CPCB-LK.ppt [Read-Only]

1

Control of Emissions from Power Plants/Large Scale Control of Emissions from Power Plants/Large Scale Industries Industries –– Present and Future ApproachPresent and Future Approach

By: Lalit Kapur, Senior Environmental EngineerSenior Environmental Engineer

Central Pollution Control BoardCentral Pollution Control Board

1. Power Plants, Cement, Aluminiumand Integrated Iron & Steel are the major sectors from infrastructure development of the country. However, these are one of the major polluting in nature.

2. Besides Green House Gas Emission, SO2, NOx, Fluoride & CO are the critical pollutants emitted from these industries.

3. To contain emissions of these pollutants, environmental standards have been developed.

4. Implementation of environmental standards has been taken up at National & State Level. To give impetus in implementation of environmental standards National Task Force for each industrial section have been constituted.

5. Specific measure such as use of clean fuel, clean process technologies/alternate control systems have been suggested for each individual industrial section separately to tackle the serious issues related to air pollution, water pollution and solid waste disposal. Guidelines have also been evolved to deal with problem of flyash, (spent pot lining) and coke oven emissions.

Control Strategies forControl Strategies for::

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Development of Environmental StandardsDevelopment of Environmental Standards

Development of Environmental standards is based on the premise that the standards so developed are :

• Technically feasible; Best practicable • Economically viable; and Technology(BPT)• Socially acceptable

Technical Feasibility : Representative industry§ Raw material use§ Processes of manufacture§ Water balance and mass balance§ Waste water characteristics

Economic Viability :§ Various treatment alternatives & their

economics(Annual burden: annual turn-over >3%)§ Evolve environmental standards & prescribe

monitoring procedureSocial Acceptability :§ The industry should provide to its

effluent/emission, the minimal (at least) treatment

Power PlantsPower PlantsPower Plants

Power Sector : A ProfilePower Sector : A Profile

ØSeventy one per cent of total installed capacity of electricity production is based on coal and gas in the country.

Ø81 coal based thermal power plants comprising of 57799 MW electricity generating capacity as on March 2002

ØMore than 200 million tonnes of coal with ash contents 35-45% is consumed in Thermal Power Plants


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Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues

Use of high ash content coal in power generation leads to the following environmental issues :

Air Pollution• Emission of particulate matter (dust)• Emission of sulphur dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen• Green House Gas Emissions

Water Pollution• Cooling water discharge• Ash pond effluent

Solid Waste• Large volume of coal ash generation


Emission Standards For Emission Standards For Thermal Power PlantThermal Power Plant

Depending upon the requirement of local situations, which may warrant stricter standards as in case of protected areas the State Pollution Control Boards and other implementing agencies within the provisions of the EPA, 1986 may prescribe limit of 150 mg/Nm3

irrespective of the generation capacity of the plant.

350 mg/Nm3Less than 210 MW

150 mg/Nm3210 MW or more

Particulate matter emission

Power generation Capacity (MW)


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Stack Height RequirementStack Height Requirement

In order to proper dispersion of SO2 emissions from thermal power plants, stack height criteria is adopted in the country. However, for larger capacities of boilers (500 MW and above), space provision for installing FGD system has been recommended.

H= 14(Q)0.3 where Q is emission rate of SO2 in kg/hr

and H is stack height in metre

220

275

Less than 200/210 MW

200/210 MW or less than

500 MW

500 MW and above

Stack height (metre)Power generation Capacity


Conventional Practices for Control of Pollution Conventional Practices for Control of Pollution

Air Pollution:• Particulates: High efficiency Electrostatic

precipitator• Gaseous emission: Dispersion through tall

stacks

Water Pollution§ Cooling Water Discharge: Once through with long

channels/cooling tower§ Ash Pond effluent: Settling ponds

Solid Waste§ Coal ash: Dumped into ash ponds.

