prepared by: MEHMET NOHUTLU

CULTURE

The system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that

the members of society use to cope with their world and with one another, and

that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.

Culture is the way of life of a group of people.

What does CULTURE mean?

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION

1.Culture is by definition smaller than a civilization.

2.Culture can grow and exist without residing in a formal civilization whereas a civilization will never grow and exist without the element of culture.

3.Culture can be tangible or intangible whereas civilization is something that is more tangible because it is what you see as a whole

4.Culture can be transmitted through symbols in the form of language whereas an entire civilization cannot be transmitted by mere language alone

TYPES OF CULTURE

Symbolic

Social

Political culture

Folk

Material

OWN CULTURE AND FOREIGN CULTURES

Cultural relativism

Ethnocentrism

Xenophobia

Cultural dominance

Process in which members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group. Although acculturation is usually in the direction of a minority group adopting habits and language patterns of the dominant group, acculturation can be reciprocal--that is, the dominant group also adopts patterns typical of the minority group. Assimilation of one cultural group into another may be evidenced by changes in language preference, adoption of common attitudes and values, members hip in common social groups and institutions, and loss of separate political or ethnic identification.

Acculturation

Alternative culture is a type of culture that exists outside or on the fringes of mainstream or popular culture, usually under the domain of one or more subcultures. These subcultures may have little or nothing in common besides their relative obscurity, but cultural studies uses this common basis of obscurity to classify them as alternative cultures, or, taken as a whole, the alternative culture. Compare with the more politically charged term, counterculture.

Subculture In sociology, anthropology and cultural studies, a subculture is a group of people with a culture(whether distinct or hidden) which differentiates them from the larger culture to which they belong.

Counterculture (also written counter-culture) is a sociological term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a cultural group, or subculture, that run counter to those of the social mainstream of the day,[1] the cultural equivalent of political opposition.

Cultural Lag slowness in the rate of

change of one part of a culture in relation to another part, resulting in a maladjustment within society,

as from the failure of the nonmaterial culture to keep abreast of

developments in the material culture.

(founded 1972) is a nonprofit group based in Cambridge, Massachusetts,USA which is dedicated to defending the human rights of indigenous peoples. Their stated mandate is to promote the rights, voices and visions,

of indigenous people.

Cultural Survival

MASS CULTUREA set of cultural values and ideas that arise from common exposure of a population to the same cultural activities, communications media, music and art, etc. Mass culture becomes possible only with modern communications and electronic media. A mass culture is transmitted to individuals, rather than arising from people's daily interactions, and therefore lacks the distinctive content of cultures rooted in community and region. Mass culture tends to reproduce the liberal value of individualism and to foster a view of the citizen as consumer.

High culture is a term, now used in a number of different ways in academic discourse, whose most common meaning is the set of cultural products, mainly in the arts, held in the highest esteem by a culture. In more popular terms, it is the culture of an elite such as thearistocracy or intelligentsia, but also defined as a repository of a broad cultural knowledge, as a way of transcending the class system. It is contrasted with the low culture or popular culture of, variously, the less well-educated, barbarians, Philistines, or the masses.

POSTMODERN SOCIETYSome sociologists believe we are now moving into a new and very

different type of society. The social change, that began to accelerate 300 years ago, has continued at such a pace that the

theories and assumptions we had about modern society no longer explain the society we find around us.

The main characteristic of postmodernism seems to be a loss of faith in the ideas of the Enlightenment. It is argued by postmodernists that people have become disillusioned with the idea that we can use science and rational thought to make the world a better

place. People have become disillusioned with the idea of progress. There is greater understanding of negative effects of so-called ‘progress’, such as pollution,

environmental damage and damage to human populations.

Postmodernists also argue that other characteristics of modern societies are disappearing.

1. The big production companies making vast quantities of the same product are becoming more diversified and there has been a growth of small companies producing goods for very specialized markets.

2. New social movements are connecting people across traditional class and ethnic boundaries; movements such as gay rights, environmentalism, feminism, and new religious movements.

3. The significance of nation states is in decline. Today many multi-national companies are larger and have more power than most countries, and within countries more provision is being privatized and less is provided by the state.

4. Employees are less likely to have long-term careers and jobs for life, employment is more uncertain and there has been a big increase in part-time, temporary and agency employment…

CHANGES…