dausabamo,

maradiuli, Seuqmneli, martivi, Seudgeneli, ucvleli, usxeulo,

yovladZlieri, keTili, samarTliani, zesruli, gareSemouwereli,

mouazrebeli, yovlismpyrobeli, yovlismxedveli, yovelTa wina gamgebi

da msajuli... erTia, Seicnoba samgvamovnebaSi: mamaSi, Zesa da

suliwmidaSi. es sami gvamovneba (hipostasi)* erTi arsebaa, ganuyofelia,

* hipostasi (ἡ ὑποστασις), es termini polisemiuria. filosofiuri azriT, is aRniSnavs: àrsebas, Zireul Tvisebas, WeSmarit bunebas, dasabamier princips, arss~, agreTve: àrsebobas, myofobas, WeSmarit sinamdviles, realobas~.

124

yovliTurT erTia, garda uSobelobis, Sobilobis da gamomavlobisa (mama

uSobeli, Ze mamisgan Sobili, suli mamisgan gamomavali) xolo Sesaqme

moxda ara RvTis arsebisagan, aramed RvTis ganzraxviTa da ZaliT,

ararsebobidan arsebobaSi Semovida. Seqmna, dabadeba gulisxmobs

dambadebeli arsebisagan arsobrivad aramsgavsis Seqmnas, gaCenas. es exeba

yvelafers, rac Seqmnilia da maT Soris, ra Tqma unda, adamians, `RvTis

xatad da msgavsad~ Seqmnils, magram mainc Seqmnils, Semqmnelisagan

arsobrivad gansxvavebuls. adamiani mxolod miemsgavseba Semoqmeds,

SeuZlia gaxdes `madliT RmerTobis~, anu RvTis `Zeobilobis~ Rirsi,

iseve rogorc angelozebi arian ukvdavni, oRond ara bunebiT, aramed

madliT, radgan bunebiT ukvdavi aris mxolod maradis myofi,

maradisobaze uzemoesi, TviT JamTa Semoqmedi, RmerTi. angelozebi ki

arian Seqmnilni da is, rac dawyebulia, bunebiT dasrulebadicaa (ioane


gavixsenoT daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi. igi, roca daviT mefis

gardacvalebis Sesaxeb gvauwyebs, aRniSnavs: `egreTve Jamsa Sina Sueniersa

da jerovansa mouwoda RmerTman Semyuarebelsa TÂssa da maradis

mosurnesa samaradisod mefobad winaSe missa... da aRiyvana mun... sada TÂT,

igi bunebiT RmerTi meufebs madliT RmerT_qmnilTa zeda, mas Tana

mefobad, uxrwneliTa da brwyinvaliTa gÂrgÂniTa da porfiriTa Semkuli,

sada igi aw mkÂdr ars da iqcevis naTelsa Sina RmrTaebisasa~ (daviT

aRmaSeneblis istorikosi 1955: 362).

rogorc vxedavT, aqac erTmaneTisagan gamijnulia `bunebiTi

RmerToba~ da `madliT RmerToba~, rogorc ori arsobrivad

gansxvavebuli ram. xazgasmulia, rom bunebiT RmerTi erTarseba samebaa,

xolo daviT aRmaSenebeli `madliT RmerTia~, rogorc wmindani mefe.

sagulisxmoa aseve laSa_giorgis droindeli mematianis sityvebi,

romlebic `cxovreba didisa mefeT_mefisa Tamarisa~_sa dasasruls

qristianul mwerlobaSi ἡ ὑποστασις gavrcelda yvela misi SinaarsiT, magram, amasTanave, man sruliad axleburi gaazreba SeiZina. es termini damkvidrda RvTis sampirovnebis ganmsazRvrel cnebad. marTlmadideblurma qristianobam daakanona formula: RmerTi aris sami `hipostasi~ da erTi `usia~, anu `sami

persona~ da erTi `substancia~. qarTulad ἡ ὑποστασις-is Sesatyvisad damkvidrda termini `guami~, `guamovnebaÁ~ (WeliZe 1996: 207).

125

Tamars miemarTeba,_ `mefobasa Sina dayo ocdasami weliwadi da aRvida

winaSe RmrTisa, sada igi mkvidroben winaswarmetyvelni da mamaT_mTavarni

da mefeni~ (laSa_giorgis droindeli mematiane 1955: 369).

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, warmoudgenlad migvaCnia,

RvTismetyvelebis kargad mcodne istorikossa da mexotbeebs Tamari,

marTalia, mefe_wmindani, magram mainc RvTisagan bunebiT adamianad, anu

arsobrovad misgan aramsgavsad Seqmnili, Semoqmedis, bunebiTi RmerTis,

erTarseba sampirovani samebis meoTxe wevrad, meoTxe hipostasad

daesaxaT.

dasasruls gvsurs SevniSnoT Semdegi, ivane javaxiSvili Tamar

mefis pirveli istorikosis cnobili da zemoT araerTxel moyvanili

adgilebis ganmartebisas, rogorc Tavad wers, eyrdnoba `qarTlis

cxovreb~_is mariam dedofliseuli variantis eqvTime TayaiSviliseul

gamocemas (gv. 363).