Emphasis is being given to utilize ash for the manufacture of builder products, cement,

construction of highways, filling of 100


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Future Technologies for Pollution Prevention & Future Technologies for Pollution Prevention & Control in Power SectionControl in Power Section

• Adoption of Clean Coal Technologies (CCTs)To meet increasing demand of power with minimal environmental impact for sustainable development, adoption of clean coal technologies with enhanced power plant efficiency, use of washedcoal, efficient pollution control systems and proper by-product and waste handling & utilization, is necessary

.

• Clean Coal TechnologiesPre-combustion Technologies: Ash sulphur and other impurities can be reduced (coal benefaction) from the coal before it is burned.

Combustion technologies Generation of emissions of SO2, NOx & CO2 can be FBC(CBFC, AFBC & PFBC) and IGCC minimised by adopting improved combustion

technologies.


Use of Beneficiated CoalUse of Beneficiated Coal

Ministry of Environment & Forests, vide notification no. GSR 560(E) & 378(E) dated September 19, 1997 and June 30,1998 respectively made mandatory use of beneficiated/blended coal containing ash not more than 34 per cent on annual average basis w.e.f. June 2001 (extended to June, 2002) in following category of power plants

§ Power plants located beyond 1000 km from pit head§ Power plants located in critically pollutied areas,

urban areas and ecologically sensitive areas.

The Power Plants using FBC (CFBC, PFBC & AFBC) & IGCC CCTs are exempted to use beneficiated coal irrespective of their locations.


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Requirements Of Requirements Of Beneficiated/blended CoalBeneficiated/blended Coal

• Out of 81 coal based Thermal Power Plants, 39 plants are required to use beneficiated coal not containing ash more than 34 per cent w.e.f. June 2002

• As per Central Electricity Authority (CEA) estimation, the requirement of coal for existing and the plants to be installed under Ninth Plan would be 85.46 milliontonnes per annum.

• Coal India Ltd. would able be meet the requirement of 68.48 million tonnes per annum coal from their sources (by existing washeries and blending of domestic coals). The remaining quantity could be met by blending imported and domestic coal at


Thermal Power Plants Required to use Beneficiated CoalThermal Power Plants Required to use Beneficiated Coal

5.50*U.A. 1080Koradi 19.

5.08>1000 km 1260Ropar (Units 1-6)7.

1.32*U.A. 410Sabarmati 13.

6.06>1000 km 1260 Wanakbori (Units 1-6)14.

3.00*U.A. 660Gandhi Nagar 15.

3.36*>1000 km 850Ukai 16.

1.00*>1000 km 240Sikka (Units 1-2)17.

2.24>1000 km 478Bhusawal 18.

3.60>1000 km 910Nasik 20.

3.65U.A. 850Kota (Units 1-5)12.

0.89>1000 km 220Paricha 11.

0.79U.A. 274Panki 10.

1.06>1000 km 425Harduaganj 9.

4.00>1000 km 840NCR Dadri 8.

1.98>1000 km 440Bhatinda (Units 1-4)6.

3.60*>1000 km 650Panipat (Units 1-5)5.

0.80* UA 165Faridabad 4.

0.58UA 135Rajghat 3.

0.67UA 278Indraprastha 2.

2.75UA 705Badarpur 1.

Estimated Annual beneficiated Coal Requirement (MTPA)

CategoryCapacity (MW)

Name of Thermal Power Station

S. No.


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Thermal Power Plants Required to use Beneficiated CoalThermal Power Plants Required to use Beneficiated Coal

IC >1000 km 500Suratgarh-I39.

4.38>1000 km 840Raichur (1-4)27.

1.00*>1000 km 210Wanakbori-733.

0.95>1000 km 210Gandhinagar-734.

2.14>1000 km 420Raichur (5-6)35.

IC U.A. 1050North Chennai II36.

IC >1000 km (Imported Coal)

1000Mangalore 37.

IC>1000 km 260Tranagallu 38.

Total

1.88*>1000 km 420Bhatinda-5&632.

1.00CPA 350Durgapur 31.

1.84CPA 820Bokaro 30.

4.08*>1000 km 1050Tuticorin (1-5)29.

4.39>1000 km 840Mettur 28.

1.92* >1000 km 450Ennore 26.

