© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 5 Integumentary System.
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 14 Endocrine System...
-
Upload
chloe-hill -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
0
Transcript of Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 14 Endocrine System...
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Chapter 14
Endocrine System Diseases and Disorders
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Anatomy and Physiology
• Endocrine system consists of many glands, including:– Hypothalamus
– Pituitary
– Pineal
– Thymus
– Thyroid
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Anatomy and Physiology
• Endocrine system consists of many glands, including:– Parathyroids
– Adrenals
– Pancreatic islets
– Ovaries and testes
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Anatomy and Physiology
• Each gland unique and delivers secretion into bloodstream
• Negative feedback system controls amount of hormones secreted
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Animation
Click Here to Play Endocrine System Animation
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Diagnostic Tests
• Thyroid and testes– Endocrine glands that can be physically examined
• Blood and urine testing for hormones
• CT scan and MRI for tumors or alteration in organ size
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pituitary Gland Diseases
• Hyperpituitarism– Increase in activity of pituitary gland
– Oversecretion affects growth hormone leading to excessive growth of bones and tissues
– If occurs before puberty, gigantism occurs
– If occurs during adulthood, acromegaly occurs• Affects small bones of hands, feet, and face by enlarging them
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pituitary Gland Diseases
• Hypopituitarism– Abnormal decrease in activity of pituitary gland
– Effects:• Dwarfism
• Abnormality of secondary sex characteristics
• Amenorrhea and infertility in adult females
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pituitary Gland Diseases
• Hypopituitarism– Effects:
• Adult males may have decreased testosterone levels and libido
• Decrease in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) may lead to metabolic disorder
– Diagnosis of pituitary function by blood test
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pituitary Gland Diseases
• Hypopituitarism– Treatment:
• Hormone replacement
• Monitoring
• Adjustment
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pituitary Gland Diseases
• Diabetes insipidus– Caused by decrease in release of vasopressin or antidiuretic
hormone
– Excessive polyuria• Urinating 2 to 15 gallons of urine in 24 hours
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pituitary Gland Diseases
• Diabetes insipidus– Symptoms:
• Polydipsia
• Hypotension
• Dizziness
• Constipation
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pituitary Gland Diseases
• Diabetes insipidus– Diagnosis by urinalysis and water restriction test
– Urine• Colorless
• Low specific gravity
– Treatment:• Administration of vasopressin
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Thyroid Gland Diseases
• Hyperthyroidism– Thyroid gland secretes excessive thyroxine
– Caused by tumor of thyroid gland
– Symptoms:• Tachycardia
• Nervousness
• Hyperactivity
• Excessive excitability
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Thyroid Gland Diseases
• Hyperthyroidism– Symptoms:
• Tremendous appetite with weight loss
• Diarrhea
• High heat production
• Moist skin
• Extreme thirst
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Thyroid Gland Diseases
• Hyperthyroidism– Treatment to reduce thyroxine often effective
– Surgery may be necessary
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Thyroid Gland Diseases
• Hyperthyroidism– Autoimmune condition
• Graves’ disease
• Symptoms:– Exophthalmos
• Treatment:– Medication
– Radiation
– Surgery
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Exophthalmos
Photo courtesy Mark L. Kuss
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Thyroid Gland Diseases
• Simple goiter– Enlargement of thyroid generally due to inadequate iodine
– Asymptomatic until thyroid presses on trachea and esophagus leading to dyspnea and dysphagia
– Treatment:• Potassium iodide followed by iodine in diet
• Surgery to decrease dysphagia and dyspnea
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Thyroid Gland Diseases
• Hypothyroidism– Decrease in thyroxine
– Symptoms:• Fatigue
• Sensitivity to cold temperatures
• Thin nails
• Brittle hair
• Excessive weight gain
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Thyroid Gland Diseases
• Hypothyroidism– Diagnosis by blood hormone level
– Treatment:• Hormone replacement
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Parathyroid Gland Diseases
• Hyperparathyroidism– Overproduction of parathormones by one or more of the
four parathyroid glands
– Causes hypercalcemia leading to kidney stones, bone weakness, and hyperactivity of heart
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Parathyroid Gland Diseases
• Hyperparathyroidism– Diagnosis by blood tests
– Treatment directed at cause
– Prognosis good with proper treatment
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Parathyroid Gland Diseases
• Hypoparathyroidism– Decrease in parathormone leading to low blood calcium
