Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oldest multicellular...

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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oldest multicellular fossil Oldest fossil prokaryotic cell Evolution – genetic change over time

Transcript of Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Oldest multicellular...

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Oldest multicellular fossil

Oldest fossilprokaryotic cell

Evolution – genetic change over time

LE 13-1bLE 13-1b

NorthAmerica

GreatBritain

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

SouthAmerica

An

des Cape of

Good Hope

Cape Horn

Tierra del Fuego

Africa

Europe Asia

Equator

PACIFICOCEAN

Australia

TasmaniaNewZealand

TheGalápagosIslands

Pinta

Fernandina

Isabela

Santiago

MarchenaGenovesa

DaphneIslandsPinzón

SantaCruz

SantaFe San

Cristobal

Florenza Española

Equator

0

0 40 miles

40 km

PACIFICOCEAN

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Natural SelectionDarwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution

•Organisms vary in many characteristics that can be inherited•Excessive numbers of organisms lead to a struggle for survival•Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support

What is a Species?

LE 13-2cLE 13-2c

African wild dog Coyote Wolf Fox Jackal

Thousands tomillions of years

of natural selection

Ancestral canine

Natural selection is supported by evidence from artificial selection

LE 13-4aLE 13-4a

Human Cat Whale Bat

–Common embryonic structures in all vertebrates are evidence for common descent

LE 13-4bLE 13-4b

Chick embryo

Pharyngealpouches

Post-analtail

Human embryo

LE 13-5bLE 13-5b

Chromosome with geneconferring resistanceto pesticide

Pesticide application

SurvivorAdditionalapplications of thesame pesticide willbe less effective, andthe frequency ofresistant insects inthe populationwill grow

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• Examples of evolutionary adaptation reveal three key points about natural selection

– Natural selection is more of an editing process than a creative mechanism

– Natural selection is contingent on time and place

– Significant evolutionary change can occur in a short time

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• Studying evolution at the population level

– Evolution: change in the prevalence of certain heritable characteristics in a population over a span of generations

– Gene pool: the total collection of genes in a population at any one time

– Microevolution: a change in the relative frequencies of alleles in a gene pool

– Species: a group of populations capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

LE 13-9aLE 13-9a

Originalpopulation

Bottleneckingevent

Survivingpopulation

In addition to natural selection, other events can contribute to evolution

LE 13-12aLE 13-12a

Parents

Meiosis

Gametes

A1 A1 A2 A3

A3A2A1

LE 13-12bLE 13-12b

Fertilization

Offspring,with newcombinationsof alleles

and

A1 A2 A1 A3

A3A2A1

Gametes

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CONNECTION

13.13 The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a serious public health concern

• Natural selection has led to the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

• Overuse and misuse of antibiotics has contributed to the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant strains

– Example: tuberculosis

Neutral traits

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13.15 The perpetuation of genes defines evolutionary fitness

• Evolutionary fitness is the relative contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation

• Survival of genes depends on production of fertile offspring

• Selection indirectly adapts a population to its environment by acting on phenotype

LE 13-16LE 13-16

Originalpopulation

Evolvedpopulation

Stabilizing selection

Phenotypes (fur color)

Originalpopulation

Fre

qu

ency

of

ind

ivid

ual

s

Directional selection Disruptive selection

Natural selection can alter variation in a population

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13.18 Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms

• There are at least four reasons why natural selection cannot produce perfection

– Organisms are limited by historical constraints

– Adaptations are often compromises

– Chance and natural selection interact

– Selection can only edit existing variations

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings