CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION...

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CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 1 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW SKILL: CONTEXTUALIZATION CONTENT: AP WORLD C.F. KEY CONCEPT 6.3 This module focuses on contextualization through an examination of South and North Korea. The two activities lead toward a document-based question (DBQ) that has students evaluate the extent to which the Cold War affected economic and technological development. After the Korean War (1950-1953), the role of the state in the domestic economy varied, and new institutions of global associations emerged and continued to develop throughout the twentieth century. DAY 1 To what extent is South Korea a manufacturing or information economy? CLASS ACTIVITY: Box Protocol Mystery Source Analysis Students work collaboratively to better understand the current context surrounding South Korean economic development. Students will examine secondary sources to develop an understanding of South Korea’s economic and technological developments in comparison to other states. AP-ALIGNED ASSESSMENT: Long Essay Question Long Essay Question—Thesis and Contextualization: Students will evaluate the extent to which the AP Course Framework, specifically Key Concept 6.3 IE, accurately explains Korean historical developments in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. DAY 2 How are North and South Korea impacted by the Cold War, economic liberalization, and Information Age technological developments? CLASS ACTIVITY: Paired Sources about North and South Korea Students work collaboratively to investigate the impact of the Cold War, economic liberalization, and the Information Age on North and South Korea. Students will read paired sources, one on North Korea and one on South Korea, to compare the responses of each to the three twentieth- and twenty-first-century historical developments. AP-ALIGNED ASSESSMENT: Short Answer Question Short Answer Question(s): Students will answer questions about how the Cold War, economic liberalization, and the Information Age affected North and South Korea, and how the countries responded to each historical development. DAY 3 CLASS ACTIVITY: Teaching the Document-Based Question Students can write (and/or peer grade) an AP-aligned DBQ. A set of annotated Scoring Guidelines are provided for the teacher and/or student to use in assessing student work and offering feedback. AP-ALIGNED ASSESSMENT: Document-Based Question Document-Based Question: Evaluate the extent to which the Cold War affected economic and technological development.

Transcript of CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION...

Page 1: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay21

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEOVERVIEWSKILLCONTEXTUALIZATION CONTENTAPWORLDCF KEYCONCEPT63 ThismodulefocusesoncontextualizationthroughanexaminationofSouthandNorthKoreaThetwoactivitiesleadtowardadocument-basedquestion(DBQ)thathasstudentsevaluatetheextenttowhichtheColdWaraffectedeconomicandtechnologicaldevelopment

AftertheKoreanWar(1950-1953)theroleofthestateinthedomesticeconomyvariedandnewinstitutionsofglobalassociationsemergedandcontinuedtodevelopthroughoutthetwentiethcentury

DAY1

TowhatextentisSouthKoreaamanufacturingorinformationeconomy

CLASSACTIVITYBoxProtocolMysterySourceAnalysisStudentswork collaboratively tobetter understand the current context surrounding SouthKorean economic development Students will examine secondary sources to develop anunderstandingofSouthKorearsquoseconomicandtechnologicaldevelopmentsincomparisontootherstates

AP-ALIGNEDASSESSMENTLongEssayQuestionLong Essay QuestionmdashThesis and Contextualization Students will evaluate the extent towhichtheAPCourseFrameworkspecificallyKeyConcept63IEaccuratelyexplainsKoreanhistoricaldevelopmentsinthetwentiethandtwenty-firstcenturies

DAY2

HowareNorthandSouthKoreaimpactedbytheColdWareconomicliberalizationandInformationAgetechnologicaldevelopments

CLASSACTIVITYPairedSourcesaboutNorthandSouthKoreaStudents work collaboratively to investigate the impact of the Cold War economicliberalizationandtheInformationAgeonNorthandSouthKoreaStudentswillreadpairedsourcesoneonNorthKoreaandoneonSouthKoreatocomparetheresponsesofeachtothethreetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

AP-ALIGNEDASSESSMENTShortAnswerQuestionShort Answer Question(s) Students will answer questions about how the Cold WareconomicliberalizationandtheInformationAgeaffectedNorthandSouthKoreaandhowthecountriesrespondedtoeachhistoricaldevelopment

DAY3

CLASSACTIVITYTeachingtheDocument-BasedQuestionStudents can write (andor peer grade) an AP-aligned DBQ A set of annotated ScoringGuidelinesareprovidedfortheteacherandorstudenttouseinassessingstudentworkandofferingfeedback

AP-ALIGNEDASSESSMENTDocument-BasedQuestionDocument-BasedQuestionEvaluatetheextent towhichtheColdWaraffectedeconomicandtechnologicaldevelopment

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay22

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULESOURCES

DAY1

AUTHOR SOURCE DATE

1 KWLFChaebols20172 AhnChoong-yongExcerptfromKoreaRagstoRiches20123 KWLFArticleonSouthKoreanindustry20184 KWLFArticleonSouthKoreantechnologicalinnovations20185 KWLFArticleonSouthKoreantechnologyandculture20186 KWLFArticleonSouthKoreannationalimageindex2018

DAY2

AUTHOR SOURCE DATE

1 KimIl-sungSpeechonNorthKoreaneconomicdevelopment19552 SyngmanRheeLettertoPresidentEisenhower19533 KimIl-sungSpeechtotheCommunistParty19564 EdwardGrahamExcerptfromReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates20035 ChoeSang-HunArticleonNorthKoreannuclearprogram20176 KimDae-jungSpeechPresidentialInauguralAddress19987 GovrsquotofNorthKoreaOfficialStatementonGovernmentWebsite20188 TKarakoampWRumbaughGraphNorthKoreanNuclearMissiles20179 GovrsquotofSouthKoreaChartSouthKoreanInternetUsage2004

DAY3

AUTHOR SOURCE DATE

1 WangLiuyingetalPropagandaposteroneconomicadvances19582 DwightEisenhowerSpeechonthemilitary-industrialcomplex19613 WilliamFulbrightSpeechonUSforeignpolicy19654 CIAIntelligenceReportonGhana19715 CIAIntelligenceReportonNorthandSouthKorea19726 MikhailGorbachevNotesfromaPolitburomeeting19887 USStateDepartmentChartsNorthandSouthKoreaMilitarySpending2017

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DAY 2 BASEDONA60-MINUTECLASS

LessonQuestionHowareNorthandSouthKoreaimpactedbytheColdWareconomicliberalizationandInformationAgetechnological

developments

APCURRICULUMFRAMEWORKREFERENCE KeyConcept63mdashAftertheKoreanWar(1950-1953)theroleofthestateinthedomesticeconomyvariedandnewinstitutionsofglobalassociationsemergedandcontinuedtodevelopthroughoutthetwentiethcentury

I StatesrespondedinavarietyofwaystotheeconomicchallengesofthetwentiethcenturyA IncommuniststatessuchastheSovietUnionandChinagovernmentscontrolledthenationaleconomiesoftenthrough

repressivepoliciesandwithnegativerepercussionsfortheirpopulations[NorthKorea]C InnewindependentstatesafterWorldWarIIgovernmentsoftentookonastrongeconomicroleguidingeconomiclifeto

promotedevelopment[NorthandSouthKorea]D InatrendacceleratedbytheendoftheColdWarmanygovernmentsencouragedfree-marketeconomicpoliciesand

promotedeconomicliberalizationinthelatetwentiethcentury[SouthKorea]E Inthelatetwentiethcenturyrevolutionsininformationandcommunicationstechnologyledtogrowthofknowledge

economiesinsomeregionswhileindustrialproductionandmanufacturingwereincreasinglysituatedindevelopingeconomiesincludingthePacificRimandLatinAmerica[SouthKorea]

HistoricalReasoningSkillContextualization

OVERVIEW

ThisactivityisdesignedtoengagestudentsinananalysisoftheimpactoftheColdWareconomicliberalizationandInformationAgetechnologicaldevelopmentsonNorthandSouthKoreandevelopmentStudentsshouldhavegeneralknowledgeofeachofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmentionedaboveStudentswillworkincollaborativepairsonananalysisofoneofthreesetsofpairedsourcesEachsetexploresoneofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmdashtheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAgemdashthroughNorthandSouthKoreansourcesInthesecondstageofthelessonstudentpairswilljoinotherpairstodevelopashortpresentationtosharetheirlearningAttheconclusionofthelessonstudentswilldemonstratetheirlearningbywritingresponsestoShortAnswerQuestions(SAQs)TeachersshouldnotethatstudentsareinitiallydividedintopairswithonlyonesetofsourcestoallowfordeeperexplorationofonehistoricaldevelopmentThelessoncouldbeextendedtoallowpairstoexploreallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsiftimepermitsThesourceswilldemonstratehowNorthandSouthKorearespondedtothelargerhistoricaldevelopmentsoftheperiodForinstancethoughthesecondhistoricaldevelopmentiseconomicliberalizationtheNorthKoreanreactionwastorejectthistrendandfocusinsteadoncontinuedcentralplanningaccordingtocommunistcommand-economyprincipleswhileSouthKoreaintroducedelementsofcentralplanningandstatecoordinationontoacapitalistframeworkTheInformationAgesourceslikewisereflectthedistinctdifferencesbetweenthetypesoftechnologyonwhichNorthandSouthKoreafocused

MATERIALSNEEDEDFOR

In-ClassActivity(p8)bull KoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)bull PairedSources1(ColdWar)(pp9-10)bull PairedSources2(EconomicLiberalization)(pp12-14)bull PairedSources3(InformationAge)(pp17-22)

bull StudentGraphicOrganizerhandout(pp23-24)bull Butcherchartorposterpaper

AssessmentShortanswerquestions(pp25-28)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay24

SEQUENCEOFINSTRUCTION

CLASSACTIVITY1of5WARMUPINTRODUCTION

WARMUPINTRODUCTION(10MINUTES)

WHOLEGROUPDISCUSSION

Studentswillparticipateinawhole-groupdiscussionoftheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)

1 Teacherswillaskstudentstoexplaineachofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsintheirownwordsbasedonpriorlearning

a ColdWarthestateofheightenedgeopoliticaltensionandrivalriesbetweenalliesoftheUnitedStatesandthoseoftheSovietUnionbetween1947and1991

b EconomicLiberalizationaglobaltrendtowarddecreasinggovernmentregulationandoversightofnationaleconomiesthatbeganafterWorldWarIIandincreasedaftertheendoftheColdWarinthe1990s

c InformationAgethetwenty-first-centuryshiftineconomicdevelopmentfromtraditionalindustrialproductiontoeconomiesbasedoninformationtechnologies

2 NextteacherswillaskstudentstospeculateontherelationshipbetweenthesethreedevelopmentsTeacherswillnotethetwo-directionalarrowslinkingthedevelopmentalconceptsinthegraphicandaskstudents

a Doesonedevelopmentalconceptcausetheother

b Doesoneconcepthaveagreatimpactthantheother

c Dotheconceptsshareasymbioticrelationship

3ThirdteacherswillaskstudentstoexplainintheirresponsestheextenttowhichtheyfeelthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainpoliticalandeconomicdevelopmentgloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKoreainthetwentiethcentury

Teaching Tip Theemphasisofthiswarm-upactivityisforstudentstospeculateontherelativeimportanceofeachofthesehistoricaldevelopmentsonthetwentiethcenturyPriorknowledgeofeachisnecessaryIfstudentsareunfamiliarwithanyofthe

threeteachersmightneedtomodeltheprocessbyprovidingabasicoverviewsuchas

TheColdWarsetthestageforeconomicdevelopmentfocusedonmilitarysuperioritywhichincreasinglyrequiredadvancedtechnologicaldevelopmentAspublicandprivateentitiespushedforhigh-techmilitaryapplicationsconsumeroffshootssuchastheinternetchangedeconomiestowardinformationtechnologiesAstheColdWarendedgovernmentsremovedthemselvesmoreandmorefromtheeconomyleadingtoliberalizedeconomiesdominatedbyprivatecorporationsseekingtodevelopmoreprofitableInformationAgetechnologies

AtthispointthefocusofthediscussionshouldbeglobalmacroratherthanspecifictoKorea

CLASSACTIVITY2OF5PAIREDHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTSOURCES

SOURCEINVESTIGATION(20MINUTES)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay25

WorkingincollaborativepairsstudentswillexploreoneofthethreesetsofpairedsourcesEachsetexploresoneofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmdashtheColdWarPairedSources(pp9-10)EconomicLiberalizationPairedSources(pp12-14)ortheInformationAgePairedSources(pp17-22)mdashandincludesNorthandSouthKoreansources

1 Studentpairsshouldreadbothsourcesintheirassignedsetthendiscusshowtheyseetheirassignedhistoricaldevelopmentreflectedineachsource

2 StudentsshouldusetheStudentGraphicOrganizer(pp23-24)torecord

a generalinformationtohelpwithreadingcomprehension

b specificevidencerelatedtothehistoricaldevelopment

c informationfromtheirknowledgeofhistorythatfurthersupportsthehistoricaldevelopment

d similaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceorresponsetothehistoricaldevelopmentincludingpossiblereasonsforthesesimilaritiesordifferences

Teacher Notes

StudentsaresplitintopairswithonlyonesetofsourcestoallowfordeeperexplorationofonehistoricaldevelopmentThesourceswilldemonstratehowNorthandSouthKorearespondedtothelargerhistoricaldevelopmentsoftheperiodForinstancethoughthesecondhistoricaldevelopmentiseconomicliberalizationtheNorthKoreanreactionistorejectthistrendandfocusinsteadoncontinuedcentralplanningaccordingtocommunistcommand-economyprincipleswhiletheSouthintroduceselementsofcentralplanningandstatecoordinationontoacapitalistframeworkTheInformationAgesourceslikewisereflectthedistinctdifferencesbetweenthetypesoftechnologyonwhichNorthandSouthKoreafocused

Teaching Tip

ThelessoncouldbeextendedtoallowpairstoexploreallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsThegraphicorganizercanbecopiedformultiplesourcesasneeded

CLASSACTIVITY3of5HISTORICALDEVELOPMENTPRESENTATIONS

PRESENTATIONS(20MINUTES)WhenstudentpairshavecompletedthegraphicorganizerteachersshoulddividetheclassintothreelargergroupstocombineallpairsthathavereadthesamesourcesEachlargergroupwillchooseaspokespersontopresentasummaryoftheirsourcestothewholeclassIftimeallowsstudentscouldalsomakequickpostersorusetheirgraphicorganizersasvisualaidsinshortpresentationsThepresentationshouldinclude

bull ageneralsummaryofeachsourceincludingmainideaandauthorbackgroundasneeded

bull anexplanationofhoweachsourcedemonstratesthehistoricaldevelopment

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay26

bull anexplanationofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperience

Studentsshouldusetheirgraphicorganizertorecordkeyobservationandevidenceforeachhistoricaldevelopment

Teacher Notes

Theintentofthelarge-grouppresentationistoexposeallstudentstoallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsandtheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceduringtheperiodThisexposurewillallowthemtodemonstratetheirunderstandingontheShortAnswerQuestionassessmentsthatfollow

Teaching Tip

BeparticularlyawareoftimeduringthisphaseofthelessonStudentsneedtoberemindedoftimeconstraintsandtheneedtocapturecommonlearningquicklytopresenttoothergroupsDuetotimeconstraintsposter-typevisualaidsshouldbe

quickandtothepointnotpolishedworksofartReserveenoughtimeforstudentstolistento(orgallerywalk)theothertwogroupsrsquofindingsAsstudentsusetheirgraphicorganizerstorecordpertinentinformationontheothertwohistoricaldevelopmentstheycandifferentiatebetweenthethreegroupsrsquofindingsbyusingdifferentcoloredpensorpencilsforeach

CLASSACTIVITY4OF5DEBRIEF

DEBRIEF(10MINUTES)StillworkingasawholeclassstudentswillreturntotheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)fromthelessonwarm-upTeacherswillaskstudentswhichhistoricaldevelopmentbestexplainsthehistoryofthetwentiethcenturyinNorthandSouthKorea

