802 Culture Presentation
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Transcript of 802 Culture Presentation
. culture .
. definitions & elements .
DefinitionDefinition
Edward B. Tylor, 1871: “That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
(Borgata and Montgomery, 2001)
Includes: Language, religious beliefs, customs & courtesies, laws, clothing & jewelry, diet, artistic expression, recreation.
. theories & models .
Pattern TheoryPattern Theory
“The culture from any given society can be formally described… it can be placed in formal categories representing different spheres of social life to facilitate comparison between societies. As such, universal patterns of culture can be constructed.”
(Borgata and Montgomery, 2001)
Specific Culture/Society
Subcultures
. theories & models .
Layers of Culture: Model #1Layers of Culture: Model #1(O’Neil, 2006)
. theories & models .
Layers of Culture: Model #1Layers of Culture: Model #1(O’Neil, 2006)
*Cultural Universals: Recurring Characteristics of Human Culture
1. Verbal Language, including a specific vocabulary of sounds and grammatical means for constructing sentences.
2. Age, gender, marriage and kinship are used to categorize people (e.g., teenager, woman, wife, uncle).
3. Children are raised in some variation of a family setting.4. Sexual division of labor (men's work, women's work).5. Concept of privacy.6. Rules and taboos to regulate sexual behavior.7. Distinctions between good and bad behavior.8. Variations of body ornamentation.9. Making jokes, playing games.10. Art.11. Leadership roles for the implementation of community decisions.
. theories & models .
Layers of Culture: Model #2Layers of Culture: Model #2 (Rousseau, 1990)
Anderson’s Dimensions of Non-Western & Western WorldviewsAnderson’s Dimensions of Non-Western & Western Worldviews(Anderson, 1988)
Non-Western* Western*
Cooperation/Group Achievement Individual/Competition
Social Orientation Task Orientation
Emotionally Expressive Limited Emotional Expression
Extended Family Nuclear Family
Values Harmony with Nature Values Mastery & Control of Nature
Time is Relative Time Proved Invariant Structure
Religion Permeates Culture Religion is Separate from Culture
Accepts Other Worldviews Believe Western Worldview is Superior
Holistic/Relational Thinking (individual elements are perceived as part of a larger whole/field)
Analytical Thinking(elements are perceived as separate & distinct
from the larger whole/field)
*American Indians, Mexican-Americans, African-Americans, Vietnamese-Americans,
Puerto Rican-Americans, Chinese-Americans, Japanese-Americans & many Euro/American
Females
* Euro/Americans (primarily males) & Minorities with a High-Degree
of Western Acculturation
. theories & models .
Intercultural Communications: Edward T. Hall’s Cultural FactorsIntercultural Communications: Edward T. Hall’s Cultural Factors(Hall, 1971)
. theories & models .
Factors/Signifiers High-Context Culture Low-Context Culture
Who?Japanese, African-American, Latino,
French, Arab, MediterraneanAmerican, German, Swiss, Northern-
European, English
Messages- Overt or Covert?
Covert & Implicit; Metaphor; “Read Between the Lines”
Overt & Explicit; Simple & Clear; “Spell Everything Out”
Control & Failure Attribution Inner Locus of Control; Personal Acceptance for Failure
Outer Locus of Control; Blame Others for Failure
Verbal or Nonverbal Communication?
Nonverbal Communication; Body Language is Important
Focus on Verbal Communication; Body Language Tends to be
Secondary
Expressing Reaction Reactions Tend to be Reserved & Inward
Reactions Tend to be Visible, External & Outward
Groups-Cohesive or Separated?
Strong Distinction between In-Group & Out-Group; Strong Sense of Family
Flexible & Open Group Patterns; Group Loyalties More
Likely to Change as Needed
People Bonds Strong People Bonds; Affiliation to Family & Community
Fragile Bonds; Little Sense of Loyalty
Commitment: Relationship or Work?
High Commitment to Long-Term Relationships: Relationship
Trumps Work
Low Commitment to Long-Term Relationships; Work Trumps Relationship
Flexibility of Time Open & Flexible Highly Organized; Scheduling
Process or Product? Process over Product Product over Process
DiversityDiversity The variations in any given population:
-Ethnicity -Language
-Age -Gender
-Sexual Orientation -Socio-Economic Levels
-Education -Ideologies & Beliefs
-Physical Differences -Disability
. diversity & multiculturalism .
