Curs 1 MDU

53
CURS 1: MEDICINA DEZVOLTARII UMANE INTRODUCERE IN EMBRIOLOGIE, CELULE GERMINALE PRIMORDIALE Conf. Dr. B. A. Voiculescu 1 The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

description

Curs 1 MDU

Transcript of Curs 1 MDU

Page 1: Curs 1 MDU

CURS 1: MEDICINA DEZVOLTARII UMANE

INTRODUCERE IN EMBRIOLOGIE, CELULE

GERMINALE PRIMORDIALE

Conf. Dr. B. A. Voiculescu

1

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 2: Curs 1 MDU

DE AICI INCEPE TOTUL… FIECARE DINTRE NOI A

FOST CANDVA UN… OU

2

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 3: Curs 1 MDU

PRIMA SAPTAMANA

Zigot- diviziuni mitotice- rezulta blastomere

Embrionul cu 32 de blastomere= morula

Prin compactare si cavitatie, din morula se

formeaza blastocistul sau blastula

Blastocistul ajunge in cavitatea uterina si

elimina zona pellucida

Incepe implantarea pe peretele posterior al

uterului

3

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 4: Curs 1 MDU

PRIMA SAPTAMANA

BLASTOCISTUL

O masa interna de celule= embrioblast, din

care se va forma embrionul

O masa externa de celule= trofoblast, ce va

forma anexele embrionare

4

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 5: Curs 1 MDU

5

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 6: Curs 1 MDU

INITIEREA IMPLANTARII

6

1 zona pellucida

2 trofoblast

3 hipoblast

4 blastocel

5 epiblast

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 7: Curs 1 MDU

SAPTAMANA A 2- A

Trofoblastul se diferentiaza in:

sincitiotrofoblast (extern)

citotrofoblast (intern)

Embrioblastul:

Se subdivide in hipoblast si epiblast, formand discul bilaminar

Hipoblastul- celulele migreaza de-a lungul citotrofoblastului, formand sacul yolk primar

Epiblastul formeaza cavitatea amniotica

7

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 8: Curs 1 MDU

8

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 9: Curs 1 MDU

9

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 10: Curs 1 MDU

SAPTAMANA A 2-A

Mezodermul extraembrionar

Origine controversata- din citotrofoblast/ epiblast/

citotrofoblast + epiblast

Migreaza intre citotrofoblast si sacul yolk/ cav

amniotica

Caviteaza, fomand:

Cavitatea corionica

Mezodermul somatic (sub CT)

Mezodermul visceral ( in jurul embrionului)

10

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 11: Curs 1 MDU

SAPTAMANA A 2- A

La sfarsitul saptamanii implantatia se termina,

embrionul e alcatuit din:

2 cavitati emisferice

- Amniotica (dorsala)

- Yolk= vezicula ombilicala (ventrala)

Hipoblast + epiblast= disc embrionar didermic

11

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 12: Curs 1 MDU

DISCUL BILAMINAR

Epiblast= strat germinal dorsal

Hipoblast= strat germinal ventral

12

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 13: Curs 1 MDU

13

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 14: Curs 1 MDU

SAPTAMANA A 3-A

Formarea liniei primitive- mediana, de-a lungul

axei cranio- caudale- prin proliferarea si

migrarea celulelor epiblastice

Capatul anterior al liniei primitive- incepe sa se

adanceasca si formeaza santul primitiv, ce are

la extremitatea craniala nodul primitiv

(extremitate cefalica)

14

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 15: Curs 1 MDU

SAPTAMANA A 3-A

Are loc formarea discului trilaminar prin

aparitia celei de-a treia foite embrionare-

mezoblastul

Procesul= gastrulatie, dar noul termen preferat

este tranzitie epitelio- mezenchimala

Mezoblastul se formeaza din celulele

epiblastice, care migreaza prin linia primitiva

15

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 16: Curs 1 MDU

16

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 17: Curs 1 MDU

MIGRAREA CELULELOR EPIBLASTICE

Primele care migreaza, inlocuiesc celulele hipoblastice si formeaza endoblastul definitiv