Teacher Notes

Thisdebriefrequiresstudentstotaketheirthinkingtotheevaluativelevelafterspendingmostoftheactivityinanalysismode

CLASSACTIVITY5OF5ASSESSMENTCHECKFORUNDERSTANDING

TYPEOFASSESSMENTSHORTANSWERQUESTION(SAQ)EachSAQcontainspairedpassages

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay27

abouteachofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

TeachershavethreeoptionsforwhentocompletethefinaltaskmdashtheSAQassessment(pp25-28)iftimepermitsthiscanbecompletedattheendoftheclassoritcanbeassignedashomeworkoritcanbecompletedatthebeginningofthenextclassperiodTeacherscanelecttohavestudentscompletetheSAQonthehistoricaldevelopmenttheystudiedinclassorassignthemadifferenthistoricaldevelopmentfortheSAQScoringguidesforeachsetareincludedbelow

SAQ1ndashColdWarScoringGuide(p29)

SAQ2ndashEconomicLiberalizationScoringGuide(p30)

SAQ3-InformationAgeScoringGuide(p31)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay28

IN-CLASSACTIVITYMATERIALS

KOREACONTEXTUALIZATIONGRAPHIC

PART1

Basedonyourpriorknowledgebrieflydescribeeachofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

PART2

NotethearrowslinkingeachhistoricaldevelopmentDiscussthefollowing

bull Doesonedevelopmentcausetheother

bull Doesonedevelopmenthaveagreaterimpactthantheothers

bull Dothedevelopmentsshareasymbioticrelationship

bull Howwouldyoudisplaytherelationshipdifferently

PART3

ExplaintheextenttowhichthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainthetwentiethcenturygloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKorea

ColdWar

EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay29

PAIREDSOURCES1

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimIl-sungldquoOnEliminatingDogmatismandFormalismandEstablishingJuche[Chuchrsquoe]inIdeologicalWorkrdquo(speech)1955

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseTodemonstratethisindependenceKimusesthetermJuchethroughoutthesourceJucheliterallytranslatestoldquoself-reliancerdquobutbecamethebackboneideologyofNorthKoreaasitcontinueditsevolutionintoacommuniststate

TodayIwanttoaddressafewremarkstoyouontheshortcomingsinourPartysideologicalworkandonhowtoeliminatetheminthefuture

AsyoulearnedatyesterdayssessiontherehavebeenseriousideologicalerrorsontheliteraryfrontItisobviousthenthatourpropagandaworkalsocannothavebeenfaultless

Itistoberegrettedthatourpropagandaworksuffersinmanyrespectsfromdogmatismandformalism

TheprincipalshortcomingsinideologicalworkarethefailuretodelvedeeplyintoallmattersandthelackofJucheItmaynotbepropertosayJucheislackingbutinfactithasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablishedThisisaseriousmatterWemustthoroughlyrectifythisshortcomingUnlessthisproblemissolvedwecannothopeforgoodresultsinideologicalwork

WhydoesourideologicalworksufferfromdogmatismandformalismAndwhydoourpropagandistsandagitatorsfailtogodeeplyintomattersonlyembellishingthefaccediladeandwhydotheymerelycopyandmemorizeforeignthingsinsteadofworkingcreativelyThisoffersusfoodforseriousreflection

WhatisJucheinourPartysideologicalworkWhatarewedoingWearenotengagedinanyothercountrysrevolutionbutpreciselyintheKoreanrevolutionThistheKoreanrevolutionconstitutesJucheintheideologicalworkofourPartyThereforeallideologicalworkmustbesubordinatedtotheinterestsoftheKoreanrevolutionWhenwestudythehistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnionthehistoryoftheChineserevolutionortheuniversaltruthofMarxism-Leninismitisallforthepurposeofcorrectlycarryingoutourownrevolution

[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210

TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland

Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle

YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory

[hellip]

InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown

OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]

Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]

ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown

ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]

JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm

BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics

IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]

S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b

Annotation

SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates

Confidential

MyDearMrPresident

IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong

WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam

Sincerelyyours

SyngmanRhee

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212

PAIREDSOURCES2

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704

NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957

[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]

Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique

ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline

WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213

thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership

Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses

DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop

AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained

[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]

ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner

Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly

DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214

Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy

ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture

Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution

FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee

Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty

IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf

Annotation

ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule

InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape

ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]

ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary

In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216

HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]

[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]

TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s

U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217

PAIREDSOURCES3

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml

Annotation

KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest

WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials

StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore

ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry

Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress

ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo

AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage

ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad

StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere

ScienceWorship

MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218

ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools

Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies

Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience

ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol

AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds

ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia

NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite

UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports

TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry

NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts

ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics

FamiliarFaces

ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates

OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired

SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219

HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests

TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment

KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch

RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009

HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram

NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram

In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince

TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo

ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid

FatherFigure

LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance

ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo

MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus

MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure

AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220

TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 2: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay22

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULESOURCES

DAY1

AUTHOR SOURCE DATE

1 KWLFChaebols20172 AhnChoong-yongExcerptfromKoreaRagstoRiches20123 KWLFArticleonSouthKoreanindustry20184 KWLFArticleonSouthKoreantechnologicalinnovations20185 KWLFArticleonSouthKoreantechnologyandculture20186 KWLFArticleonSouthKoreannationalimageindex2018

DAY2

AUTHOR SOURCE DATE

1 KimIl-sungSpeechonNorthKoreaneconomicdevelopment19552 SyngmanRheeLettertoPresidentEisenhower19533 KimIl-sungSpeechtotheCommunistParty19564 EdwardGrahamExcerptfromReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates20035 ChoeSang-HunArticleonNorthKoreannuclearprogram20176 KimDae-jungSpeechPresidentialInauguralAddress19987 GovrsquotofNorthKoreaOfficialStatementonGovernmentWebsite20188 TKarakoampWRumbaughGraphNorthKoreanNuclearMissiles20179 GovrsquotofSouthKoreaChartSouthKoreanInternetUsage2004

DAY3

AUTHOR SOURCE DATE

1 WangLiuyingetalPropagandaposteroneconomicadvances19582 DwightEisenhowerSpeechonthemilitary-industrialcomplex19613 WilliamFulbrightSpeechonUSforeignpolicy19654 CIAIntelligenceReportonGhana19715 CIAIntelligenceReportonNorthandSouthKorea19726 MikhailGorbachevNotesfromaPolitburomeeting19887 USStateDepartmentChartsNorthandSouthKoreaMilitarySpending2017

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay23

DAY 2 BASEDONA60-MINUTECLASS

LessonQuestionHowareNorthandSouthKoreaimpactedbytheColdWareconomicliberalizationandInformationAgetechnological

developments

APCURRICULUMFRAMEWORKREFERENCE KeyConcept63mdashAftertheKoreanWar(1950-1953)theroleofthestateinthedomesticeconomyvariedandnewinstitutionsofglobalassociationsemergedandcontinuedtodevelopthroughoutthetwentiethcentury

I StatesrespondedinavarietyofwaystotheeconomicchallengesofthetwentiethcenturyA IncommuniststatessuchastheSovietUnionandChinagovernmentscontrolledthenationaleconomiesoftenthrough

repressivepoliciesandwithnegativerepercussionsfortheirpopulations[NorthKorea]C InnewindependentstatesafterWorldWarIIgovernmentsoftentookonastrongeconomicroleguidingeconomiclifeto

promotedevelopment[NorthandSouthKorea]D InatrendacceleratedbytheendoftheColdWarmanygovernmentsencouragedfree-marketeconomicpoliciesand

promotedeconomicliberalizationinthelatetwentiethcentury[SouthKorea]E Inthelatetwentiethcenturyrevolutionsininformationandcommunicationstechnologyledtogrowthofknowledge

economiesinsomeregionswhileindustrialproductionandmanufacturingwereincreasinglysituatedindevelopingeconomiesincludingthePacificRimandLatinAmerica[SouthKorea]

HistoricalReasoningSkillContextualization

OVERVIEW

ThisactivityisdesignedtoengagestudentsinananalysisoftheimpactoftheColdWareconomicliberalizationandInformationAgetechnologicaldevelopmentsonNorthandSouthKoreandevelopmentStudentsshouldhavegeneralknowledgeofeachofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmentionedaboveStudentswillworkincollaborativepairsonananalysisofoneofthreesetsofpairedsourcesEachsetexploresoneofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmdashtheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAgemdashthroughNorthandSouthKoreansourcesInthesecondstageofthelessonstudentpairswilljoinotherpairstodevelopashortpresentationtosharetheirlearningAttheconclusionofthelessonstudentswilldemonstratetheirlearningbywritingresponsestoShortAnswerQuestions(SAQs)TeachersshouldnotethatstudentsareinitiallydividedintopairswithonlyonesetofsourcestoallowfordeeperexplorationofonehistoricaldevelopmentThelessoncouldbeextendedtoallowpairstoexploreallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsiftimepermitsThesourceswilldemonstratehowNorthandSouthKorearespondedtothelargerhistoricaldevelopmentsoftheperiodForinstancethoughthesecondhistoricaldevelopmentiseconomicliberalizationtheNorthKoreanreactionwastorejectthistrendandfocusinsteadoncontinuedcentralplanningaccordingtocommunistcommand-economyprincipleswhileSouthKoreaintroducedelementsofcentralplanningandstatecoordinationontoacapitalistframeworkTheInformationAgesourceslikewisereflectthedistinctdifferencesbetweenthetypesoftechnologyonwhichNorthandSouthKoreafocused

MATERIALSNEEDEDFOR

In-ClassActivity(p8)bull KoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)bull PairedSources1(ColdWar)(pp9-10)bull PairedSources2(EconomicLiberalization)(pp12-14)bull PairedSources3(InformationAge)(pp17-22)

bull StudentGraphicOrganizerhandout(pp23-24)bull Butcherchartorposterpaper

AssessmentShortanswerquestions(pp25-28)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay24

SEQUENCEOFINSTRUCTION

CLASSACTIVITY1of5WARMUPINTRODUCTION

WARMUPINTRODUCTION(10MINUTES)

WHOLEGROUPDISCUSSION

Studentswillparticipateinawhole-groupdiscussionoftheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)

1 Teacherswillaskstudentstoexplaineachofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsintheirownwordsbasedonpriorlearning

a ColdWarthestateofheightenedgeopoliticaltensionandrivalriesbetweenalliesoftheUnitedStatesandthoseoftheSovietUnionbetween1947and1991

b EconomicLiberalizationaglobaltrendtowarddecreasinggovernmentregulationandoversightofnationaleconomiesthatbeganafterWorldWarIIandincreasedaftertheendoftheColdWarinthe1990s

c InformationAgethetwenty-first-centuryshiftineconomicdevelopmentfromtraditionalindustrialproductiontoeconomiesbasedoninformationtechnologies

2 NextteacherswillaskstudentstospeculateontherelationshipbetweenthesethreedevelopmentsTeacherswillnotethetwo-directionalarrowslinkingthedevelopmentalconceptsinthegraphicandaskstudents

a Doesonedevelopmentalconceptcausetheother

b Doesoneconcepthaveagreatimpactthantheother

c Dotheconceptsshareasymbioticrelationship

3ThirdteacherswillaskstudentstoexplainintheirresponsestheextenttowhichtheyfeelthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainpoliticalandeconomicdevelopmentgloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKoreainthetwentiethcentury

Teaching Tip Theemphasisofthiswarm-upactivityisforstudentstospeculateontherelativeimportanceofeachofthesehistoricaldevelopmentsonthetwentiethcenturyPriorknowledgeofeachisnecessaryIfstudentsareunfamiliarwithanyofthe

threeteachersmightneedtomodeltheprocessbyprovidingabasicoverviewsuchas

TheColdWarsetthestageforeconomicdevelopmentfocusedonmilitarysuperioritywhichincreasinglyrequiredadvancedtechnologicaldevelopmentAspublicandprivateentitiespushedforhigh-techmilitaryapplicationsconsumeroffshootssuchastheinternetchangedeconomiestowardinformationtechnologiesAstheColdWarendedgovernmentsremovedthemselvesmoreandmorefromtheeconomyleadingtoliberalizedeconomiesdominatedbyprivatecorporationsseekingtodevelopmoreprofitableInformationAgetechnologies

AtthispointthefocusofthediscussionshouldbeglobalmacroratherthanspecifictoKorea

CLASSACTIVITY2OF5PAIREDHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTSOURCES

SOURCEINVESTIGATION(20MINUTES)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay25

WorkingincollaborativepairsstudentswillexploreoneofthethreesetsofpairedsourcesEachsetexploresoneofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmdashtheColdWarPairedSources(pp9-10)EconomicLiberalizationPairedSources(pp12-14)ortheInformationAgePairedSources(pp17-22)mdashandincludesNorthandSouthKoreansources

1 Studentpairsshouldreadbothsourcesintheirassignedsetthendiscusshowtheyseetheirassignedhistoricaldevelopmentreflectedineachsource

2 StudentsshouldusetheStudentGraphicOrganizer(pp23-24)torecord

a generalinformationtohelpwithreadingcomprehension

b specificevidencerelatedtothehistoricaldevelopment

c informationfromtheirknowledgeofhistorythatfurthersupportsthehistoricaldevelopment

d similaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceorresponsetothehistoricaldevelopmentincludingpossiblereasonsforthesesimilaritiesordifferences

Teacher Notes

StudentsaresplitintopairswithonlyonesetofsourcestoallowfordeeperexplorationofonehistoricaldevelopmentThesourceswilldemonstratehowNorthandSouthKorearespondedtothelargerhistoricaldevelopmentsoftheperiodForinstancethoughthesecondhistoricaldevelopmentiseconomicliberalizationtheNorthKoreanreactionistorejectthistrendandfocusinsteadoncontinuedcentralplanningaccordingtocommunistcommand-economyprincipleswhiletheSouthintroduceselementsofcentralplanningandstatecoordinationontoacapitalistframeworkTheInformationAgesourceslikewisereflectthedistinctdifferencesbetweenthetypesoftechnologyonwhichNorthandSouthKoreafocused

Teaching Tip

ThelessoncouldbeextendedtoallowpairstoexploreallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsThegraphicorganizercanbecopiedformultiplesourcesasneeded

CLASSACTIVITY3of5HISTORICALDEVELOPMENTPRESENTATIONS

PRESENTATIONS(20MINUTES)WhenstudentpairshavecompletedthegraphicorganizerteachersshoulddividetheclassintothreelargergroupstocombineallpairsthathavereadthesamesourcesEachlargergroupwillchooseaspokespersontopresentasummaryoftheirsourcestothewholeclassIftimeallowsstudentscouldalsomakequickpostersorusetheirgraphicorganizersasvisualaidsinshortpresentationsThepresentationshouldinclude

bull ageneralsummaryofeachsourceincludingmainideaandauthorbackgroundasneeded

bull anexplanationofhoweachsourcedemonstratesthehistoricaldevelopment

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay26

bull anexplanationofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperience

Studentsshouldusetheirgraphicorganizertorecordkeyobservationandevidenceforeachhistoricaldevelopment

Teacher Notes

Theintentofthelarge-grouppresentationistoexposeallstudentstoallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsandtheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceduringtheperiodThisexposurewillallowthemtodemonstratetheirunderstandingontheShortAnswerQuestionassessmentsthatfollow

Teaching Tip

BeparticularlyawareoftimeduringthisphaseofthelessonStudentsneedtoberemindedoftimeconstraintsandtheneedtocapturecommonlearningquicklytopresenttoothergroupsDuetotimeconstraintsposter-typevisualaidsshouldbe

quickandtothepointnotpolishedworksofartReserveenoughtimeforstudentstolistento(orgallerywalk)theothertwogroupsrsquofindingsAsstudentsusetheirgraphicorganizerstorecordpertinentinformationontheothertwohistoricaldevelopmentstheycandifferentiatebetweenthethreegroupsrsquofindingsbyusingdifferentcoloredpensorpencilsforeach

CLASSACTIVITY4OF5DEBRIEF

DEBRIEF(10MINUTES)StillworkingasawholeclassstudentswillreturntotheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)fromthelessonwarm-upTeacherswillaskstudentswhichhistoricaldevelopmentbestexplainsthehistoryofthetwentiethcenturyinNorthandSouthKorea

Teacher Notes

Thisdebriefrequiresstudentstotaketheirthinkingtotheevaluativelevelafterspendingmostoftheactivityinanalysismode

CLASSACTIVITY5OF5ASSESSMENTCHECKFORUNDERSTANDING

TYPEOFASSESSMENTSHORTANSWERQUESTION(SAQ)EachSAQcontainspairedpassages

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay27

abouteachofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

TeachershavethreeoptionsforwhentocompletethefinaltaskmdashtheSAQassessment(pp25-28)iftimepermitsthiscanbecompletedattheendoftheclassoritcanbeassignedashomeworkoritcanbecompletedatthebeginningofthenextclassperiodTeacherscanelecttohavestudentscompletetheSAQonthehistoricaldevelopmenttheystudiedinclassorassignthemadifferenthistoricaldevelopmentfortheSAQScoringguidesforeachsetareincludedbelow

SAQ1ndashColdWarScoringGuide(p29)

SAQ2ndashEconomicLiberalizationScoringGuide(p30)

SAQ3-InformationAgeScoringGuide(p31)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay28

IN-CLASSACTIVITYMATERIALS

KOREACONTEXTUALIZATIONGRAPHIC

PART1

Basedonyourpriorknowledgebrieflydescribeeachofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

PART2

NotethearrowslinkingeachhistoricaldevelopmentDiscussthefollowing

bull Doesonedevelopmentcausetheother

bull Doesonedevelopmenthaveagreaterimpactthantheothers

bull Dothedevelopmentsshareasymbioticrelationship

bull Howwouldyoudisplaytherelationshipdifferently

PART3

ExplaintheextenttowhichthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainthetwentiethcenturygloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKorea

ColdWar

EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay29

PAIREDSOURCES1

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimIl-sungldquoOnEliminatingDogmatismandFormalismandEstablishingJuche[Chuchrsquoe]inIdeologicalWorkrdquo(speech)1955

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseTodemonstratethisindependenceKimusesthetermJuchethroughoutthesourceJucheliterallytranslatestoldquoself-reliancerdquobutbecamethebackboneideologyofNorthKoreaasitcontinueditsevolutionintoacommuniststate

TodayIwanttoaddressafewremarkstoyouontheshortcomingsinourPartysideologicalworkandonhowtoeliminatetheminthefuture

AsyoulearnedatyesterdayssessiontherehavebeenseriousideologicalerrorsontheliteraryfrontItisobviousthenthatourpropagandaworkalsocannothavebeenfaultless

Itistoberegrettedthatourpropagandaworksuffersinmanyrespectsfromdogmatismandformalism

TheprincipalshortcomingsinideologicalworkarethefailuretodelvedeeplyintoallmattersandthelackofJucheItmaynotbepropertosayJucheislackingbutinfactithasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablishedThisisaseriousmatterWemustthoroughlyrectifythisshortcomingUnlessthisproblemissolvedwecannothopeforgoodresultsinideologicalwork

WhydoesourideologicalworksufferfromdogmatismandformalismAndwhydoourpropagandistsandagitatorsfailtogodeeplyintomattersonlyembellishingthefaccediladeandwhydotheymerelycopyandmemorizeforeignthingsinsteadofworkingcreativelyThisoffersusfoodforseriousreflection

WhatisJucheinourPartysideologicalworkWhatarewedoingWearenotengagedinanyothercountrysrevolutionbutpreciselyintheKoreanrevolutionThistheKoreanrevolutionconstitutesJucheintheideologicalworkofourPartyThereforeallideologicalworkmustbesubordinatedtotheinterestsoftheKoreanrevolutionWhenwestudythehistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnionthehistoryoftheChineserevolutionortheuniversaltruthofMarxism-Leninismitisallforthepurposeofcorrectlycarryingoutourownrevolution

[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210

TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland

Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle

YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory

[hellip]

InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown

OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]

Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]

ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown

ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]

JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm

BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics

IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]

S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b

Annotation

SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates

Confidential

MyDearMrPresident

IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong

WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam

Sincerelyyours

SyngmanRhee

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212

PAIREDSOURCES2

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704

NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957

[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]

Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique

ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline

WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring

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thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership

Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses

DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop

AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained

[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]

ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner

Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly

DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism

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Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy

ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture

Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution

FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee

Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty

IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

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Document

EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf

Annotation

ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule

InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape

ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]

ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary

In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]

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HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]

[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]

TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s

U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s

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Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml

Annotation

KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest

WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials

StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore

ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry

Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress

ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo

AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage

ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad

StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere

ScienceWorship

MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea

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ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools

Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies

Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience

ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol

AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds

ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia

NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite

UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports

TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry

NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts

ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics

FamiliarFaces

ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates

OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired

SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown

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HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests

TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment

KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch

RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009

HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram

NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram

In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince

TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo

ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid

FatherFigure

LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance

ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo

MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus

MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure

AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220

TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 3: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay23

DAY 2 BASEDONA60-MINUTECLASS

LessonQuestionHowareNorthandSouthKoreaimpactedbytheColdWareconomicliberalizationandInformationAgetechnological

developments

APCURRICULUMFRAMEWORKREFERENCE KeyConcept63mdashAftertheKoreanWar(1950-1953)theroleofthestateinthedomesticeconomyvariedandnewinstitutionsofglobalassociationsemergedandcontinuedtodevelopthroughoutthetwentiethcentury

I StatesrespondedinavarietyofwaystotheeconomicchallengesofthetwentiethcenturyA IncommuniststatessuchastheSovietUnionandChinagovernmentscontrolledthenationaleconomiesoftenthrough

repressivepoliciesandwithnegativerepercussionsfortheirpopulations[NorthKorea]C InnewindependentstatesafterWorldWarIIgovernmentsoftentookonastrongeconomicroleguidingeconomiclifeto

promotedevelopment[NorthandSouthKorea]D InatrendacceleratedbytheendoftheColdWarmanygovernmentsencouragedfree-marketeconomicpoliciesand

promotedeconomicliberalizationinthelatetwentiethcentury[SouthKorea]E Inthelatetwentiethcenturyrevolutionsininformationandcommunicationstechnologyledtogrowthofknowledge

economiesinsomeregionswhileindustrialproductionandmanufacturingwereincreasinglysituatedindevelopingeconomiesincludingthePacificRimandLatinAmerica[SouthKorea]

HistoricalReasoningSkillContextualization

OVERVIEW

ThisactivityisdesignedtoengagestudentsinananalysisoftheimpactoftheColdWareconomicliberalizationandInformationAgetechnologicaldevelopmentsonNorthandSouthKoreandevelopmentStudentsshouldhavegeneralknowledgeofeachofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmentionedaboveStudentswillworkincollaborativepairsonananalysisofoneofthreesetsofpairedsourcesEachsetexploresoneofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmdashtheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAgemdashthroughNorthandSouthKoreansourcesInthesecondstageofthelessonstudentpairswilljoinotherpairstodevelopashortpresentationtosharetheirlearningAttheconclusionofthelessonstudentswilldemonstratetheirlearningbywritingresponsestoShortAnswerQuestions(SAQs)TeachersshouldnotethatstudentsareinitiallydividedintopairswithonlyonesetofsourcestoallowfordeeperexplorationofonehistoricaldevelopmentThelessoncouldbeextendedtoallowpairstoexploreallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsiftimepermitsThesourceswilldemonstratehowNorthandSouthKorearespondedtothelargerhistoricaldevelopmentsoftheperiodForinstancethoughthesecondhistoricaldevelopmentiseconomicliberalizationtheNorthKoreanreactionwastorejectthistrendandfocusinsteadoncontinuedcentralplanningaccordingtocommunistcommand-economyprincipleswhileSouthKoreaintroducedelementsofcentralplanningandstatecoordinationontoacapitalistframeworkTheInformationAgesourceslikewisereflectthedistinctdifferencesbetweenthetypesoftechnologyonwhichNorthandSouthKoreafocused

MATERIALSNEEDEDFOR

In-ClassActivity(p8)bull KoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)bull PairedSources1(ColdWar)(pp9-10)bull PairedSources2(EconomicLiberalization)(pp12-14)bull PairedSources3(InformationAge)(pp17-22)

bull StudentGraphicOrganizerhandout(pp23-24)bull Butcherchartorposterpaper

AssessmentShortanswerquestions(pp25-28)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay24

SEQUENCEOFINSTRUCTION

CLASSACTIVITY1of5WARMUPINTRODUCTION

WARMUPINTRODUCTION(10MINUTES)

WHOLEGROUPDISCUSSION

Studentswillparticipateinawhole-groupdiscussionoftheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)

1 Teacherswillaskstudentstoexplaineachofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsintheirownwordsbasedonpriorlearning

a ColdWarthestateofheightenedgeopoliticaltensionandrivalriesbetweenalliesoftheUnitedStatesandthoseoftheSovietUnionbetween1947and1991

b EconomicLiberalizationaglobaltrendtowarddecreasinggovernmentregulationandoversightofnationaleconomiesthatbeganafterWorldWarIIandincreasedaftertheendoftheColdWarinthe1990s

c InformationAgethetwenty-first-centuryshiftineconomicdevelopmentfromtraditionalindustrialproductiontoeconomiesbasedoninformationtechnologies

2 NextteacherswillaskstudentstospeculateontherelationshipbetweenthesethreedevelopmentsTeacherswillnotethetwo-directionalarrowslinkingthedevelopmentalconceptsinthegraphicandaskstudents

a Doesonedevelopmentalconceptcausetheother

b Doesoneconcepthaveagreatimpactthantheother

c Dotheconceptsshareasymbioticrelationship

3ThirdteacherswillaskstudentstoexplainintheirresponsestheextenttowhichtheyfeelthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainpoliticalandeconomicdevelopmentgloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKoreainthetwentiethcentury

Teaching Tip Theemphasisofthiswarm-upactivityisforstudentstospeculateontherelativeimportanceofeachofthesehistoricaldevelopmentsonthetwentiethcenturyPriorknowledgeofeachisnecessaryIfstudentsareunfamiliarwithanyofthe

threeteachersmightneedtomodeltheprocessbyprovidingabasicoverviewsuchas

TheColdWarsetthestageforeconomicdevelopmentfocusedonmilitarysuperioritywhichincreasinglyrequiredadvancedtechnologicaldevelopmentAspublicandprivateentitiespushedforhigh-techmilitaryapplicationsconsumeroffshootssuchastheinternetchangedeconomiestowardinformationtechnologiesAstheColdWarendedgovernmentsremovedthemselvesmoreandmorefromtheeconomyleadingtoliberalizedeconomiesdominatedbyprivatecorporationsseekingtodevelopmoreprofitableInformationAgetechnologies

AtthispointthefocusofthediscussionshouldbeglobalmacroratherthanspecifictoKorea

CLASSACTIVITY2OF5PAIREDHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTSOURCES

SOURCEINVESTIGATION(20MINUTES)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay25

WorkingincollaborativepairsstudentswillexploreoneofthethreesetsofpairedsourcesEachsetexploresoneofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmdashtheColdWarPairedSources(pp9-10)EconomicLiberalizationPairedSources(pp12-14)ortheInformationAgePairedSources(pp17-22)mdashandincludesNorthandSouthKoreansources

1 Studentpairsshouldreadbothsourcesintheirassignedsetthendiscusshowtheyseetheirassignedhistoricaldevelopmentreflectedineachsource

2 StudentsshouldusetheStudentGraphicOrganizer(pp23-24)torecord

a generalinformationtohelpwithreadingcomprehension

b specificevidencerelatedtothehistoricaldevelopment

c informationfromtheirknowledgeofhistorythatfurthersupportsthehistoricaldevelopment

d similaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceorresponsetothehistoricaldevelopmentincludingpossiblereasonsforthesesimilaritiesordifferences

Teacher Notes

StudentsaresplitintopairswithonlyonesetofsourcestoallowfordeeperexplorationofonehistoricaldevelopmentThesourceswilldemonstratehowNorthandSouthKorearespondedtothelargerhistoricaldevelopmentsoftheperiodForinstancethoughthesecondhistoricaldevelopmentiseconomicliberalizationtheNorthKoreanreactionistorejectthistrendandfocusinsteadoncontinuedcentralplanningaccordingtocommunistcommand-economyprincipleswhiletheSouthintroduceselementsofcentralplanningandstatecoordinationontoacapitalistframeworkTheInformationAgesourceslikewisereflectthedistinctdifferencesbetweenthetypesoftechnologyonwhichNorthandSouthKoreafocused

Teaching Tip

ThelessoncouldbeextendedtoallowpairstoexploreallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsThegraphicorganizercanbecopiedformultiplesourcesasneeded

CLASSACTIVITY3of5HISTORICALDEVELOPMENTPRESENTATIONS

PRESENTATIONS(20MINUTES)WhenstudentpairshavecompletedthegraphicorganizerteachersshoulddividetheclassintothreelargergroupstocombineallpairsthathavereadthesamesourcesEachlargergroupwillchooseaspokespersontopresentasummaryoftheirsourcestothewholeclassIftimeallowsstudentscouldalsomakequickpostersorusetheirgraphicorganizersasvisualaidsinshortpresentationsThepresentationshouldinclude

bull ageneralsummaryofeachsourceincludingmainideaandauthorbackgroundasneeded

bull anexplanationofhoweachsourcedemonstratesthehistoricaldevelopment

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay26

bull anexplanationofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperience

Studentsshouldusetheirgraphicorganizertorecordkeyobservationandevidenceforeachhistoricaldevelopment

Teacher Notes

Theintentofthelarge-grouppresentationistoexposeallstudentstoallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsandtheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceduringtheperiodThisexposurewillallowthemtodemonstratetheirunderstandingontheShortAnswerQuestionassessmentsthatfollow

Teaching Tip

BeparticularlyawareoftimeduringthisphaseofthelessonStudentsneedtoberemindedoftimeconstraintsandtheneedtocapturecommonlearningquicklytopresenttoothergroupsDuetotimeconstraintsposter-typevisualaidsshouldbe

quickandtothepointnotpolishedworksofartReserveenoughtimeforstudentstolistento(orgallerywalk)theothertwogroupsrsquofindingsAsstudentsusetheirgraphicorganizerstorecordpertinentinformationontheothertwohistoricaldevelopmentstheycandifferentiatebetweenthethreegroupsrsquofindingsbyusingdifferentcoloredpensorpencilsforeach

CLASSACTIVITY4OF5DEBRIEF

DEBRIEF(10MINUTES)StillworkingasawholeclassstudentswillreturntotheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)fromthelessonwarm-upTeacherswillaskstudentswhichhistoricaldevelopmentbestexplainsthehistoryofthetwentiethcenturyinNorthandSouthKorea

Teacher Notes

Thisdebriefrequiresstudentstotaketheirthinkingtotheevaluativelevelafterspendingmostoftheactivityinanalysismode

CLASSACTIVITY5OF5ASSESSMENTCHECKFORUNDERSTANDING

TYPEOFASSESSMENTSHORTANSWERQUESTION(SAQ)EachSAQcontainspairedpassages

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay27

abouteachofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

TeachershavethreeoptionsforwhentocompletethefinaltaskmdashtheSAQassessment(pp25-28)iftimepermitsthiscanbecompletedattheendoftheclassoritcanbeassignedashomeworkoritcanbecompletedatthebeginningofthenextclassperiodTeacherscanelecttohavestudentscompletetheSAQonthehistoricaldevelopmenttheystudiedinclassorassignthemadifferenthistoricaldevelopmentfortheSAQScoringguidesforeachsetareincludedbelow

