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Coral Triangle

The world’s richest garden of corals and sea life 

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The waters of the Coral Triangle hold the highest diversity of iridescent corals, fish, crustaceans, mollusks and marine plant

species in the world. The area sustains over 120 million people and garners more than $12 billion a year from nature-based

tourism. A complex mix of diverse habitats – from river estuaries and mangrove forests, to sea grass beds and coral reef

ecosystems – support this array of marine biodiversity. Sea turtles, whale sharks and mantas feed, breed and migrate in

these rich and sheltered waters.

This abundant marine life is now at risk. Unsustainable fishing, poorly planned development, pollution, a growing population

and the effects of climate change are all contributing to the degradation of the Coral Triangle. WWF develops sustainable

solutions that will both benefit local communities and businesses and save one of the most diverse marine habitats on

Earth.

WWF’s goal in the Coral Triangle 

We plan to reach the following targets by 2020:

1. Coral Reefs: 50 percent increase in area of priority coral reef habitats that is protected and sustainably managed

with effective financing in place

2. Species: Zero decline in the populations of 3 endangered marine turtle species (leatherback, hawksbill, green) from

2008 levels

3. Transforming business: Halting and reversing the degradation of key marine resources - coral reef habitats,

turtles, reef fish, and tunaActions for on-the-ground conservation efforts and sustainable resource management will focus on existing WWF project

sites in the Sulu-Sulawesi, Banda Flores Marine, Bismarck Solomon Seas and Fiji Island Marine ecoregions.

WWF's vision: Protect the resilience and the native species through collaboratively managed practices across

political and cultural boundaries and create economic opportunities for the people who live here and depend on

natural resources for their livelihoods. 

 

The place. Located in waters off the coasts of Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Solomon Islandsand Timor-Leste, the Coral Triangle covers almost 1.6 billion acres  – an area about half the size of the United States.

 

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The species. The region is home to 3,000 species of fish, including commercially vital yellowfin, skipjack and bigeye tuna.

Its waters host nearly 500 reef-building coral species – an amazing 75 percent of all known coral species – while its shores

provide nesting grounds for six of the world’s seven species of sea turtles.  

 

The people. Coral Triangle marine resources support the livelihoods of 126 million people and feed not only local coastal

communities but millions more worldwide. The region also holds incredible cultural diversity. While there are over 2,000

languages spoken across these waters, all of these cultures share a strong and essential traditional connection to the sea.

Coral TriangleFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

National parks in the Coral Triangle

The Coral Triangle is a geographical term so named as it refers to a roughly triangular area of the

tropical marine waters ofIndonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon

Islands and Timor-Leste that contain at least 500 species of reef-building corals in

each ecoregion.[1] This region encompasses portions of two biogeographic regions: the Indonesian-

Philippines Region, and the Far Southwestern Pacific Region. [2] The Coral Triangle is recognized as

the global epicenter of marinebiodiversity[3] and a global priority for conservation.[4] It also called as

"Amazon of the seas" and covers 5.7 million square kilometers of ocean waters.[5] Its biological

resources sustain the lives of over 120 million people.[6] 

The WWF considers the region a top priority for marine conservation, and the organization is

addressing the threats it faces through its Coral Triangle Program,[7] launched in 2007.

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Contents

[hide] 

1 Biodiversity 

2 Threats 

3 Climate change 

4 Conservation 

5 Delineation 

6 References 

7 External links 

[edit]Biodiversity

More than 3,000 species of fish live in the Coral Triangle, including the largest fish - the whale shark, and the coelacanth. It also provideshabitat to six out of the world’s seven marine turtle species.

Reef building corals[1] 

  The Coral Triangle comprises the highest coral diversity in the world: 76% (605) of the world’s

coral species (798).

  The highest coral diversity is found in the waters of the Bird's Head Peninsula of

Indonesian Papua, which hosts 574 species (95% of the Coral Triangle's total, and 72% of the

world’s). Within the Bird’s Head Peninsula, Raja Ampat is the world’s coral diversity bull’s eye,

with 553 species.

  The Coral Triangle has 15 regionally endemic coral species, and shares 41 regionally endemic

species with Asia. Regional centers ofendemism in the Coral Triangle include the Sulu Sea and

North Lesser Sunda Islands / Savu Sea in Indonesia, and Milne Bay in Papua New Guinea. 

Coral Reef fishes[8] 

  The Coral Triangle has the highest diversity of coral reef fishes in the world: 37% (2,228) of the

world’s coral reef fish species (6,000), and 56% of the coral reef fishes in the Indo-Pacific region

(4,050).

  8% (235 species) of the coral reef fishes in the Coral Triangle are endemic or locally restricted

species. Within the Coral Triangle, four areas have particularly high levels of endemism (Lesser

Sunda Islands, Papua New Guinea – Solomon Islands, Bird’s Head Peninsula, and Central

Philippines).