2.97U.A. 630 North Chennai-I25.

2.37>1000 km 420Muddanur (Rayalaseema)24.

0.49CPA390DPL23.

2.01S.A. 500Dahanu 22.

Oil/Coal U.A. 1150Trombay 21.

Estimated Annual beneficiated Coal Requirement (MTPA)

CategoryCapacity (MW)

Name of Thermal Power Station

S. No.

Total coal consumption based on 2002-2003 data upto ix plan 85.46 MTPA * Revised based on data provided bySEBs/utilities UA : Urban Area, CPA : Critically Polluted Area, SA: Sensitive Area and IC: Imported Coal


Coal Beneficiation StatusCoal Beneficiation Status

Coal Beneficiation Plants under operation

• Piparwar Washery Orissa 6.5 Mt/y of raw coal

• Bina Deshaling plant MP 4.5 Mt/y of raw coal

• Bilaspur washery MP 2.5 Mt/y of raw coal

• Girdih washery Bihar 2.5 Mt/y of raw coal

• Kargali washery Bihar 1.5 Mt/y of raw coal

• Dipika washery Orissa 8.0 Mt/y of raw coal

Coal Beneficiation Plants under Planning


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Setting up of CoalSetting up of Coal WasheriesWasheries“Suggestions”“Suggestions”

To find the options/mechanism for setting up of coalwasheries for non coking coals :

§ Coal India will set up its own washery

§ State Electricity Board to set up its own washery

§ Coal India to ask private entrepreneurs to set upwasheries for CIL and taking washing charges

§ State Electricity Board to select a private entrepreneur to set lup a washery near pit-head


Clean Coal Combustion Clean Coal Combustion TechnologiesTechnologies

1. Super Critical Technology

§ Larger unit size (more than 500 MW)§ Higher thermal efficiency (of 5% and above)§ Low gaseous & soots emissions

2. Fluidised Bed Combustion (CFBC/PFBC/AFBC)

§ Can burn wide range of coals and other fuels such as pet coke, lignite etc.§ Higher thermal efficiency (>40%)§ Lower NOx emissions§ Low CO2 emissions§ Insitu SO2 control§ Sizes upto 250 MW commercially available

indigenous

Cont’d


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3. Integrated Gassification Combined Cycle (IGCC)§ Through ash developing stage§ Limitation on availability of larger unit size§ High thermal efficiency (>45%)§ Sulphur dioxide removal upto 99%

§ NOx reduction by 90%§ Low CO2 emission

4. Post Combustion Technologies§ High efficiency electrostatic precipitator

§ Replacement of ESP with Bag filter

§ De SOx and DeNOx systems

§ Recycling of ash pond effluents

§ Switching over to medium concentration slurry disposal system (MCSD) with ash concentration in slurry 40-45% for high concentration slurry disposal systems (HCSD) with ash concentration in slurry 65-72%

§ Utilization of Flyash (at present about 19% coash ash is utilized for manufacture of cement, bricks, construction of

§ India Ranks World's 2nd largest cement producing country

§ No. of Large Cement Plants in the country -113

§ Total Annual Installed Capacity - 110.10 Million Tonnes (As on March 2000)

§ Annual Cement Production - 94.21 Million Tonnes

(As on March 2000)

Cement Sector: ProfileCement Sector: Profile

§ Per Capita Consumption of Cement (1999)

256 kg/annum97 kg/annum

World AverageWorld AverageIndia India

Cement IndustriesCement IndustriesCement Industries

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Environmental Issues in Cement SectorEnvironmental Issues in Cement Sector

Ø Uncontrolled fugitive emission• Raw Material Storage• Loading/Unloading Operation • Material Transfer Point