SAQ1ndashColdWarScoringGuide(p29)

SAQ2ndashEconomicLiberalizationScoringGuide(p30)

SAQ3-InformationAgeScoringGuide(p31)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay28

IN-CLASSACTIVITYMATERIALS

KOREACONTEXTUALIZATIONGRAPHIC

PART1

Basedonyourpriorknowledgebrieflydescribeeachofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

PART2

NotethearrowslinkingeachhistoricaldevelopmentDiscussthefollowing

bull Doesonedevelopmentcausetheother

bull Doesonedevelopmenthaveagreaterimpactthantheothers

bull Dothedevelopmentsshareasymbioticrelationship

bull Howwouldyoudisplaytherelationshipdifferently

PART3

ExplaintheextenttowhichthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainthetwentiethcenturygloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKorea

ColdWar

EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay29

PAIREDSOURCES1

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimIl-sungldquoOnEliminatingDogmatismandFormalismandEstablishingJuche[Chuchrsquoe]inIdeologicalWorkrdquo(speech)1955

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseTodemonstratethisindependenceKimusesthetermJuchethroughoutthesourceJucheliterallytranslatestoldquoself-reliancerdquobutbecamethebackboneideologyofNorthKoreaasitcontinueditsevolutionintoacommuniststate

TodayIwanttoaddressafewremarkstoyouontheshortcomingsinourPartysideologicalworkandonhowtoeliminatetheminthefuture

AsyoulearnedatyesterdayssessiontherehavebeenseriousideologicalerrorsontheliteraryfrontItisobviousthenthatourpropagandaworkalsocannothavebeenfaultless

Itistoberegrettedthatourpropagandaworksuffersinmanyrespectsfromdogmatismandformalism

TheprincipalshortcomingsinideologicalworkarethefailuretodelvedeeplyintoallmattersandthelackofJucheItmaynotbepropertosayJucheislackingbutinfactithasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablishedThisisaseriousmatterWemustthoroughlyrectifythisshortcomingUnlessthisproblemissolvedwecannothopeforgoodresultsinideologicalwork

WhydoesourideologicalworksufferfromdogmatismandformalismAndwhydoourpropagandistsandagitatorsfailtogodeeplyintomattersonlyembellishingthefaccediladeandwhydotheymerelycopyandmemorizeforeignthingsinsteadofworkingcreativelyThisoffersusfoodforseriousreflection

WhatisJucheinourPartysideologicalworkWhatarewedoingWearenotengagedinanyothercountrysrevolutionbutpreciselyintheKoreanrevolutionThistheKoreanrevolutionconstitutesJucheintheideologicalworkofourPartyThereforeallideologicalworkmustbesubordinatedtotheinterestsoftheKoreanrevolutionWhenwestudythehistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnionthehistoryoftheChineserevolutionortheuniversaltruthofMarxism-Leninismitisallforthepurposeofcorrectlycarryingoutourownrevolution

[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210

TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland

Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle

YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory

[hellip]

InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown

OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]

Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]

ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown

ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]

JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm

BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics

IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]

S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b

Annotation

SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates

Confidential

MyDearMrPresident

IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong

WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam

Sincerelyyours

SyngmanRhee

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212

PAIREDSOURCES2

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704

NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957

[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]

Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique

ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline

WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring

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thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership

Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses

DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop

AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained

[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]

ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner

Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly

DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism

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Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy

ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture

Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution

FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee

Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty

IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

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Document

EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf

Annotation

ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule

InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape

ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]

ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary

In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]

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HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]

[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]

TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s

U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s

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Document

ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml

Annotation

KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest

WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials

StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore

ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry

Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress

ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo

AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage

ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad

StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere

ScienceWorship

MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea

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ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools

Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies

Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience

ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol

AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds

ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia

NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite

UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports

TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry

NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts

ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics

FamiliarFaces

ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates

OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired

SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown

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HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests

TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment

KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch

RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009

HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram

NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram

In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince

TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo

ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid

FatherFigure

LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance

ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo

MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus

MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure

AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine

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TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 4: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay24

SEQUENCEOFINSTRUCTION

CLASSACTIVITY1of5WARMUPINTRODUCTION

WARMUPINTRODUCTION(10MINUTES)

WHOLEGROUPDISCUSSION

Studentswillparticipateinawhole-groupdiscussionoftheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)

1 Teacherswillaskstudentstoexplaineachofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsintheirownwordsbasedonpriorlearning

a ColdWarthestateofheightenedgeopoliticaltensionandrivalriesbetweenalliesoftheUnitedStatesandthoseoftheSovietUnionbetween1947and1991

b EconomicLiberalizationaglobaltrendtowarddecreasinggovernmentregulationandoversightofnationaleconomiesthatbeganafterWorldWarIIandincreasedaftertheendoftheColdWarinthe1990s

c InformationAgethetwenty-first-centuryshiftineconomicdevelopmentfromtraditionalindustrialproductiontoeconomiesbasedoninformationtechnologies

2 NextteacherswillaskstudentstospeculateontherelationshipbetweenthesethreedevelopmentsTeacherswillnotethetwo-directionalarrowslinkingthedevelopmentalconceptsinthegraphicandaskstudents

a Doesonedevelopmentalconceptcausetheother

b Doesoneconcepthaveagreatimpactthantheother

c Dotheconceptsshareasymbioticrelationship

3ThirdteacherswillaskstudentstoexplainintheirresponsestheextenttowhichtheyfeelthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainpoliticalandeconomicdevelopmentgloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKoreainthetwentiethcentury

Teaching Tip Theemphasisofthiswarm-upactivityisforstudentstospeculateontherelativeimportanceofeachofthesehistoricaldevelopmentsonthetwentiethcenturyPriorknowledgeofeachisnecessaryIfstudentsareunfamiliarwithanyofthe

threeteachersmightneedtomodeltheprocessbyprovidingabasicoverviewsuchas

TheColdWarsetthestageforeconomicdevelopmentfocusedonmilitarysuperioritywhichincreasinglyrequiredadvancedtechnologicaldevelopmentAspublicandprivateentitiespushedforhigh-techmilitaryapplicationsconsumeroffshootssuchastheinternetchangedeconomiestowardinformationtechnologiesAstheColdWarendedgovernmentsremovedthemselvesmoreandmorefromtheeconomyleadingtoliberalizedeconomiesdominatedbyprivatecorporationsseekingtodevelopmoreprofitableInformationAgetechnologies

AtthispointthefocusofthediscussionshouldbeglobalmacroratherthanspecifictoKorea

CLASSACTIVITY2OF5PAIREDHISTORICALDEVELOPMENTSOURCES

SOURCEINVESTIGATION(20MINUTES)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay25

WorkingincollaborativepairsstudentswillexploreoneofthethreesetsofpairedsourcesEachsetexploresoneofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmdashtheColdWarPairedSources(pp9-10)EconomicLiberalizationPairedSources(pp12-14)ortheInformationAgePairedSources(pp17-22)mdashandincludesNorthandSouthKoreansources

1 Studentpairsshouldreadbothsourcesintheirassignedsetthendiscusshowtheyseetheirassignedhistoricaldevelopmentreflectedineachsource

2 StudentsshouldusetheStudentGraphicOrganizer(pp23-24)torecord

a generalinformationtohelpwithreadingcomprehension

b specificevidencerelatedtothehistoricaldevelopment

c informationfromtheirknowledgeofhistorythatfurthersupportsthehistoricaldevelopment

d similaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceorresponsetothehistoricaldevelopmentincludingpossiblereasonsforthesesimilaritiesordifferences

Teacher Notes

StudentsaresplitintopairswithonlyonesetofsourcestoallowfordeeperexplorationofonehistoricaldevelopmentThesourceswilldemonstratehowNorthandSouthKorearespondedtothelargerhistoricaldevelopmentsoftheperiodForinstancethoughthesecondhistoricaldevelopmentiseconomicliberalizationtheNorthKoreanreactionistorejectthistrendandfocusinsteadoncontinuedcentralplanningaccordingtocommunistcommand-economyprincipleswhiletheSouthintroduceselementsofcentralplanningandstatecoordinationontoacapitalistframeworkTheInformationAgesourceslikewisereflectthedistinctdifferencesbetweenthetypesoftechnologyonwhichNorthandSouthKoreafocused

Teaching Tip

ThelessoncouldbeextendedtoallowpairstoexploreallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsThegraphicorganizercanbecopiedformultiplesourcesasneeded

CLASSACTIVITY3of5HISTORICALDEVELOPMENTPRESENTATIONS

PRESENTATIONS(20MINUTES)WhenstudentpairshavecompletedthegraphicorganizerteachersshoulddividetheclassintothreelargergroupstocombineallpairsthathavereadthesamesourcesEachlargergroupwillchooseaspokespersontopresentasummaryoftheirsourcestothewholeclassIftimeallowsstudentscouldalsomakequickpostersorusetheirgraphicorganizersasvisualaidsinshortpresentationsThepresentationshouldinclude

bull ageneralsummaryofeachsourceincludingmainideaandauthorbackgroundasneeded

bull anexplanationofhoweachsourcedemonstratesthehistoricaldevelopment

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay26

bull anexplanationofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperience

Studentsshouldusetheirgraphicorganizertorecordkeyobservationandevidenceforeachhistoricaldevelopment

Teacher Notes

Theintentofthelarge-grouppresentationistoexposeallstudentstoallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsandtheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceduringtheperiodThisexposurewillallowthemtodemonstratetheirunderstandingontheShortAnswerQuestionassessmentsthatfollow

Teaching Tip

BeparticularlyawareoftimeduringthisphaseofthelessonStudentsneedtoberemindedoftimeconstraintsandtheneedtocapturecommonlearningquicklytopresenttoothergroupsDuetotimeconstraintsposter-typevisualaidsshouldbe

quickandtothepointnotpolishedworksofartReserveenoughtimeforstudentstolistento(orgallerywalk)theothertwogroupsrsquofindingsAsstudentsusetheirgraphicorganizerstorecordpertinentinformationontheothertwohistoricaldevelopmentstheycandifferentiatebetweenthethreegroupsrsquofindingsbyusingdifferentcoloredpensorpencilsforeach

CLASSACTIVITY4OF5DEBRIEF

DEBRIEF(10MINUTES)StillworkingasawholeclassstudentswillreturntotheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)fromthelessonwarm-upTeacherswillaskstudentswhichhistoricaldevelopmentbestexplainsthehistoryofthetwentiethcenturyinNorthandSouthKorea

Teacher Notes

Thisdebriefrequiresstudentstotaketheirthinkingtotheevaluativelevelafterspendingmostoftheactivityinanalysismode

CLASSACTIVITY5OF5ASSESSMENTCHECKFORUNDERSTANDING

TYPEOFASSESSMENTSHORTANSWERQUESTION(SAQ)EachSAQcontainspairedpassages

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay27

abouteachofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

TeachershavethreeoptionsforwhentocompletethefinaltaskmdashtheSAQassessment(pp25-28)iftimepermitsthiscanbecompletedattheendoftheclassoritcanbeassignedashomeworkoritcanbecompletedatthebeginningofthenextclassperiodTeacherscanelecttohavestudentscompletetheSAQonthehistoricaldevelopmenttheystudiedinclassorassignthemadifferenthistoricaldevelopmentfortheSAQScoringguidesforeachsetareincludedbelow

SAQ1ndashColdWarScoringGuide(p29)

SAQ2ndashEconomicLiberalizationScoringGuide(p30)

SAQ3-InformationAgeScoringGuide(p31)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay28

IN-CLASSACTIVITYMATERIALS

KOREACONTEXTUALIZATIONGRAPHIC

PART1

Basedonyourpriorknowledgebrieflydescribeeachofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

PART2

NotethearrowslinkingeachhistoricaldevelopmentDiscussthefollowing

bull Doesonedevelopmentcausetheother

bull Doesonedevelopmenthaveagreaterimpactthantheothers

bull Dothedevelopmentsshareasymbioticrelationship

bull Howwouldyoudisplaytherelationshipdifferently

PART3

ExplaintheextenttowhichthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainthetwentiethcenturygloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKorea

ColdWar

EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay29

PAIREDSOURCES1

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimIl-sungldquoOnEliminatingDogmatismandFormalismandEstablishingJuche[Chuchrsquoe]inIdeologicalWorkrdquo(speech)1955

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseTodemonstratethisindependenceKimusesthetermJuchethroughoutthesourceJucheliterallytranslatestoldquoself-reliancerdquobutbecamethebackboneideologyofNorthKoreaasitcontinueditsevolutionintoacommuniststate

TodayIwanttoaddressafewremarkstoyouontheshortcomingsinourPartysideologicalworkandonhowtoeliminatetheminthefuture

AsyoulearnedatyesterdayssessiontherehavebeenseriousideologicalerrorsontheliteraryfrontItisobviousthenthatourpropagandaworkalsocannothavebeenfaultless

Itistoberegrettedthatourpropagandaworksuffersinmanyrespectsfromdogmatismandformalism

TheprincipalshortcomingsinideologicalworkarethefailuretodelvedeeplyintoallmattersandthelackofJucheItmaynotbepropertosayJucheislackingbutinfactithasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablishedThisisaseriousmatterWemustthoroughlyrectifythisshortcomingUnlessthisproblemissolvedwecannothopeforgoodresultsinideologicalwork

WhydoesourideologicalworksufferfromdogmatismandformalismAndwhydoourpropagandistsandagitatorsfailtogodeeplyintomattersonlyembellishingthefaccediladeandwhydotheymerelycopyandmemorizeforeignthingsinsteadofworkingcreativelyThisoffersusfoodforseriousreflection

WhatisJucheinourPartysideologicalworkWhatarewedoingWearenotengagedinanyothercountrysrevolutionbutpreciselyintheKoreanrevolutionThistheKoreanrevolutionconstitutesJucheintheideologicalworkofourPartyThereforeallideologicalworkmustbesubordinatedtotheinterestsoftheKoreanrevolutionWhenwestudythehistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnionthehistoryoftheChineserevolutionortheuniversaltruthofMarxism-Leninismitisallforthepurposeofcorrectlycarryingoutourownrevolution

[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210

TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland

Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle

YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory

[hellip]

InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown

OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]

Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]

ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown

ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]

JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm

BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics

IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]

S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b

Annotation

SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates

Confidential

MyDearMrPresident

IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong

WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam

Sincerelyyours

SyngmanRhee

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212

PAIREDSOURCES2

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704

NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957

[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]

Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique

ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline

WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring

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thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership

Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses

DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop

AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained

[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]

ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner

Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly

DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism

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Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy

ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture

Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution

FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee

Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty

IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

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Document

EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf

Annotation

ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule

InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape

ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]

ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary

In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]

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HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]

[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]

TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s

U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s

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Document

ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml

Annotation

KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest

WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials

StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore

ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry

Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress

ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo

AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage

ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad

StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere

ScienceWorship

MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea

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ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools

Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies

Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience

ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol

AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds

ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia

NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite

UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports

TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry

NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts

ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics

FamiliarFaces

ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates

OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired

SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown

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HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests

TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment

KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch

RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009

HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram

NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram

In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince

TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo

ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid

FatherFigure

LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance

ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo

MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus

MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure

AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine

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TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 5: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay25

WorkingincollaborativepairsstudentswillexploreoneofthethreesetsofpairedsourcesEachsetexploresoneofthethreehistoricaldevelopmentsmdashtheColdWarPairedSources(pp9-10)EconomicLiberalizationPairedSources(pp12-14)ortheInformationAgePairedSources(pp17-22)mdashandincludesNorthandSouthKoreansources

