Index

Index

Note : Page numbers followed by “ f ” indicate fi gures; those followed by “ t ” indicate tables.

303

Abdominal exploratory, 99, 101

Accelerated idioventricular rhythm

(AIVR), 196–198

Acepromazine, 39

premedication, 5 t in ferrets, 236 t in rabbits, 244 t in rodents, 247 t

Acid–base analysis, 96, 156, 198, 206,

213–218 . See also Arterial blood gas

Acidemia, 36 f Acidosis, 36 f , 47 t , 95, 170–171 . See also

Metabolic acidosis; Respiratory

acidosis

in acid–base disturbances, 213

in hypoadrenocorticism, 157

in renal insuffi ciencies, 169

Activated clotting time (ACT), 3 t Addison ’ s disease, 152–156

Adjustable pressure limiting (APL) valve, 14,

17 t , 20 t , 21

Adrenalectomy, 102

Afterload, 20 f , 201

Age, 178–180

Agent analyzer, 25

Anion gap, 214–215

Airway

disease

lower, 174–175

upper, 171–172

management, see Endotracheal intubation

obstruction, 10 t , 106, 160, 172–173, 208,

216

in hedgehogs, 237

in pot belly pigs, 241

in rabbits, 242

in rodents, 246

Albumin, 3 t , 103, 163–164

Albuterol, 39, 80, 137, 174, 209 t Alfaxalone, 50 t Alkalosis, 47 t , 96, 214–216 . See also

Metabolic alkalosis; Respiratory

alkalosis

Alpha 2 agonists, see Dexmedetomidine;

Xylazine

Alpha 2 antagonist, see Atipamazole

Alveolar ventilation, 205–206

Amantadine, 58 t , 80

Amputation(s), 104–106

regional analgesia for, 263

Anal sacculectomy, see Perianal surgeries

Analgesia

constant rate infusions, 295–296

multimodal, 295

non-opioid, 58 t –64 t opioid, 71 t –77 t postoperative, 12

preemptive, 4

regional, see Local anesthetic techniques

reversing, 294

Anaphylactic reaction, 21

Anaphylactic shock, 42 t , 188

Small Animal Anesthesia Techniques, First Edition. Amanda M. Shelby and Carolyn M. McKune.

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Companion website: www.wiley.com/go/shelbyanesthesia

COPYRIG

HTED M

ATERIAL

304 IndexIn

dex

Anesthetic depth, monitoring, 13, 17, 203 t , 216

Anesthetic machine, 13–17

Anesthetic plan, 139, 229

Anesthetic plane, 25, 134–137, 186, 216, 229

Anesthetic risk, ASA physical status, 4 t , 121,

159, 178, 185

Anion gap (AG), 214–215

Anticholinergic, see Atropine; Glycopyrrolate

Anticonvulsant(s), 53 t , 60 t , 228 f Antidiuretic hormone, 75 t , 127, 149 . See also

Desmopressin; Vasopressin

Antisedan, see Atipamezole

Antitussive, 71 t , 175

Anxiety, 180

Aortic stenosis, see Valvular stenosis

Apnea, 9 t , 12 t , 53 t , 252, 258, 266

Arrhythmia(s), 191–200 . See also Ventricular

arrhythmias

detection, 27

Arterial blood gas analysis, 32–36, 122 . See also Acid–base analysis

in avians, 248

Arterial blood pressure, monitoring, 21–25 .

See also Diastolic arterial pressure;

Mean arterial pressure; Noninvasive

blood pressure; Systolic arterial

pressure

Arterial catheter placement, 23 t in avians, 252

in rabbits, 242

Arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide

(PaCO 2 ), 25, 154

Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2 ), 4 t , 35, 36 f , 167, 187, 207–214

sampling, 32

waveform, 24 f , 25

Ascites, 208, 222

Aspiration pneumonia, 112, 119, 227, 245

Assisted ventilation, 14 . See also Mechanical

ventilation

in cesarean section, 120

in diaphragmatic hernia, 124

during treatment of

hypoxemia, 209 t respiratory acidosis, 216

in reptiles, 258

in thoracotomy, 122

Asthma, 80, 95, 174, 208

Asystole, 53 t , 93, 294

in cardiac arrest, 198–199

in head and neck procedures, 111

in hypercalcemia, 218

in hyperkalemia, 127

Atelectasis, 19, 36 f , 177, 187

Atenolol, 80

Atipamezole, 59 t , 68 t , 78 t , 81, 294

Atracurium, 57 t , 78 t –79 t , 81, 170

Atrial fl utter and fi brillation, 195–196

Atrioventricular (AV) block, 193–194, 218,

226

Atropine, 40 t , 78 t –79 t , 81

in CPR, 294

in gastroscopy, 137

in pregnancy, 186

in ocular procedures, 132–133

in rabbits, 242

in rodents, 247 t treatment of

AV block, 194

hypotension, 203 t sinus bradycardia, 192

Avians, 248–253

Azotemia

in hyperthyroidism, 159

in hypoadrenocorticism, 156–157

in pheochromocytoma, 162

Bain breathing circuit, 15 f , 17, 225

Barbiturates, 163–164 . See also Pentobarbital

Base excess (BE), 213

calculating bicarbonate, 95

BBB, see Blood brain barrier

Benzodiazepine, 9 t , 51 t , 54 t , 228 f . See also

Diazepam; Midazolam

reversal, 78 t , 121

Benzodiazepine antagonist, see Flumazenil

Bicarbonate, 95–96, 221

treatment of

hyperkalemia, 220 t regurgitation, 227

use in

acid–base disturbances, 213–216

blood loss, 205

CPR, 294

regional blocks, 274 t Bier block, 106, 261–262

Bilirubin, 3 t

Index 305

Index

Birds, see Avians

Blood brain barrier (BBB), 169, 182 t –183

Blood gas analysis, see Acid–base analysis;

