CUSTOMER LOYALTY IN RETAIL BANKING: …...During this omnichannel transition, success hinges on...

CUSTOMER LOYALTY IN RETAIL BANKING: GLOBAL EDITION 2013

What it takes to make loyalty pay off

Customer loyalty in retail banking: Global edition 2013 | Bain & Company, Inc.

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Contents

Executive summary: What it takes to make loyalty pay off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1. Loyalty trends around the world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2. Leaders and laggards in the shift to omnichannel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3. Mobile banking expands its mainstream appeal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4. The battle for scarce new customers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

5. Cross-selling: The golden opportunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

6. Five ways to realize the fruits of loyalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39


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What it takes to make loyalty pay off

How exactly does customer loyalty translate into better financial results for a retail bank? And how much value

is at stake? For many bankers, the link between loyalty and financial results is somewhat unclear.

This year’s report, based on Bain’s proprietary research with 190,200 consumers in 27 countries, sheds light

on how banks are using (or failing to use) loyalty to improve the economics of the business. The research was

conducted online in July and August 2013 through market research firms Research Now and GMI.

In some countries, banks made progress in earning customers’ loyalty during 2013, as indicated by a rising Net

Promoter ScoreSM (NPS®). But Bain analysis shows that they are far from exploiting the full potential of that loyalty.

With new customers more scarce, loyalty is half the battle

In all 27 countries surveyed, banks formed new relationships—customers switching their primary bank plus

customers altogether new to banking—at an average rate of about 3% in developed markets and 6% in developing

ones over the past year.

Earning high levels of customer loyalty definitely helps the cause: On average, a bank’s relative NPS explains roughly

half of the variation in its relative win rate—a metric that shows whether a bank is winning more or less than

its fair share of customers. Relatively strong NPS among existing customers thus allows banks such as DKB in

Germany and Bankinter in Spain to win more than their fair share of new customers.

Other factors that influence win rate vary by market, but the factors that customers cite most often include the

level of fees, the convenience of the branch network and the ease of opening an account.

Winning new relationships provides a lifetime of opportunity to sell people more banking products and earn

their advocacy. Given the low rate of new relationship formation, however, this route alone will not be sufficient

as a growth strategy.

The missing payoff from existing customers

Most banks currently miss a significant opportunity for cross-selling to their existing customer base. The steady

expansion of the middle class in emerging markets, combined with digital channels making it easier to purchase

products, has created a huge opportunity to cross-sell, but it has also become easier to buy from a bank other

than your primary provider.

About half of customers in developed countries and 84% in emerging countries opened a new banking product

over the past year. And customers purchased fully one-third of those products, on average, from a bank other

than the customer’s primary bank. Loyalty matters in cross-selling: For almost every product and in every country,

customers who gave their primary bank a high NPS both own and purchase more products from that bank than

customers who gave a low NPS.


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The unbundling of financial products has spread through some countries faster than others. In the competitive Hong Kong market, for instance, 77% of customers took a new product, but only 52% chose their primary bank. It’s a different story in Denmark, which has a highly-concentrated banking sector. There, 38% of customers took a new product, and fully 81% stayed with their primary bank. Competitive forces likely will increase over time, giving customers even more bank options.

Yet unbundling does not necessarily limit a bank to only a certain share of its customers’ financial purchases. Product win rates—the share of products bought by respondents at their primary bank—vary even more by bank than by country. In the US, the rates range from 38% to 63%, with Huntington National Bank leading overall. Several years ago, Huntington (which had high NPS to begin with) began to consolidate customer data and build a unified view across all locations and business units. It replaced its manual sales process with an automated one that made it easier for employees to manage cross-selling and upselling opportunities. Huntington has gradually grown the number of products held by customers.

Loyalty plays a key role. The difference in product take-up between customers who are promoters of their primary bank (those who give an NPS of 9 or 10) and customers who are detractors (those giving an NPS of zero to 6) is a healthy 14 percentage points on average for developed countries and 10 points in developing countries.

The winning model: Loyalty plus five capabilities

Our research and client work show that loyalty needs to join up with five specific capabilities in order to spur existing customers to buy more from their primary bank, attract new customers and reduce costs without damaging customer relationships.

1. Decide where you must win and where you’re willing to lose

Banks in many countries have a long history of egalitarian treatment of customers, regardless of how much their marketers segment the customer base. But catering to the average means catering to no one in particular.

Each customer segment has different priorities, expectations and lifetime value for a bank. Our US survey finds, for instance, that older customers care more about branch location and quality of branch staff, while younger customers place greater value on mobile device interactions and rely heavily on recommendations from family, friends and colleagues.

Leading banks not only know such preferences and behaviors well, they act on that knowledge by taking distinctly differentiated tacks for each segment. Some loyalty leaders, for instance, have improved offerings for affluent, high-value customers and wrapped them in premium services. That’s how Citibank has become Asia’s largest wealth manager under the Citigold brand.

Others have created entirely separate models for young adults. In Singapore, OCBC’s “FRANK by OCBC” branches could pass for a hip clothing store. They offer edgy images on debit cards and a simple savings account. What you don’t find at FRANK are tellers or cash.

And some banks profitably serve segments such as pensioners or lower-income customers with good-enough products and service through light-branch formats. In Malaysia, Maybank serves a mass market with self-service kiosks open for extended hours. The kiosks allow customers to open an account with just their identification in 10 minutes, for seven product categories.


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2. Design products that pop

Retail banks find it difficult to keep their products distinctive, as product features get copied quickly. At a minimum, banks must at least keep up with the latest features that customers value. Banks also can differentiate products at the margin through innovative pricing or by bundling several products together in appealing ways.

Customers obviously care about product features like interest rates and fees, rewards, ease of transaction and, for more complex products like wealth management, the quality of advice. Banks show a wide variation in how customers perceive their product performance. Among US banks, the share of customers who say their primary bank performs well or extremely well on home mortgages ranges from 62% for the lowest bank to 97% for USAA.

In Australia, Westpac has differentiated its BT Super for Life superannuation account by allowing customers to apply online and to see the account online alongside their current account. St.George links its home equity line of credit to various interest offset accounts, making it easier for customers to manage taxes and investments.