1959 wels (anu im dromde, roca simon yauxCiSvilma gamosca

`qarTlis cxovreba~ yvela arsebuli xelnaweris Sejerebis safuZvelze)

jer kidev 1941 wels korneli kekeliZem scada `istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTan~_is teqstis aRdgena da gamokvleva. es Txzuleba ramdenime

xelnaweris saxiT arsebobs. erT_erTi maTgania egreT wodebuli

`mariamiseuli redaqcia~, anu is nusxa, romelic qarTlis dedofal

mariamisTvis gadaiwera 1638_1646 wlebSi. es ukanaskneli saukuneTa

ganmavlobaSi gadamwerebs sakmaod daumaxinjebiaT. `istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTan~_is am redaqciis aRdgena scada eqvTime TayaiSvilma

(manamde amis mcdeloba hqoniaT: vaxtang VI_sa da `swavlul kacTa

komisi~_as, aseve mari broses, Tumca teqstis aRdgenisa da `gawmendis~

mcdeloba arcTu Sedegiani aRmoCnda. calkeuli damaxinjebuli

adgilebis aRdgena ucdiaT sxvadasxva mkvlevrebsac. am mxriv

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia ivane javaxiSvilis Rvawli).

korneli kekeliZis TqmiT, eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier gamocemuli

teqsti miznad ar isaxavda Txzulebis kritikulad aRdgenas. piriqiT,

,,misi mizani yofila ucvleli, sityva_sityviTi gameoreba Zeglisa.

marTalia, xSirad ucdia ama Tu im Seryvnili adgilis aRdgena, Tumca am

126

mcdelobas yovelTvis Sedegi ar gamouRia” (istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTani 1959: 1, 2, 3).

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is

mariam dedofliseuli nusxis eqvTime TayaiSvilis gamocemaSi,

savaraudod, TiTqmis ucvlelad unda darCeniliyo is damaxinjebuli

adgilebi, romelTac imowmebs ivane javaxiSvili da romelic, vfiqrobT,

azrobriv cdomilebas Seicavs. saubaria mematianis Semdeg frazaze: èrTi

samebisagani aqa kula samebisa Tana ixilvebis oTxebad Tamar,

misworebuli da aRmatebuli~ (javaxiSvili 1984: 98).

ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is korneli kekeliZiseul da

simon yauxCiSviliseul gamocemaSi es adgili ase ikiTxeba,_ ùkueTu

maSin nabuqodonosor samTa yrmaTa Tana oTxebad ixila erTi

samebisagani, aqa kula samebisa Tana ixilvebis oTxebad Tamar,

Seusworebeli da aRmatebuli~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1941:

73); `Tu maSin nabuqodonosor samTa yrmaTa Tana oTxebad ixila erTi

samebisagani, aqa kula samebisa Tana ixilvebis oTxebad Tamar,

misworebeli da aRmatebuli~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959:

25). rogorc vxedavT, aRniSnul redaqciebSi moxmobili adgili ori

frazisagan Sedgeba. amaTgan pirveli (`Tu maSin ukueTu nabuqodonosor

samTa yrmaTa Tana oTxebad ixila erTi samebisagani~) exeba

nabuqodonosor mefis xilvas. man, rogorc Zveli aRTqmidanaa cnobili,

oqros kerpis uaryofis gamo sami yrma cecxlSi Cayara. isini RvTis

wyalobiT uvneblad gadarCnen. nabuqodonosors ki xilva hqonda.

cecxlis RumelSi man sam yrmasTan erTad meoTxed angelozi `msgavsi

Zisa RvTisa~ ixila (dan. 3. 1_28) (mcxeTuri xelnaweri 1986: 8, 10). `sami

yrma~ winasaxea qristianuli samebis, mesame dRes macxovris mkvdreTiT

aRdgomisa. `meoTxed~ gamoCenili angelozi macxovari an macxovris mier

warmogzavnili angelozia (wereTeli 2006: 340). meore fraziT ki (àqa

kula samebisa Tana oTxebad ixilvebis Tamar, misworebuli

(Seusworebeli) da aRmatebuli~) mematiane gvauwyebs, rom Tamari

samebasTan (anu saRvTo wiaRSi damkvidrebulad) ixilveba òTxebad~

(rogorc mefe_wmindani Tavisi RvawliT, RvTivsaTno cxovrebiT igi

RmerTs madliT miemsgavsa, amaRlda). moxmobili frazebi erTgvari

127

Sedarebaa. pirveli fraza meorisagan mZimiTaa gamoyofili (am formiT

ukavSirdeba isini erTmaneTs azrobrivad).

ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is mariam dedofliseuli

nusxis eqvTime TayaiSviliseul gamocemaSi ucnobi istorikosis sityvebi,

rogorc es ivane javaxiSvilis mier maTi damowmebisas Cans, zemoT

moxmobili redaqciebisagan gansxvavebuli formiTaa mowodebuli,_ èrTi

samebisagani aqa kula samebisa Tana ixilvebis oTxebad Tamar,

misworebuli da aRmatebuli~. ivane javaxiSvili ìstoriani da azmani

SaravandedTan~_is aRniSnul adgils erTi frazis saxiT moixmobs da is

sityvebi, romlebic sxva, kerZod, zemoT dasaxelebul redaqciebSi

pirveli frazis bolo nawils warmoadgens (èrTi samebisagani~) aq

frazis dasawyisia. amdenad, konteqsti darRveulia da mTeli fraza

araswori gagebis safuZveli xdeba.

ivane javaxiSvili iyo pirveli mecnieri, vinc gamoTqva azri, rom

Tamari misi ucnobi mematianis mier bunebiT RmerTad, `samebis meoTxe

wevradaa~ dasaxulio (javaxiSvili 1984: 98). Semdeg mecnierTa garkveuli

nawili mxolod imeorebda da, samwuxarod, dResac imeorebs am

Sexedulebas ivane javaxiSvilisadmi ndobisa da pativiscemis gamo.

mokrZalebiT SevniSnavT, rom Tu ara Tavis droze xsenebuli frazis

araswori formiT mowodeba da albaT amis safuZvelze aseve mcdarad

gaazreba, vfiqrobT, am sakiTxze amdeni msjeloba aRar gaxdeboda saWiro.

