Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 10 Emotional and Social...

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Development Through the Lifespan

Chapter 10

Emotional and Social Development inMiddle Childhood

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Erikson’s Theory:Industry versus Inferiority

Industry

Developing a sense of competence at useful skills.

School provides many opportunities.

Inferiority

Pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well.

Family environment, teachers, peers, can contribute to negative feelings.


Changes in Self-Understanding during Middle Childhood

Self-Concept Social comparisons Ideal and real self

Self-Esteem Hierarchically

structured Drops first few years in

school, then rises


Influences on Self-Esteem

Culture Child-rearing Practices Messages from adults Attributions

Mastery-oriented Learned Helplessness


Emotional Development in Middle Childhood Self-Conscious Emotions

Pride Guilt

Emotional Understanding Explain using internal states Understand mixed emotions

Emotional Self-Regulation Motivated by self-esteem and peer

approval Emotional self-efficacy


Selman’s Stages of Perspective Taking

Level 0 Undifferentiated 3 – 6 years

Level 1 Social-informational 4 – 9 years

Level 2 Self-reflective 7 – 12 years

Level 3 Third-party 10 – 15 years

Level 4 Societal14 years to adult


Development of Distributive Justice

Equality — 5 – 6 years

Merit — 6 – 7 years Benevolence —

around 8 years


Peer Groups

Formed from proximity, similarity

Adopt similar dress and behavior

Peer Culture Relational aggression Exclusion


Friendship in Middle Childhood

Personal qualities, trust become important

More selective in choosing friends

Friendships can last several years

Influence each other’s behavior


Peer Acceptance

Popular

Popular-prosocialPopular-antisocial

Rejected

Rejected-aggressiveRejected-withdrawn

Controversial

Neglected


Gender Typing inMiddle Childhood

Gender Stereotypes Extend stereotypes to include

personalities and school subjects More flexible about behavior

Gender Identity Boys more masculine Girls less feminine

Cultural Factors


Family Relationships

Parents Coregulation

Siblings Rivalry Companionship and

assistance


International Divorce Rates


Consequences of Parental Divorce

Immediate

Instability, conflict, drop in income

Parental stress, disorganization

Consequences affected by: Age Temperament Sex

Long-Term

Improved adjustment after 2 years

Boys, children with difficult temperaments more likely to have problems

Father’s involvement affects adjustment


Blended FamiliesMother-Stepfather

Most frequent Boys usually adjust

quickly Girls adapt less

favorably Older children and

adolescents of both sexes display more problems

Father-Stepmother

Often leads to reduced father-child contact

Children in fathers’ custody often react negatively

Girls & stepmothers slow to get along at first, more positive interaction later


Maternal Employment andChild Development

Benefits Higher self-esteem Positive family and peer

relations Fewer gender stereotypes Better grades More father involvement

Drawbacks Less time for children, risk

of ineffective parenting


Support for Working Parents

Flexible Schedules, job sharing

Sick leave Involvement of other

parent Equal pay and

opportunities Quality child care


Fears and Anxieties in Middle Childhood

Fears of dark, thunder, lightning, supernatural beings persist

School phobia 5–7 years – separation from home 11 –13 – particular aspects of

school Fears of real elements of

environment


Child Sexual AbuseCharacteristics

of Victims

More often femaleReported in middle childhood

Characteristics

of Abusers

Usually MaleParent or known by parent

Consequences

Emotional reactionsPhysical symptomsEffects on behavior

Prevention and Treatment

Prevention: educationTreatment: long-term therapy


Factors Related to Resiliency

Personal Characteristics Easy temperament Mastery orientation

Warm, well-organized family life

Supportive adult outside family

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 10 Emotional and Social...

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