Whether with a current account, credit card or mortgage, the key is to strike the right price-value balance for the target customer. And there’s a minimum menu of offerings necessary just to have credibility in a category.

3. Accelerate the digital transformation

As digital banking spreads, banks increasingly have opportunities to excel at moments of truth in the customer experience, such as resolving fraudulent account activity or giving expert advice. They can also use technologies to delight customers through transactions such as remote deposit capture. Conversely, slow or confusing digital interfaces will quickly annoy customers.

Banks have made significant progress in the shift from a mostly analog world to an omnichannel world, where customers expect to be able to use the channel of their choice when and where it suits them. Yet we’re still in early days with a long way to go.

More than half of customers’ interactions on average took place through online or mobile channels, ranging from 75% in Norway to 38% in Mexico. But many banks could make more of the technology or steer customers to adopt it. Globally, fewer than half of respondents in developing countries and just over one-third of those in developed countries used smartphones or tablets for their banking. The cross-country variation ranges from 60% in China to 17% in Belgium.

In South Korea, fully 56% of customers engage in mobile banking. Hana Bank has consistently focused on digital innovations, such as the ability to withdraw cash from ATMs via smartphone, with only the phone number re-quired, not an account number. Parents can also send money to their children via their smartphones, and the digital currency works at many Korean retail outlets.

Mobile usage also varies within most national markets. Lagging banks and countries should be concerned, because mobility continues to spur customers to recommend their bank. Mobile users give an NPS 25 points higher on average than people who don’t use mobile devices, and that premium rises in countries such as China and Thailand.

As banking moves to an omnichannel world, the future of the physical branch remains an open question. But two things have become clear.


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First, too many routine interactions, like making a deposit, take place in the branch in many countries. Banks can no longer afford the cost structure that supports such interactions, which could go through lower-cost, self-service digital channels. Globally, some two-thirds of branch interactions consist of the routine, with only one-third being sales or service.

Second, branches in every market remain the dominant channel for starting relationships. Roughly three-quarters of new account openings happen in branches.

During this omnichannel transition, success hinges on making digital channels convenient and defect-free, and on converting branches to more sales-oriented purposes. Nordea, one of the largest Scandinavian banks, has shrunk and modified its branch network so that only 45% of branches now manually handle cash, down from 85% in 2009, and they focus instead on advice and sales.

4. Loyalty gives you the right to win more business—but you do have to ask for the sale

Banks with strong customer loyalty have an open door to win more of their customers’ business. For every financial product and in every country market we have analyzed, we find that promoters buy more products with their primary bank than detractors do.

That doesn’t mean the business comes effortlessly—banks have to ask for it. For example, about one-third of banking products in the US are sold, not bought. That is, customers did not plan to buy a particular product, but they received an offer and then decided to get it.

Returning to Maybank in Malaysia, the bank has chosen to bundle products in a way that make it easy to sell them. Customers apply once for all products and provide all necessary information at that time; they then can activate and access products as needed, through the channel of their choice.

In Australia, Hong Kong and India, Citibank excels in onboarding and then cross-selling to customers, particularly in wealth management. Citibank mandates that every relationship manager raises his or her customers’ share of wallet each quarter.

Some banks that are loyalty leaders score low on the sales metric, but the good news is that their customers accept the right kind of sales overtures. Other banks have high selling scores but lag on NPS. These players will want to concentrate on adjusting the tone of their selling and delivering a better experience after the sale.

5. Build branding that delivers more trust, less buzz

The brand interacts with the other elements discussed here and either enhances or degrades each one. In fact, a bank’s NPS tends to be highly correlated with its brand strength.

Banks’ standing among regulators, legislators and the broad public took a hit in the years following the financial crisis. In response, many banks have increased their advertising and other forms of explicit marketing over the past few years, with the hope of restoring their image.

Although building awareness can be useful, a new brand campaign by itself merely applies a fresh coat of paint on a rusty ship, rather than repairing the engine and hull. Rebuilding trust involves a slow, steady process. Credibility comes by telling the story of what a bank has to offer, not what it wishes to be. And that story also gets shaped by the daily interactions with customers.


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Hang Seng in Hong Kong, for example, promotes the attributes of a friendly, service-oriented local bank. Hang Seng reinforces these brand attributes not only through activities with local neighborhoods and universities, but also through convenient branch locations in the local transit system and through staff training.

A customer-led, not marketing-led, perspective on the brand leads bank managers to spend their time differently. Instead of asking brand questions (“Should we rebrand?” “What logo and tagline should we use?”), managers will find it more effective to start with customer questions (“What do our best customers say about us?” “How can we amplify that?”).

• • •

A few large incumbent banks have made meaningful progress on several of the five elements. Consider JPMorgan Chase in the US. Of all the national banks, Chase posted the biggest NPS gains in 2013, moving from the third quartile to the second quartile and opening a lead over other national banks. That’s due to such factors as select investments in mobile technology, a concerted effort to improve the customer experience and effective marketing to tell people how the bank can simplify their financial lives. Those factors also combined to help Chase perform well above average in winning new relationships and cross-selling to existing customers.

Every bank can benchmark against competitors in its home market and the best performers globally. This report introduces the relevant framework and metrics to do so, with an eye toward making focused investments that will generate superior growth, and make loyalty pay.


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• In some countries, customer loyalty as measured by NPS improved in 2013 from the year earlier, as the financial crisis recedes and some banks have devoted more effort to addressing customers’ priorities . The continued surge in mobile banking no doubt contributed to higher scores, because mobile tools have a strong, positive effect on customer advocacy .

• NPS varies by country and is generally higher in developing countries . But what matters most to an individual bank is how it performs relative to its peer group . Within national markets, NPS varies widely from bank to bank . In Australia, for instance, top-performer Bendigo has an NPS 45 points higher than the worst performer and 32 points above the country average .

• For the first time in a US region, a national bank leads the traditional banks in NPS, with Chase out front in the South . In 2011, Chase started a deliberate effort to become more customer-centered rather than product-centered, and that shift has paid off with gains in loyalty, new relationships and share of wallet .

• Wealthier customers have a high economic value when banks earn their advocacy . Banks in devel-oping markets, like China and India, generally do better in targeting and serving affluent customers, which is reflected in their NPS scores from the affluent . Banks in Canada, the US, the UK, Aus-tralia and France still struggle in this regard .