Alte celule migreaza in directie craniala prin nodul primitiv si formeaza:

Placa precordala

Procesul notocordal

Cea mai mare parte dintre celule migreaza intre hipoblast si epiblast si formeaza mezoblastul intraembrionar

17

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 18: Curs 1 MDU

DISCUL TRILAMINAR

STRATUL GERMINAL DORSAL= ECTOBLAST/

ECTODERM

STRATUL MIJLOCIU (AL TREILEA IN ORDINEA

FORMARII)= MEZOBLAST/ MEZODERM

STRATUL VENTRAL= ENDOBLAST/ ENDODERM

18

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 19: Curs 1 MDU

RETINETI

EPIBLASTUL ESTE PRECURSOR PENTRU:

- ECTOBLAST/ ECTODERM

- MEZOBLAST/ MEZODERM intraembrionar +/ - extraembrionar

- ENDOBLAST DEFINITIV/ ENDODERM intraembrionar (visceral)

HIPOBLASTUL ESTE PRECURSOR PENTRU:

- ENDODERM EXTRAEMBRIONAR (VEZICULA OMBILICALA SI ALANTOIDA)

19

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 20: Curs 1 MDU

CELULE GERMINALE PRIMORDIALE

celula progenitoare care va forma gametii la

ambele sexe

la toate speciile de vertebrate, morfologia si

proprietatile histochimice sunt asemanatoare

CGP- celule mari, rotunde, cu un nucleu mare,

heterocromatic

citoplasma bogata in ribozomi si mitocondrii

(activitate metabolica intensa- sinteza proteica),

aparatul Golgi si RER slab reprezentate.

20

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 21: Curs 1 MDU

CGP

La om, citoplasma contine numeroase granule

de glicogen si lipide.

Prezinta o intensa activitate fosfataz- alcalina

pozitiva.

Nu se cunoaste rolul acestei enzime in celuele

germinale, insa este importanta pentru

identificarea lor.

21

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 22: Curs 1 MDU

ORIGINE EMBRIONARA

Originea lor este in epiblastul proximal in

saptamana a 2- a.

Aparitia este conditionata de prezenta unor

factori de crestere secretati de ectoderm

extraembrionar si endoderm visceral

De la origine migreaza catre crestele genitale

22

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 23: Curs 1 MDU

BMP

Bone morphogenic protein

grup de factori de crestere ai marii familii TGF-b

- transforming growth factor

BMP1 nu face parte din aceastã familie

20 de proteine- GM= 10 si 30 kDa

Se fixeaza de un receptor heteromeric (BMP-R),

aflat pe membrana celulei tinta- douã

subunitãti tip I si douã subunitãti tip II.

23

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 24: Curs 1 MDU

BMP

Subunitãtile tip II sunt kinaze ce pot fosforila un rest serinic sau treoninic de pe subunitatea tip I adiacentã

In citoplasma celulei tinta

SARA- proteina adaptoareo nouã fosforilare a unui grup de proteine

R-smad- proteina aflata in stare nefosforilata, inactiva

Prin intermediul SARA, R- Smad se fosforileaza

24

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 25: Curs 1 MDU

BMP

R-smad fosforilate formeazã complexe cu

proteine adiacente numite Co- smad.

Complexul se deplaseazã în nucleu, unde se

leagã de secvente specifice din ADN (elemente

de rãspuns ale BMP) si activeazã anumite

gene, ce determina sinteza unor proteine

specifice- initiaza diferentierea celulelor

epiblastice in CGP

25

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 26: Curs 1 MDU

IMPORTANTA BMP SI A CAII SALE

Cãile de semnal ce implicã BMP, BMP-R si

Smad sunt importante în :

diferentierea CGP,

dezvoltarea cordului,

dezvoltarea SNC,

dezvoltarea cartilajului,

sistemului nervos enteric,

dezvoltarea osoasã postnatalã.