Arterial blood gas analysis

Blood pressure, see Arterial blood pressure;

Hypertension; Hypotension

Blood transfusion, 131, 218

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 3 t , 163, 169

Blood work, 1–2, 3 t , 99, 143, 249

Body condition, 159, 185, 249

Body temperature, 2, 31, 57 t , 160 ; see also

Hyperthermia; Hypothermia

in ferrets, 235

in rabbits, 243, 244

in reptiles, 253, 254, 258

Brachial plexus block, 55 t , 56 t , 132 t , 261–265

Brachycephalic procedures, 106–107

Bradycardia, 5 t , 191, 249

associated with

Cushing ’ s refl ex, 167

head and neck procedures, 111

hypercalcemia, 219 t hyperkalemia, 127, 156, 219

hypotension, 201–203

hypothermia, 194, 226

hypothyroidism, 161

neurological disorders, 156

pulmonary thromboembolism, 210

sinus, 192–193

Breathing systems, comparison, 16 t Bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL), 135–137

Bronchodilation, 174, 210

characteristic of

albuterol, 137

atropine, 40 t epinephrine, 42 t glycopyrrolate, 40 t

Bronchoscopy, 135–137

BUN, see Blood urea nitrogen

Bundle branch block, 194–195

Bupivacaine, 55 t , 81, 105

Buprenorphine, 5 t , 71 t , 81

in cats, 117

in ferrets, 236 t in hedgehogs, 237 t in pot belly pigs, 241 t in rabbits, 244 t in rodents, 247 t

Butorphanol, 5 t , 71 t , 81

in avians, 252, 253t

in cats, 117

in ferrets, 236 t in hedgehogs, 237 t in rabbits, 244 t in reptiles, 259 t in rodents, 247 t

Calcium, 217 . See Hypercalcemia;

Hypocalcemia

in cesarean section, 187, 120

channel blockers, 194

chloride, 218, 219 t in fl uids, 46 t gluconate, 81, 120

ionized, 3 t with metabolic alkalosis, 215

in parathydroidectomy/thyroidectomy, 112,

114

treatment of hyperkalemia, 220 t total, 3 t

Capillary refi ll time (CRT), 2, 3 t Capnograph, 25, 28 f

in avians, 252

comparison, 29 t in ferrets, 235

monitoring in patients with

cardiovascular disease, 149

head and neck procedures, 111

hypoventilation, 206

respiratory distress or arrest, 212

thoracotomy, 123

in pot belly pigs, 240

in rabbits, 245 t in reptiles, 258

in rodents, 247

use with

CPR, 292

NMB agents, 57 t , 78 t Carbocaine, see Mepivacaine

Cardiac arrest, 25, 292

during ocular procedures, 135

in patients with

hypercalcemia, 217

hyperkalemia, 219

hyperthyroidism, 159

hypokalemia, 220

hypothermia, 226

306 IndexIn

dex

respiratory acidosis, 216

shock/trauma, 188

rhythms, 198–199

Cardiac arrhythmias, see Arrhythmia(s)

Cardiac dysrhythmias, see Arrhythmia(s)

Cardiac massage, see Cardiopulmonary

resuscitation

Cardiac output (CO)

in abdominal exploratory, 102

in avians, 248

in cardiovascular disease, 143

in rabbits, 243

in sinus bradycardia, 192

with use of

acepromazine, 5 t CVP monitoring, 33 t dexmedetomidine, 5 t mechanical ventilation, 18

vasopressin, 45 t xylazine, 64 t , 70 t

Cardiogenic shock, 188

Cardiomyopathy, 197

dilated, 70 t , 145, 196

hypertrophic, 45 t , 57 t , 64 t , 70 t , 80, 147,

202

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

(CPR), 292–294

algorithm, 293

evaluating, 25

in response to

cardiac arrest, 199

shock/trauma, 188

status, 122, 159

Cardiovascular disease, 143–149, 191

concurrent with

bundle branch block, 194

hypotension, 202

pulmonary edema, 175

contraindications with

dexmedetomidine, 59 t , 68t

phenylephrine, 44 t xylazine, 64 t , 70 t

Carprofen, 65 t , 82

in avians, 253 t in ferrets, 236 t in reptiles, 259 t in rodents, 247 t

Castration, 116–117, 240

Catecholamine, see also Epinephrine

contraindications with

dobutamine, 41 t dopamine, 41 t esmolol, 88

isoproterenol, 90

decreases response during acidosis, 214,

216

depletion, characteristics of

acepromazine, 67 t in geriatric patients, 180

release with

hypothyroidism, 161

mechanical ventilation, 203

pheochroomocytoma, 162–163

Catheter

arterial, 23 t in avians, 249, 251 f central venous, 33 t intravenous, 4, 6t, 7 f in pot belly pigs, 239 f