• Direct banks such as ING and First Direct have been the NPS leaders in many countries for several years . They often target self-directed, digital-savvy customers with a simple proposition around low cost, high rates and fast processes .

1.Loyalty trends around the world


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Within each country, there’s a wide range of Net Promoter Scores

UK

Spain

Poland

Italy

Germany

France

Belgium

Euro

pe

Notes: Excludes markets with insufficient number of banks (n≥200); country averages include all banks; highest and lowest banks include only banks where n≥200 Sources: Bain/Research Now NPS surveys, 2013

Primary bank Net Promoter Scores

Thailand

South Korea

Singapore

Japan

Hong Kong

China

Australia

US-West

US-South

US-Midwest

US-Northeast

Mexico

Canada

Banorte

President’s Choice FinancialTD Canada Trust

USAA

USAA

M&T, TD

BB&T, JPMorgan Chase

USAABank of the West

USAAHuntington

Bendigo Bank

China Merchants

Standard Chartered

Japan Post Bank

Kookmin

SCB

Standard Chartered

Average

Highest traditional bank

Highest direct bankLowest bank

-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100%

Am

eric

asA

sia-

Paci

fic

Argenta Spaarbank

First DirectNationwide

Credit Mutuel

Alior Bank

Banca Nazionale del Lavoro

BankinterING

DKBSparda-Bank

Fineco


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Banks in developing countries fare better with affluent customers

Banks’ average Net Promoter Scores improved in a number of countries in 2013

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

Percentage point difference between affluent respondents’ Net Promoter Score and overall country average

36

3026

19 1816 15 15 13

10 9 7 7 74 4 3

1 1

-1 -2

-11 -12-14

-8 -9

Notes: Excludes markets with insufficient sample size for affluent respondentsSources: Bain/Research Now and Bain/GMI NPS surveys, 2013

Developed countries 2013 (4%) Developing countries 2013 (18%)

Chi

na

Hon

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Indi

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Indo

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a

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-10

-5

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5

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Percentage point difference between 2013 and 2012 Net Promoter Scores

8

65

4 43

2

0 0-1 -2

-3-4

-6

Singapore

Note: 2012 survey was conducted in 14 countriesSources: Bain/Research Now and Bain/GMI NPS surveys, 2012 and 2013

China UK France SouthKorea

Mexico US Australia Thailand India Spain HongKong

Canada Germany

Developed countries Developing countries


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Direct banks have a commanding lead over traditional models in many countries

US direct banks still lead in loyalty, yet only national banks improved their positions in 2013

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percentage point difference between Net Promoter Scores for direct banks and traditional retail banks

Spain

81

Belgium

79

UK

77

6966 64

58

US

55

Canada

35

Japan

23

Poland

18

Italy Germany Australia France

Note: Excludes markets with insufficient sample size for direct banksSources: Bain/Research Now NPS surveys, 2013

0

20

40

60

80%

Net Promoter Score by bank type, US

Direct banks

66

Credit unions

62

Community banks

46

Regional banks

19

National banks

9

Sources: Bain/Research Now US NPS surveys, 2012 and 2013

2012 NPS


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• Banks everywhere are expanding digital channels, but the pace of engagement varies dramatically . The Nordic countries lead in the share of digital banking interactions, while a number of Asian countries lag .

• Generational differences in digital usage persist . For example, some 18% of US customers under age 35 opened an account online, twice as many as customers over age 55 .

• Countries vary in the pace of their evolution to de-ploy each type of channel to advantage . Some countries, particularly the Nordic countries, have made significant progress in steering routine trans-actions out of the branch and into lower-cost, self-service digital channels, including smart ATMs .

• Within most countries, individual banks vary widely in their progress to move the routine to digital chan-nels and refocus the branch on sales and high-value service . In Spain, for instance, Bankinter leads the least digital bank by 25 percentage points .

• When it comes to account opening, direct banks excel in handling the task online . Yet among other banks, account opening still occurs mostly in the branch, though that’s shifting to the phone in the UK, Germany and the Netherlands .

• Experiments with branch features and layout abound . Raiffeisen’s flagship branch in Zurich offers advanced technologies such as a robotic retrieval system for round-the-clock access to safety deposit boxes . Other banks have launched branches that resemble lounges or cafes, either to complement a strong direct bank presence or to encourage high-value relationships .

• ATMs play an outsize role in Japan, Indonesia, Russia and Singapore . In a few places like Singa-pore, more versatile ATMs make customers’ lives easier by allowing them to buy airline tickets or pay parking fines .

2.Leaders and laggards in the shift to omnichannel


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Developing countries still rely more on branches, on average, while the Nordic countries are eliminating routine transactions from their branches

On the path to an omnichannel world, some countries are lagging in digital banking

0

2

4

6

87 7 7

76 6 6

5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 33

2 2 2 11 1 1

Number of branch interactions per respondent in the last quarter

Sales/service

73 396682 47 4064 48 6081 69 59 20297173 39 27 2280 7186 88 66 65 64 62Percentage of respondents using branch for routine interaction at least once

Sources: Bain/Research Now and Bain/GMI NPS surveys, 2013

Rout

ine

Thai

land

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Arg

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a

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Spai

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20

40

60

80

100%

Percentage of interactions by channel in the last quarter

Nor

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Net

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US

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OtherPhoneBranchATMSmartphone/tabletOnline


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Customers everywhere still open new accounts mainly in branches


OtherPhoneStarted online or by phone, but completed in branchBranch Online

0

20

40

60

80

100%

Percentage of channels used to open primary bank account

Indo

nesi

a

Thai

land

Finl

and

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ada

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ico

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Within countries, there’s a wide variation among banks in the extent to which customers use branches

Notes: Excludes markets with insufficient number of banks (n≥200); country averages include all banks except direct banks; highest and lowest banks include only banks where n≥200 Sources: Bain/Research Now and Bain/GMI NPS surveys, 2013

Percentage of respondents who visited a branch for routine transactions in the last quarter

AverageHighest bankLowest bank

UK

Spain

Poland

Italy

Germany

France

Belgium

Euro

pe

Thailand

South Korea

Singapore

Japan

India

Australia

US

Mexico

Canada

0 20 40 60 80 100%

Am

eric

asA

sia-

Paci

fic

Bankwest

Citibank

CIBC

Bank of America

Banorte

Sumitomo Mitsui

Bangkok Bank

Post Office Savings Bank

Standard Chartered First Bank

KBC Banque

Co-operative Bank

TargoBank

Bankinter

Bank Pekao

Banca Nazionale del Lavoro

La Banque Postale


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• Across the globe, mobile banking continues to spread . Customers have embraced banking on their smartphones and tablets when banks offer appli-cations that are both useful and easy to navigate .