26

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 27: Curs 1 MDU

CALE DE SEMNALIZARE BMP

Receptorii reglati de

Smad sau R-Smad se

asociazã cu receptorul

de tip 1, printr-o proteinã

adaptoare numitã SARA

(Smad Anchor for

Receptor Activation).

27

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 28: Curs 1 MDU

INDUCTIE CGP

Factori secretati de ectoderm si endoderm sunt

decizionali in diferentierea celulei epiblastice in

CGP

Celulele epiblastului proximal nu sunt

restrictionate la linia germinala primordiala,

dand nastere si unor celule somatice de la

nivelul alantoida si s-ar parea ca si al

mezodermului extraembrionar

28

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 29: Curs 1 MDU

INDUCTIE CGP

Ectodermul secreta

BMP4, semnalul inductor primar- interactiune

Smad 5

Apoi BMP4 si BMP8b- Smad 1, -5- diferentiere si

localizare- doar 40 de celule epiblastice se vor

diferentia in CGP

Endodermul secreta

BMP2- diferentiere

29

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 30: Curs 1 MDU

INITIEREA MIGRARII

Sub actiunea factorilor BMP, celulele

precursoare CGP exprima proteina fragilis

(IFITM), care:

marcheaza initierea diferentierii ca celule

germinale primordiale

are rol de adeziune intercelulara

Odata cu formarea celulelor fragilis + incepe

separarea de celule somatice, formandu-se o

aglomerare de precursori CGP

30

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 31: Curs 1 MDU

INDUCTIE CGP

Apoi, o parte din celulele fragilis + exprima

proteina stella, detectata exclusiv la linia

germinala primordiala

La nivelul celulelor fragilis, stella + nu sunt

exprimate proteinele Hox 1, specifice celulelor

somatice

31

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 32: Curs 1 MDU

32

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 33: Curs 1 MDU

INDUCTIE CGP- BLIMP 1

In afara de factorii mai sus amintiti, care induc diferentierea cel epiblastice in CGP, exista un represor transcriptional numit Blimp1 (Prdm1)

Inhiba sinteza factorilor somatici la nivelul precursorilor CGP

Soarecii mutanti Blimp1 negativi- se formeaza in jur de 20 de celule primordiale (in loc de 40), asemanatoare CGP, dar care nu au proprietatile acestora: migrare, proliferare si represia genelor somatice (Hox1)

33

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 34: Curs 1 MDU

MIGRARE

In saptamana a 3- a, CGP migreaza din ectodermul primar in peretele sacului vitelin, prin miscari ameoboidale.

Apoi ajung la baza alantoidei.

Astfel, au devenit extraembrionare, fiind asezate in endodermul si mezodermul peretelui sacului vitelin.

34

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 35: Curs 1 MDU

MIGRARE

Intre saptamanile 4- 6, ajutate de curbarea

cranio- caudala si laterala a embrionului,

celulele germinale primordiale migreaza din

nou in embrion

Migreaza de-a lungul peretelui alantoidei si a

intestinului primitiv posterior (metenteron)

35

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 36: Curs 1 MDU

MIGRARE

Dupa ce traverseaza mezenterul dorsal, colonizeaza crestele gonadale.

In cursul acestei calatorii, celulele se multiplica mitotic, astfel incat se pare ca ating un numar de zeci de mii in momentul in care populeaza crestele gonadale.