Central venous pressure (CVP), 32, 33 t , 34 f monitoring in

abdominal exploratory, 102

cardiac diseases, 145, 147, 149

hypoadrenocorticism, 157

shock/trauma, 189

Cerebral blood fl ow, 166, 216

Cerebral edema, 91, 169, 221 ,

Cerebral metabolic requirement for oxygen

(CMRO 2 ), 166–167

Cerebrospinal fl uid (CSF), 166

present during epidural, 267, 269

Cesarean section (C-section), 118, 186

Chamber or box induction, 235

Chest tube

discomfort from, 272, 272 t indications for

pneumothorax, 211–212

space-occupying respiratory disease,

178

thoracotomy, 123–124

placement, 211 t Chinchillas, 245, 234 t Circulation

in avians, 248

evaluation, 25

return, 199, 292, 294

Cisatracurium, 57 t , 78 t , 79 t , 82

Cardiac arrest (continued)

Index 307

Index

Closed circuit, 16 t CMRO 2 , see Cerebral metabolic requirement

for oxygen

Coagulation

disseminated intravascular, 121

hypo-, 103

lack, see Hemorrhage

test parameters, 3t

testing for

hepatic function disease, 163

rhinoscopy, 137

Colloidal osmotic pressure, 48 t Colloids, 48 t

treatment of

hypotension, 203

shock, 188

Common gas outlet, 14, 15f

Compliance

geriatric changes to, 179 t , 180

neonatal changes to, 182 t pregnancy changes to, 187

respiratory, 176, 210

Compound A, 171

Computed tomography (CT), 129

Congestive heart failure, 154, 196

contraindications for

hetastarch, 48 t pancuronium, 57 t

indication for furosemide, 89

Constant rate infusion (CRI),

calculation, 295–296

Controlled ventilation, 18

Conversions, 301 t Corneal refl ex, 17 t

in avians, 252

in rabbits, 243

in reptiles, 258

Corticosteroid, 152, 167, 173, 228 f Cough refl ex, in rabbits, 245

COX, see Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme

CPR, see Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Creatinine, 3 t , 152, 169

Critical patients, 149, 156, 178

Crystalloids, 47t, 103, 119 ,

treatment of

cesarean section, 118

decreased oncontic pressure, 103

hypotension, 203 t shock/trauma, 188

CSF, see Cerebrospinal fl uid

CT, see Computed tomography

Cushing ’ s refl ex, 166, 167,169, 200

Cushing ’ s syndrome, 152–156

CVP, see Central venous pressure

Cyclohexamine anesthetics, see Ketamine;

Tiletamine

Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme, 65 t , 66 t Cystotomy, 127, 128 t

Dantrolene, 82, 207, 225

Dead-space, 8, 16t, 206

in avians, 248, 252

Deep ear fl ush, 138

Dehydration, 129, 152, 202, 221, 249

Dentistry, 138–139, 275–279

Desfl urane, 49 t , 82

Desmopressin (DDAVP), 82, 149

Dexamethasone SP, 83–84, 112, 152 ,

Dexdormitor, see Dexmedetomidine

Dexmedetomidine, 84

as analgesic, 59 t , contraindications, 133, 152

in ferrets, 236 t as premedication, 5 t , 68 t in pot belly pigs, 241 t in rabbits, 244

reversal, 78 t Dextrans, 48 t , 84

Dextrose, 84–85

dilution calculation, 290

oversupplementation, 223

treatment of

hyperkalemia, 220 t hypoglycemia, 103, 152, 157, 164,

166

use in

cardiovascular disease, 151

ferrets, 235

hedgehogs, 238

insulinoma, 223

neonates, 183

rodents, 248

Diabetes insipidus, 149, 151, 221

Diabetes mellitus, 133, 151–152, 153 t , 154,

200, 219

Diaphragmatic hernia (DH), 123–124, 176,

208, 212

Diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), 22 t

308 IndexIn

dex

Diazepam, 85

contraindications of hepatic function

disease, 164, 165 t ferrets, 236 t as induction agent, 9 t as premedication agent, 5 t , 69 t treatment of seizures, 167

Diffusion barrier impairment, 36 f , 174

Digit block, 263, 265 t Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), see

Cardiomyopathy

Dilaudid, see Hydromorphone

Diphenhydramine, 85–86

protocol for mast cell tumor, 109, 110 t treatment of

allergic reaction, 224

transfusion reaction, 205

Direct blood pressure, see Invasive blood

pressure (IBP)

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC),

see Coagulation

Diuretics, 103, 175–176, 220, 222

Dobutamine, 41 t , 86

treatment of

accelerative idioventricular rhythm,

198 t hyperkalemia, 220 t hypotension, 104, 145, 188, 203 t , myocardial contractility, 145, 202

renal perfusion, 170

Dopamine, 41 t , 86

dilution calculation, 290

renal support, 103, 170, 171

treatment of

hyperkalemia, 220 t hypotension, 104, 145, 188, 203 t myocardial contractility, 145, 202

Doppler

and blood pressure, 25, 26 t in CPR, 292

Dorsal hemilaminectomy, 127–129

Doxapram, 86

Dyspnea, 159

Dystocia, 118, 186–187

ECG, see Electrocardiography

Edema

airway, 112

anaphylaxis, 224

cerebral, 91, 169, 221

facial, 73 t pulmonary, 47 t , 48 t , 89, 159, 160, 174,

175, 208

reduction, 83, 173

reexpansion pulmonary, 124

tissue, 48 t , 106, 221

Edrophonium, 78 t , 86

Electrocardiography (ECG)

changes associated with

AV block, 193 f , 194

bradycardia, 192f

bundle branch blocks, 196 f cardiac arrest, 198

hypercalcemia, 218

hyperkalemia, 156–157, 219–220

hypocalcemia, 218

monitoring during

CPR, 292

calcium supplementation, 81

potassium supplementation, 93

monitoring in

avians, 252

ferrets, 235

hedgehogs, 237

pot belly pigs, 240

rabbits, 242

rodents, 246–247

preoperative assessment, 179

waveform, 24 f , 27–30

Electrolyte disturbances, 217–222

Emergency drugs, 294 t Emergency physical status classifi cation, 4 t EMLA cream, 87