• Causing irritability of muscles– Tetany
– Causes uncontrolled contraction of muscles in face and hands
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Parathyroid Gland Diseases
• Hypoparathyroidism– Diagnosis by checking for Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s
signs
– Treatment:• Vitamin D
• Calcium
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Adrenal Gland Diseases
• Adrenal glands– Also known as suprarenals
– Have two distinct parts:• Inner
– Medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine» Fight or flight hormones
• Outer– Cortex controlled by ACTH
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Adrenal Gland Diseases
• Adrenal glands secrete mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones
• Cortisone– Glucocorticoid used to treat inflammatory disease
– Should be used short-term only
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Adrenal Gland Diseases
• Cortisone side effects:– Hypertension
– Ulcers
– Moon face
– Drowsiness
– May mask symptoms of infection
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Adrenal Gland Diseases
• Hyperadrenalism– Oversecretion of adrenal cortex hormones
• Conn’s syndrome– Overproduction of mineralocorticoid aldosterone
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Adrenal Gland Diseases
• Cushing’s syndrome– Overproduction of glucocorticoid cortisol
• Androgenital syndrome– Overproduction of sex hormones
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Adrenal Gland Diseases
• Hypoadrenalism or Addison’s disease– Low secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases
• Pancreas– Both exocrine and endocrine gland
• Islets of Langerhans secrete insulin and glucagon
• Insulin lowers blood sugar
• Glucagon increases blood sugar
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases
• Sugar or glucose– Primary source of energy for all tissue cells
• Diabetes mellitus– Affects carbohydrate and sugar utilization due to lack of
insulin
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases
• Diabetes mellitus– Symptoms:
• Polydipsia
• Polyuria
• Polyphagia
– Types:• Type 1
• Type 2
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases
• Diabetes mellitus– Type 1
• Also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
• Most serious
• Affects children and young adults before age 25
• Requires daily injections of insulin
• Thought to be autoimmune disorder
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases
• Diabetes mellitus– Type 1
• Individuals do not usually secrete insulin– Making control difficult
• Follow strict diet
• Monitor blood levels
• Administer daily insulin
• Exercise and stress can alter insulin needs
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases
• Diabetes mellitus– Type 2
• More common in adults
• Gradual onset occurring most often in obese females over age 40
• Thought to be caused by wearing out of pancreatic islets of Langerhans
• Usually controlled with diet, exercise, and oral medication to stimulate insulin secretion
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases
• Diabetes mellitus– Complications:
• Diabetic shock– Occurs rapidly
– Result of taking too much insulin and not eating enough food
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases
• Diabetes mellitus– Complications:
• Diabetic shock– Symptoms:
» Diaphoresis
» Light-headedness
» Trembling
– Treatment:» Emergent with intravenous (IV) glucose to raise blood sugar
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases
• Diabetes mellitus– Complications:
• Diabetic coma– Not enough insulin or too many carbohydrates in diet
– Progresses slowly with individual becoming lethargic and slipping into coma
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases
• Diabetes mellitus– Complications:
• Diabetic coma– Symptoms:
» Slow, deep breathing pattern
» Fruity or sweet-smelling breath
» Polyuria
» Polydipsia
» Dehydration
» Ketoacidosis
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases
• Diabetes mellitus– Complications:
• Atherosclerosis
• Diabetic retinopathy
• Kidney damage
– Diagnosis by history and blood glucose testing
– No cure
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases
• Gestational diabetes– Can occur during pregnancy
– Usually discovered with routine urine testing during prenatal visits
– Treatment:• Diet
• Exercise
• Medications
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases
• Gestational diabetes– Injectable insulin controls sugar levels
– Usually disappears after delivery
– Women often affected later in life by adult-onset diabetes
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases
• Hypoglycemia– Abnormally low blood sugar
• Less than 60
– Symptoms:• Light-headedness
• Diaphoresis
• Trembling
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans Diseases
• Hypoglycemia– Diagnosis by glucose test
– Treatment dependent on cause
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Reproductive Gland Diseases
• Hypergonadism– Increased hormone production before puberty
– Diagnosis by blood test for elevated hormones
– Treatment:• Removal or radiation of tumors to suppress hormones
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Reproductive Gland Diseases
• Hypogonadism– Decreased sex hormone production by puberty
– Treated with hormones