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Culture and Coping for Survivors of Natural Disasters: A Strengths Perspective Lucinda A. Acquaye, MSW Cudore L. Snell, DSW Howard University, Washington DC. USA

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Outline Introduction Culture Natural Disasters Coping Culture and Coping after the Disaster Implications for Social Work Conclusion Acquaye, L.A. & Snell, C.L. (2012) Joint World Conference on Social Work and Social Development: Action & Impact: Stockholm, Sweden

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Introduction High prevalence of natural disasters The result: High death tolls Devastation to infrastructure Displacement Unplanned change Culture used by communities to cope Social Workers key players to connecting communities strengths to assist with coping Acquaye, L.A. & Snell, C.L. (2012) Joint World Conference on Social Work and Social Development: Action & Impact: Stockholm, Sweden

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Culture Largely shared, unchanging and internalized sets of beliefs, values, and practices which are transmitted across generations which is direct or constrain human behavior-in-context (Vivjer & Phalet, 2004, p.219). According to the National Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics(2008), we have an obligation to be culturally competent. While it is impossible to become an expert in every culture, we are obligated to recognize the importance of its existence. Acquaye, L.A. & Snell, C.L. (2012) Joint World Conference on Social Work and Social Development: Action & Impact: Stockholm, Sweden

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Natural Disasters Definition: A natural or human-caused catastrophe that causes destruction, frequently including loss of life, with permanent changes to the environment and a community? (Halpern & Tramontin, 2007, p.3). Over the last quarter of a century, more than 150 million people a year have been seriously affected by disasters (Ehrenreich, 2001, p.5). Cataclysmic natural disasters have stalled or reversed development gains in countries such as Haiti, Myanmar, Indonesia, and Pakistan and shaken confidence in the ability of nations with greater resources to cope with mass devastation (Healy & Link, 2012, p.3). Acquaye, L.A. & Snell, C.L. (2012) Joint World Conference on Social Work and Social Development: Action & Impact: Stockholm, Sweden

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Coping Edler & Parker (1990) assign coping to 3 main categories: Problem-focused coping with active problem- solving approach Emotional-focused coping: implied focusing on cognitive thinking of emotional reactions Avoidance coping: aims at avoiding the stressful situation Non-technical Approaches -Humor -Spiritual Connectedness -Physical Activity Acquaye, L.A. & Snell, C.L. (2012) Joint World Conference on Social Work and Social Development: Action & Impact: Stockholm, Sweden

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Coping (continued) Ehrenreich (2001) contextual understanding of variations of coping: Fatalism Suffering should be examined for their meaning Use of family, church, community support Renewing of self-worth Acquaye, L.A. & Snell, C.L. (2012) Joint World Conference on Social Work and Social Development: Action & Impact: Stockholm, Sweden

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Culture & Coping After the Disaster A series of personal characteristics, no doubt mediated by learning and cultural contexts [italics added] may be relevant to cope successfully with traumatic events, preventing the development of negative psychosocial consequences and enhancing the likelihood of being receptive to the learning opportunities or personal growth that may occur as a result of trauma (Vasquez, et. Al., 2004, p.315). Individualistic vs. Collectivistic cultures Resiliency defined Acquaye, L.A. & Snell, C.L. (2012) Joint World Conference on Social Work and Social Development: Action & Impact: Stockholm, Sweden

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Implications for Social Work Most societies have become multicultural. Immigration has become a presumably permanent feature in many countries (Vivjer & Phalet, 2004, p.216). As such, social workers need to have a broad knowledge and awareness of the variety of cultures to develop successful treatment plans for these populations. Active involvement in disaster relief teams Communicate directly with community members Acquaye, L.A. & Snell, C.L. (2012) Joint World Conference on Social Work and Social Development: Action & Impact: Stockholm, Sweden

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Implications for Social Work (continued) Cultural groups may have various beliefs about death and injury and about health and mental health and may respond in unexpected ways to outside medical and mental health professionals (Ehenreich, 2002, p,6). Integrated work with indigenous health workers, priests, traditional healers, union leaders, teachers, and community leaders. Acquaye, L.A. & Snell, C.L. (2012) Joint World Conference on Social Work and Social Development: Action & Impact: Stockholm, Sweden

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Conclusion Increase scholarly work on role that culture plays in coping mechanisms amongst survivors of disasters. Emphasis on cultures vicariously affected by natural and human-made disasters; noting their ability to continuously cope as a teaching tool. Documenting unofficial best practices Acquaye, L.A. & Snell, C.L. (2012) Joint World Conference on Social Work and Social Development: Action & Impact: Stockholm, Sweden

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References Ehrenreich, J. (2001). Coping with disasters: A guidebook to psychosocial intervention. Retrieved on November 22, 2010 from: http://www.crisiscounseling.com/TraumaLoss/Coping WithDisaster.pdf Endler, Norman S.; Parker, James D. (1990). Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(5), May 1990, 844-854. Halpern, J. & Tramontin, M. (2007). Disaster Mental Health : Theory and Practice. Belmont, CA: Thomson, Brooks Cole. Healy, L.M., & Link, R.J. (Eds.)(2012). Handbook of international social work: Human rights, development, and the global profession. New York: Oxford University Press. Acquaye, L.A. & Snell, C.L. (2012) Joint World Conference on Social Work and Social Development: Action & Impact: Stockholm, Sweden

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References National Association of Social Workers (2008). Code of Ethics. Retrieved on July 3, 2012 from: http://www.socialworkers.org/pubs/code/code.asp Vazquez, C., Cervellon, P., Perez-Sales, P., Vidales, D., Gaborit, M. (2004). Positive emotions in earthquake survivors in El Salvador (2001). Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 19(2005), pp.313-328. Vjver, F., Phalet, K. (2004). Assessment in multicultural groups: The role of acculturation. Applied Psychology: An International Review. 53(2), pp. 215-236. Contact: Lucinda A. Acquaye, MSW lucinda.acquaye@bison.howard.edu Cudore L. Snell, DSW, LICSW csnell@howard.edu