• Commonwealth Bank of Australia, for example, offers a versatile mobile platform that allows cus-tomers to trade stocks, pay third parties using their mobile number or email, and explore visual and written details of homes for sale .

• China, Chile, South Korea and India have leap-frogged other countries that lag in mobility, like Belgium, Japan and Canada . In general, the devel-oping countries have forged further ahead, and several have more than half of their respondents using mobile channels . They show an especially big lead in mobile payments, with almost twice the level of activity as developed countries .

• Within a given country, however, there’s a wide dispersion in mobile uptake . And not all of the mobile leaders are direct banks . Citibank in India has a higher mobile penetration than Comdirect in Germany and Fineco in Italy . In the US, Chase leads among traditional banks . It invested heavily in mobile technology such as smartphone pay-ments, and its recent advertising highlights how the technology simplifies people’s lives .

• Regardless of bank model, frequent mobile users consistently report higher NPS than non-users . The greatest gap in NPS between the two groups occurs in China, Japan and Thailand, while the narrowest gap is found in Belgium, France and the Netherlands .

• Mobile banking has risen among all age groups and income levels . But younger customers rank as the most avid users, especially in Australia, the US, India and Sweden .

3.Mobile banking expands its mainstream appeal


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Mobile payment has caught on fastest in developing countries

Mobile banking adoption varies widely across countries

0

10

20

30

40

50%

Percentage of respondents who used smartphone/tablet to make payments in the last quarter

49

40 40

35 3432

2826

2321 21 21 20 19 19 19 18 17 17

15 14 13 13 1210

7 6


Developed countries (19%) Developing countries (30%)

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0

20

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60%

Percentage of respondents who used smartphone/tablet apps or bank websites on smartphones/tablets in the last quarter

6057 56 55 54 53 52

49 4845

4340 38 38 38 37 37 36 35 33 32 31

27 27 2622

17

5 23 35 4 58484 55 48 575 75 445 10 9 68


Average interactions per respondent in last quarter

Chi

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Within many countries, mobile banking uptake varies widely by bank

UK

Spain

Poland

Italy

Germany

France

Belgium

Euro

pe

Notes: Excludes markets with insufficient number of banks (n≥200); country averages include all banks; highest and lowest only include banks where n≥200Sources: Bain/Research Now and Bain/GMI NPS surveys, 2013

Percentage of respondents who used smartphone/tablet apps or bank websites on smartphones/tablets in the last quarter

Thailand

South Korea

Singapore

Japan

India

Australia

US

Mexico

Canada

Average

Highest traditional bank

Highest direct bankLowest bank

0 20 40 60 80 100%

Am

eric

asA

sia-

Paci

fic

JPMorgan n Chase

Citibank

National Australia Bank (NAB)

Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corp.

BBVA Bancomer

USAA

TD Canada Trust

Citibank

KBANK

Industrial Bank of Korea

Bankinter

First DirectNatWest

ING Belgique

AliorBank

ComdirectDeutsche Bank

Société Générale

FinecoUnicredit


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Frequent mobile banking users give much higher loyalty scores than other customers

Younger customers have embraced mobility

0

10

20

30

40

50

42

36 36 34 33 33

28 28 27 27 2624 23 22

21 2017

14

10 108

6 5

Percentage point difference in Net Promoter Scores between frequent mobile banking users and nonusers

Notes: Mobile banking includes use of smartphone/tablet apps and bank websites via smartphone/tablet; frequent users are defined as those in the top quartile for the number of bank interactions using smartphone/tablet apps and bank websites via mobile devices; markets where n≥100 for any category were excludedSources: Bain/Research Now and Bain/GMI NPS surveys, 2013


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0

10

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5046

40

36 3634

31

2624 23 23 23

1918

9

Percentage point difference in usage of banking smartphone/tablet app or bank website on smartphone/tablet between respondents under 35 and those over 55

Note: Excluded markets where n<100 for either age categorySources: Bain/Research Now and Bain/GMI NPS surveys, 2013

Australia US India Sweden UK Canada France Spain Mexico Italy Netherlands Germany Belgium Japan


Page 25

• New banking relationships—people either new to banking or switching their primary relationships from another bank—are hard to come by . Only 0 .7% of respondents were new to banking in the developed world, with another 2 .5% switching from their primary bank .

• Still, winning an outsize proportion of primary relationships, anchored on the basic checking or current account, remains an important goal be-cause of the annuity value of cross-selling other products . Our survey finds that respondents hold roughly three other products with their primary bank besides the basic account .

• A bank’s current NPS strongly predicts its success in winning these new relationships . NPS explains about half of the variance among banks in relative win rate (a bank’s win of switchers plus first-time joiners, relative to its share of primary customers) .

• New customers can be won in many ways . ING in Spain does it largely by developing strong product packages, targeted to particular segments such as university students .

• Besides loyalty, what it takes to win new relation-ships differs by country . Respondents who chose a new bank most commonly cited fees, ease of account opening and branch locations as the reasons . Interest rates also were a major factor in several markets, including the UK, Sweden and Singapore . And ATM locations ranked high in Argentina, Hong Kong, Indonesia and Japan .

• Preventing attrition arguably outweighs winning new relationships, given the slow rate of new account formation . In the US, banks could have headed off most of the switching, because three-fifths of customers cited factors such as high fees and poor service . Less than one-fifth of switching resulted from customers taking better offers from other banks .

