Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 21 Mental Health Diseases...
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Transcript of Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 21 Mental Health Diseases...
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Chapter 21
Mental Health Diseases and Disorders
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Common Signs and Symptoms
• Typically begin with behavioral changes
• Slow-developing and very subtle
• May not be noticed early in development of disorder
• Forgetfulness, anxiety, and temper tantrums
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Diagnostic Tests
• Physiologic tests– Brain scans, EEGs, and MRIs
• Referral to psychiatrist for psychological testing– Aptitude and personality tests
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Developmental Mental Health Disorders
• Intellectual disability– Formerly known as mental retardation
– Symptoms:• Decreased intelligence
• Decreased ability to learn, socialize, and mature
– Known causes:• Genetic
• Acquired
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Developmental Mental Health Disorders
• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder– Symptoms:
• Inability to concentrate
• Hyperactivity
• Impulsiveness
– Cause unknown, but seems familial
– Treatment:• Amphetamines
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Developmental Mental Health Disorders
• Eating disorders– Compulsion to eat or avoid eating that affects individual’s
mental and physical condition
– Most common:• Anorexia nervosa
• Bulimia
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Developmental Mental Health Disorders
• Tic disorders– Sudden, rapid muscle movement or vocalization
• E.g., eye blinking, facial grimacing, neck or shoulder jerking, throat clearing, snorting, grunting
• Enuresis– Bedwetting
– Urinary incontinence after toilet training
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Substance-Related Mental Disorders
• Diagnosis used– Instead of drug addiction
• Common terms:– Addiction
– Dependency
– Tolerance
– Withdrawal
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Substance-Related Mental Disorders
• Alcohol– Alcoholism
• Physical and mental dependence on alcohol
– Chronic
– Progressive
– Often fatal
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Substance-Related Mental Disorders
• Marijuana– Also known as pot
– Euphoric effect
• Cocaine– Accelerant to CNS and anesthetic
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Substance-Related Mental Disorders
• Methamphetamine– Fastest growing abused drug today
– Addictive potent CNS stimulant
• Caffeine and nicotine– Most common addictive substances
• Sedatives or depressants– Anti-anxiety medications
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Substance-Related Mental Disorders
• Amphetamines– Release epinephrine leading to increased heart rate,
respiration, and digestion
• Hallucinogens– Also known as psychedelic drugs
– E.g., lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, phencyclidine (PCP)
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Substance-Related Mental Disorders
• Narcotics– Depressants primarily prescribed as analgesics
– E.g., heroin, opium
• Inhalants– Abused legal substances
– Taken by huffing, snuffing, and bagging
– E.g., glue, nail polish, lighter fluid
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Substance-Related Mental Disorders
• Anabolic steroids– Abused by athletes to produce increases in muscle strength,
lean body mass, and improved performance
– Dangerous long-term effects
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Organic Mental Disorders
• Associated with physical cause
• Affect cognition and ability to think, remember, and make judgments
• May be temporary or permanent
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Organic Mental Disorders
• Dementia– Deterioration of mental abilities due to physical changes in
brain
• Delirium– Acute condition from medications, alcohol, fever, or illness
• Alzheimer’s disease– Progressive, irreversible form of dementia
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Psychosis
• Disintegration of one’s personality
• Impaired communication skills
• Inability to deal with life’s demands
• Delusions and hallucinations
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Psychosis
• Schizophrenia– Loss of touch with reality
– Delusions
• Delusional disorders– Belief in delusion in otherwise normally adjusted and
balanced personality
– Treatment:• Antipsychotic medications
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Psychosis
• Delusional disorders– Types:
• Grandiose
• Jealous
• Erotomanic
• Persecutory
• Somatic
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Mood or Affective Disorders
• Depression– Prolonged feeling of extreme sadness, unhappiness,
despair, or discouragement
• Seasonal affective disorder– Depressive condition during winter months
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Mood or Affective Disorders
• Bipolar disorder (manic depressive)– Extreme depression and mania occur
– Mood disorder questionnaire (MDQ) aids physician in identifying symptoms
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Dissociative Disorders
• Changes in identity or consciousness
• Types:– Psychogenic amnesia
– Psychogenic fugue
– Depersonalization
– Multiple personality
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Anxiety Disorders
• Anxiety– Usual temporary response to stress becomes chronic
• May be related to genetic factors, severe stress, biochemical alterations, and in some cases, physical causes– E.g., hyperthyroidism
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Anxiety Disorders
• Types:– Generalized anxiety disorder
– Panic disorder
– Phobia disorder
– Obsessive-compulsive disorder
– Post-traumatic stress disorder
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Somatoform Disorders
• Physical symptoms, but no organic cause found
• Conversion– Hysterical neurosis
• Hypochondriasis– Abnormal anxiety about one’s body and health
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Somatoform Disorders
• Pain disorder– Pain does not have physiologic cause
• Malingering– False display of symptoms for financial or personal reward
• Munchausen syndrome– Simulation of illness for no other reason than to receive
treatment
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Personality Disorders
• Types:– Paranoid
– Schizoid
– Antisocial
– Narcissistic
– Histrionic
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Gender Identity Disorder
• Individual uncomfortable or distressed with sexual identity
• Adults may seek hormonal or surgical intervention for sex change
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Sexual Disorders
• Types:– Exhibitionism
– Fetishism
– Transvestic fetishism
– Frotteurism
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Sexual Disorders
• Types:– Pedophilia
– Sexual sadism
– Sexual masochism
– Voyeurism
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Sleep Disorders
• Types:– Insomnia
– Narcolepsy
– Sleep apnea
– Nightmare disorder
– Sleep terror
– Sleepwalking
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Trauma
• Grief– Natural process of coping with loss
• Suicide– Major concern with teenagers
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The Older Adult
• Disorders may occur in early childhood or later in life
• Important to distinguish if actual mental health problem or physiologic or system-specific disorder
• Some symptoms due to aging process or side effects of medications