128

ZiriTadi daskvnebi

Cvens naSromSi warmodgenili pirvelwyaroebis, qarTul da ucxour

samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis Sejerebisa da

ganxilvis safuZvelze Semdeg daskvnebamde mivediT.

simbolo, _ adamianis mier samyaros Secnobis, gamosaxvis,

komunikaciis es specifikuri saSualeba, romelic uZvelesi droidan

arsebobs, realobis anareklia, Tumca, misi uSualo imitacias ar

warmoadges. igi aris miniSneba, idumali azris monacvle da misken

megzuri. simbolo sagnebis an movlenebis Sinagan, arsebiT, dafarul

mxareze migvaniSnebs. masSi mocemulia kerZodan zogadi idealisaken

gadasvla. igi aris ganzogadeba, romelic usasrulo azrobriv

perspeqtivas qmnis da Seswevs gamouTqmelis gamoTqmis unari. marTalia,

simbolos mravalaTaswliani istoria aqvs, magram igi ar aris erTxel da

samudamod mocemuli, misi Sinaarsi da mniSvneloba qmnadobis procesSia,

axlebur interpretaciebs iZens.

sxvadasxva epoqaSi sxvadasxvagvari iyo simbolos mimarT

damokidebuleba, misi aRqma da gaazreba. rasac mohyva simbolos Sesaxeb

araerTi Teoriis warmoSoba.

simbolos vxvdebiT humanitaruli da da socialuri azrovnebis

TiTqmis yvela sferoSi: religiaSi, xelovnebaSi, literaturaSi,

istoriaSi, adamianis yofaSi. misi Sina_arsis `amokiTxvis~, ukeT

gagebisaTvis aucilebelia aseve kulturuli konteqstis gaTvaliswineba

(hegeli) (http://www.bashedu.ru/perspage/abdullin_ar/kult_simvol/2_1htm). am

TvalsazrisiT erT_erTi saintereso epoqaa Sua saukuneebi, radgan,

rogorc hegeli Tvlida, simbolizmi am periodis yvelaze arsebiTi

niSan_Tvisebaa (gamsaxurdia 1991: 19).

migvaCnia, rom zemoTqmulis kidev erT magaliTs warmoadgens

swored am epoqaSi, Sua saukuneebSi Seqmnili Tamar mefis istoriebi,

129

gansakuTrebiT misi pirveli matiane `istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTani~ aseve meore istoria ,,cxovreba mefeT_mefisa Tamarisi“

da mexotbeTa (CaxruxaZis, ioane SavTelis) Txzulebebic.

istoriuli Janris ZeglebSi simboloebs garkveuli datvirTva aqvs,

rogorc e. kasireri aRniSnavda (da Cvenc viziarebT am Sexedulebas),

istoriaSi simboloebi ,,metyveli faqtebia“, romelTa meSveobiT

SesaZlebeli xdeba ,,wavikiTxoT“ an gavigoT individTa buneba an mTeli

epoqis xasiaTi“ (kasireri 1983: 305).

XII saukuneSi, im dros, roca saqarTveloSi samefo taxtze avida

Tamar mefe, arc erT sxva qveyanas qali ar marTavda. amdenad, es arcTu

Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. savaraudod, am faqtis mimarT qarTveli

xalxis, gansakuTrebiT didebulebis damokidebuleba araerTgvarovani

iqneboda. amaze arapirdapir, magram mainc SeiZleba migvaniSnebdes Tundac

Tamaris erTpirovnul mmarTvelad gaxdomis Semdeg, mcire droSive

mowyobili ori gamosvla (didgvarovnebis da yuTlu_arslanis dasis),

romelTa mizani Tamaris zegavlenis qveS moqceva iyo. albaT, eWvic

eparebodaT, rom qali SeiZleba Zlieri mmarTveli yofiliyo (es

gasakviri arcaa, radgan sxva amgvari precedenti im droisaTvis ar

arsebobda). marTalia, orive gamosvla, Tamaris gonivruli qmedebisa da

diplomatiuri unaris wyalobiT, mSvidobianad dasrulda, magram is mainc

iZulebuli gaxda garkveul daTmobebze wasuliyo. magaliTad,

Tanamdebobebidan gadaeyenebina jer kidev mamamisis, giorgi III_is mier

daniSnuli erTguli adamianebi.

aseT viTarebaSi, Cans, Tamaris momxreebi cdilobdnen, upirvelesad,

ideologiurad daemtkicebinaT qali_xelmwifis mmarTvelobis ufleba da

gaemyarebinaT misi poziciebi. istoriuli realobis asaxvasTan erTad es

ideologia, bunebrivia, gamoxatulia Tamar mefis matianeebSic. igive

SeiZleba iTqvas xotbaTa Sesaxebac. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia

`istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~. Cveni azriT, ucnob istorikoss,

romelic, rogorc misi Txzulebidan Cans, im droisaTvis sakmaod

ganaTlebuli adamiani yofila, Tamaris, mefe_qalis avtoritetis

gansamtkiceblad simboloebisTvisac miumarTavs. amis Tqmis safuZvels

gvaZlevs Tundac is faqti, rom igi sxva qarTvel mematianeTagan

130

gasxvavebiT, SedarebiT vrclad aRgviwers Tamar mefis gvirgvins, im

gvirgvins, romelic koronaciis (mefed pirvelad kurTxevis) dros Tavad

mamam, giorgi III_em daadga mas Tavze.

`istoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is cnobiT, Tamaris `oqro

ofazis~ gvirgvini Semkuli iyo iakinTis da zmiris/smaragdis TvlebiT.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom samefo regaliaTagan,

gansakuTrebiT Sua saukuneebSi, gvirgvins yvelaze meti simboluri

mniSvneloba eniWeboda, aseve zemoaRniSnul Zvirfas qvaTa simbolikas da

aqve gavixsenebT ivane javaxiSvilis sityvebs, romelTa mixedviTac

Tamaris pirvel mematianes `windawinve mofiqrebuli hqonia sad, ra da

rodis eambna... mouazrebia, ras da sad unda Sehxeboda misi winamdebare

sityva~ (javaxiSvili 1929: 237; karbelaSvili 1998: 123), maSin ucnobi

istorikosis saqcieli SemTxveviTad aRar mogveCveneba.

IV sukunis saeklesio moRvawis epifane kviprelis egzegetikuri

xasiaTis naSromSi `TvalTaÁ~ sxvadasxva aspeqtiT ganxilulia, bibliuri

gadmocemiT, pirvelmRvdelmTavris, aaronis samkerdulis Semamkobeli

Tormeti Zvirfasi Tvali, romelTagan TiToeuli iakobis Tormet Zes,

israelis Tormeti tomis pirvelwinapars Seesabameba. am Tormet patiosan

Tvals Sorisaa zemoxsenebuli iakinTis da zmiri/samaragdis qvebic.

Tamar mefis gvirgvinis Semamkobel Zvirfas TvalTagan iakinTi

mewamuli feris qvaa. bibliuri gadmocemiT, is israelis erT_erTi

mamamTavris, iakobis, meoTxe Zis, iudas Sesabamisi Tvalia, masze iudas

saxeli iyo amotvifruli.

iudas, sikvdilis win dalocvisas, iakobi uwodebs loms, lomis

bokvers, ris Semdegac `lomi~ iudas da misi STamomavlebis emblema

xdeba. es mefobis simboloa. saRmrTo werilis Tanaxmad, swored iudas

Stodan iyvnen: mefeebi, mTavrebi, winamZRvrebi. iuda iyo daviT

winaswarmetyvelis winapari. daviT mefis tomidan iSva xorcielad ieso

qriste. daviTis STamomavlebad miiCnevian bagrationebi, maT Soris, ra

Tqma unda, Tamaric. aRniSnulisa da lomis simbolikis gaTvaliswinebiT,

Tamar mefis saxesTan mimarTebiT gaviazrebT `vefxistyaos~_nis cnobil

frazas `lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos, Tunda xvadia~. aq saubari unda

Seexebodes qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworobas mefis ojaxSi da ara

131

qalTa sworuflebianobas zogadad (am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT vemxrobiT

korneli kekeliZisa da vukool beriZis Sexedulebas (kekeliZe 1981: 44;

beriZe 1936: 145).

iakinTis mistikuri Zala aseTia, vinc mis nalesavs dalevs,

`ganaRviZis suli samarTalTa sityuaTa mimarT~, xolo vinc mas pirSi

Caidebs, swor, samarTlian ganaCens gamoitans (epifane kvireli 1979: 132;

141).

Tamar mefis istoriebSi sagangebodaa aRniSnuli misi

samarTlismoyvareoba, samarTlebrivi saqmianoba. Tamaris taxtze

asvlamde miRebuli iyo sikvdiliT dasja da sxvadasxva mkacri sasjeli.

giorgi III_is mmarTvelobis dros samefos warmomadgenlebis krebam

erTnebobiT, mekobreobis da avazakobis aRsakveTad, daawesa sikvdiliT

dasja CamoxrCobiT da xel_fexis mokveTa. istoriuli wyaroebis cnobiT,

Tamari `mSÂdi, mSÂdobisa myofeli iyo~, misi mefobis periodSi arc

sikvdiliT dasja, arc damasaxiCrebeli sasjelebi ar arsebobda

(javaxiSvili 1983: 292; metreveli 1991: 301).