The reasons provided for the Coral Triangle’s high levels of  biodiversity include:

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  A theory that the region is a major center of origin for coral reef species, where species

originated and whence they were dispersed to other locations in the Indo-Pacific region.

  Overlapping or accumulation of faunas from the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

  Geological processes, with coral reef species evolving and persisting during low sea level

events, demonstrating the resilient and enduring nature of these reefs during prior periods

of climate change. 

The large area and extraordinary range of habitats and environmental conditions have played a

major role in maintaining the staggering biodiversity of the Coral Triangle.[9] 

 

Table coral Acropora latistella  

 

Pink soft coral

 

Nembrotha kubaryana 

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Christmas tree worms(Spirobranchus giganteus )

 

Parrotfish 

 

Harlequin ghost pipefish 

 

Anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris )

 

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White-eyed moray eel (Gymnothorax thrysoideus)

[edit]Threats

The biodiversity and natural productivity of the Coral Triangle are under threat from poor marine

management (including coastal development, and overfishing and destructive fishing), lack of

political will, poverty, a high market demand and local disregard for rare and threatened species,

and climate change. An estimated 120 million people live within the Coral Triangle, of which

approximately 2.25 million are fishers who depend on healthy seas to make a living. These threats

are putting at risk livelihoods, economies and future market supplies for species such

as tuna.[10] Studies have highlighted the alarming decline of coral cover in this region.[11] 

[edit]Climate change

Climate change in the Coral Triangle is already having a big impact on coastal ecosystems by

warming, acidifying and rising seas. Coral Triangle reefs have experienced severe mass coral

bleaching and mortality events as temperatures have periodically soared.

The annual maximum and minimum temperatures of the oceans surrounding the coastal areas of

the Coral Triangle are warming significantly (0.09-0.12 ° C per decade) and are projected to increase

by 1-4°C toward the end of this century.

Increases of more than 2°C will eliminate most coral-dominated reef systems. These splendid reef

systems will disappear if these events continue to increase in intensity and frequency.

Climate change impacts overview:

  Coral Triangle seas will be warmer by 1-4°C

  Acidic seas will drive reef collapse

  Longer and more intense floods and droughts

  Sea level rise of 0.5, 1.0 or 6 metres

  More intense cyclones and typhoons 

  More annual climate variability in the Coral Triangle

While coastal ecosystems are facing enormous pressures from both local and global factors, many

areas within ecological resilience and are therefore among the most likely to survive the challenging

times ahead.

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Stabilising atmospheric carbon dioxide at or below 450 parts per million (ppm) is absolutely essential

if Coral Triangle countries are to meet their objective of retaining coastal ecosystems and allowing

people to prosper in the coastal areas of the Coral Triangle.

However, climate changes in the Coral Triangle ecosystems are inevitable due to the lag effects of

on coastal and marine systems and associated terrestrial habitats. [12] 

[edit]Conservation

The Coral Triangle is the subject of high-level conservation efforts by the region's governments,

nature conservation organizations such asWorld Wide Fund for Nature, The Nature

Conservancy and Conservation International, and donor agencies such as USAID. In May 2009, the

six Coral Triangle Governments launched a Regional Plan of Action for the next decade adopted at

the World Ocean Conference in Manado,Indonesia. This is the most detailed plan

for ocean conservation ever seen and the fruit of an ambitious partnership—the Coral TriangleInitiative (CTI) on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security founded in December 2007 in Bali.[13] 

[edit]Delineation

The primary criteria used to delineate the Coral Triangle were:

  High species biodiversity (more than 500 coral species, high biodiversity of reef

fishes, foraminifera, fungid corals, and stomatopods) and habitat diversity

  Oceanography (currents)

There is considerable overlap between the boundaries of the Coral Triangle that are based primarily

on high coral biodiversity (more than 500 species), and the boundaries based on the area of greatest

biodiversity for coral reef fishes.[14] 

Bali, Indonesia (03 Maret 2011) – Lokakarya tiga hari di Bali (1-3 Maret 2011) yang melibatkan para pelaku

utama perdagangan perikanan telah menyepakati solusi baru dalam membenahi sistem perdagangan ikan

karang di kawasan Segitiga Terumbu Karang (Coral Triangle ). Solusi tersebut dituangkan dalam sejumlah

rekomendasi.

Rekomendasi pembenahan tersebut meliputi: menyiapkan sistem yang dapat menjembatani kebutuhan data

mengenai permintaan dan suplai antar negara; mengadopsi dan menguji coba Standar Perdagangan Ikan

Karang Hidup, yaitu standar menghasilkan ikan secara bertanggung jawab; dan pembentukan forum diskusi

perdagangan ikan karang yang berkelanjutan yang diikuti oleh negara-negara konsumen, termasuk China.

Lokakarya tiga hari tersebut melibatkan banyak pakar yang saling berbagi pengalaman terbaik dalam mengatur

perdagangan tersebut, membawa contoh sukses untuk diterapkan ke skala yang lebih besar, serta

mendiskusikan peluang-peluang yang dapat membawa aktivitas perikanan tersebut ke jalur yang

berkelanjutan.