4.The battle for scarce new customers


Page 28

In the US, Net Promoter Score helps explain about half the variation among banks in winning new relationships

New banking relationships are hard to find, especially in the developed world

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40%

Bank relative NPS

Relationship win index (bank’s win of switchers plus first-time joiners relative to its share of primary customers)

Huntington (Midwest)

JPMC (South)

BB&T (South)

TD (Northeast)

M&T (Northeast)

Notes: Banks with relationship win index greater than 1 are winning more than their fair share of new relationships; excludes direct banks, community banks and credit unions; only includes banks where n≥200Source: Bain/Research Now US NPS survey, 2013

R²= 0.48

0

2

4

6

8%

Percentage of respondents forming new primary relationships with banks in the last year



Switc

hers

Firs

t-tim

e jo

iner

s

7.3

Mex

ico

Indo

nesi

a

Indi

a

Pola

nd

Italy

Arg

entin

a

Russ

ia

Thai

land

Spai

n

Chi

le

Sing

apor

e

US

Den

mar

k

Finl

and

Sout

h Ko

rea

Belg

ium

Hon

g Ko

ng

Fran

ce

Nor

way

Ger

man

y

Aus

tralia UK

Chi

na

Swed

en

Japa

n

Can

ada

Net

herla

nds

6.8 6.7 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.4

5.4

4.6 4.5 4.3

3.6 3.63.4

2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.21.8 1.7

1.0


Page 29

In Europe and Asia, Net Promoter Score helps explain about half the variation among banks in winning new relationships

Germany Japan

UKSpain

0.0

0.5

1.01.5

2.02.5

3.0

-120 -80 -40 0 40 80%Bank’s relative NPS

Relationship win index

comdirect bank

Sparda-Bank

DKB

0.0

0.5

1.01.5

2.02.5

3.0



BankinterING

R²= 0.43

0.0

0.5

1.01.5

2.02.5

3.0



Nationwide

First Direct

R²= 0.58

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0



Online banks

Japan Post Bank

Notes: Banks with relationship win index greater than 1 are winning more than their fair share of new relationships; excludes direct banks, community banks and credit unions; only includes banks where n≥200Sources: Bain/Research Now NPS surveys, 2013

ING-DiBaR²= 0.44 R²= 0.76

High fees and poor service push customers away, while incentives, interest rates and the right product lure them

0

20

40

60

80

100%

All factors

Push factors

Neutral factors

Pull factors

Push factors:Dissatisfied withprevious bank

Service

Branches

Fees

Rates

Products

Emotional

Bank process

Other

Neutral factors:Personal

circumstances

Family/personal

Relocation

Pull factors:Better proposition

at new bank

Other

Incentives/interest rates/

fees

Proximity

Products

Convenience

Service

Size/scale

“Why did you switch from your previous primary bank?”

Percentage of responses, US

Brand reputation

Source: Bain/Research Now US NPS survey, 2013


Page 30

Reasons for choosing a new bank differ across countries, though fees and ease of account opening often lead the list

Countries

Respondents’ ranking of importance of factors for choosing a new bank

Fees

Ease

of o

peni

ng

acco

unt

Bran

ch lo

catio

ns

Onl

ine

serv

ice

Prod

uct f

eatu

res

ATM

loca

tions

Bran

ch s

taff

Inte

rest

rate

s

Com

pany

bra

nd

Fam

ily

reco

mm

enda

tions

Bran

ch h

ours

Abi

lity

to g

et

cred

it

Fina

ncia

l adv

isor

Mob

ile p

aym

ents

Phon

e se

rvic

e

Mob

ile/t

able

t ap

p

Prio

r rel

atio

nshi

p w

ith b

ank

Soci

al m

edia

re

com

men

datio

ns

Argentina 12 3 5 7 7 1 2 11 3 5 18 7 10 16 14 15 13 17

Canada 2 5 4 8 1 9 3 6 6 10 10 13 12 15 14 16 17 18

Chile 2 1 3 5 9 5 9 7 4 7 18 14 9 12 15 17 16 13

Mexico 3 2 1 12 8 5 6 11 4 14 7 9 10 15 13 17 16 18

US 1 5 2 6 3 4 7 11 8 9 10 15 17 12 14 13 16 18

Australia 2 4 5 7 3 9 8 1 6 11 12 10 12 15 15 14 17 18

China 2 6 1 4 9 2 6 11 4 14 8 14 14 9 11 11 17 18

Hong Kong 2 9 3 3 9 1 5 5 8 9 5 9 14 17 14 16 13 18

India 12 1 6 1 4 5 6 8 3 11 13 15 14 16 10 8 17 18

Indonesia 9 2 3 7 12 1 8 11 5 15 3 14 16 4 13 10 18 17

Japan 2 6 3 4 12 1 9 5 6 9 6 13 16 9 16 15 14 18

Singapore 3 6 4 8 7 2 9 1 4 9 9 12 14 16 18 15 12 16

South Korea 1 8 2 11 3 3 7 5 6 8 8 14 14 11 16 16 11 18

Thailand 6 4 3 8 7 1 5 12 15 16 2 13 9 13 9 9 17 18

Belgium 2 1 6 8 7 9 4 3 5 11 12 10 15 17 14 16 12 18

Denmark 1 6 11 5 4 11 3 2 9 8 15 11 7 11 10 15 15 18

Finland 1 4 6 3 5 17 9 2 11 15 7 8 10 13 11 15 13 17

France 1 6 10 3 4 18 5 2 9 11 12 7 8 16 13 14 15 17

Germany 1 2 5 4 8 3 9 7 13 11 15 16 12 6 14 17 10 18

Italy 1 2 6 4 8 2 5 9 10 7 12 13 11 16 14 15 18 17

Netherlands 8 1 3 3 2 5 5 13 5 15 9 16 11 11 9 14 18 17

Norway 1 3 17 3 5 14 6 1 7 10 17 10 8 10 17 14 8 16

Poland 1 5 9 2 3 3 6 11 10 12 14 15 13 7 16 8 18 17

Russia 2 3 4 7 11 1 9 5 6 10 13 7 14 15 16 17 12 18

Spain 1 5 9 4 3 6 7 8 2 9 11 15 13 16 14 12 17 18

Sweden 3 2 7 3 3 9 6 1 8 10 10 13 12 15 17 14 15 18

UK 5 3 8 4 2 12 7 1 6 9 11 16 17 15 10 14 13 18


Americas

Asia-Pacific

Europe


Page 31

• A surprisingly large opportunity exists to sell new products such as credit cards to existing customers . In the developing countries, 83% of respondents purchased a new product over the past year; in the developed countries, 50% did .