1 Studentpairsshouldreadbothsourcesintheirassignedsetthendiscusshowtheyseetheirassignedhistoricaldevelopmentreflectedineachsource

2 StudentsshouldusetheStudentGraphicOrganizer(pp23-24)torecord

a generalinformationtohelpwithreadingcomprehension

b specificevidencerelatedtothehistoricaldevelopment

c informationfromtheirknowledgeofhistorythatfurthersupportsthehistoricaldevelopment

d similaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceorresponsetothehistoricaldevelopmentincludingpossiblereasonsforthesesimilaritiesordifferences

Teacher Notes

StudentsaresplitintopairswithonlyonesetofsourcestoallowfordeeperexplorationofonehistoricaldevelopmentThesourceswilldemonstratehowNorthandSouthKorearespondedtothelargerhistoricaldevelopmentsoftheperiodForinstancethoughthesecondhistoricaldevelopmentiseconomicliberalizationtheNorthKoreanreactionistorejectthistrendandfocusinsteadoncontinuedcentralplanningaccordingtocommunistcommand-economyprincipleswhiletheSouthintroduceselementsofcentralplanningandstatecoordinationontoacapitalistframeworkTheInformationAgesourceslikewisereflectthedistinctdifferencesbetweenthetypesoftechnologyonwhichNorthandSouthKoreafocused

Teaching Tip

ThelessoncouldbeextendedtoallowpairstoexploreallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsThegraphicorganizercanbecopiedformultiplesourcesasneeded

CLASSACTIVITY3of5HISTORICALDEVELOPMENTPRESENTATIONS

PRESENTATIONS(20MINUTES)WhenstudentpairshavecompletedthegraphicorganizerteachersshoulddividetheclassintothreelargergroupstocombineallpairsthathavereadthesamesourcesEachlargergroupwillchooseaspokespersontopresentasummaryoftheirsourcestothewholeclassIftimeallowsstudentscouldalsomakequickpostersorusetheirgraphicorganizersasvisualaidsinshortpresentationsThepresentationshouldinclude

bull ageneralsummaryofeachsourceincludingmainideaandauthorbackgroundasneeded

bull anexplanationofhoweachsourcedemonstratesthehistoricaldevelopment

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay26

bull anexplanationofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperience

Studentsshouldusetheirgraphicorganizertorecordkeyobservationandevidenceforeachhistoricaldevelopment

Teacher Notes

Theintentofthelarge-grouppresentationistoexposeallstudentstoallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsandtheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceduringtheperiodThisexposurewillallowthemtodemonstratetheirunderstandingontheShortAnswerQuestionassessmentsthatfollow

Teaching Tip

BeparticularlyawareoftimeduringthisphaseofthelessonStudentsneedtoberemindedoftimeconstraintsandtheneedtocapturecommonlearningquicklytopresenttoothergroupsDuetotimeconstraintsposter-typevisualaidsshouldbe

quickandtothepointnotpolishedworksofartReserveenoughtimeforstudentstolistento(orgallerywalk)theothertwogroupsrsquofindingsAsstudentsusetheirgraphicorganizerstorecordpertinentinformationontheothertwohistoricaldevelopmentstheycandifferentiatebetweenthethreegroupsrsquofindingsbyusingdifferentcoloredpensorpencilsforeach

CLASSACTIVITY4OF5DEBRIEF

DEBRIEF(10MINUTES)StillworkingasawholeclassstudentswillreturntotheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)fromthelessonwarm-upTeacherswillaskstudentswhichhistoricaldevelopmentbestexplainsthehistoryofthetwentiethcenturyinNorthandSouthKorea

Teacher Notes

Thisdebriefrequiresstudentstotaketheirthinkingtotheevaluativelevelafterspendingmostoftheactivityinanalysismode

CLASSACTIVITY5OF5ASSESSMENTCHECKFORUNDERSTANDING

TYPEOFASSESSMENTSHORTANSWERQUESTION(SAQ)EachSAQcontainspairedpassages

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay27

abouteachofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

TeachershavethreeoptionsforwhentocompletethefinaltaskmdashtheSAQassessment(pp25-28)iftimepermitsthiscanbecompletedattheendoftheclassoritcanbeassignedashomeworkoritcanbecompletedatthebeginningofthenextclassperiodTeacherscanelecttohavestudentscompletetheSAQonthehistoricaldevelopmenttheystudiedinclassorassignthemadifferenthistoricaldevelopmentfortheSAQScoringguidesforeachsetareincludedbelow

SAQ1ndashColdWarScoringGuide(p29)

SAQ2ndashEconomicLiberalizationScoringGuide(p30)

SAQ3-InformationAgeScoringGuide(p31)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay28

IN-CLASSACTIVITYMATERIALS

KOREACONTEXTUALIZATIONGRAPHIC

PART1

Basedonyourpriorknowledgebrieflydescribeeachofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

PART2

NotethearrowslinkingeachhistoricaldevelopmentDiscussthefollowing

bull Doesonedevelopmentcausetheother

bull Doesonedevelopmenthaveagreaterimpactthantheothers

bull Dothedevelopmentsshareasymbioticrelationship

bull Howwouldyoudisplaytherelationshipdifferently

PART3

ExplaintheextenttowhichthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainthetwentiethcenturygloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKorea

ColdWar

EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay29

PAIREDSOURCES1

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimIl-sungldquoOnEliminatingDogmatismandFormalismandEstablishingJuche[Chuchrsquoe]inIdeologicalWorkrdquo(speech)1955

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseTodemonstratethisindependenceKimusesthetermJuchethroughoutthesourceJucheliterallytranslatestoldquoself-reliancerdquobutbecamethebackboneideologyofNorthKoreaasitcontinueditsevolutionintoacommuniststate

TodayIwanttoaddressafewremarkstoyouontheshortcomingsinourPartysideologicalworkandonhowtoeliminatetheminthefuture

AsyoulearnedatyesterdayssessiontherehavebeenseriousideologicalerrorsontheliteraryfrontItisobviousthenthatourpropagandaworkalsocannothavebeenfaultless

Itistoberegrettedthatourpropagandaworksuffersinmanyrespectsfromdogmatismandformalism

TheprincipalshortcomingsinideologicalworkarethefailuretodelvedeeplyintoallmattersandthelackofJucheItmaynotbepropertosayJucheislackingbutinfactithasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablishedThisisaseriousmatterWemustthoroughlyrectifythisshortcomingUnlessthisproblemissolvedwecannothopeforgoodresultsinideologicalwork

WhydoesourideologicalworksufferfromdogmatismandformalismAndwhydoourpropagandistsandagitatorsfailtogodeeplyintomattersonlyembellishingthefaccediladeandwhydotheymerelycopyandmemorizeforeignthingsinsteadofworkingcreativelyThisoffersusfoodforseriousreflection

WhatisJucheinourPartysideologicalworkWhatarewedoingWearenotengagedinanyothercountrysrevolutionbutpreciselyintheKoreanrevolutionThistheKoreanrevolutionconstitutesJucheintheideologicalworkofourPartyThereforeallideologicalworkmustbesubordinatedtotheinterestsoftheKoreanrevolutionWhenwestudythehistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnionthehistoryoftheChineserevolutionortheuniversaltruthofMarxism-Leninismitisallforthepurposeofcorrectlycarryingoutourownrevolution

[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210

TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland

Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle

YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory

[hellip]

InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown

OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]

Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]

ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown

ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]

JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm

BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics

IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]

S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b

Annotation

SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates

Confidential

MyDearMrPresident

IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong

WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam

Sincerelyyours

SyngmanRhee

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212

PAIREDSOURCES2

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704

NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957

[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]

Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique

ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline

WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213

thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership

Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses

DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop

AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained

[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]

ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner

Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly

DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214

Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy

ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture

Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution

FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee

Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty

IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf

Annotation

ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule

InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape

ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]

ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary

In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216

HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]

[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]

TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s

U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217

PAIREDSOURCES3

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml

Annotation

KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest

WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials

StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore

ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry

Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress

ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo

AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage

ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad

StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere

ScienceWorship

MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218

ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools

Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies

Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience

ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol

AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds

ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia

NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite

UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports

TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry

NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts

ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics

FamiliarFaces

ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates

OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired

SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219

HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests

TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment

KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch

RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009

HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram

NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram

In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince

TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo

ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid

FatherFigure

LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance

ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo

MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus

MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure

AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220

TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 6: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay26

bull anexplanationofthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheNorthandSouthKoreanexperience

Studentsshouldusetheirgraphicorganizertorecordkeyobservationandevidenceforeachhistoricaldevelopment

Teacher Notes

Theintentofthelarge-grouppresentationistoexposeallstudentstoallthreehistoricaldevelopmentsandtheNorthandSouthKoreanexperienceduringtheperiodThisexposurewillallowthemtodemonstratetheirunderstandingontheShortAnswerQuestionassessmentsthatfollow

Teaching Tip

BeparticularlyawareoftimeduringthisphaseofthelessonStudentsneedtoberemindedoftimeconstraintsandtheneedtocapturecommonlearningquicklytopresenttoothergroupsDuetotimeconstraintsposter-typevisualaidsshouldbe

quickandtothepointnotpolishedworksofartReserveenoughtimeforstudentstolistento(orgallerywalk)theothertwogroupsrsquofindingsAsstudentsusetheirgraphicorganizerstorecordpertinentinformationontheothertwohistoricaldevelopmentstheycandifferentiatebetweenthethreegroupsrsquofindingsbyusingdifferentcoloredpensorpencilsforeach

CLASSACTIVITY4OF5DEBRIEF

DEBRIEF(10MINUTES)StillworkingasawholeclassstudentswillreturntotheKoreaContextualizationGraphic(p8)fromthelessonwarm-upTeacherswillaskstudentswhichhistoricaldevelopmentbestexplainsthehistoryofthetwentiethcenturyinNorthandSouthKorea

Teacher Notes

Thisdebriefrequiresstudentstotaketheirthinkingtotheevaluativelevelafterspendingmostoftheactivityinanalysismode

CLASSACTIVITY5OF5ASSESSMENTCHECKFORUNDERSTANDING

TYPEOFASSESSMENTSHORTANSWERQUESTION(SAQ)EachSAQcontainspairedpassages

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay27

abouteachofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

TeachershavethreeoptionsforwhentocompletethefinaltaskmdashtheSAQassessment(pp25-28)iftimepermitsthiscanbecompletedattheendoftheclassoritcanbeassignedashomeworkoritcanbecompletedatthebeginningofthenextclassperiodTeacherscanelecttohavestudentscompletetheSAQonthehistoricaldevelopmenttheystudiedinclassorassignthemadifferenthistoricaldevelopmentfortheSAQScoringguidesforeachsetareincludedbelow

SAQ1ndashColdWarScoringGuide(p29)

SAQ2ndashEconomicLiberalizationScoringGuide(p30)

SAQ3-InformationAgeScoringGuide(p31)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay28

IN-CLASSACTIVITYMATERIALS

KOREACONTEXTUALIZATIONGRAPHIC

PART1

Basedonyourpriorknowledgebrieflydescribeeachofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

PART2

NotethearrowslinkingeachhistoricaldevelopmentDiscussthefollowing

bull Doesonedevelopmentcausetheother

bull Doesonedevelopmenthaveagreaterimpactthantheothers

bull Dothedevelopmentsshareasymbioticrelationship

bull Howwouldyoudisplaytherelationshipdifferently

PART3

ExplaintheextenttowhichthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainthetwentiethcenturygloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKorea

ColdWar

EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay29

PAIREDSOURCES1

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimIl-sungldquoOnEliminatingDogmatismandFormalismandEstablishingJuche[Chuchrsquoe]inIdeologicalWorkrdquo(speech)1955

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseTodemonstratethisindependenceKimusesthetermJuchethroughoutthesourceJucheliterallytranslatestoldquoself-reliancerdquobutbecamethebackboneideologyofNorthKoreaasitcontinueditsevolutionintoacommuniststate

TodayIwanttoaddressafewremarkstoyouontheshortcomingsinourPartysideologicalworkandonhowtoeliminatetheminthefuture

AsyoulearnedatyesterdayssessiontherehavebeenseriousideologicalerrorsontheliteraryfrontItisobviousthenthatourpropagandaworkalsocannothavebeenfaultless

Itistoberegrettedthatourpropagandaworksuffersinmanyrespectsfromdogmatismandformalism

TheprincipalshortcomingsinideologicalworkarethefailuretodelvedeeplyintoallmattersandthelackofJucheItmaynotbepropertosayJucheislackingbutinfactithasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablishedThisisaseriousmatterWemustthoroughlyrectifythisshortcomingUnlessthisproblemissolvedwecannothopeforgoodresultsinideologicalwork

WhydoesourideologicalworksufferfromdogmatismandformalismAndwhydoourpropagandistsandagitatorsfailtogodeeplyintomattersonlyembellishingthefaccediladeandwhydotheymerelycopyandmemorizeforeignthingsinsteadofworkingcreativelyThisoffersusfoodforseriousreflection

WhatisJucheinourPartysideologicalworkWhatarewedoingWearenotengagedinanyothercountrysrevolutionbutpreciselyintheKoreanrevolutionThistheKoreanrevolutionconstitutesJucheintheideologicalworkofourPartyThereforeallideologicalworkmustbesubordinatedtotheinterestsoftheKoreanrevolutionWhenwestudythehistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnionthehistoryoftheChineserevolutionortheuniversaltruthofMarxism-Leninismitisallforthepurposeofcorrectlycarryingoutourownrevolution

[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210

TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland

Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle

YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory

[hellip]

InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown

OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]

Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]

ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown

ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]

JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm

BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics

IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]

S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b

Annotation

SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates

Confidential

MyDearMrPresident

IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong

WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam

Sincerelyyours

SyngmanRhee

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212

PAIREDSOURCES2

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704

NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957

[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]

Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique

ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline

WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213

thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership

Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses

DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop

AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained

[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]

ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner

Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly

DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214

Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy

ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture

Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution

FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee

Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty

IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf

Annotation

ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule

InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape

ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]

ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary

In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216

HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]

[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]

TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s

U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217

PAIREDSOURCES3

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml

Annotation

KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest

WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials

StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore

ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry

Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress

ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo

AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage

ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad

StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere

ScienceWorship

MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218

ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools

Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies

Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience

ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol

AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds

ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia

NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite

UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports

TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry

NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts

ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics

FamiliarFaces

ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates

OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired

SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219

HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests

TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment

KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch

RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009

HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram

NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram

In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince

TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo

ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid

FatherFigure

LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance

ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo

MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus

MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure

AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220

TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
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Page 7: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay27

abouteachofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

TeachershavethreeoptionsforwhentocompletethefinaltaskmdashtheSAQassessment(pp25-28)iftimepermitsthiscanbecompletedattheendoftheclassoritcanbeassignedashomeworkoritcanbecompletedatthebeginningofthenextclassperiodTeacherscanelecttohavestudentscompletetheSAQonthehistoricaldevelopmenttheystudiedinclassorassignthemadifferenthistoricaldevelopmentfortheSAQScoringguidesforeachsetareincludedbelow

SAQ1ndashColdWarScoringGuide(p29)

SAQ2ndashEconomicLiberalizationScoringGuide(p30)

SAQ3-InformationAgeScoringGuide(p31)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay28

IN-CLASSACTIVITYMATERIALS

KOREACONTEXTUALIZATIONGRAPHIC

PART1

Basedonyourpriorknowledgebrieflydescribeeachofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

PART2

NotethearrowslinkingeachhistoricaldevelopmentDiscussthefollowing

bull Doesonedevelopmentcausetheother

bull Doesonedevelopmenthaveagreaterimpactthantheothers

bull Dothedevelopmentsshareasymbioticrelationship

bull Howwouldyoudisplaytherelationshipdifferently

PART3

ExplaintheextenttowhichthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainthetwentiethcenturygloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKorea

ColdWar

EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay29

PAIREDSOURCES1

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimIl-sungldquoOnEliminatingDogmatismandFormalismandEstablishingJuche[Chuchrsquoe]inIdeologicalWorkrdquo(speech)1955

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseTodemonstratethisindependenceKimusesthetermJuchethroughoutthesourceJucheliterallytranslatestoldquoself-reliancerdquobutbecamethebackboneideologyofNorthKoreaasitcontinueditsevolutionintoacommuniststate

TodayIwanttoaddressafewremarkstoyouontheshortcomingsinourPartysideologicalworkandonhowtoeliminatetheminthefuture

AsyoulearnedatyesterdayssessiontherehavebeenseriousideologicalerrorsontheliteraryfrontItisobviousthenthatourpropagandaworkalsocannothavebeenfaultless

Itistoberegrettedthatourpropagandaworksuffersinmanyrespectsfromdogmatismandformalism

TheprincipalshortcomingsinideologicalworkarethefailuretodelvedeeplyintoallmattersandthelackofJucheItmaynotbepropertosayJucheislackingbutinfactithasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablishedThisisaseriousmatterWemustthoroughlyrectifythisshortcomingUnlessthisproblemissolvedwecannothopeforgoodresultsinideologicalwork

WhydoesourideologicalworksufferfromdogmatismandformalismAndwhydoourpropagandistsandagitatorsfailtogodeeplyintomattersonlyembellishingthefaccediladeandwhydotheymerelycopyandmemorizeforeignthingsinsteadofworkingcreativelyThisoffersusfoodforseriousreflection

WhatisJucheinourPartysideologicalworkWhatarewedoingWearenotengagedinanyothercountrysrevolutionbutpreciselyintheKoreanrevolutionThistheKoreanrevolutionconstitutesJucheintheideologicalworkofourPartyThereforeallideologicalworkmustbesubordinatedtotheinterestsoftheKoreanrevolutionWhenwestudythehistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnionthehistoryoftheChineserevolutionortheuniversaltruthofMarxism-Leninismitisallforthepurposeofcorrectlycarryingoutourownrevolution

[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210

TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland

Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle

YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory

[hellip]

InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown

OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]

Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]

ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown

ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]

JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm

BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics

IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]

S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b

Annotation

SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates

Confidential

MyDearMrPresident

IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong

WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam

Sincerelyyours

SyngmanRhee

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212

PAIREDSOURCES2

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704

NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957

[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]

Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique

ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline

WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213

thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership

Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses

DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop

AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained

[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]

ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner

Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly

DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214

Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy

ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture

Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution

FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee

Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty

IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf

Annotation

ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule

InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape

ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]

ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary

In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216

HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]

[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]

TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s

U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217

PAIREDSOURCES3

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml

Annotation

KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest

WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials

StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore

ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry

Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress

ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo

AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage

ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad

StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere

ScienceWorship

MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218

ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools

Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies

Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience

ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol

AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds

ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia

NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite

UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports

TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry

NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts

ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics

FamiliarFaces

ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates

OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired

SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219

HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests

TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment

KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch

RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009

HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram

NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram

In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince

TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo

ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid

FatherFigure

LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance

ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo

MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus

MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure

AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220

TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
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Page 8: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay28

IN-CLASSACTIVITYMATERIALS

KOREACONTEXTUALIZATIONGRAPHIC

PART1

Basedonyourpriorknowledgebrieflydescribeeachofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

PART2

NotethearrowslinkingeachhistoricaldevelopmentDiscussthefollowing

bull Doesonedevelopmentcausetheother

bull Doesonedevelopmenthaveagreaterimpactthantheothers

bull Dothedevelopmentsshareasymbioticrelationship

bull Howwouldyoudisplaytherelationshipdifferently

PART3

ExplaintheextenttowhichthesethreedevelopmentscouldexplainthetwentiethcenturygloballyormorespecificallyinNorthandSouthKorea

ColdWar

EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay29

PAIREDSOURCES1

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimIl-sungldquoOnEliminatingDogmatismandFormalismandEstablishingJuche[Chuchrsquoe]inIdeologicalWorkrdquo(speech)1955

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseTodemonstratethisindependenceKimusesthetermJuchethroughoutthesourceJucheliterallytranslatestoldquoself-reliancerdquobutbecamethebackboneideologyofNorthKoreaasitcontinueditsevolutionintoacommuniststate

TodayIwanttoaddressafewremarkstoyouontheshortcomingsinourPartysideologicalworkandonhowtoeliminatetheminthefuture

AsyoulearnedatyesterdayssessiontherehavebeenseriousideologicalerrorsontheliteraryfrontItisobviousthenthatourpropagandaworkalsocannothavebeenfaultless

Itistoberegrettedthatourpropagandaworksuffersinmanyrespectsfromdogmatismandformalism

TheprincipalshortcomingsinideologicalworkarethefailuretodelvedeeplyintoallmattersandthelackofJucheItmaynotbepropertosayJucheislackingbutinfactithasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablishedThisisaseriousmatterWemustthoroughlyrectifythisshortcomingUnlessthisproblemissolvedwecannothopeforgoodresultsinideologicalwork

WhydoesourideologicalworksufferfromdogmatismandformalismAndwhydoourpropagandistsandagitatorsfailtogodeeplyintomattersonlyembellishingthefaccediladeandwhydotheymerelycopyandmemorizeforeignthingsinsteadofworkingcreativelyThisoffersusfoodforseriousreflection

WhatisJucheinourPartysideologicalworkWhatarewedoingWearenotengagedinanyothercountrysrevolutionbutpreciselyintheKoreanrevolutionThistheKoreanrevolutionconstitutesJucheintheideologicalworkofourPartyThereforeallideologicalworkmustbesubordinatedtotheinterestsoftheKoreanrevolutionWhenwestudythehistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnionthehistoryoftheChineserevolutionortheuniversaltruthofMarxism-Leninismitisallforthepurposeofcorrectlycarryingoutourownrevolution

[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210

TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland

Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle

YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory

[hellip]

InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown

OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]

Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]

ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown

ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]

JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm

BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics

IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]

S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b

Annotation

SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates

Confidential

MyDearMrPresident

IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong

WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam

Sincerelyyours

SyngmanRhee

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212

PAIREDSOURCES2

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704

NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957

[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]

Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique

ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline

WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213

thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership

Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses

DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop

AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained

[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]

ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner

Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly

DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214

Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy

ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture

Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution

FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee

Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty

IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf

Annotation

ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule

InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape

ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]

ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary

In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216

HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]

[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]

TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s

U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217

PAIREDSOURCES3

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml

Annotation

KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest

WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials

StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore

ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry

Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress

ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo

AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage

ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad

StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere

ScienceWorship

MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218

ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools

Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies

Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience

ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol

AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds

ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia

NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite

UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports

TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry

NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts

ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics

FamiliarFaces

ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates

OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired

SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219

HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests

TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment

KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch

RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009

HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram

NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram

In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince

TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo

ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid

FatherFigure

LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance

ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo

MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus

MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure

AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220

TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 9: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay29

PAIREDSOURCES1

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimIl-sungldquoOnEliminatingDogmatismandFormalismandEstablishingJuche[Chuchrsquoe]inIdeologicalWorkrdquo(speech)1955

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseTodemonstratethisindependenceKimusesthetermJuchethroughoutthesourceJucheliterallytranslatestoldquoself-reliancerdquobutbecamethebackboneideologyofNorthKoreaasitcontinueditsevolutionintoacommuniststate

TodayIwanttoaddressafewremarkstoyouontheshortcomingsinourPartysideologicalworkandonhowtoeliminatetheminthefuture

AsyoulearnedatyesterdayssessiontherehavebeenseriousideologicalerrorsontheliteraryfrontItisobviousthenthatourpropagandaworkalsocannothavebeenfaultless

Itistoberegrettedthatourpropagandaworksuffersinmanyrespectsfromdogmatismandformalism

TheprincipalshortcomingsinideologicalworkarethefailuretodelvedeeplyintoallmattersandthelackofJucheItmaynotbepropertosayJucheislackingbutinfactithasnotyetbeenfirmlyestablishedThisisaseriousmatterWemustthoroughlyrectifythisshortcomingUnlessthisproblemissolvedwecannothopeforgoodresultsinideologicalwork

WhydoesourideologicalworksufferfromdogmatismandformalismAndwhydoourpropagandistsandagitatorsfailtogodeeplyintomattersonlyembellishingthefaccediladeandwhydotheymerelycopyandmemorizeforeignthingsinsteadofworkingcreativelyThisoffersusfoodforseriousreflection

WhatisJucheinourPartysideologicalworkWhatarewedoingWearenotengagedinanyothercountrysrevolutionbutpreciselyintheKoreanrevolutionThistheKoreanrevolutionconstitutesJucheintheideologicalworkofourPartyThereforeallideologicalworkmustbesubordinatedtotheinterestsoftheKoreanrevolutionWhenwestudythehistoryoftheCommunistPartyoftheSovietUnionthehistoryoftheChineserevolutionortheuniversaltruthofMarxism-Leninismitisallforthepurposeofcorrectlycarryingoutourownrevolution

[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210

TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland

Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle

YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory

[hellip]

InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown

OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]

Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]

ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown

ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]

JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm

BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics

IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]

S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b

Annotation

SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates

Confidential

MyDearMrPresident

IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong

WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam

Sincerelyyours

SyngmanRhee

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

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PAIREDSOURCES2

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704

NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957

[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]

Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique

ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline

WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring

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thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership

Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses

DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop

AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained

[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]

ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner

Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly

DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism

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Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy

ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture

Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution

FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee

Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty

IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

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Document

EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf

Annotation

ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule

InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape

ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]

ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary

In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]

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HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]

[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]

TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s

U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s

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PAIREDSOURCES3

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml

Annotation

KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest

WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials

StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore

ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry

Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress

ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo

AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage

ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad

StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere

ScienceWorship

MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea

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ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools

Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies

Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience

ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol

AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds

ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia

NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite

UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports

TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry

NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts

ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics

FamiliarFaces

ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates

OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired

SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown

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HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests

TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment

KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch

RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009

HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram

NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram

In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince

TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo

ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid

FatherFigure

LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance

ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo

MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus

MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure

AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220

TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 10: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay210

TomakerevolutioninKoreawemustknowKoreanhistoryandgeographyandknowthecustomsoftheKoreanpeopleOnlythenisitpossibletoeducateourpeopleinawaythatsuitsthemandtoinspireinthemanardentlovefortheirnativeplaceandtheirmotherland

Itisofparamountimportancetostudyandwidelypublicizeamongtheworkingpeoplethehistoryofourcountryandofourpeoplesstruggle[hellip]Onlywhenourpeopleareeducatedinthehistoryoftheirownstruggleanditstraditionscantheirnationalpridebestimulatedandthebroadmassesbearousedtotherevolutionarystruggle

YetmanyofourfunctionariesareignorantofourcountryshistoryandsodonotstrivetodiscoverandcarryforwarditsfinetraditionsUnlessthisiscorrecteditwillleadinthelongruntothenegationofKoreanhistory

[hellip]

InschoolstoothereisatendencytoneglectlecturesonKoreanhistory[hellip]Inourpropagandaandagitationworktherearenumerousexamplesofextollingonlyforeignthingswhileslightingourown

OnceIvisitedaPeoplesArmyvacationhomewhereapictureoftheSiberiansteppewashungThatlandscapeprobablypleasestheRussiansButtheKoreanpeoplepreferthebeautifulsceneryofourowncountryTherearebeautifulmountainssuchasMtsKumgang-sanandMyohyang-saninourcountrythereareclearstreamstheblueseawithitsrollingwavesandthefieldswithripeningcropsIfwearetoinspireinourPeoplesArmymenalovefortheirnativeplaceandtheircountrywemustshowthemmanypicturesofsuchlandscapesofourcountry[hellip]InoticedinaprimaryschoolthatalltheportraitshangingonthewallswereofforeignerssuchasMayakovskyPushkinetcandtherewerenoneofKoreansIfchildrenareeducatedinthiswayhowcantheybeexpectedtohavenationalpride[hellip]

Weshouldstudyourownthingsinearnestandbeversedinthem[hellip]

ItisimportantinourworktograsprevolutionarytruthMarxist-LeninisttruthandapplyitcorrectlytotheactualconditionsofourcountryTherecanbenosetprinciplethatwemustfollowtheSovietpatternSomeadvocatetheSovietwayandotherstheChinesebutitisnothightimetoworkoutourown

ThepointisthatweshouldnotmechanicallycopyformsandmethodsoftheSovietUnionbutshouldlearnfromitsexperienceinstruggleandMarxist-LeninisttruthSowhilelearningfromtheexperienceoftheSovietUnionwemustputstressnotontheformsbutonlearningtheessenceofitsexperience[hellip]

JustcopyingtheformsusedbyothersinsteadoflearningMarxist-Leninisttruthbringsusnogoodonlyharm

BothinrevolutionarystruggleandinconstructionworkweshouldfirmlyadheretoMarxist-Leninistprinciplesapplyingtheminacreativemannertosuitthespecificconditionsofourcountryandournationalcharacteristics

IfwemechanicallyapplyforeignexperiencedisregardingthehistoryofourcountryandthetraditionsofourpeopleandwithouttakingaccountofourownrealitiesandlevelofpreparednessofourpeopledogmaticerrorswillresultandmuchharmwillbedonetotherevolutionarycauseTodosoisnotfidelitytoMarxism-Leninismnortointernationalismitrunscountertothem[hellip]

S o u r c e M a r x i s t s I n t e r n e t A r c h i v e

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b

Annotation

SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates

Confidential

MyDearMrPresident

IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong

WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam

Sincerelyyours

SyngmanRhee

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212

PAIREDSOURCES2

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704

NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957

[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]

Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique

ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline

WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213

thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership

Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses

DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop

AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained

[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]

ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner

Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly

DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214

Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy

ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture

Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution

FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee

Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty

IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf

Annotation

ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule

InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape

ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]

ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary

In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216

HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]

[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]

TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s

U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217

PAIREDSOURCES3

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml

Annotation

KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest

WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials

StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore

ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry

Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress

ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo

AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage

ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad

StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere

ScienceWorship

MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218

ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools

Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies

Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience

ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol

AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds

ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia

NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite

UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports

TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry

NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts

ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics

FamiliarFaces

ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates

OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired

SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219

HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests

TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment

KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch

RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009

HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram

NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram

In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince

TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo

ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid

FatherFigure

LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance

ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo

MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus

MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure

AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220

TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 11: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay211

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

SyngmanRheeThePresidentoftheRepublicofKoreatoPresidentEisenhowerrdquoletterJuly271953httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument116205pdfv=99d3060b7a7faed3620e034bb2becd4b

Annotation

SyngmanRheewaspresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948through1960HespentmuchoftheearlytwentiethcenturyinexileintheUnitedStatesduetohispoliticalactivitiesinoppositiontotheAncientRegimeinKoreaandthenJapaneseoccupationAttheendofWorldWarIIRheereturnedtoKoreaandassumedaleadingroleintheSouthHewaselectedtofourtermsaspresidentbutresignedamidprotestsatallegedelectoralcorruptionandspenttheremainingfiveyearsofhislifeagaininexileintheUnitedStates

Confidential

MyDearMrPresident

IhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

WiththesigningofthetruceonephaseofourproblemendsandanotherbeginsIamlookingforwardwithhopefulnesstomymeetingsoonwithMrDullesWewillhavemanytrialsinthefutureandthereismuchtobeaccomplishedYouhavelaboredwithgreatpatienceandgreatskilltobringaboutthesigningofthetruceIpraywithallmysoulthatyourhopesfromitmaybefulfilledandyourstatesmanlikeobjectiveoftheunificationofKoreamaybeobtainedinpeaceNeverinallmylifehaveIhopedsomuchthatmyownjudgmentshouldprovetobewrong