Ø Continuous dust monitoring system & its calibration

Ø Industrial solid waste utilisation in cement manufacturing

• Flyash • Blast Furnace Slag • Lime Sludge • Phospho Gypsum


Cont’d


Ø Use of Hazardous Waste in Cement Kiln

Ø Reduction of Green House Gases• Reduction in power consumption

• Reduction in coal consumption

• Promotion of Energy Efficient Technology

Ø Waste heat recovery from kiln & clinker cooler exit gases

Ø Energy Conservation

Ø Use of petroleum coke as fuel in kiln –Environmental implication (emission

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Sources of Dust EmissionsSources of Dust EmissionsPoint Sources§ Stack attached with kiln, § Stack attached with Raw Mill,§ Stack attached with Clinker Cooler, § Stack attached with Coal Mill,§ Stack attached with Cement Mill,

Fugitive Sources§ Open air handling & storage of raw materials & clinker § Transfer Points§ Leaking Joints§ Loading & unloading operation § Vehicular movement on unpaved roads


Dust Generation at various sections in Dust Generation at various sections in Cement PlantCement Plant

5-15Crusher 1.

20-30Packing Plant 7.

60-150Cement Mill 6.

5-10Clinker Cooler 5.

50-7510-1530-40

Kiln:Dry Semi-Dry Wet

4.

25-60100-120

Coal Mill: Gravity Discharge Drying Grinding

3.

25-60300-500

Raw Mill: Gravity Discharge Air Swept (e.g. Roller Mill)

2.

Normal dust range(g/Nm3)

Source of PollutionS. No.


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Emissions of PollutantsEmissions of PollutantsSO2 Emission from kiln

§ Formation Mechanism § *Oxidation of sulphur compounds present in raw

material & fuel (300-600°C)§ Emission Range: 300-2300 mg/Nm3 (Coal based

kiln)§ Emission of SO2 may be very high in case of Pet

Coke based kiln

NOx Emission From Kiln

§ 90% of NOx is in the form of NO § Formation Mechanism: Thermal NO & Fuel NO § Emission Range 200-2500 mg/Nm3§ Literature indicates wide variation in emission

range § NO is less in Modern Pre-calcinater Kilns


§ Size of dust particles

§ Flue gas characteristics

§ Collection efficiency

§ Emission standard

§ Techno-economic Feasibility of Air Pollution

Control Equipment

Selection of Air Pollution Control Selection of Air Pollution Control EquipmentEquipment


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Bag Filter Packing Plant 7.

Bag Filter/ESPCement Mill 6.

Bag Filter/ESPCoal Mill 5.

ESP/Bag Filter with heat exchanger

Clinker Cooler 4.

Bag Filter/ESP with GCTKiln 3.

Bag Filter/ESP Raw Mill 2.

Bag FilterCrusher 1.

Dust Collector Section S. No.

Recommended Air Pollution Control Equipment Recommended Air Pollution Control Equipment for different Sectionsfor different Sections


§ Fugitive dust is 10-30% of total emission

§ Local exhaust ventilation system

§ Water spray

§ Proper House Keeping

§ Enclosed storage facilities (silo, dome-shaped

building) to store raw materials, additives, coal,

clinker, flyash

Fugitive Emission ControlFugitive Emission ControlCement IndustriesCement IndustriesCement Industries

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250150>200

400250<200

Other Area Protected Area

Particulate matter Emission nor to exceed mg/Nm3

Plant capacity in tonnes per day

CPCB/SPCB may fix stringent standards, if required

Emission Standards in IndiaEmission Standards in India


Emission Standards in other CountriesEmission Standards in other Countries

100 / 50Portugal 100 / 50USA

100Japan 50Switzerland

120South Africa 50Germany 50Australia

Particulate Matter Emission Limit (mg/Nm3)

Country


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§ Flyash (solid waste from TPP)

§ Blast Furnace Slag (Solid Waste from Iron &

Steel Plant)

§ Phospho-gypsum (Solid Waste from Fertilizer

Plant)

§ Lime sludge (Solid Waste from Pulp & Paper

Industry)

Utilisation of Industrial Solid Waste Utilisation of Industrial Solid Waste in Cement Manufacturingin Cement Manufacturing


§ Constitution of National & Zonal Task Forces (1986)

§ Prosecution of Recalcitrant units

§ Notification No. 66, dated 12.02.92,

§ Establishment before 1981 : Comply by 31.12.93

§ Establishment after May 1981 : Comply by 31.12.92

§ CPCB issued direction under Section 5 of EPA, 1986

Pollution Control Implementation StatusPollution Control Implementation Status

Cont’d


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§ Complying units : 58 58 Non complying units : 16 Closed units : 14 Status Awaited : 25

§ Kiln + Raw Mill : Bag Houses (emission < 50 mg/Nm3)

§ Multicyclone with clinker cooler : Replace by ESP

§ Kiln ESP Tripping : High CO (Fluctuation in coal quality)

§ Bed blending system : Reduces variation in coal quality : Reduces Problem of high CO : ESP operation more stable


Ø Constitution of National Task Force

Ø Effective implementation of standards through Task Force

Ø Engineering Design parameters of A.P.C.E.

Ø Fugitive Emission control – new regulation and standard for fugitive

emission and monitoring protocol being finalized

Ø Pollution load standards for cement mill, kiln and clinker cooler

instead of concentration limit

Ø Emission standard for SO2, Ni and V for petroleum coke based

cement kiln

Ø Proper calibration of Opacity Monitor

New Initiatives taken/Proposed by CPCB New Initiatives taken/Proposed by CPCB for Cement Industryfor Cement Industry


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Ø Proper record keeping of ESP / Bag filter

Ø Regular interaction meeting of National Cement Task

Force (NCTF) with cement industries and SPCB to

discuss & sort out technical issues

Ø Common consent (Air, Water) for cement industries

Ø Incentive for using flyash in cement making

Ø Effective noise pollution control from cement industries

Ø Material balance and Environmental Audit in cement

industry

Ø Defaulter list in CPCB web site


AluminiumAluminium Sector: Present Capacity and Future Expansion* Sector: Present Capacity and Future Expansion*

---5,16,8007,06,50017,80,000

Total Capacity

---69,50030,00060,000MALCO Metturedam, TN

7.

-3,56,2006,60,0001,33,7002,42,0004,50,000

HINDALCO Renukoot, UP

6.

57,20057,200-30,00030,000-INDALCO Hirakud, Orissa

5.

-----2,70,000

INDALCO Belgaum, Karnataka

4.

---8,00013,500-INDALCO Alupuram,Kerala

3.

----1,00,0002,00,000

BALCOKorba,Orissa

2.

-3,45,00015,75,000#

2,43,0002,18,0008,00,000

NALCO, Angul, Orissa

1.

Aluminium Products

Aluminium Metal

AluminaAluminium Products

Aluminium Metal

Alumina

Future Expansion Proposed (TPA)Installed capacity (TPA)Name of Smelter

S. No.

*Based on information of 1999-2000# Expansion complete

Aluminium IndustriesAluminium Aluminium IndustriesIndustries

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Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues

Ambient Fluoride levels around Smelter

Fluoride emissions from Smelters

HC/PAH emissions from Smelters and Anode

plant

Disposal of Spent Pot Lining

⇒ Presence of leachable cyanide and fluoride

Disposal of Red Mud

⇒ Presence of alkalinity

Mercury discharge from Gallium plant


National Emission StandardsNational Emission Standards

1% maxH = 14 (Q)0.3250(ii) Calcination

150(i) Primary and Secondary Crusher

H = 14 (Q)0.3b) Alumina Plant

1500.3(iii) Anode Bake oven

150(ii) Green Anode Shop

1.0PBCW

2.5PBSW

6.0HSS

4.7VSS

150(i) Potline

a) Smelter Plant

COStack Height (m)

Particulates (mg/Nm3)

Fluoride (kg/t)

EPA StandardsSource

NoteNote: Q: Q--Emission of SOEmission of SO22 in kg/hr, Hin kg/hr, H--Stack Height in mStack Height in mSource:Source: MoEF MoEF notification GSR 742 (E), dated 30.08.1990notification GSR 742 (E), dated 30.08.1990


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Fluoride EmissionsFluoride Emissions

Wet Scrubbing-932 µg/N

m3

10.17

mg/Nm3

36.513VSSBALCOKorba,Orissa

2.

Wet Scrubbing4.372.551.8226.22HSSINDALCO Alupuram ,Kerala

3.

Wet Scrubbing(Proposing to convert to Dry Scrubbing by

2005)

2.83 -4.76

1.40 -

2.23

1.43 -2.53

10.726HSSINDALCO#

Hirakud,Orissa

4.

Dry Scrubbing

System

0.471-0.831

0.441

0.03 -0.39

29.0PBSWHINDALCO Renukoot, UP

5.

Wet ScrubberNot Available

VSSMALCO Metturdam , TN

6.

Control SystemActual Emissions(kg/t)*

Consumption(kg/t)*

Type of Anode

Name of Smelter

S. No.

Dry Scrubbing System

0.7550.520.235

17.28PBCWNALCO, Angul,Orissa

1.

TotalRoofStack

*kg/t of aluminum# MoEF condition – 2.5 kg F/t after expansion


Spent Pot Lining (1999Spent Pot Lining (1999--2000)2000)

Secured landfill 1,650MALCO, Metturdam, TN

6.

Carbon-used for recovery of cryolite followed by

use of black mud in boilers as a fuelRefractory - landfill

2,382.5HINDALCO, Renukoot, UP

5.

Secured Landfill500INDALCO, Hirakud, Orissa

4.

Carbon-stored under cover

Refractory -Either land filled or stored under

cover

484INDALCO, Alupuram, Kerala

3.

Carbon - in covered storage shed

Refractory -in unsecured landfill

3,961BALCO, Korba,Orissa

2.

Secured landfill3,300NALCO, Angul, Orissa

1.

Method of disposal Quantity Generated (Million Tonne per

Annum)

Name of SmelterS. No.


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Red Mud (1999Red Mud (1999--2000)2000)

Method of disposal Quantity Generated (000Tonne/Annum)

Name of RefineryS.No

6.

5.

4.

3.

2.

1.

Dry(62-65% solid)

59.0MALCO

Meturdam,Tamilnadu

Dry(70% solid)

632.5HINDALCO Renukoot, UP

--INDALCO Muri, Jharkhand

Dry (70% solid)

321.0INDALCOBelgaum,

Karnataka

Wet280.5BALCO Korba, Orissa

Wet(50-60% solid)

1,620NALCODamanjodi, Orissa


Proposed Future PolicyProposed Future Policy§ Phasing out of the Soderberg Technology§ Revising fluoride emission standards and converting

to Dry Scrubber§ Setting up a limit for fluoride consumption per tonne

of aluminium § Prescribing standards for ambient fluoride/forage

fluoride§ Developing emission standards for HC/PAH§ Setting up a centralised SPL treatment and disposal

facility§ Converting to Dry methods for disposal of Red Mud


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Integrated Iron & Steel Sector

Major Sources of Pollution:Major Sources of Pollution:

§ Coke Oven and By-product Plant

§ Steel Melting Shop

§ Sintering Plant

§ Blast Furnace

§ Refractory Material Plant

§ Captive Thermal Power Plant

Iron & Steel IndustriesIron & Steel IndustriesIron & Steel Industries

Emission Standards Emission Standards

150 Refractory Material Plant/ Dolomite Plant

150 (during normal operation)

400 (during oxygen lancing)

Steel Melting Shop

150Sintering Plant

Particulate Matter Emission (mg/Nm3)

Plants

Stack Emissions


22

5

25

50

500

800

50

(with HPLA)*

4 (PLO)*

1 (PLL)*

10 (PLD)*

Existing Batteries

5(ii) SPM emission during coke pushing (stack emission) gm/ton of coke

25(i) SPM emission during charging (stack emission) mg/Nm3

50(c) SPM, (mg/Nm3)

500(b) NOx, (mg/Nm3)

800(a) SO2(mg/Nm3)

Stack Emission of Coke Oven

2.

16

(with HPLA)*

(d) Charging emission (second/charge)

4 (PLO)*(c) Leakage from AP Covers

1 (PLL)* (b) Leakage from charging lids

5 (PLD)* (a) Leakage from door

Fugitive Visible Emissions

Coke oven plants (by product recovery type)

1.