• While the primary bank captures most of these new products, on average, 35% of new product sales go to a competitor . The competitors’ share ranges from 19% in Denmark, which has a very concen-trated banking sector, to a remarkable 60% in the UK and 54% in Germany, where the global trend to unbundle product holding has gone further . The UK and German markets have many specialized challenger banks, as well as customers who have a low regard for large banks after the crisis and, in Germany, who are highly price sensitive .

• Cross-selling performance varies even more by bank within countries . In Canada, for instance, RBC has a win rate of more than two times the least effective bank, and Santander has a similar lead in the UK .

• While many factors account for this difference in performance, customer loyalty has a big influence on a bank’s current cross-selling performance and its future potential . Customers who are promoters of their primary bank buy more from that bank than detractors do . In developing countries, the NPS gap between the two groups of customers amounts to 9 percentage points; in developed countries, the difference is 14 points .

• Consider banking products in China . Some 61% of promoters have bought an auto loan from their pri-mary bank, vs . just 31% of detractors . The spread is similar for life insurance and wealth and in-vestment products .

• The higher cross-sell rates that result from stronger loyalty lead to broader product holdings with the primary bank as well . Promoters hold on average 68% of products with their primary bank vs . 60% for detractors .

5.Cross-selling: The golden opportunity


Page 34

Roughly 65% of new product sales, on average, are won by customers’ primary banks, but the share is lower in some of the more competitive countries

A huge share of customers in most countries are buying new banking products


0

25

50

75

100%

Percentage of new products purchased at primary banks

8178 76 75 75

71 71 70 70 70 69 68 68 66 6562 61 60 58 58 57 57

53 52 5046

40


Den

mar

k

Italy

Finl

and

Russ

ia

Fran

ce

Spai

n

Arg

entin

a

Swed

en

Mex

ico

Pola

nd

Nor

way

Chi

le

Chi

na

Japa

n

Aus

tralia

Indi

a

Indo

nesi

a

Belg

ium

Thai

land

Can

ada

Net

herla

nds

Sout

h Ko

rea

Sing

apor

e

Hon

g Ko

ng US

Ger

man

y

UK


0

20

40

60

80

100%

Percentage of respondents who purchased at least one new product in the last year

9692

85 8580

77 77 76 7571 71

63 61 5955

51 49 4643 43 41 40 39 38 36 36 33


Chi

na

Thai

land

Russ

ia

Indi

a

Indo

nesi

a

Hon

g Ko

ng

Mex

ico

Sout

h Ko

rea

Chi

le

Arg

entin

a

Sing

apor

e

Pola

nd

Spai

n

Italy

Ger

man

y

Nor

way UK

Fran

ce

Swed

en

Finl

and

US

Aus

tralia

Belg

ium

Den

mar

k

Can

ada

Japa

n

Net

herla

nds


Page 35

Within countries, banks vary widely in their cross-selling performance

Notes: Excludes markets with insufficient number of banks (n≥200); country averages include all banks; highest and lowest only include banks where n≥200Sources: Bain/Research Now and Bain/GMI NPS surveys, 2013

Percentage of products purchased by respondents at their primary banks

AverageHighest traditional bankLowest bank

0 20 40 60 80 100%

US

Mexico

Canada

Am

eric

as

Huntington National Bank

RBC Royal Bank

Banamex

Thailand

South Korea

Singapore

Japan

Australia

Asi

a-Pa

cific

Commonwealth Bank

United Overseas Bank

Bank of Ayudhya

Kookmin Bank

Japan Mizuho Bank

UK

Spain

Poland

Italy

Germany

France

Belgium

Euro

pe

Santander

ING Belgique

CréditMutuel

La Caixa

AliorBank

Sparkassen

BancoPopolare


Page 36

And across all products, promoters buy more from their primary banks than detractors do

Throughout the world, customers who are promoters of their primary banks buy more from their banks than detractors do

Source: Bain/GMI China NPS survey, 2013

Percentage of products purchased at respondents’ primary banks (China, 2013)

Private banking87 83

75

Credit card

68 6457

Savings account

77 73 74

Home mortgage

55 49

30

Small business

66

48 48

Wealth/investments

7561

45

Mutual funds

7159

48

Debit card

72 68 67

Auto loan

6149

31

Life insurance

63

4436

Promoter DetractorPassivePrimary bank NPS category

0

5

10

15

20

25

Percentage point difference in the share of products purchased at primary bank between promoters and detractors

22 22 21

18 17 17 1715 15

14 14 1412 12 11 11

109 9 9 9

87 6

4

Note: Markets where n >100 for any category are excluded; promoters give NPS of 9 or 10; detractors give NPS of 0 to 6.Sources: Bain/Research Now and Bain/GMI NPS surveys, 2013


Hon

g Ko

ng

Aus

tralia

Belg

ium

Net

herla

nds

Can

ada

Spai

n

Swed

en

Pola

nd

Ger

man

y

Den

mar

k

Fran

ce UK

Mex

ico

US

Russ

ia

Chi

na

Italy

Arg

entin

a

Chi

le

Sout

h Ko

rea

Indi

a

Thai

land

Indo

nesi

a

Sing

apor

e

Japa

n


Page 37

And across all products, promoters own more at their primary banks than detractors do

Promoters also own more products than detractors do, throughout the world

Source: Bain/GMI China NPS survey, 2013

Credit card

Private banking83 78

71

66 6256

Home mortgageSavings account

71 68 7057

44

30

Wealth/investments

Small business

65

46 45

7158

43

Mutual funds

6856

48

Debit card

68 66 65

Auto loan Life insurance

59

40 35

6351

34

Percentage of products held at respondents’ primary banks (China, 2013)

Promoter DetractorPassivePrimary bank NPS category

0

5

10

15%

Percentage point difference in the share of products held at primary bank between promoters and detractors

11 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 88 8 8 7 7 7 6

6

3

Note: Markets where n=greater than 100 for any category are excludedSources: Bain/Research Now and Bain/GMI NPS surveys, 2013


Can

ada

Swed

en

Russ

ia

Hon

g Ko

ng

Mex

ico

Chi

na

Net

herla

nds

Ger

man

y

Belg

ium

Indi

a

Fran

ce

Arg

entin

a

Aus

tralia

Den

mar

k

Pola

nd

Sout

h Ko

rea

US

Chi

le UK

Italy

Indo

nesi

a

Thai

land

Sing

apor

e

Spai

n

Finl

and

Japa

n

• Winning new customers, limiting attrition and seizing the cross-sell opportunity all start with a bank’s ability to earn loyalty . But the experiences of leading banks show that five other elements are required in order to generate outsize growth .