Mecanismele migrarii sunt incomplet intelese

36

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 37: Curs 1 MDU

Migrarea celulelor germinale primordiale

37

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 38: Curs 1 MDU

Pasul 1. CGP la soarece, cu originea in epiblastul proximal, migreaza de la linia

primitiva la endoderm (viitorul intestin dorsal)

Pasul 2. CGP migreaza de-a lungul endodermului

Pasul 3. CGP migreaza bilateral catre peretele posterior al abdomenului

Pasul 4. CGP ajung in crestele genitale

38

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 39: Curs 1 MDU

TIPURI DE MIGARE

39

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 40: Curs 1 MDU

MECANISMELE MIGRARII

Sunt incomplet intelese, dar se realizeaza pe doua cai:

1. adeziune controlata, care implica existenta unui receptor pe CGP si a unei substante cu rol de ligand, secretate de tesuturile caii de migrare

2. prin chemotactism, ce implica secretia unor factori chemotactici de catre tesuturile tinta (ex, creasta gonadala)- CGP se deplaseaza catre concentratia maxima a acestor substante

40

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 41: Curs 1 MDU

INITIEREA MIGRARII

CGP capata motilitate la scurt timp dupa

formare

In momentul initierii migrarii, CGP capata

morfologie caracteristica- devin polarizate si

prezinta pseudopode/ extensii citoplasmatice

41

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 42: Curs 1 MDU

MORFOLOGIE, POLARITATE

42

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 43: Curs 1 MDU

INITIERE

La soarece, migrarea directionata necesita initial o activitate repelenta a factorului IFITM1 (interferon- induced transmembrane protein) exprimat de mezoderm

Are rol de respingere a celulelor din mezoderm in endoderm si implicit in activarea comportamentului migrator (CGP evita tesuturile ce exprima IFITM1)

IFITM= fragilis

43

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 44: Curs 1 MDU

CALEA MIGRATORIE

In intestinul posterior

prin IFITM3 si E- caderina IFITM3- exprimata in CGP, rol necunoscut (insa in mod sigur

are rol in migrare)

E- caderina- molecula de adeziune exprimata in intestin, nu de CGP in acest stadiu- rol in mentinerea CGP in intestin

Supravietuirea si proliferarea CGP- cuplul C-kit/ Steel C- kit- receptor- pe CGP

Steel- ligandul c- kit- pe tesuturile somatice

La soarece, in stadiul E9,5- parasesc intestinul

44

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 45: Curs 1 MDU

PGC SUNT MOBILE, IN INTESTIN; CELULELE

NOTOCORDULUI SE MISCA SPRE POSTERIOR PE

MASURA CE EMBRIONUL CRESTE

45

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 46: Curs 1 MDU

CGP PARASESC INTESTINUL SI MIGREAZA

CATRE CRESTELE GENITALE

46

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 47: Curs 1 MDU

CALEA MIGRATORIE

Catre crestele genitale

Dupa ce parasesc intestinul, se impart in doua

grupuri- pentru fiecare creasta

Migreaza din intestin individual, dar interactioneaza

intre ele prin extensii subtiri citoplasmatice- retea

de celule migratorii

47

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 48: Curs 1 MDU

CALEA MIGRATORIE

SDF1- secretat de mezenchim si de crestele

genitale, reprezinta un factor chemotactic pentru

CGP

CXCR4- receptorul pentru SDF1- pe CGP

Pe langa rolul in migrare, SDF1 are rol si in

supravietuirea celulelor- cele ce parasesc ruta mor

48

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 49: Curs 1 MDU

PGC IMPARTITE IN DOUA GRUPURI MIGREAZA

CATRE CRESTELE GENITALE

49

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 50: Curs 1 MDU

50

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 51: Curs 1 MDU

51

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 52: Curs 1 MDU

OPRIREA MIGRARII

Se pare ca aceleasi molecule care au ghidat

migrarea, prezente in cantitate mare la nivelul

crestelor gonadale, determina si oprirea lor

Cantitati mari de SDF1 reprezinta un semnal stop

Celulele devin rotunde, isi pierd polaritatea, adera

intre ele, de celulele somatice din jur si de

matricea extracelulara prin molecule de adeziune-

E-caderina si integrina B1, exprimate de CGP

52

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices

Page 53: Curs 1 MDU

VA MULTUMESC! 53

The file was converted using http://www.convertapi.com Please purchase credits to remove this text http://www.convertapi.com/prices