Endocrine disease, 149–163

Endoscopy, 137

Endotoxemia, 62 t , 121

Endotracheal intubation, 2, 4, 8, 10 t . See also

Endotracheal tubes

in avians, 251

delayed intubation, 106

diffi cult intubation, 172, 176

in ferrets, 235

in hedgehogs, 237

induction, 9 t positioning for, 11 f in pot belly pigs, 238, 240

in rabbits, 242, 243 f , 245 t in reptiles, 255, 256 f

Index 309

Index

retrograde intubation, 172, 173 t in rodents, 246

supplemental oxygen with, 209 t traumatic intubation, 92, 173

Endotracheal tubes, 8 . See also Endotracheal

intubation

ferret, 235

neonatal, 119 t pot belly pigs, 240

uncuffed, 246, 248, 251, 255

wire-guarded tubes, 130

End-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO 2 ), 22 t absent, 130

hyperventilation, 205

hypoventilation, 21, 122, 206

impact on cerebral fl ood fl ow, 167

increase, 21, 225

indicator of circulation, 292

indicator of V/Q mismatch, 154

monitoring, 25

avians, 252

pot belly pigs, 240

rabbits, 243, 245 t reptiles, 258

sudden change in, 209–210

verifi cation of intubation, 172

Enucleation, 131, 133

Ephedrine, 42 t , 86

during pregnancy, 187

treatment of hypotension, 121, 162,

203 t Epidural, 266–269

calculation, 299

complications associated with, 127

Epinephrine, 42 t , 87

contraindication with isoproterenol,

90

in CPR, 294

peripheral use, 56 t , 62 t secretion, 162

treatment of

allergic reaction, 224

vasodilation, 109, 121, 188, 203 t Esmolol, 87

treatment of

tachycardia, 162, 163, 196, 198 t thyroid storm, 114, 160

Esophageal stethoscope, 29, 31 t , 252,

258

ETCO 2 , see End-tidal carbon dioxide

Etomidate, 9 t , 51 t , 88

contraindicated in

hypoadrenocorticism, 157

renal insuffi ciencies, 170

Euthanasia, pentobarbital, 52 t Expiratory time, 19, 21

Exploratory laparotomy, see Abdominal

exploratory

Extubation, 12

aspiration at, 112, 138

in avians, 252

during procedures, 173

obstruction at, 106, 240, 242

reptiles, 258

swallowing at, 112, 227, 240

swelling at, 92, 106, 160

Eyes

assessment, 2

avians, 249

pot belly pigs, 240

rabbits, 244

Famotidine, 88, 109, 110t, 224

Fasting

hypoglycemia, 223

recommendations for

avians, 248

canines and felines, 1

reptiles, 254

pot belly pigs, 238

refl ux, 227

Femoral nerve block, 271 t Fentanyl, 72 t , 89

caution in hyperadrenocorticism, 154

in ferrets, 236 t in hedgehogs, 237 t as induction agent, 9 t , 122, 188

intraoperative benefi ts, 145, 147, 149,

164

in pot belly pigs, 241 t in rabbits, 244 t

Ferrets, 233–236

First degree AV block, 193, 193 f . See also

Atrioventricular block

Flow meter, 14, 15 f , 17

Flumazenil, 69 t , 78 t , 89

Foreign body, 103 . See also Scoping

procedures

310 IndexIn

dex

Fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ), 4 t , 35,

36 f , 207–209, 258

Furosemide, 89, 103, 175, 208, 224

Gabapentin, 60 t , 90

Gastric dilation–volvulus (GDV), 102–103

Gastrointestinal obstruction, 79 t Gastroscopy, 137

General anesthesia, 107–109, 129

alveolar ventilation, 206

cardiovascular effects, 144, 164

effects on CMRO 2 , 166

effects on renal function, 170

effects on thermoregulation, 226

geriatric effects on, 179

maintenance, 258

for reproductive procedures, 116, 120

Gerbils, 245–248

Geriatric patients, 2, 5 t , 178–181

Glaucoma, 133–134

contraindication of

ketamine, 51 t , 61 t tiletamine, 54 t

treatment, 91

Glucocorticoids, 154, 157, 223

Glucose, 3 t , 185 t . See also Dextrose;

Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemia

avians, 248

blood, 25, 32, 85, 220, 222–224

diabetes mellitus, 151–152

monitoring, 103

neonatal supplement, 119 t Glycopyrrolate, 40 t , 90

in rabbits, 242

in rodents, 247 t suggested protocol for

hepatic disease, 165 t neonatal or pediatric, 184 t

treatment of

AIVR, 198 t hypotension, 186–187, 203 t

Guinea pigs, 245–248

Hamsters, 245–248

Hanging-drop technique, 269 t . See also

Epidural

Head trauma, contraindications with

opioids, 72 t –77 t . See also

Neurological disorders

Heart rate (HR)

calculation from ECG, 29

monitoring anesthetic depth, 17

normal in

avians, 248

canines, 3 t , 22 t exotic mammals, 234 t felines, 3 t , 22 t neonates and pediatrics, 185 t reptiles, 254