`istoriani da azmani SaravandedTan~_is avtori gadmogvcems,

Tamarma `gangebasa aTormetsa weliwadsa Sina arca Tu tajganagi ubrZana

sadme kravado~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 34); basili

ezosmoZRvari ki aRniSnavs, `iyo dReTa TamarisTa simarTle, aravin

gamoCnda momZlavrebuli mecnierebiTa misiTa, arca vin dasjili, TÂnier

Zuelisa sjulisa, romeli Zes avazakTa zeda Zelsa zeda CamorCoba. TÂT

arc avis Rirssa sikudilisasa da arca patiJisasa mieÃada Tananadebi,

arca_vin brZanebiTa misiTa aso_mokueTil iqmna da arca sibrmiTa

daisaja~. erTaderTi adamiani, vinc Tamaris mmarTvelobis dros Tvalebis

dawviT dasajes, iyo guzan taoeli, romelic ganudga mefes da giorgi

russ miemxro. basili ezosmoZRvaris cnobiT, guzanis am danaSauls isic

emateboda, rom `kolas sadme mTaTa Sina avazakobda malviT~. mTibavebma

Seipyres guzani da daviT soslans mihgvares. daviTma icoda ra `didi

mowyaleba Tamarisi, amisTÂs missa SekiTxvamdis Tualni daswuna, nacvlad

mravalTa sisxlTa qristianeTasa~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 141). basili

ezosmoZRvarisve uwyebiT, Tamari `bWed jda Soris Tavisa TÂsisa da

mezobelTa mefeTa, ara miSuebad brZolisa, arca gardadebad uRelsa

132

mZlavrobisasa urTierTas, da saxed Tavsa TÂssa miscemda da amisTÂs maT

zeda meore solomon iqmna mefeTa Soris (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 148).

CaxruxaZe Tamar mefis Sesaxeb ambobs:

àqvs mtkiced sjuli, Cans marTl-msajuli~ (111. 43)


àbdulmesian~_is mixedviT, Tamari aris `simarTlis msajuli~,

`pyrobilTa ganmaTavisuflebeli~ 25. 1. 2) (Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1964:

125), `TviT bWeTa bWedi, mtkice beWedi, mewde sityvaTa simarTlisaTa~ (47.

3) (Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1964: 132).

Tamaris gvirgvinSi iakinTis (ìakinTTa~) garda moTavsebuli iyo

zmiri, igive smaragdi. marTalia, roca ucnobi mematiane Tamar mefis

gvirgvinis Semamkobel Zvirfas qvebs CamoTvlis, zmirsa da smaragds

erTmaneTisagan `da~ kavSiriT gamoyofs (òqro ofazis gvirgvini~

àRmkuli~ iyo ìakinTTa, zmirTa da smaragdoTa mier~), rac

STabeWdilebas tovebs, TiTqos is or sxvadasxva Tvalze saubrobs,

Tumca, rogorc korneli kekeliZe aRniSnavs (da Cven viziarebT mis am

mosazrebas), aq saqme unda gvqondes ara terminTa aRrevasTan, aramed

ucnobi istorikosis mxatvruli stilis TaviseburebasTan, rac sinonimTa

ùxvad~ xmarebaSi gamoixateba (kekeliZe 1962: 80). saerTod, mineralogiaSi

zmiri//zmuri//zurmuxti//smaragdi erTi da imave Zvirfasi qvis sinonimur

saxelwodebad aris miCneuli.

zmiri iakobis mesame Zis, levis Sesabamisi Tvalia. masze levis

saxeli iyo amotvifruli. mniSvnelovania isic, rom ieso qriste

xorcielad iudas da levis tomTa Serevis Sedegad iSva, raTa

erTdroulad mieRo meufebac (iudas xaziT) da mRvdlobac (levis xaziT).

levis Stodan iyvnen mRvdlebi.

zmiri/smaragdi ukvdavebis, rwmenis, imedis, mistiuri qalwulebis,

sibrZnis simboloa. mexotbeebica da mematianeebic, gansakuTrebiT ki es

ukanasknelni, sakmaod vrclad saubroben, rom Tavad RvTismosavi Tamar

mefe qveyanaSi RvTis rwmenas ganamtkicebda. sagulisxmoa, rom ìstoriani

da azmani SaravandedTan~_is bolos arsebul iambikoSi, sadac TiTqmis

133

yvela sityva saxe_simboloa, Tamari saxeldebulia `qalwulad~. ioane

damaskelis gadmocemiT,_ `qalwuleba, gvamrTebs ufro sulierad

aRviqvaT... is aRorZinebs sulis Svilierebas da swiravs RmerTs

nayofs_locvas~ (ioane damaskeli 2000: 207). locva RmerTTan miaxloebis,

masTan kavSiris saSualebaa (bibliis enciklopedia 1998: 140). vfiqrobT,

Tamar mefis `qalwulad~ wodebiT simbolurad kidev erTxelaa

aRniSnuli misi locvismoyvareoba, zogadad, qristianuli cxovrebis

wesi.

Tamaris orsave matianeSi, iseve rogorc xotbebSi xSiradaa

aRniSnuli, rom igi `brZeni~ (basili ezosmoZRvari 1959: 145),

`brZniv_gamorCeuli~ (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 63);

`sibrZniT savsi~ (8. 39) (Zveli qarTveli mexotbeni 1957: 196) mefe iyo,

romelic `sibrZnis winaZRomiTa acxovnebda ersa TÂssa~ (basili

ezosmoZRvari 1959: 141)

Cveni SexedulebiT, Tamar mefis ,,oqro ofazis“ gvirgvins, masSi

Casmul iakinTis da zmiri/smaragdis Tvlebs mkveTrad gamoxatuli

simboluri mniSvneloba unda hqonoda. maTi simbolikis meSveobiT kidev

erTxelaa xazgasmuli Tamaris, marTalia, qalis, magram, rac mTavaria,

bagrationi mefis RvTaebrivi Camomavloba da Sesabamisad mefobis

ufleba. aseve iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom Tamaris gvirgvinis, mis

