CS 61C L23 Combinational Logic Blocks (1) Garcia, Fall 2004 © UCBslashdot.org/article.pl?sid=04/10/21/0214230&tid=126&tid=216

Lecturer PSOE Dan Garcia

www.cs.berkeley.edu/~ddgarcia

inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61c CS61C : Machine Structures

Lecture 23 – Combinational Logic Blocks

2004-10-22

Age of the Machines?“The UN's annual World Robotics

Survey for 2004 predicts that there will be a seven-fold surge in household robots by the

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CS 61C L23 Combinational Logic Blocks (2) Garcia, Fall 2004 © UCB

Review

•Use this table and techniques we learned to transform from 1 to another

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A. (a+b) • (a+b) =?= b

(a+b)•(a+b)

aa+ab+ba+bb distribution

0+b(a+a)+b complimentarity,commutativity,distribution,idempotent

b(1)+b identity, complimentarity

b+b identity

b idempotent

Peer Instruction Correction

TRUE

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Today

•Data Multiplexors

•Arithmetic and Logic Unit

•Adder/Subtractor

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Data Multiplexor (here 2-to-1, n-bit-wide)

“mux”

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N instances of 1-bit-wide mux

How many rows in TT?

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How do we build a 1-bit-wide mux?

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4-to-1 Multiplexor?

How many rows in TT?

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Is there any other way to do it?

Hint: NCAA tourney!

Ans: Hierarchically!

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Administrivia : Midterm…

•You spoke and we heard• The final can be in pen OR pencil

- We should have given the choice of pen or pencil, and if you choose pencil, no regrade

• More scratch space…will be there (trees be damned)

•Want a regrade?• Return your exam and a stapled paragraph explaining which question(s) needed regrading AND WHY and we’ll take a look at the next TA mtg

• Your grade MAY go down, no complaints

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Arithmetic and Logic Unit

•Most processors contain a special logic block called “Arithmetic and Logic Unit” (ALU)

•We’ll show you an easy one that does ADD, SUB, bitwise AND, bitwise OR

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Our simple ALU

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Adder/Subtracter Design -- how?• Truth-table, then

determine canonical form, then minimize and implement as we’ve seen before

• Look at breaking the problem down into smaller pieces that we can cascade or hierarchically layer

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Adder/Subtracter – One-bit adder LSB…

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Adder/Subtracter – One-bit adder (1/2)…

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Adder/Subtracter – One-bit adder (2/2)…

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N 1-bit adders 1 N-bit adder

What about overflow?Overflow = cn?

+ + +

b0

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What about overflow?•Consider a 2-bit signed # & overflow:•10 = -2 + -2 or -1•11 = -1 + -2 only•00 = 0 NOTHING!•01 = 1 + 1 only

•Highest adder• C1 = Carry-in = Cin, C2 = Carry-out = Cout

• No Cout or Cin NO overflow!

• Cin, and Cout NO overflow!

• Cin, but no Cout A,B both > 0, overflow!

• Cout, but no Cin A,B both < 0, overflow!

± #

Whatop?

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What about overflow?•Consider a 2-bit signed # & overflow:

10 = -2 + -2 or -111 = -1 + -2 only00 = 0 NOTHING!01 = 1 + 1 only

•Overflows when…• Cin, but no Cout A,B both > 0, overflow!

• Cout, but no Cin A,B both < 0, overflow!

± #

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Extremely Clever Subtractor

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Peer Instruction

A. Truth table for mux with 4-bits of signals is 24 rows long

B. We could cascade N 1-bit shifters to make 1 N-bit shifter for sll, srl

C. If 1-bit adder delay is T, the N-bit adder delay would also be T

ABC1: FFF2: FFT 3: FTF4: FTT5: TFF6: TFT7: TTF8: TTT

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Peer Instruction Answer

A. Truth table for mux with 4-bits of signals is 24 rows long

B. We could cascade N 1-bit shifters to make 1 N-bit shifter for sll, srl

C. If 1-bit adder delay is T, the N-bit adder delay would also be T

ABC1: FFF2: FFT 3: FTF4: FTT5: TFF6: TFT7: TTF8: TTT

A. Truth table for mux with 4-bits of signals controls 16 inputs, for a total of 20 inputs, so truth table is 220 rows…FALSE

B. We could cascade N 1-bit shifters to make 1 N-bit shifter for sll, srl … TRUE

C. What about the cascading carry? FALSE

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“And In conclusion…”•Use muxes to select among input

• S input bits selects 2S inputs

• Each input can be n-bits wide, indep of S

• Implement muxes hierarchically

•ALU can be implemented using a mux• Coupled with basic block elements

•N-bit adder-subtractor done using N 1-bit adders with XOR gates on input

• XOR serves as conditional inverter