New Batteries

Standards Parameter Industry S. No.


Cont’d

10

2

5

800

Existing Batteries

10Ambient standards (ng/m3)

2Other units in coke oven plant

5Battery area (top of the battery)

Benzo-Pyerine (BOP) concentration in work zone air (ug/m3)

Emission for quenching operation Particulate matter gm?MT of coke produced

800Sulphur in Coke Oven gas used for heating (mg/Nm3

Sulphur in Coke Oven gas used for heating (mg/Nm3)

New Batteries

Standards Parameter Industry S. No.


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§ Improvements in the systems for controlling fugitive emissions.

Raw material Handling UnitsRaw material Handling Units§ Enclosures and water

sprinkling system

§ Screw feeder§ Land based pushing emission control

system § Self sealing air cooled doors § Possibility of coke dry quenching needs

to be tried out § Effluent treatment plant to treat cyanide,

phenol ammonia, COD etc. § Hazardous waste (tar sludge and ETP

sludge) handling and disposal following Hazardous Waste Handling, Rules; or, tar sludge / ETP sludge charging alongwith the coal fines in the coke ovens.

§ Computerized combustion control

Coke Oven PlantCoke Oven Plant§ HPLA system § Hydraulic door and door

frame cleaner § Air cooled Self Sealing

doors § Water sealed AP caps

Further Requirement Technologies / Current Practices

Current Practices and Future Current Practices and Future Requirement for Control of PollutionRequirement for Control of Pollution


Cont’d

§ Effective operation and maintenance of ESP / bag filter / multiclones for process and work zone dust emissions.

Lime / dolomite plant Lime / dolomite plant § ESP bag filter / multicolones for

process and work zone dust emissions

§ Proper operation and maintenance of ESP / bag filter / wet scrubber for air emissions

§ BF slag utilisation

Blast Furnace Blast Furnace § ESP / bag filter / wet scrubber for

air emissions

§ Proper operation and maintenance of air emission control and effluent treatment systems.

§ Secondary emission control system.

Steel Melting Shop Steel Melting Shop § ESP / bag filter wet scrubber for the

process emissions § Effluent treatment comprising

settling unit and re-circulation system for the treated effluent

§ Proper management and utilisation of flyash

Thermal Power PlantThermal Power Plant§ ESP for the emissions

§ ESP / bag filters with higher efficiency of removal for process emissions.

Sintering PlantSintering Plant§ ESP / bag filter / wet scrubber for

process emissions § ESP / bag filter / wet scrubber for

work zone environment

Further Requirements Technologies / Current Practices


24

Problems in Achieving the Standards Problems in Achieving the Standards

§ Air-cooled self-sealing doors.

§ The hydrojet cleaning system shall be provided for the door and door frame cleaning with a facility of hydrojet pressure of 600 kg/cm2.

§ Provision of water sealed AP covers should be provided.

§ To provide aspiration through high pressure ammonia liquor (HPLA) injection in goose neck and emissions should be transferred directly to gas collecting mains.

§ To reduce generation of emissions during coal charging, the charging should be accomplished with hermetically sealed charging sleeves and screw feeders in charging car.

§ Provision of new charging car with magnetic lid lifter in the charging caralongwith lid and frame cleaning should be made.

§ The coke pushing emission should be treated in stationary land-based system with collection hood and wet scrubbing unit for gas cleaning. The height of chimney discharging the cleaned gases must ensure proper dispersion of gaseous pollutants.

§ Computerized combustion control and computerized moisture control system to be provided.

SAIL coke oven batteries are old batteries, most of which have bSAIL coke oven batteries are old batteries, most of which have been installedeen installedalongwithalongwith the installation of Steel Plants. the installation of Steel Plants. 22 batteries22 batteries are in operation at present. The are in operation at present. The main problems faced by the industry is due to non installation omain problems faced by the industry is due to non installation of the f the following following pollution control units:pollution control units:


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