Semamkobel Zvirfas qvaTa simbolikis gaTvaliswinebiT, windawin,

kurTxevis momentidanve dasaxulia Tamaris, rogorc mefisa da qristiani

adamianis moRvaweobis umaRlesi mizani: gaamarTlos misi, rogorc

xelmwifis RvTisagan rCeuloba anu ganaxorcielos mefobis bibliuri

ideali (iyos brZeni da samarTliani mmarTveli) da miemsgavsos RmerTs,

gaxdes misi `Zeobis~ Rirsi.

rogor gaxda Tamari Tavisi cxovreba_moRvaweobiT mefobis,

qristianis umaRlesi idealis ganmaxorcielebeli, sakmaod sainteresod

da, SeiZleba iTqvas, originaluri formiTY naCvenebia `istoriani da

azman~_is bolos iambikoSi. marTalia, igi mematianes ar ekuTvnis da

saerTod, misi avtoris vinaobis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa, magram

CvenTvis am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania is, rom am iambikoTi istorikoss

134

faqtobrivad dausrulebia Tavisi Txzuleba, rac ar unda iyos

SemTxveviTi.

aRniSnuli iambikos TiTqmis yvela sityva saxe_simbolod SeiZleba

miviCnioT:

`mefe, mTavari, sioni da wyaroni,

Wabuki, qalwuli, ebguri saebguro,

aRÂri kicuTa, Tualni da israeli,

godoli, menave, saxli da mamaca;

megÂpteli cxeni, lazare da qudi~

iambikoSi simboloebis eniT gadmocemuli da erTgvarad

Sefasebulia Tamaris mTeli cxovreba_moRvaweoba. Cvidmet

saxe_simboloSi Cateulia Tamar mefisa da imdroindeli saqarTvelos

istoriis realiebi. Cveni azriT, iambikoSi simboloTa saSualebiT

naCvenebia, rom wmindanad gaxdoma procesia, radgan is Sedegia ama Tu im

konkretuli adamianis arCevanisa da cxovrebis wesisa. Tamaris

gansakuTrebuli pirovnuli Tvisebebi, zogadad misi cxovrebis wesi,

romelic didwilad mefobaSi gamovlinda, safuZveli gaxda misi

wmindanad Seracxvisa. vfiqrobT, iambikoSi naCvenebia Tamaris gza

mefobidan wmindanobisaken, xazgasmulia, rom Tamari iyo ara mxolod

erT_erTi gamorCeuli mefe, aramed bevrad ufro meti_ mefe_wmindani.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, savsebiT logikurad gveCveneba

mematianis mier aRniSnuli iambikos `istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTan~_is bolo nawilSi Setana.

naSromSi ganxilulia aseve qarTul mecnierebaSi gavrcelebuli

mosazreba, TiTqos Tamar mefe mis pirvel istorikoss `samebis meoTxe

hipostasad~ gamoecxadebinos. es Sexeduleba, ZiriTadad, emyareba ucnobi

mematianis Semdeg frazebs: Tamari `samebisagan oTxad TanaaRzevebulia~,

`samebisa Tana oTxebad ixilvebis... misworebuli da aRmatebuli~. amave

konteqstSi xSirad imowmeben CaxruxaZis da SavTelis sityvebsac, kerZod:

135




Tan – gamwyod Zisad, sworad mamisad~ (74. 1, 2)


--------------

`mamis Zed ari samgzis netari~ (72. 2)


mecnierTa umetesoba Tamaris RvTaebad, `samebis meoTxe hipostasad~

gamocxadebas ucilobel faqtad miiCnevs, zogierTi ki ar iziarebs am

Sexedulebas. Tumca TiTqmis yvela cdilobs mematianeTa (gansakuTrebiT

ucnobi istorikosis) da mexotbeTa sityvebs axsna mouZebnos.

mkvlevarTa nawili Tvlis, rom Tamaris gaRmerTebis safuZveli

saxelmwifoebrivi an mefis momxreTa ideologia, an sulac qarTuli

mesianisturi ideis arsebobaa, romelic Cveni qveynis da xelmwifis

Zlierebis ufro metad warmoCenas isaxavda miznad. sxvaTa mosazrebiT,

Tamaris `samebis meoTxe hipostasad~ dasaxva adamianis ganRmrTobis

(Teozisis) zogadi ideiT SeiZleba aixsnas. arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, rom

Tamari suliwmidis inkarnaciad iyo miCneuli. aseve gamoTqmulia

Sexedulebebi, romelTa mixedviT, erTi mxriv, TamarTam, rogorc didi

qristianTan suliwmida sufevs, meore mxriv ki, igi (Tamari), rogorc

bagrationi mefe, STamomavlobiT macxovris monaTesave gvaris

warmomadgeneli, `RvTis swori~ uflisagan saqarTvelos mfarvelad

mogvevlina.

ramdenime mecnieris msgavsad Cvenc ver gaviziarebT mosazrebas imis

Sesaxeb, TiTqos Tamar mefe misi pirveli mematianis da mexotbeebis mier

`samebis meoTxe hipostasad~, `bunebiT RmerTad~ aris gamocxadebuli. am

sakiTxebze saubrisas, vfiqrobT, aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT

mexotbeTa da istorikosTa, gansakuTrebiT `istoriani da azmani

136

SaravandedTan~_is avtoris (iseve rogorc zogadad sxva qarTvel

mematianeTa, mag., juanSeris, daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis) Rrma

Teologiuri, aseve saxismetyvelebiTi codna, rac dagvexmareba Tamaris

pirveli istorikosis da mexotbeTa cnobili frazebis ukveT gagebasa da

gaazrebaSi.