WithassurancesofrenewedappreciationandcordialfriendshipIam

Sincerelyyours

SyngmanRhee

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212

PAIREDSOURCES2

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704

NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957

[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]

Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique

ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline

WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213

thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership

Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses

DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop

AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained

[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]

ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner

Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly

DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214

Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy

ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture

Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution

FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee

Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty

IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf

Annotation

ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule

InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape

ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]

ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary

In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216

HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]

[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]

TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s

U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217

PAIREDSOURCES3

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml

Annotation

KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest

WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials

StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore

ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry

Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress

ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo

AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage

ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad

StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere

ScienceWorship

MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218

ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools

Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies

Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience

ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol

AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds

ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia

NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite

UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports

TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry

NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts

ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics

FamiliarFaces

ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates

OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired

SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219

HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests

TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment

KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch

RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009

HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram

NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram

In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince

TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo

ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid

FatherFigure

LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance

ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo

MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus

MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure

AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220

TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 12: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay212

PAIREDSOURCES2

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyheldfrom24to30April1956April241956httpsdigitalarchivewilsoncenterorgdocument112729pdfv=5b49c743a8e15925ad163a9927129704

NoteThisdocumentcontainsbothKimIl-sungrsquosremarksandtheminutesofaspeechbyKimDu-bong

Annotation

KimIl-sungwastheleaderofNorthKoreafromitsfoundingin1948untilhisdeathin1994KimfoughttheJapaneseasamemberoftheChineseCommunistPartyandbeginninginWorldWarIIworkedcloselywiththeSovietUnionAftertheKoreanWarKimsoughttoexerciseindependentactionwithintheCommunistbloctoasserthisauthorityandconsolidatepoweragainstrivalswithinKoreawhowerealignedmorecloselywiththeSovietsortheChineseKimDu-bongwasonesuchrivalwhowasanearlyleaderoftheNorthKoreanWorkerrsquosPartyduringitstimeinChinabeforeindependencefromJapanHewaslaterexpelledfromNorthKoreabyKimil-sungin1957

[RemarksbyKimIl-sung]

Marxism-LeninismisteachingusthatinnerideologicalpurityandorganizationalunityhastobethehighestprincipleofthepartyOurpartyhasalwaysobservedthisprincipleandledapermanentstruggleagainstallformsoffactionalismlocalismandliberalismAtthethirdexpandedsessionofNorthKoreasOrganizationCommitteeinDecember1945theCommunistPartyofKoreahadalreadybegunthisstruggleThispathleadstowardstheunmaskinganddiscipliningoftheagentsofAmericanimperialismandenemiesoftheKoreanpeoplePakHeon-yeong[PakHonYong]andRiSeung-yeop[RiSungYop]andtheirclique

ThecliqueofPakHeon-yeonginfiltratedourpartyalreadyearlyonItwashidingitsevilintentionsandthusinflictedgreatdamageonourrevolutionarymovementThroughitscriminalactivityanditsfactionalstruggleitcompletelydestroyedtheorganizationofourpartyinSouthKoreaItsplitthepartyinmanypartsfacilitatedtheestablishmentofsmallgroupsandpropagateditsapproachbymakingmuchloudnoiseonldquotraditionrdquoTheycalledtheirldquofangrouprdquo[followers]ldquolightofthelampinthedarknightrdquoandldquoclearwaterinamurkystreamrdquowhileinvokingthetraditionoftheKoreanrevolutionBysupportingallgroupswithinthepartyinSouthKoreatheysucceededincamouflagingandhidingtheircriminalintentionsThustheyledthepartyorganizationinSouthKoreaontothepathofdecline

WhenthecliquethencametoNorthKoreatheycontinuedwiththeircriminalactivitiesDuringthehardtimesofthewartheyactivatedtheirmeasuresdestroyedtherevolutionaryforcesinSouthKoreaandattemptedtodothesameintheNorthTheytriedtoweakenourpartyfromwithinandseparateitfromthepeoplersquosmassesYetourfirmlyweldedandstrongpartyunmaskedtheirsplittistanddestructiveactivitiesandsmashedthecliqueDuring

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213

thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership

Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses

DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop

AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained

[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]

ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner

Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly

DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214

Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy

ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture

Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution

FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee

Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty

IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf

Annotation

ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule

InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape

ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]

ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary

In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216

HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]

[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]

TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s

U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217

PAIREDSOURCES3

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml

Annotation

KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest

WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials

StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore

ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry

Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress

ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo

AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage

ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad

StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere

ScienceWorship

MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218

ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools

Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies

Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience

ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol

AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds

ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia

NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite

UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports

TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry

NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts

ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics

FamiliarFaces

ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates

OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired

SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219

HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests

TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment

KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch

RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009

HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram

NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram

In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince

TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo

ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid

FatherFigure

LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance

ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo

MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus

MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure

AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220

TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
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Page 13: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay213

thecourseofthisstruggleourpartyrepulsedtheattacksbytheAmericanimperialistsandtheSyngmanRheecliqueItwashighlyimportantforgainingthisvictoryandthesuccessesinthepeacefulperiod[aftertheendofthewar]thatourpartystrictlyadheredtoideologicalandorganizationalprinciplesofMarxism-Leninismandfollowedtheguidelineofcollectiveleadership

Initsstruggleourpartyalwayslistenedtothepeoplersquosmassesfollowedtheirwishesanddemandsanddideverythinginordertoprovideahappylifeforthepeoplesmasses

DuringthewarthethirdfourthandfifthplenumoftheCentralCommitteeofourpartyplayedmajorrolesIfwehadnotconvenedthesemeetingswecouldnothaveovercomethedifficultiesofthewarWealsocouldnothaveintimeunmaskedandliquidatedtheinfluenceofthetreasonousgroupofFeOnI[]andthecliqueofPakHeon-yeongandRiSeung-yeop

AfterthewarourpartycontinueditsstruggleinthesamewayMistakesthatweremadeintheprocessofbuyingupgrainwerequicklydiscoveredandcorrectedThelawonagriculturaltributeswasimprovedProposalscomingfromtheworkingpeoplewerethoroughlyreviewedandexaminedDuringallthosemeasuresthecollectivityoftheleadershipwasalwaysmaintained

[MinutesofaSpeechbyKimDu-bong]

ThenKimDu-bongtalkedaboutroleandcharacterofthepeoplersquospower(iethegovernment)inNorthKoreaHereferredtodemocraticreformsitimplementedthedemocratizationofthelawsthecreationofthepeoplersquosarmyandthestruggleagainstcapitalistandotherreactionaryforcesduringthecourseofimplementingallthosemeasuresHetalkedabouttheeducationofthepeoplersquosmassesinthisstruggleandstressedthatwiththeestablishmentoftheDPRKasolidbasewascreatedon[a]democraticfoundationforKorearsquosunificationinapeacefulmanner

Duetothepartyrsquoscorrecteconomicpolicyitbecamepossibletogrowin1949overallproductioninindustryby34timescomparedto1946Duringthesameperiodthegrainharvestincreasedby1399percentThisimprovedlivingstandardsofthepopulationsignificantly

DuringthethreehardyearsofthewarourpeoplersquosdemocracysystemproveditsviabilityInthecountrysideinindustryandinadministrationourpeoplebrilliantlyfulfilledalsoduringthewartheirdestinyasmastersofthecountry[KimDu-bong]alsopraisedtheachievementsoftheheroicKoreanpeoplersquosarmy

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewarourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntiltheendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear(1956)alreadythenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-yearplanToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialism

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214

Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy

ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture

Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution

FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee

Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty

IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf

Annotation

ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule

InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape

ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]

ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary

In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216

HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]

[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]

TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s

U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217

PAIREDSOURCES3

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml

Annotation

KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest

WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials

StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore

ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry

Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress

ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo

AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage

ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad

StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere

ScienceWorship

MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218

ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools

Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies

Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience

ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol

AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds

ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia

NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite

UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports

TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry

NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts

ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics

FamiliarFaces

ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates

OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired

SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219

HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests

TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment

KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch

RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009

HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram

NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram

In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince

TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo

ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid

FatherFigure

LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance

ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo

MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus

MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure

AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220

TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 14: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay214

Then[KimDu-bong]referredtothesituationinSouthKoreaundertheruleoftheUnitedStatesandthereactionarytreasonousSyngmanRheeclique(onlyingeneralterms)PartyandgovernmentoftheDPRKhavefoughtacontinuousstruggleforKoreanunificationbutdidnotsucceedbecauseofSouthKoreanpolicy

ItisreallyindispensableinordertofulfillfuturerevolutionarytaskstosolidifythegovernmentstrengthenthealliancebetweenworkersandpeasantsandconnectthegovernmentevenclosertothepeoplersquosmassesInordertoimprovetheworkofthegovernmenttheadministrationhastostrengthenthedemocraticwayofconductingitsworkThisalsoincludestheimprovementofperformancebyelectedlocalcouncilsThemainrequirementinthisregardliesinacloseconnectiontothepeoplersquosmassesandinpreservationofademocraticcharacterHoweverthereexistmistakesandtendenciestodeviatefromdemocraticprinciplesintheworkoflocalcouncilsManylocalcouncilsarenotconvenedonaregularbasisanddelegatesdonotgiveanaccountoftheirworktotheirvotersThereasonforthisisnotjustthefactthatmanypeoplersquosrepresentativecouncilsarebadlycomposedduetoconsequencesofthewarItisalsothatpartyorganizationsarenotinterestedinthiskindofworkThishastochangeinthefuture

Aftertheelectionsof1949deputieswerefrequentlychangedduringthewarOftentheworkofcouncilswasjustconductedinaformalmannerThenewdeputieswerefrequentlynotelectedbythepeopleinademocraticfashionInsteadtheywereselectedindeputymeetingsorinpartjustsimplyappointedThisisagraveviolationofourdemocraticlawsanddoesnotrepresenttheprinciplesofourconstitution

FurthermoreinordertoimproveouradministrativeworkitisalsonecessarytostrengthendemocraticlegalityThelatterhastoberespectedinparticularininteriorlawenforcementandpolice[organizations]Alldecisionstobemadetherehavetobeapproachedfromclass-basedpositions[Organizations]ofpeoplesrepresentationsmustneverforgetthattheyrepresenttheworkingpeopleandthattheycannotresolveanyquestionwithoutlisteningtotheopinionofthepeoplersquosmassesThe[organizations]havetofightcontinuouslytoimprovethelifeofthepeopleandtofulfilltheirdemandsTheymustalwaysobservetheteachingsofMarxism-LeninismthatthepeoplersquosmassesarethetruecreatorsofhistoryUndertheguidanceofthepartyourgovernmentsawasitsfirsttaskfromthefirstdayofitsfoundationtostrengthentheconnectionwiththepeoplersquosmassesandneverletitbebrokenFunctionariesofpartyandadministrativeorgansalwaysfoughtagainstallsignsofbureaucratismaccordingtotheguidelinesprovidedbyKimIl-sunginhisFebruaryspeechandbythefourthplenumoftheCentralCommittee

Yetnonethelesssomeofourfunctionarieshaveelevatedthemselvesabovethemassesanddevelopedabureaucraticstyleofworking[Other]functionariesappropriatedstateproperty

IfthefunctionariesandtheadministrationsdonotliquidatesuchphenomenaimmediatelytheywilldrifteverfurtherapartfromthepeoplersquosmassesandthusinflictmajordamagetoourrevolutionWewillsolidifyourgoverningpowerthroughapermanentstruggleagainstbureaucratismagainstpoorworkandagainstwaste

U s e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n f r o m W o o d r o w W i l s o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r S c h o l a r s h t t p s w w w w i l s o n c e n t e r o r g

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf

Annotation

ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule

InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape

ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]

ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary

In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216

HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]

[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]

TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s

U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217

PAIREDSOURCES3

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml

Annotation

KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest

WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials

StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore

ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry

Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress

ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo

AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage

ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad

StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere

ScienceWorship

MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218

ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools

Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies

Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience

ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol

AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds

ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia

NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite

UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports

TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry

NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts

ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics

FamiliarFaces

ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates

OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired

SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219

HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests

TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment

KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch

RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009

HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram

NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram

In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince

TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo

ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid

FatherFigure

LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance

ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo

MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus

MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure

AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220

TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 15: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay215

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

EdwardMGrahamldquoTheMiraclewithaDarkSideKoreanEconomicDevelopmentunderParkChung-heerdquoReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomeratesWashingtonDCInstituteforInternationalEconomics2003httpspiiecompublicationschapters_preview3412iie3373pdf

Annotation

ParkChung-heewasamilitarygeneralandlaterpresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreafrom1963untilhisassassinationin1979From1961-1963ParkwastheleaderofthemilitaryjuntathatoverthrewthedemocraticgovernmenttheyearafterPresidentSyngmanRheeresignedunderacloudofcorruptionin1960ParkChung-heersquostenurewasmarkedbybotheconomicgrowthandauthoritarianrule

InthefaceofgrowingeconomicandsocialinstabilitytheKoreanmilitaryseizedpowerin1961effectivelyendinganypretextofdemocracyinSouthKoreaAlthoughmanydemocratictrappingswouldremaininplacelargelyattheinsistenceoftheUnitedStates(whichconstantlypressuredtheKoreangovernmenttopermitmoredemocracythroughouttheperiodofmilitaryleadership)formorethanthirtyyearsKoreawouldeffectivelybeunderauthoritarianmilitaryruleItwasunderthisrulethattheldquoeconomicmiraclerdquotookshape

ThemainorganizerofthemilitarycoupwasKimJong-pilayounglieutenantcolonelButwhenthemilitaryactuallytookoverthegovernmenttheleaderwhoemergedwasamoreseniorofficerMajorGeneralParkChung-heeParkhadbeenajuniorofficerintheJapanesearmyduringthe1930sand1940sandhewasstronglyinfluencedbyadoctrinemdashwidelyheldbytheJapanesemilitaryduringthatperiod(Clifford1994)mdashcharacterizedbyabeliefinastrongcentralizedmanagementoftheeconomyandbyastrongnationalismThefirstofthesebeliefswasalmostMarxistinitsstressontheextenttowhichthestateshouldengageincentralizedplanningoftheeconomyindeedwhenParkfirsttookcontrolinKoreatheKennedyadministrationintheUnitedStatesworriedthathemightbealdquoclosetCommunistrdquoHoweverthesecondelementofthisdoctrinemdashintensenationalismmdashincludedcompleterejectionofinternationalcommunismandthedominanceoftheSovietUnioninthatmovementParkthusinfactprovedtobesomethingofanenigmaanintenseKoreannationalistwhohadfoughttheJapanesewhobelievedintheprimacyofstatepowerineconomicsbutwhooversawthecreationofwhatweretobecomeverylargeprivatelyownedindustrialgroups[hellip]

ThoughpoliticalagenciesintheearlyParkregimeweredominatedbythemilitaryeconomicagenciesgenerallywerenotRatherunderParkthestatusofeconomicsexpertsintheKoreangovernmentroseconsiderablyOneofParkrsquosfirstactswastoelevatethestatusofeconomicplanninginKoreaplacingcivilianexpertsinchargeofitIn1961hecreatedtheEconomicPlanningBoard(EPB)whoseheadwasmadedeputyprimeministerInspiteofthepoliticaltitleand[the]highlevelofhispositionParkinsistedthatitbefilledbyapersonofsuperbtechnicalqualificationsratherthanapoliticalfigureorahigh-rankingmemberofthemilitary

In1962theEPBintroducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansforKorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforceprivatebankseffectivelytoalsobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofformerEPBmemberandDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo[hellip]