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―Lokakarya kali ini telah menghasilkan wadah yang berorientasi kepada solusi untuk pengelolaan yang jauh

lebih baik di semua sektor dalam rantai perdagangan tersebut dengan menghubungkan titik-titik antara

pemasok dan pembeli serta celah-celah antara kebijakan dan pelaku di sektor perdagangan perikanan karang

di Segitiga Terumbu Karang,‖ ujar Dr Geoffry Muldoon, pimpinan program Perdagangan Ikan Karang Hidup,

Program Segitiga Terumbu Karang, WWF.

Perdagangan ikan karang telah menjadi bisnis yang menyebar dan berkembang dengan cepat serta

menggiurkan banyak pihak namun juga menjadi ancaman bagi lingkungan pesisir dan laut di kawasan

tersebut.

Dampak luar biasa terjadi karena penangkapan berlebih dan penangkapan yang merusak juga terdorong

akibat permintaan yang semakin berkembang dan kurangnya sistem pengelolaan yang berkelanjutan.

Akibatnya, pelaku bisnis dan pendapatan masyarakat yang bergantung langsung maupun tidak langsung

berada dalam ancaman.

Data menunjukkan angka perdagangan tersebut mencapai antara 800 juta USD – 1 miliar USD dengan rata-rata 30 ribu ton ikan karang diperjualbelikan sejak tahun 1999 sampai 2002. Dengan metode yang sama,

sekarang para ahli memperkirakan perdagangan tersebut mencapai 2 miliar USD.

Kurangnya data terkini telah menyulitkan pengkajian yang akurat mengenai perdagangan ini sehingga

kebutuhan ketersediaan sistem pertukaran data menjadi sangat mendesak untuk dibentuk.

Sebuah perusahaan eksportir ikan karang hidup yang mengekspor 30% dari total ekspor Indonesia, UD Pulau

Mas, memahami sepenuhnya bahwa bisnis yang berkelanjutan menjadi prioritas utama dengan menjalankan

penangkapan ikan yang berkelanjutan pula. Pulau Mas menjadi salah satu perusahaan eksportir yang

berkomitmen menerapkan standar internasional untuk perdagangan ikan karang dalam meningkatkan kualitas

produknya.

Standar internasional tersebut disambut dengan baik banyak industri di Malaysia dan industri perhotelan.

Jaringan perhotelan, Marriot misalnya, sedang mencanangkan untuk meningkatkan konsumsi produk hidangan

laut yang berkelanjutan dari 50% menjadi 70% di akhir tahun di seluruh dunia.

―Sekarang sektor bisnis telah mulai mengarah ke arah yang sama dan bergerak sangat cepat, namun sangat

penting juga untuk selalu menjaga semangat dalam lokakarya kali ini dalam menggawangi tersbentuknya

forum diskusi perdagangan ikan karang hidup yang berkelanjutan.‖ Tambah Muldoon. 

―Keberlanjutan perdagangan ikan karang hidup dan komoditi perikanan lainnya merupakan sektor penting bagi

masa depan masyarakat pesisir dan nelayan agar terangkat dari kemiskinan. Sebagai negara kepulauan yangsebagian besar masyarakatnya bergantung langsung dan tidak langsung kepada sektor ini, pengelolaan yang

lebih baik mendesak diterapkan untuk memastikan kesejahteraan generasi yang akan datang.‖ ujar Saut

Hutagalung, Direktur Pemasaran Luar Negeri selaku Project Overseer, Fisheries Working Group APEC.

Lokakarya ini terselenggara berkat kerjasama Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan dengan WWF serta

dengan dukungan APEC (Kerjasama Ekonomi Asia Pasifik).

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***

Catatan untuk editor: 

  Segitiga Terumbu Karang (Coral Triangle ) merupakan wilayah laut dengan tingkat keanekaragaman hayati

karang paling tinggi di bumi, sama pentingnya dengan hutan hujan Amazon dan dataran rendah Kongo

bagi kehidupan planet ini. Memiliki lebih dari 500 jenis karang, meliputi 6 juta hektar luasan laut yang

dinaungi oleh 6 negara – Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua Nugini, Filipina, Kepulauan Solomon, dan TimorLeste.

  Coral Triangle merupakan rumah bagi 3000 spesies ikan karang dan komoditas perikanan bernilai ekonomi

tinggi seperti tuna. Coral Triangle juga merupakan rumah bagi lumba-lumba, paus, hiu, pari, serta 6 dari 7

 jenis penyu yang ada di dunia.

  Secara langsung, kawasan Coral Triangle mendukung kehidupan 120 juta lebih individu dari pemasukan

perikanan maupun industri pariwisata.

  Infomasi lebih lanjut

silakan: www.panda.org/coraltriangle sertahttp://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/coraltriangle/ 

events/coraltrianglefishersforum/