• These start with insightful and practical customer segmentation schemes . In the US, younger custom-ers place far more importance on recommenda-tions from others and on mobile tools than older customers, who care relatively more about branch location and helpful staff .

• Banks must also ensure that they have a competitive suite of products . In the US, no traditional bank ranked highest on more than one product, so they clearly have room to improve .

• Selling capabilities are critical . In the US, roughly one-third of products get sold, not bought . The leading bank performs two to five times better than the laggard, depending on the product category .

• Service stands as the dominant cause of loyalty in most markets . To delight customers these days, the banking experience must be consistent and seamless in person, online, on mobile and on the phone, because customers increasingly hop among chan-nels to complete a task .

• Finally, these four capabilities should reinforce and be supported by the bank’s brand and reputation . USAA has one of the strongest brands in banking despite its modest investment in advertising, in part because it serves such a specific, homoge-neous group of customers—the military, veterans and their families—and consistently delivers on the brand promise .

• In general, loyalty leaders outperform on both win rates for new relationships and cross-selling to existing customers . Banks that have advanced on several of the five elements thus have started to translate loyalty to better economics .

6.Five ways to realize the fruits of loyalty


Page 40

In the US, older customers put relatively more value on branch location, while younger customers care more about mobile applications and recommendations

Making loyalty pay to its full potential requires mastering five elements

Note: The data was indexed for frequency of “major influence” for both 35 and under and 55 and over segmentsSource: Bain/Research Now US NPS survey, 2013

0

20

40

60%

0 20 40 60%

Percentage of respondents age 35 and under indicating specific factors were a “major influence” to switch banks

Percentage of respondents age 55 and over who said specific factors were a “major influence” on their decision to switch banks (US, 2013)

Ability to make mobile payments

Branch staff

Smartphone/tablet app

Branch locations

Positive recommendations from family, friends or coworkers

More important to those 55 and over

More important to those 35 and under

Segment and target customers

Improve sales capabilities

Making loyalty pay

Reinforce the brand

Transformcustomer

experience

Enhanceproduct

proposition

Source: Bain & Company


Page 41

A bank’s ability to attract certain segments can be gauged by the attributes of its new customers

Individual banks perform quite differently on the various factors that influence a new account

Percentage of US respondents with a new primary relationship in the last year

Note: Excluded banks that had fewer than 30 new relationship formations or new product winsSources: Bain/Research Now US NPS survey, 2013; Bain US Banking Product survey, 2013


0 20 40 60%

Self-reported as"self-directed"

Branch location/hourshave major influence

Mobile payment hasmajor influence

Assets >$500K

Assets >$100K

Age >55

Age <35

TD

Capital One 360M&T Bank

TDUSAA

AllyFifth Third

USAACommunity

SunTrust

Capital OneHuntington

Fifth ThirdAlly

Source: Bain US Banking Product survey, 2013

0

20

40

60

80%

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

Percentage of US respondents who said specific factors were a“major influence” on their decision to open a savings account

Bank performance (respondents’average rating, on a scale of 1–5)

Direct bank A National bank B

62

48 46 46 45 43 40 40

33

24 22

11

Fees Branchlocations

Companybrand

Applicationprocess

Productfeatures

Onlineservice

Interestrates

Branchstaff

Branchhours

Smartphone/tablet app

Phoneservice

Socialmedia

recommendations


Page 42

Roughly one-third of products are sold, not bought

In the US, banks vary widely in their performance on product features


Which of the following statements best describes why you got a specific product?

Percentage of US respondents who said, “I was not initially planning to get it, but received an offer and decided to get it”’

Note: Excluded banks with fewer than 30 new product wins, except for “home equity line of credit,” which excluded banks with fewer than 15 new product winsSource: Bain US Banking Product survey, 2013

0 2010 40 5030 60 70 80%

Wealth management/investment products

Home equity line of credit

Home mortgage

Credit card(primary)

Savings account

Bank of America

Wells Fargo

JPMorgan Chase

Citibank

Capital One

Thinking about the product you purchased, how well do you think your bank performed on the dimension of “product features”?

Percentage of respondents who rated their banks a 4 or 51 is “not well at all” and 5 is “extremely well”


Average

Highest direct bankHighest traditional bank

Lowest bank

50 60 70 80 90 100%



Home mortgage


Savings account Capital One 360

USAA

USAA

PNC Bank

USAA

TD

Citibank

U.S. Bank

JPMorgan Chase


Page 43

Brand strength varies significantly, but a few banks are showing strong performance across product categories

Across countries, services and fees/rates usually have the biggest effect on loyalty

How well do you think your bank performed on the dimension of brand?

Percentage of US respondents who rated their banks a 4 or 5


Average

Highest direct bankHighest traditional bank

Lowest bank

50 60 70 80 90 100%



Home mortgage


Savings account USAA

USAA

USAA

JPMorgan Chase

USAA

Citibank

JPMorgan Chase

JPMorgan Chase

JPMorgan Chase

Note: Excludes responses where no rationale was givenSources: Bain/Research Now NPS surveys, 2013

Service Fees/rates Products Branch OnlineEmotional Other

0

25

50

75

100

125

Mentions per 100 responses

US

Positive

33

7

14

7

7

19

93

7

21

Negative

Canada

Positive

38

8

12

6

9

682

56

18

Negative

UK

Positive

33

77

10

19

85

96

729

Negative

Germany

Positive

31

69

36

13

22

120

77

20

Negative

Australia

Positive

34

6

20

10

7

19

100

65

18

Negative


Page 44

Loyalty leaders are more likely to win new customers and cross-sell to current customers

NPS quartile

35

50

65%

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

10,000respondents


Percentage of products purchased by US respondents at their primary banks in past year