Heartworm disease, 147

Hedgehogs, 236–238

Hemoabdomen, 104

Hemoglobin, 3 t avians, 252

measurement by pulse oximetry, 29–31

reptiles, 258

Hemorrhage, 203–205

during adrenalectomy, 102

during amputations, 104

during hepatic function diseases, 164

during nephrectomoy, 103

during orthopedic procedures, 130

during ovariohysterectomy, 117

during pheochromocytoma, 162

during portosystemic shunt, 103

during rhinoscopy, 137

during TECABO, 114

during ventral slot, 130

Hemorrhagic shock, 188

Hemothorax, 177

Henderson–Hasselbalch equation, 213

Heparin

lithium, 32

mast cell tumor, 109

Hepatic disease, 163–166

Hetastarch, 48 t , 90

treatment of

hypotension, 164

low oncotic pressure, 103

High pressure system, 13

Histamine release

complication of

atracurium, 57 t hydromorphone, 73 t meperidine, 5 t , 73 t morphine, 5 t , 74 t

in mast cell tumor, 109

treatment, 85, 88

Index 311

Index

History, 1

Hofmann elimination, atricurium, 57 t Horner ’ s syndrome, 114

Hydromorphone, 73 t , 90

in avians, 252

in ferrets, 236 t in hedgehogs, 237 t incidence of hyperthermia, 225

as induction agent, 9 t as premedication agent, 5 t in rabbits, 244 t in reptiles, 259 t

Hydroxyethyl starch, see Hetastarch

Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing ’ s

syndrome), 152–156

Hypercalcemia, 217–218, 219 t with hypoadrenocorticism, 157

with renal insuffi ciencies, 169

Hypercapnia, see Hypoventilation

Hyperglycemia, 222–223

in diabetes mellitus, 152

in neurological disorders, 166

in renal insuffi ciencies, 169

Hyperkalemia, 219–220

complications of AV block, 194

treatment, 220 t calcium gluconate, 81

dextrose, 84–85

sodium bicarbonate, 95–96

with hypoadrenocorticism, 156–157

with urological disease, 127

Hypernatremia, 221

Hyperparathyroidism, with

hypercalcemia, 218

Hypertension, 200–201

with adrenalectomy, 102–103

with Cushing ’ s refl ex, 167

with hyperadrenocorticism, 152

with hyperthyroidism, 159

with noxious stimuli, 227

with pheochromocytoma, 162

with portosystemic shunt, 103

with renal insuffi ciencies, 169

with serotonergic crisis, 154

treatment, 201 t Hyperthermia, 224–225

causes of

laryngeal tie back, 112

obesity, 185

serotonergic crisis, 154

respiratory alkalosis, 217

thyroid storm, 114, 160

malignant, 206

in rabbits, 244

Hyperthyroidism, 159–160

Hypertonic saline, 47 t causes of hypernatremia, 221

treatment of

Cushing ’ s refl ex, 167

hypotension, 203 t Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), 147

Hyperventilation, 205

with increased ICP, 206

with metabolic acidosis, 215

with respiratory alkalosis, 217

Hypoadrenocorticism (Addison ’ s

disease), 152–156

Hypoalbuminemia

with hepatic dysfuction, 164

with neonates, 182 t Hypocalcemia, 218

causes of ventricular arrhythmias, 197

consequence of

metabolic alkalosis, 215

respiratory alkalosis, 217

with pregnancy, 120, 186

with renal insuffi ciencies, 169

treatment, 219 t Hypocapnia, see Hyperventilation

Hypoglycemia, 223–224

in ferrets, 235

in hedgehogs, 238

with hepatic dysfunction, 164

with hypoadrenocorticism, 156–157

in neonates, 119t, 120, 183

with neurological disorders, 166

with portosystemic shunt, 103

in rodents, 248

Hypokalemia, 220

with metabolic alkalosis, 215

with renal insuffi ciencies, 169

with respiratory alkalosis, 217

with ventricular arrhythmias, 197

Hyponatremia, 221–222

with hypoadrenocorticism, 156

Hypoparathyroidism, 218

Hypoproteimemia, 100

with renal insuffi ciencies, 169

312 IndexIn

dex

Hypotension, 201–203

in endotoxemia, 121

in hemorrhage, 204

in hepatic function diseases, 164

in hypoadrenocorticism, 157

in hypothyroidism, 161

in mast cell tumor, 109

in pregnancy, 186

in splenectomy, 104

Hypothermia, 226–227

in geriatric patients, 180

and hepatic function diseases, 164

and hyperthyroidism, 160

in neonates, 183

and poor body condition, 185

Hypothyroidism, 160–162

Hypotonic fl uids, 222

Hypoventilation, 205–207

in avians, 249, 253

correction, 21

and diaphragmatic hernia, 124

identifi cation, 36 f and hyperadrenocorticism, 154

and hyperthyroidism, 160

and obesity, 186

in pot belly pigs, 241

in pregnancy, 120

in reptiles, 258

and space-occupying respiratory

disease, 177

in thoracotomy, 122

Hypovolemia

and gastric dilation and volvulus, 102

with hemothorax, 177

as result of hemorrhage, 104

and splenectomy, 104

Hypovolemic shock, during Addisonian

crisis, 157

Hypoxemia, 207–209

blood gas analysis, 35

and lower airway disease, 174

and neurological disorders, 167

and reexpansion pulmonary edema, 124

and thoracotomy, 122

tissue, 188

and upper airway obstruction, 172

Hypoxia, 36 f myocardial, 197

tissue, 196, 200

ICP, see Intracranial pressure

Indirect blood pressure, 25 . See

Non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP)