SeZlebisdagvarad SevecadeT dagvesabuTebina, rom mematiane da

mexotbeebi Tamar mefes `samebis meoTxe wevrad~, bunebiT RmerTad ar

aRiareben da rom maT naTqvamSi msgavsi araferi igulisxmeba. amgvari

msjelobis safuZvels gvaZlevs is faqti, rom mematianec da mexotbeebic,

rogorc maTi Txzulebidan Cans da RvTismetyvelebaSi Rrmad

ganswavlulni arian. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis ìstoriani da azmani

SaravandedTan~_is avtoris Sesaxeb. amas zemoxsenebuli Tvalsazrisis

gamziarebeli zogierTi mecnieric aRniSnavs, Tumca gansxvavebul

konteqstSi. isini gakvirvebas gamoTqvamen, ratom iCenen mkrexelobas

Teologiis esoden kargad mcodne avtorebi da Tamars `samebis meoTxe

hipostasad~ saxaven? swored RvTismetyvelebaze dayrdnobiT SevecadeT

agvexsna mematianisa da mexotbeTa sityvebi.

Cveni azriT, Tamaris pirveli istorikosis frazebSi: Tamari


misworebuli da aRmatebuli~ unda igulisxmebodes is, rom Tamari

ganmasaxierebelia amqveynad qristianisaTvis adamianis umaRlesi

mdgomareobis, wmindanobisa.

qristianuli tradiciiT, mefobac RvTisagan kurTxeuli umaRlesi

mdgomareobaa. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT gavixsenoT ioane oqropiris

sityvebi, romelTa mixedviTac RvTisagan kurTxeulia mefoba, xolo Tu

mefe ùmsjavro, usamarTlo~ iqneba, àra RmrTisa mier ars, aramed Tavisa

Tvisisa dasasjelad aRdgebis~. saRmrTo werilis Tanaxmad, RvTis

rCeulebma, mefeebma unda daicvan RvTis mcnebani da iyvnen samarTlianni,

CagrulTa qomagni (2 sj. 17. 19; 3 mef. 2. 33; igav. 16. 12; 31. 5; igav. 29. 14; 31.

9) (bibliis leqsikoni 2000: 311). aqedan gamomdinare, ramdenad

gaamarTlebs RvTisagan xeldasxmulis, misi rCeulis pativs, es ukve

yoveli konkretuli mefis cxovreba_moRvaweobazea damokidebuli.

rogorc istoriebidan Tu mexotbeTa Txzulebebidan Cans, Tamari

137

Rirseuli, samarTliani, brZeni, Tavmdabali, qveli, qvriv_obolTa,

glaxakTa ganmkiTxveli da mfarveli mefe iyo, anu is mefobis bibliuri

idealis ganmaxorcielebelia. swored gamorCeuli, RvTiv_saTno

cxovreba_moRvaweobis safuZvelze gaxda igi wmindani, RvTis

`Zeobilobis~, madliT RmerTobis Rirsi.

òTxeba~ unda miemarTebodes zogadad wmindanebs (maT Soris

Tamars, mefe_wmindans). aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, òTxeba~ SeiZleba

aseve davukavSiroT marTali lazares saxes, romelic oTxi dRis mkvdari

macxovarma mkvdreTiT aRadgina beTaniaSi. òTxi dRis adamianis~

(bibliis enciklopedia 1990: 421; averincevi 2001: 155), radgan lazares

mkvdreTiT aRdgena moswaveba iyo ieso qristes jvarcmisa da aRdgomisa.

macxovris aRdgomasTanaa dakavSirebuli jojoxeTidan marTalTa

sulebis amoyvana. `mas Semdeg, rac qristem jojoxeTi `moialafa~,

morwmuneebs kvlav miecaT suli Zeobilobisa, – ambobs wm. kirile

aleqsandrieli (WeliZe 2001: 87). es gulisxmobs imas, rom adamianebi,

romelnic TavianTi RvTivsaTno cxovrebiT miemsgavsebian Semoqmeds,

saRvTo wiaRSi daivaneben.

qristianuli swavlebiT, wmindanebi arian is adamianebi, romelnic

mTlianad Seimecneben RmerTs. cxovrebis wesis, saTnoebebSi srulyofis

kvalobaze maT ufali aZlevs `Svilad~ gaxdomis uflebamosilebas (ioane

1. 12). isini xdebian RvTis Zeebi, misi memkvidreebi. wmindani, vinc iqceva

saRvTo xatis gaukuRmarTebis gareSe damcvelad, xdeba madliT RmerTi

(da ara bunebiT). Zeobiloba mwvervalia RvTisadmi msgavsebisa (WeliZe

2001: 118) „rameTu ara friad daaklda angelozTagan kaci da rameTu

Zal_uc RmrTisaca msgavsebad da romeli_friad uaRres, madliT Svil

missa yofad“ (mosaÃsenebeliwmidisa da didebulisa mociqulisa

qristesisa da maxarobelisa iovane RmrTismetyvelisaÁ (Zveli

metafrasuli krebulebi 1986: 427).