MulticulturalismMulticulturalism
An ideology or philosophy that purposefully
recognizes & seeks to maintain
ethnic and cultural diversity.
. diversity .
Globalization Globalization •The process by which the experience of everyday life, marked by the consumption of commodities and ideas, is becoming standardized around the world, especially since the late 20th century.
(New Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007)
The extension of culture and commerce across traditional national boundaries.
(World Book Dictionary, 2007)
McDonald’s in Italy … Panini in Colorado
. globalization .
Globalization’s Effect in LibrariesGlobalization’s Effect in LibrariesResource Sharing
– World Cat
– Interlibrary Loan
Professional Organizations
– International Federation of
Library Associations
& Institutions (AFLA)
. globalization .
Types of Cultural ShiftsTypes of Cultural Shifts
•Influx of Foreign Language Speakers
•Growing Epidemiological Issues
•Aging Populations
•Growing Youth Population
•Changes in Ethnic/Racial Demographics
. cultural identifiers & library adaptations .
. cultural identifiers & library adaptations .
Tracking Cultural ChangeTracking Cultural Change
• Census Data• State & Local Health Departments• Community Advisory Boards• Library Comment Cards• Public Meetings for Community Feedback• ALA Committee on Diversity
. cultural identifiers & library adaptations .
Health Materials
Wellness Fairs
Health Materials
Wellness Fairs
ESL Programs
Minority Staffing
Foreign Language Materials
ESL Programs
Minority Staffing
Foreign Language Materials
Year-Round Storytime
Classroom Materials
Children’s Group Tours
Year-Round Storytime
Classroom Materials
Children’s Group Tours
Digitization of Collections
Online Services
Public Computer Terminals
Digitization of Collections
Online Services
Public Computer Terminals
Traditional Information Services
Traditional Information Services
Adaptations to Changing CultureAdaptations to Changing Culture
How does a professional execute
diagnosis, prescription, treatment & evaluation
of the client with culture in mind?(Grover, 1993)
. service design & the culture of the individual user .
DIAGNOSIS
Consider:Consider:
• Language and communication style (oral versus written)
• Values
• Rules of behavior
• Tools, skills, and level of technology use
. service design & the culture of the individual user .
DiagnosisDiagnosis
Use neutral questioning techniques to discover:
• How the person communicates
• How the person learns best (learning style)
• What the person feels are roadblocks or limitations in his or her search
(Dervin, 1986)
. service design & the culture of the individual user .
Prescription Prescription
• Understanding culture can help expose the frame of reference or knowledge base of an individual.
• The insight gained helps the information
professional identify the knowledge gap of the client
(Dervin, 1986)
. service design & the culture of the individual user .
TreatmentTreatment
Information CustomizationInformation can be better catered to the individual
based on cultural background
Information RepackagingThe information
professional can “translate” library resources to fit the
preexisting knowledge baseof the client
Over time, the information professional may learn to:
• Associate patterns of social networking within various cultures
• Recognize styles of knowledge seeking
• Know when to intervene (mediate) depending upon various cultural attitudes and approaches to learning
. service design & the culture of the individual user .
EvaluationEvaluation
• Culture and individual behavior can come into play as an information professional attempts to find out how well the knowledge gap has been filled.
• Use the communication skills gained in the diagnosis phase to assist in evaluation as well.
. service design & the culture of the individual user .
. library roles & culture .
Culture:Culture: An Information An Information Professional’s Role Professional’s Role
• Authority on culture: classic or current, global or subculture
• Protect and preserve
• Old Paradigm: disseminator of cultureNew Paradigm: diffuser of culture
New Laws of Librarianship:New Laws of Librarianship:
• Libraries serve humanity.
• Respect all forms by which knowledge is communicated.
• Use technology intelligently to enhance service.
• Protect free access to knowledge.
• Honor the past & create the future.
(American Libraries, 1995)
. library roles & culture .
. culture .