Induction, see also Induction agents

of anesthesia, 4–10

of avians, 249

of ferrets, 235

of hedgehogs, 236

of pot belly pigs, 239

of rabbits, 242

of reptiles, 255

of rodents, 246

Induction agents, 50 t –54 t Infi ltrative blocks, 270

Infraorbital nerve block, 276–277

Inotrope, see names of specifi c drugs

Inspiratory to expiratory ratio (I : E), 19

Inspiratory fl ow, 19, 20

Inspiratory time, 19, 20

Insulinoma, 223, 235

Intercostal nerve block, 272–273

Intermediate pressure system, 14

Intermittent positive pressure ventilation

(IPPV), 18–21

and lower airway disease, 176

and space-occupying respiratory

disease, 178

Intervertebral disk disease, see Dorsal

hemilaminectomy

Intra-articular block, 274–275

Intracranial pressure (ICP), 166–167

Intraocular pressure (IOP), 133–134

Intraosseous catheter

in avians, 251

in hedgehogs, 237

in neonates, 183

in rabbits, 242

in reptiles, 255, 257 f in rodents, 246

Intraperitoneal (IP) injection, 246, 247 t Intrapleural block, 272–274

Intravenous block, 261, 262 t Intubation, see Endotracheal intubation

IOP, see Intraocular pressure

IPPV, see Intermittent positive pressure

ventilation

Isofl urane, 49 t , 90

as induction agent, 9 t as maintenance agent, 12 t

Index 313

Index

Isoproterenol, 90

Isotonic solutions, 203

Jaw tone, 17 t in avians, 252

in ferrets, 235

in pot belly pigs, 240

in reptiles, 258

Joint block, 274–275

Ketamine, 91

as analgesic, 61 t in avians, 253 t in ferrets, 236 t in hedgehogs, 237 t as induction agent, 9 t , 51 t in pot belly pigs, 241 t as premedication agent, 5 t in reptiles, 259 t in rodents, 247 t as total injectable combination in cats, 117 t

Ketoacidosis, 151

Ketoprofen, 66 t , 91

Kidney, see Renal insuffi ciencies

Lactate, 3 t in lactated Ringer ’ s solution, 46 t in metabolic acidosis, 214–215

Lactated Ringer ’ s solution (LRS), 46 t , 91

Lactic acidosis, see Metabolic acidosis

Laparotomy, exploratory, 99–104

Laparotomy sponge, estimated blood

absorbency, 204

Laryngeal paralysis, 111–112, 171

Laryngeal sacculectomy, see Brachycephalic

procedures

Laryngeal tie back, 111, 113 t Laryngoscope, use during intubation, 10t

Larynx

avian, 251 f canine, 11 f diseases, 171

tortoise, 257 f Leaks

troubleshooting, 17

ventilator, 20–21

Left bundle branch block, see Bundle branch

block

Lens luxation, see Ocular procedures

Lidocaine, 91

as analgesic, 62 t in avians, 252

in feline intubation, 10 t in ferret intubation, 235

as local anesthetic, 56 t in pot belly pig intubation, 240 t in rabbit intubation, 245 t in rodent intubation, 246

treatment of ventricular arrhythmias,

198 t Line block during cesarean section, 120,

121 t Lizard(s), see Reptiles

Local analgesic techniques, 261–284

Local anesthetics, 55 t –56 t Local nociception, 228 f Low pressure system, 14

Lower airway disease, 174–176

Lumbosacral epidural anesthesia, see Epidural

Lung volume, see Tidal volume

MAC, see Minimal alveolar concentration

Maintenance

anesthetics, 12 t fl uid rates, calculating, 297

phase, 10

Malignant hyperthermia (MH), 206

Mandibular nerve block, 278–279

Mannitol, 91

in treatment of increased ICP, 167

use as an osmotic diuretic, 103, 106

Manometer

aneroid, 22 f , 23 t pressure, 15 f sphygmo-, 25, 26t

Marcaine, see Bupivacaine

Maropitant, 63 t , 92

Mast cell tumor (MCT), 109, 110 t Mastectomy, 109

Maxillary nerve block, 278

Mean arterial pressure, 21, 22 t Mechanical ventilation (MV), 18–21

Medial nerve block, see Digit block

Meloxicam, 66 t , 92

in avians, 253 t in hedgehogs, 237 t in rabbits, 244 t in reptiles, 259 t

314 IndexIn

dex

Mental nerve block, 279, 281 t Meperedine, 73 t , 92

Mepivacaine, 56 t , 92

Metabolic acidosis, 35, 36 t , 213, 214–215

Metabolic alkalosis, 36 t , 213, 215–216

Metabolism

in avians, 249

of drugs in a fetus, 119

of drugs in hepatic function disease,

163

of drugs in a neonate, 119

in reptiles, 253

Methadone, 74 t , 92

in pot belly pigs, 241 t as premedication agent, 5 t

Mice, 245–248

Midazolam, 69 t , 92

in avians, 253 t in ferrets, 236 t in hedgehogs, 237 t as induction agent, 9 t in pot belly pigs, 238, 241 t as premedication agent, 5 t in rabbits, 242, 244 t in reptiles, 259 t in rodents, 247 t