JPMorgan Chase

U.S. Bank

USAA

Citibank

TD

Capital One

BB&T

Huntington

Direct bank

Ally

Direct bank

Top Second Third Bottom

Notes: Banks where n<200 are not shown; for national and regional banks, NPS quartiles were determined using regional respondent-weighted-average relative Net Promoter Scores; all listed direct banks included in top quartileSource: Bain/Research Now US NPS survey, 2013

Wells Fargo

Bank of America

TD


Page 45

USAA’s progress on the five dimensions has helped it excel in many product areas

Note: Results based on a standard set of 11 productsSource: Bain/Research Now US NPS survey, 2013

0.00.30.50.81.01.3

Average number of deposit products (excluding checking) owned at primary bank per US respondent

USA

A

Citi

bank

Cap

italO

ne36

0

Sove

reig

n

Wel

ls Fa

rgo

Citi

zen’

s

Bank

of

Am

eric

a

M&

T Ba

nk

Fifth

Thi

rd

PNC

U.S

. Ban

k

SunT

rust

BB&

T

Cap

italO

ne

JPM

orga

nC

hase

TD B

ank

Regi

ons

0.00.20.40.60.81.0

Average number of credit cards owned at primary bank per US respondent

USA

A

Citi

bank

Cap

italO

ne36

0

Sove

reig

n

Wel

ls Fa

rgo

Citi

zen’

s

Bank

of

Am

eric

a

M&

T Ba

nk

Fifth

Thi

rd

PNC

U.S

. Ban

k

SunT

rust

BB&

T

Cap

italO

ne

JPM

orga

nC

hase

TD B

ank

Regi

ons

0.00.10.20.30.40.5

Average number of lending products owned at primary bank per US respondent

USA

A

Citi

bank

Sove

reig

n

Wel

ls Fa

rgo

Citi

zen’

s

Bank

of

Am

eric

a

M&

T Ba

nk

Fifth

Thi

rd

PNC

U.S

. Ban

k

SunT

rust

BB&

T

Cap

italO

ne

JPM

orga

nC

hase

TD B

ank

Regi

ons

Cap

italO

ne36

0

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

Average number of wealth management products at primary bank per US respondent

USA

A

Citi

bank

Cap

italO

ne36

0

Sove

reig

n

Wel

ls Fa

rgo

Citi

zen’

s

Bank

of

Am

eric

a

M&

T Ba

nk

Fifth

Thi

rd

PNC

U.S

. Ban

k

SunT

rust

BB&

T

Cap

italO

ne

JPM

orga

nC

hase

TD B

ank

Regi

ons

National Regional Direct


Page 46

Appendix: Methodology

Bain & Company partnered with Research Now, the online global market research organization, to survey consumer panels in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Spain, Sweden, the UK and the US. The survey’s purpose was to gauge customers’ loyalty to their principal bank and the underlying reasons they hold the views they do. Conducted in the summer of 2013, the survey polled 177,937 customers of national branch network banks, regional banks, private banks, direct banks, community banks and credit unions in these countries. We included in the individual bank analysis only those banks for which we received at least 200 valid responses, though in many countries, sample sizes exceeded 200 for each bank included.

Bain worked with GMI to survey a further 12,251 account holders in China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Singapore, South Korea and Thailand. Similarly, individual bank Net Promoter Scores are based on the responses of at least 200 participants.

Survey questions

Respondents were first asked to identify their primary bank, after which they were asked the following three questions to assess their loyalty to that institution:

• On a scale of zero to 10, where zero represents “not at all likely” and 10 represents “extremely likely,” how likely are you to recommend your primary bank to a friend or relative?

• Tell us why you gave your primary bank the score you did.

• How long have you used this bank as your primary bank?

If respondents had been with their current primary institution for less than a year, they were asked to identify whether they were new to banking or if they had switched from another institution. We subsequently asked about their prior primary banking relationship, why they switched banks, what influenced them in their choice of a new bank and which channel they used to open their new account.

For all survey respondents, we asked what major products they hold with their primary bank and other banks, and which of these products were purchased in the last year. We also asked which channels they use to do their banking. The remaining questions elicited demographic profile information on household income, investable assets and region of residence.

We followed up with 5,200 US respondents to ask more detailed questions about their purchase of specific products, including their product NPS, the methods they used to research their purchases, the channel they used to purchase the product, the major factors that influenced them in the purchase of the product and how the bank performed on those factors. For those people who did not purchase from their primary bank, we asked reasons for purchasing elsewhere.

On the question of statistical significance, the results of our data analysis are robust both for the measurement of bank NPS by country and for respondent NPS for each demographic category. The NPS measured for each bank


Page 47

included in the US regional rankings is statistically significant to an 80% confidence level, with a two-tailed test of the confidence interval ranging from plus or minus 1.5% (n=4,500) to plus or minus 6.8% (n=201). In countries where sample sizes were smaller, confidence intervals are wider, with a maximum of plus or minus 7.5%.

Countries classified as developed are based on the World Bank’s high-income category; the developing countries are based on its middle- and low-income categories.

Net Promoter® and NPS® are registered trademarks of Bain & Company, Inc., Fred Reichheld and Satmetrix Systems, Inc.Net Promoter SystemSM and Net Promoter ScoreSM are trademarks of Bain & Company, Inc., Fred Reichheld and Satmetrix Systems, Inc.


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Key contacts in Bain’s Global Financial Services practice

Global: Philippe De Backer in Dubai ([email protected]) Edmund Lin in Singapore ([email protected]) Americas: Mike Baxter in New York ([email protected]) Europe, Middle East and Africa: Henrik Naujoks in Düsseldorf ([email protected]) Asia-Pacific: Gary Turner in Sydney ([email protected])

Acknowledgments

This report was prepared by Gerard du Toit and Maureen Burns, partners in Bain’s Financial Services practice, and a team led by Christy de Gooyer, a practice area manager. The authors thank Bain partners in each of the countries covered in the report for their valuable input and John Campbell for his editorial support.

For more information, visit www.bain.com

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Bain & Company is the management consulting firm that the world’s business leaders come to when they want results.

Bain advises clients on strategy, operations, technology, organization, private equity and mergers and acquisitions. We develop practical, customized insights that clients act on and transfer skills that make change stick. Founded in 1973, Bain has 50 offices in 32 countries, and our deep expertise and client roster cross every industry and economic sector. Our clients have outperformed the stock market 4 to 1.

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