ieso qriste saxarebaSi eubneba mociqulebs „Tqven megobrebi xarT

Cemi. aRar giwodebT Tqven monebs, radgan monam ar icis ras akeTebs misi

batoni“ (ioane 15.14). Tuki yovelTa Semoqmedi da ufali `meufeTa meufed~,

ùfalTa uflad~ da `RmerTTa RmerTad~ iTqmis, es niSnavs, rom wmindani,

vinc iqceva vnebaTa meufed da gaukuRmerTebis gareSe saRvTo xatis

138

damcvelad xdeba madliT RmerTi, madliT da ara bunebiT~ (ioane


amdenad, istorikosis moxmobili sityvebi unda niSnavdes Semdegs,

Tamari samebis mier misdami mdgomareobiT amaRlebulia

(`TanaaRzevebulia~) òTxad~, rogorc wmindani mefe, amitom ìxilveba~

igi samebasTan, RvTis wiaRSi òTxebad~ (masTan) mimsgavsebuli da

amaRlebuli.

vfiqrobT, zemoaRniSnul konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT mexotbeTa

sityvebic:




Tan – gamwyod Zisad, sworad mamisad~

--------------

`mamis Zed ari samgzis netari~

`Tan_gamwyo~ niSnavs – Sesaferiss, Rirss, swors, `swori~ (`sworad~)

ki, msgavss (msgavsad). ase rom, CaxruxaZesTanac saubari unda Seexebodes

zemomoxmobil qristianul swavlebas, rom `RvTis Zeobis~ Rirsi adamiani

im SemTxvevaSi Seiqneba, Tu igi Tavisi cxovrebis kvalobaze, RvTis, mamis

msgavsebas miaRwevs da madliT ganiRmrToba.

migvaCnia, rom amgavadvea gasaazrebeli àbdulmesian~_is zemoT

moyvanili striqonic. aqac unda igulisxmebodes is, rom Tamari rogorc

mefe_wmindani, miemsgavsa RmerTs, mamas, misi Zea; Sesabamisad, igi iwodeba

`samgzis netarad~.

aRniSnulTan mimarTebiT, vfiqrobT, aseve sayuradReboa Semdegi

garemoebac. Cven mier moxmobili citatebidan Cans, rom ucnobi

mematianeca da mexotbeebic Tamarze ise saubroben, rogorc ukve

wmindanad aRiarebul mefeze. maTi TqmiT, Tamari `samebisagan oTxad

TanaaRzevebulia~; `samebisa Tana oTxebad ixilvebis ... misworebuli da

aRmatebuli~; `naTeli~, `mzeebr savane~, `sulis savane~, `samgzis netaria~.

139

ase, rogorc wesi, wmindanebs mimarTaven. qristianuli swavlebiT,

wmindanebi arian mdgomareobiT RvTis, samebis mier misdami amaRlebulni,

ixilvebian mis wiaRSi. swored, RmerTs mimsgavsebulni, wmindanni

iwodebian naTlad, mzed (msaj. 5.31; maT. 13.43), mamis msgavsad, mis Zed,

adamianis wmindanad Seracxva cnobilia, rom misi gardacvalebis Semdeg

xdeba. Rrmad varT darwmunebuli, rom cocxali Tamaris Sesaxeb

qristianuli Teologiis kargad mcodne istorikosi da mexotbeebi ar

ityodnen imas, rac, wesiT, ukve wmindanad Seracxili da, Sesabamisad,

gardacvlili mefis Sesaxeb SeiZleboda Tqmuliyo. Tamari qarTulma

eklesiam gardacvalebidan mcire droSi, XIII saukunis dasawyisSive

Seracxa wmindanad.

yovelive zemoTqmuli gvafiqrebinebs, rom `istoriani da azmani

SaravandedTani~, SesaZloa, Tamaris gardacvalebis, misi wmindanad

Seracxvis Semdeg iyos dawerili. aqve gviCndeba kiTxva, xom ar SeiZleba

qarTul samecniero literaturaSi dReisaTvis arsebulma `Tamarian~_is

Seqmnis TariRma, romelic ar scildeba Tamaris sicocxlis dros,

ramdenime wliT gvian, misi wmindanad Seracxvis, anu gardacvalebis

Semdgom periodSi gadmoiwios? an xom ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom

CaxruxaZis zemoT moxmobili strofi mis TxzulebaSi gvian iyos

CarTuli? ioane SavTelis moyvanili striqonis safuZvelze, aRniSnuli

kiTxvebi `abdulmesian~_sac miemarTeba.

dasasrul davZenT, Cveni naSromis mizani iyo istoriebsa da

xotbebSi dacul garkveul cnobaTa safuZvelze warmogveCina Tamaris,

mefe_wmindanis eikonuri (xatis tipis) saxe.

Tamaris eikonuri saxis safuZvels misi mefoba da amis Sedegad

wmindanoba warmoadgens. gza mefobidan wmindanobisaken, vfiqrobT,

sagulisxmodaa naCvenebi, Tundac im ramdenime sakiTxis magaliTze,

romlebic Cvens naSromSia ganxiluli. es yvelaferi warmoadgens Tamar

mefis matianeebisa da saxotbo Txzulebebis saxismetyvelebiTi

Sinaarsisa da msoflxedvis gamovlenis cdas.

140

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