Minimal alveolar concentration (MAC), of

inhalants, 12 t , 49 t Minute volume

in neonates, 182

use in calculating reservoir bag, 16

Miosis

neurological abnormality, 166

opioid induced, 132

Mitral regurgitation (MR), 144–146

Monitoring

during CPR, 292

equipment, 21–36

patient depth, 17

Morphine, 74 t , 92

as premedication agent, 5 t in reptiles, 255, 259 t in rodents, 247

Mucous membrane color (MMC), 2

Muscle relaxants, see Neuromuscular blocking

agents

Mydriasis

in cats, 132

in neurological disorders, 166

Myringotomy, 138

Naloxone, 79 t , 92

Neonates, 182–185

resuscitation, 119 t , 121

Neostigmine, 79 t , 92

Nephrectomy, 103

Nerve blocks, see names of specifi c nerve blocks

Neuroleptic induction, 9 t Neurological disorders, 166–169

Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA), 57 t . Neuropathic pain, 60 t Nitroprusside, 43 t , 92

treatment of hypertension, 201 t NMB agents, see Neuromuscular blocking

agents

NMB antagonists, 78 t . See also names of specifi c drugs

Nociception, 228

Noninvasive blood pressure, 25

Non-rebreathing system, 15 f , 16 t Nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory analgesics

(NSAIDs), 65 t Norepinephrine, 43 t , 92

Normosol, 46 t , 92

Noxious stimuli, 227–229

Obesity, 185–186

Obstetric procedures, see Cesarean section

Ocular procedures, 131–135

Oncotic pressure, 103

Opioids, 71 t –77 t Orthopedic procedures, 127–131

Oscillometric blood pressure monitoring, 25,

26 t , 27 f Osmotic pressure, see Colloidal osmotic

pressure

Osteoarthritis, 180

Ovariohysterectomy (OHE), 118

Oxygen

conversion from PSI to liters, 13, 301 t cylinder, 15 f fl owmeter, 15 f fl ush valve, 15 f hemoglobin desaturation curve, 207 f pressure failure device, 14

saturation, 29–30

supplemental, 209 t

Index 315

Index

Oxygenation, 32, 35, 36 f Oxymorphone, 76 t , 92

in rodents, 247

Pacemaker, 194

Packed cell volume (PCV), 2, 3 t Pain, see Noxious stimuli

Palpebral refl ex, 17 t in ferret, 235

loss, 114

in pot belly pigs, 240

in rabbits, 243

in reptiles, 258

Pancuronium, 57 t , 92

PaO 2 , see Arterial partial pressure of oxygen

Parathyroidectomy, 112–114

Partial thromboplastin (PTT), 2 t , 103

Partition coeffi cient, 49 t Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), 73 t , 208 . See

also Cardiovascular disease

PCV, see Packed cell volume

PDA, see Patent ductus arteriosus

PE, see Physical examination

PEA, see Pulseless electrical activity

Peak end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), 19

treatment of hypoxemia, 209 t Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), 19

change in, 21

during CPR, 292

treatment of hypoxemia, 209 t Pediatric patients, see Neonates

PEEP, see Peak end-expiratory pressure

Pentastarch, 48 t Pentobarbital, 52 t , 92

Perianal fi stula, see Perianal surgeries

Perianal surgeries, 114–116

Pericardial disease, 147, 148 t Perineal urethrostomy (PU), 127, 128 t Peripheral nerve stimulator, 57 t pH, see Acid–base; Arterial blood gas analysis

assessment, 35–36

of fl uids, 46t–47 t normal range, 4 t

Pharyngeal refl exes, in reptiles, 258

Phenothiazine, see Acepromazine

Phenylephrine, 44t, 92

use during opthomology procedures, 133

use during rhinoscopy, 137

Pheochromocytoma, 102, 162–163

Physical examination (PE), 2, 3 t Physical status, 4

Pigs, see Pot belly pigs

Plasma

protein, see Protein, total serum

treatment of blood loss, 204

use in hepatic function diseases, 103, 164

Plasma-lyte, 46 t , 92

Platelets (PLTS), 3 t Pneumothorax, 210–212

iatrogenic, 122–123

mechanical ventilation, 21, 177–123

Pop-off valve (APL valve), 14, 15 f Portosystemic shunt (PSS), 103 . See also

Hepatic disease

Positive pressure ventilation, see Intermittent

positive pressure ventilation;

Mechanical ventilation

Pot belly pigs (PBP), 238–241

Potassium (K), 3 t , 218–220 . See also

Hyperkalemia; Hypokalemia

chloride (KCl), 92–93

within crystalloid solutions, 46 t Preanesthetic assessment, 1–4

in avians, 249

in reptiles, 254

Pregnancy, 186–187

Preload, 32, 202 f Premedication, 4, 6 f

in avians, 249, 253 t drugs, 5 t in ferrets, 235, 236 f in hedgehogs, 237

in pot belly pigs, 238, 241 t in rabbits, 242, 244 t in reptiles, 255, 259 t in rodents, 246, 247 t

Pressure checking anesthesia machine, 17

Pressure relief valve, 19

Prilocaine, see EMLA cream

Procainamide, 93

in treatment of

ventricular rhythms, 198 t Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome, 144

Propofol, 9 t , 12 t , 53 t , 94

in ferrets, 236 t in rabbits, 244 t in reptiles, 259 t

Propranolol, 94–95

316 IndexIn

dex

Protein, total serum (TS, TP), 3 t PTT, see Partial thromboplastin

Pulmonic stenosis (PS), see Valvular stenosis

Pulmonary contusions, 178

Pulmonary disease, 171–178

Pulmonary edema, 175–176

Pulmonary thromboembolism

(PTE), 209–210

Pulse oximetry, 29–31

Pulseless electrical activity (PEA), 198–199

Pyometra, 121–122

Rabbits, 241–245

Radial nerve block, see Digit block

Rats, 245–248

Rebreathing

CO 2 , 28 f system, 16 f , 16 t

Recovery phase, 12

Recurrent laryngeal nerve, 112

Red blood cells (RBCs), 3 t Regional blocks, 261–284.

Regurgitation, 227

Remifentanil, 77 t , 95

Renal disease, see Renal insuffi ciencies

Renal insuffi ciencies, 169–171

Replacement solutions, see Crystalloids

Reptiles, 253–259

Reservoir bag, 14, 15 f , 16

Respiratory acidosis, 35, 213 t , 214 t , 216

Respiratory alkalosis, 36, 213 t , 214 t , 216–217

Respiratory arrest, 212–213

Respiratory changes

associated with pregnancy, 187

in geriatric patients, 179 t in neonates, 182 t

Respiratory complications, 205–213

Respiratory disease, 171–178

in rabbits, 241

in rodents, 245

Respiratory distress, 212–213

Respiratory gases, 32, 36 f Respiratory obstruction, in rodents, 248

Respiratory rate (RR), 3 t Restraint

of avians, 249

of hedgehogs, 236

of pot belly pigs, 238, 239 f of rabbits, 242

of reptiles, 254

of rodents, 245

Resuscitation, see Cardiopulmonary

resuscitation (CPR)

Retrobulbar block, 283–284

Retrograde intubation, 173 t Rhinoscopy, 137–138

Right bundle branch block, see Bundle branch

block

“Righting” refl ex, 246

Ring block, 263–266

Risk, operative, see Physical status

Rodents, see names of specifi c species

Saline solutions, see Hypertonic saline;

Hypotonic fl uids

Sciatic nerve blocks, 269–270

Scoping procedures, 135–138

Second degree AV block, 193 f . See also

Atrioventricular (AV) block

Sedation, with premedication drugs, 5 t Seizures, 167

Septic shock, 188–189

Sevofl urane, 49 t , 95

as induction agent, 9 t as maintenance agent, 12 t

Shock, 188–189

Sinus bradycardia, 192–193

Skeletal muscle relaxants, see Neuromuscular

blocking agents

Snakes, see Reptiles

Sodium, 3 t , 221–222 . See also

Hypernatremia; Hyponatremia

bicarbonate, 95–96

chloride

0.9%, 47 t , 96

7.5%, 47 t , 96

within crystalloid solutions, 46 t Soft palate, elongated, see Brachycephalic

procedures

Somatic pain, 5 t , 61 t , 130

Space occupying respiratory disease,

176–178

Sphygmomanometer, 25, 26 f Splash block, 270–272

Splenectomy, 104

Stenotic nares, see Brachycephalic procedures

Stifl e block, see Joint block

Swine, see Pot belly pigs

Index 317

Index

Systolic arterial pressure (SAP), 22 t during volume assessment, 25

hypertension, 200

hypotension, 201

measurement with Doppler, 25

Tachycardia, ventricular, 196, 197 f . See also

Atrial fl utter and fi brillation

Telazol, 54 t , 97

in pot belly pigs, 241 t Temperature, 3 t , 22 . See also Hyperthermia;

Hypothermia

of neonates, 185 t probe, 31–32

Terbutaline, 96–97

Testicular block, 117 t Thermoregulation, 185 . See also

Hyperthermia; Hypothermia

Third degree AV block, 193 f . See also

Atrioventricular (AV) block

Thoracentesis, 213 t Thoracotomy, 122–126

Thyroidectomy, 112

Tidal volume (V T ), 19, 206, 209, 292

in avians, 248

Tiletamine, 54 t , 97

in ferrets, 236 t TOF, see Train of four

Torbugesic, see Butorphanol

Tortoises, see Reptiles

Total blood volume, 203–204

Total ear canal ablation and bulla osteotomy

(TECABO), 114

Trachea, hypoplastic, see Brachycephalic

procedures

Tracheal intubation, rupture, 176 . See also

Endotracheal intubation

Train of four (TOF), 57 t Tramadol, 77 t , 97

Transdermal fentanyl patches, 72 t Transfusion, see Hemorrhage

Trauma, 188–189

Traumatic brain injury, 169

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR), 144–146

Troubleshooting leaks, 17

Turtles, see Reptiles

Ulnar nerve block, see Digit block

Ultiva, see Remifentanil

Upper airway disease, 171–174

Upper airway obstruction, 172

Urine, output, 103

Urological procedures, 127

Valvular stenosis, 147–149, 150 t Vapor pressure, of common inhalants, 49 t Vaporizer, 15 f Vasopressin, 45 t , 97

Venous access, catheter, 6 t , 7 f Ventilation, see Mechanical ventilation

Ventilation–perfusion mismatch (V/Q

mismatch), identifi cation, 32, 36 f . See also Hypoxemia

Ventilators, classifi cation, 18–19, 20 f Ventral slot, 129–130

Ventricular arrhythmias, 196–198

Ventricular fi brillation (VF), 199 f . See also

Cardiac arrest; Cardiopulmonary

resuscitation

Ventricular premature contractions

(VPC), 197 f . See also Ventricular

arrhythmias

Ventricular tachycardia (VT), 197 f . See also

Ventricular arrhythmias

Vulvoplasty, see Perianal surgeries

White blood cells (WBCs), 3 t Whole blood, 204

Windup, 61t, 131

Xylazine, 64 t , 70 t , 97

Y piece, 16 t Yohimbine, 79 t , 97

Yoke, 13

Zolazepam, 54 t , 97

in ferrets, 236 t