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216

HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]

[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]

TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s

U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217

PAIREDSOURCES3

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml

Annotation

KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest

WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials

StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore

ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry

Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress

ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo

AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage

ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad

StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere

ScienceWorship

MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218

ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools

Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies

Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience

ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol

AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds

ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia

NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite

UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports

TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry

NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts

ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics

FamiliarFaces

ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates

OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired

SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219

HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests

TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment

KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch

RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009

HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram

NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram

In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince

TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo

ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid

FatherFigure

LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance

ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo

MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus

MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure

AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220

TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 16: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay216

HoweverastheParkyearsprogressedtheKoreangovernmentrsquosroleasldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquoincreasinglywasmanifestednotsomuchinpublicenterprisesasimportantasthesewerebutratherinthegovernmentrsquosdirectionofactivitiesinthesurgingprivatesectorAtitscorewasapolicyofsubsidizingthoseprivateenterprisesthatwereabletoachieveincreasinglyhigherlevelsofexportorofsubstitutingdomesticproductionforimports[hellip]

[hellip]KoreanplannerswhoworkedunderParkduringtheearlyyearsdevelopedtwounwrittenpoliciesFirstexportexpansionratherthanimportsubstitutionreceivedhigherpriorityThusthoseinfantsgiventhemostnurturancebythestatewerethosethatdeliveredincreasedexportsSecondcomplementingthefirstpolicyactivitiesthatdidnotproducethedesiredresultofincreasedexportswereallowedtofailoftenwithruthlessspeedTheunwrittenruleinKoreabecameineffectthatanentrepreneurwhogottightinwiththegovernmentcouldbecomerichonlyifthatentrepreneurrsquosexportperformancewasoutstandingBycontrastinmanyotherdevelopingcountriesonlyacloserelationshipwiththegovernmentwasnecessary[hellip]

TheantecedentsofwhatbecamechaebolforthemostpartwerethosefirmsthatsucceededunderthepoliciesofParkduringthe1960s

U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n o f I n s t i t u t e f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l E c o n o m i c s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217

PAIREDSOURCES3

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml

Annotation

KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest

WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials

StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore

ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry

Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress

ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo

AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage

ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad

StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere

ScienceWorship

MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218

ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools

Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies

Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience

ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol

AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds

ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia

NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite

UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports

TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry

NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts

ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics

FamiliarFaces

ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates

OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired

SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219

HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests

TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment

KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch

RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009

HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram

NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram

In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince

TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo

ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid

FatherFigure

LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance

ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo

MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus

MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure

AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220

TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 17: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay217

PAIREDSOURCES3

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

ChoeSang-HunMotokoRichNatalieReneauandAudreyCarlsenadditionalworkbySergioPeccedilanhaldquoRocketMenTheTeamBuildingNorthKorearsquosNuclearMissilerdquoNewYorkTimesDecember152017httpswwwnytimescominteractive20171215worldasianorth-korea-scientists-weaponshtml

Annotation

KimJong-unthegrandsonofNorthKoreanfounderKimIl-sungbecomeleaderofNorthKoreain2011TheNorthKoreannuclearprogrambeganinthe1950swiththehelpoftheSovietUnionbutbeginningin1989itsfocusshiftedawayfrompowergenerationtoweaponsSinceassumingpowerKimJong-unhasacceleratedtheprogramtothedismayoftheWest

WhentheNorthKoreanleaderKimJong-uncelebratedthelaunchofapowerfulnewmissilelastmonthhewassurroundedbyagroupoftopscientistsandofficials

StatemediadidnotidentifythembuttheyhaveallbeenseenwithMrKimbefore

ThesemenndashknownbynicknamessuchastheldquonuclearduordquoandtheldquomissilequartetrdquondashhavebuiltanintercontinentalballisticmissilethatappearscapableofhittinganycityintheUnitedStatesanextraordinaryscientificachievementfortheworldrsquosmostisolatedcountry

Atonly33MrKimhasbeenruthlessaboutconsolidatingpowerexecutingscoresofseniorofficialsincludinghisownuncleButhehasshoweredhisregimersquosscientistswithincentivesandadulationturningthemintopublicheroesandsymbolsofnationalprogress

ldquoWehaveneverheardofhimkillingscientistsrdquosaidChoiHyun-kyooaseniorresearcherinSouthKoreawhorunsNKTechadatabaseofNorthKoreanscientificpublicationsldquoHeissomeonewhounderstandsthattrialanderrorarepartofdoingsciencerdquo

AnalystsarestilltryingtoexplainhowNorthKoreamanagedtoovercomedecadesofinternationalsanctionsandmakesomuchprogresssoquicklyButitisclearthenationhasaccumulatedasignificantscientificfoundationdespiteitsbackwardimage

ItsnewICBMisafeatofphysicsandengineeringthathasstunnedtheworldandeachofitssixnucleartestshasbeenmorepowerfulthanthelastboostingMrKimrsquosstatureathomeandhisleverageabroad

StillitisuncleariftheNorthhasmasteredthetechnologyneededtokeepanuclearwarheadintactasitre-enterstheEarthrsquosatmosphere

ScienceWorship

MrKimhaselevatedscienceasanidealintheregimersquospropagandaandputhisfondnessforscientistsandengineersonprominentdisplayacrossNorthKorea

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218

ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools

Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies

Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience

ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol

AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds

ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia

NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite

UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports

TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry

NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts

ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics

FamiliarFaces

ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates

OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired

SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219

HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests

TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment

KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch

RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009

HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram

NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram

In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince

TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo

ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid

FatherFigure

LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance

ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo

MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus

MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure

AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220

TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 18: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay218

ThatisadeparturefromthepracticeofhispredecessorandfatherKimJong-ilwhoinsteademphasizedcinemaandtheartsaspropagandatools

Fouryearsaftertakingpowerin2011KimJong-unopenedasix-laneavenueinPyongyangknownasFutureScientistsStreetwithgleamingapartmenttowersforscientistsengineersandtheirfamilies

Healsoopenedasprawlingcomplexshapedlikeanatomthatshowcasesthenationrsquosachievementsinnuclearscience

ExtravagantgalasareheldtocelebratescientificprogressThereislittledoubtwhatisbehindMrKimrsquospassionforscienceInubiquitouspropagandapostersNorthKoreanrocketssoarintospaceandcrashintotheUnitedStatesCapitol

AndaftersuccessfultestsscientistsandengineersarehonoredwithhugeoutdoorralliesOntheirwaytoPyongyangtheirmotorcadespasscheeringcrowds

ldquoTheyarealreadyprettysophisticatedinmetallurgymechanicalengineeringandtosomeextentchemistryrdquoallareastiedtothenationrsquoscivilianandmilitaryneedssaidJoshuaPollackaseniorresearchassociateattheMiddleburyInstituteofInternationalStudiesatMontereyCalifornia

NorthKoreahasimportedscientificpapersandjournalsfromJapanfordecadesAndwhenitsendsstudentsabroaditordersthemtocopyscientificliteratureandbringithomesaidMichaelMaddenwhorunstheNorthKoreaLeadershipWatchwebsite

UnitedNationssanctionsprohibittheteachingofscientificmaterialwithmilitaryapplicationstoNorthKoreanstudentsYetNorthKoreastillsendsstudentstocountriessuchasChinaIndiaandevenGermanyaccordingtoanalystsandUnitedNationsreports

TheinternethasalsobeenagoldminefortheNorthWhilethestateblockspublicaccessitallowselitescientiststoscourthewebforopen-sourcedataunderthewatchofsecurityagentsTheNorthhasalsobuiltdigitallibrariesofapprovedmaterialthatareaccessibleacrossthecountry

NorthKoreafunnelsitstopsciencestudentsintomilitaryprojectsThoseselectedforthenuclearandmissileprogramarerelocatedfromtheirhometownsandallowedtoreturnforvisitsonlywithgovernmentmindersaccordingtodefectorsandanalysts

ButtheyarealsogivenbetterfoodrationsmdashandaccesstoweaponsdesignsandcomponentsobtainedbythenationrsquosspiesandhackerswhohavefocusedontheformerSovietrepublics

FamiliarFaces

ScientistsandengineersalsoenjoyedspecialprivilegesunderMrKimrsquosgrandfatherKimIl-sungashestruggledtorebuildNorthKoreafromtheruinsoftheKoreanWarHeembracedthosetrainedinJapanwhenKoreawasaJapanesecolonyandlatersenthundredsofstudentstotheSovietUnionEastGermanyandothersocialiststates

OneofthemwasSoSang-gukanuclearscientistwhoemergedasakeyfigureinthenationrsquosnuclearprogrambutseemstohaveretired

SincetakingpowerKimJong-unappearstohaveoverseenagenerationalshiftatthetopoftheweaponsprogramelevatingagroupofscientistsandofficialsaboutwhomlittleisknown

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219

HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests

TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment

KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch

RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009

HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram

NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram

In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince

TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo

ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid

FatherFigure

LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance

ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo

MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus

MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure

AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220

TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 19: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay219

HetendstoassignofficialstodifferentprojectslettingthemcompeteforhisattentionandfavorButanalystshaveidentifiedsixfigureswhohaverepeatedlyappearedalongsideMrKimatkeymomentsmdashfourtiedtomissiledevelopmentandtwoassociatedwithnucleartests

TwomembersoftheldquomissilequartetrdquoarescientistsaccordingtostatemediaJangChang-hais53andpresidentoftheAcademyofNationalDefenseScienceandJonIl-ho61iscommonlydescribedasanldquoofficialinthefieldofscientificresearchrdquoRiPyong-cholappearstobethequartetrsquoshighest-rankingmemberAformerairforcecommanderheservesasfirstdeputydirectoroftherulingWorkersrsquoPartyrsquosmunitionsindustrydepartment

KimJong-sik49firstbeganappearingwithKimJong-uninFebruary2016andhasanengineeringbackgroundHisrisehascoincidedwithanaccelerationoftestlaunchesbutheandMrRididnotattendlastmonthrsquoslaunch

RiHong-sopthedirectorofNorthKorearsquosNuclearWeaponsInstituteappearstobealeadingfigureinthenuclearprogramHehasbeenblacklistedbytheUnitedNationssince2009

HongSung-mutheothermemberoftheldquonuclearduordquoisaformerchiefengineerattheYongbyonnuclearcomplexthebirthplaceoftheNorthrsquosnuclearweaponsprogram

NorthKoreahasalsorecruitedscientistsfromtheformerSovietUnionofferingsalariesashighas$10000permonthaccordingtoLeeYun-keoladefectorwhorunstheNorthKoreaStrategicInformationServiceCenterinSeoulandhasstudiedthehistoryoftheNorthrsquosnuclearprogram

In1992aplanecarrying64rocketscientistsfromMoscowwasstoppedbeforedepartingforNorthKoreaItisnotclearhowmanyifanyformerSovietscientistsmadeittoNorthKoreainthedecadessince

TheodoreAPostolaprofessoremeritusofsciencetechnologyandinternationalsecurityattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysaidtheNorthhasldquothisfantasticrecordforflyingrocketsthefirsttimeandhavingthemsucceedrdquo

ldquoWethinkitrsquosbecausetheyhadrocketmotorsanddesignsthatwerebasicallyRussiandesignsandtheyhadtheexpertiseofRussianengineerswhoknewhowtosolvetheproblemsrdquohesaid

FatherFigure

LittleislefttochanceinpropagandarelatedtotheweaponsprogramEventhesmallestofdetailscanbeladenwithsignificance

ldquoBylaunchingrocketsandtreatingscientistslikestarsKimJong-ungiveshispeopleasenseofprogressrdquoMrLeesaidldquoItrsquosnotjustamilitaryprojectbutalsoapoliticalstratagemrdquo

MrKimrsquosannualvisittohisgrandfatherrsquosmausoleumisthemostimportantritualofhisdynasticregimeThemissilequartetrsquosproximitytohimattheJulyeventwasasignoftheirhighstatus

MissileexpertswereshownsharingcigaretteswithMrKimafterlastmonthrsquosmissilelaunchmdashanalmostunimaginableprivilegeinanationwhereheisportrayedasagodlikefigure

AftersuccessfultestsMrKimissometimesevenshownembracinghisscientistssomeofwhomcanbeseenweepingPerhapsthemostsurprisingphotocameinMarchwhenMrKimcarriedanunidentifiedofficialonhisbackwhilecelebratingthegroundtestofanewrocketengine

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220

TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 20: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay220

TheimageevokedanoldKoreantraditioninwhichyoungmengivetheiragingparentspiggybackridesasasymbolicgestureofgratitudeforthehardshiptheyhaveenduredfortheirchildrenButotherssayMrKimwasactuallyplayingtheparentcarryingthescientistonhisbackasafathermightachild

IngeneralMrKimispresentedintheregimersquospropagandaasafatherfiguremdashanationalpatriarchwhomthepublicissupposedtoobeywithoutquestionThatmakesthesymbolismofhisinteractionswiththesescientistsandengineersevenmorestriking

IntraditionalKoreancultureitisgenerallyinappropriateforasontosmokewithhisfatherorevenwithateacherOnewouldonlydosowithgreatreluctancemdashandgratitudemdashattheelderrsquosinsistenceIneffectMrKimisinsistingthatthesescientiststakeabow

ButevenashehonorsthesemenandcelebratestheiraccomplishmentstheyremainbitplayersonthestageEveryscientistinNorthKoreanomatterhowimportantmustcreditMrKimforhissuccessesjustasthenationrsquosathletesneverfailtocitehimasinspirationfortheirachievementsattheOlympicsandothercompetitions

IntheendtherealstarofthenuclearweaponsprogramisMrKimhimself

F r o m T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s D e c e m b e r 1 5 2 0 1 7 copy 2 0 1 7 T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d U s e d b y p e r m i s s i o n a n d p r o t e c t e d b y t h e C o p y r i g h t L a w s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s T h e p r i n t i n g c o p y i n g r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r r e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f t h i s C o n t e n t w i t h o u t e x p r e s s

w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n i s p r o h i b i t e d

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 21: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay221

Howdoesthisdocumentreflectorrespondtooneormoreofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

Document

KimDae-jungPresidentialInauguralAddress1998TranslatedbyYoungeunKim

Annotation

KimDae-jungwaselectedPresidentoftheRepublicofSouthKoreain1998andserveduntilhistermexpiredin2003Hiselectioncameduringasevereeconomiccrisisin1997-1998thatthreatenedtheeconomiesofmanyAsiannationsKimwasactiveinpoliticsfromthe1950sonandwasexiledunderadeathsentencein1980bythemilitarygovernmentofthetimeThedeathsentencewascommutedtohousearrestuponhisreturntoSouthKoreadueinparttointernationalpressuresUnderhousearresthecontinuedtoleadoppositionpartiesinSouthKorearunningforpresidentatotaloffourtimesHewontheNobelPeacePrizein2000

MyFellowCitizens

WewillhaveanewcenturyinthreeyearsThebeginningofthe21stcenturyisnotjustaboutenteringanewcenturybutalsothebeginningofanewrevolutionHumanitywhichhaspassedthroughfivegreatrevolutionssinceappearingontheearthbeginningwiththeHumanRevolutionpassingthroughtheAgriculturalrevolutiontheUrbanRevolutiontheRevolutioninThoughtandtheIndustrialRevolutionisnowenteringaneweraofrevolution

Theworldismovingfromtheindustrialsocietywherenaturalresourcesweretheprimaryfactorforeconomicdevelopmenttoaninformationandknowledge-basedsociety

TheinformationrevolutionisconvertingthenationaleconomiesintoaoneworldeconomyturningtheworldintoaglobalvillageTheinformationagemeansthateveryonecanobtaininformationeasilyandcheaplyandwillhaveaccesstoinformationanytimeandanywhereItisonlypossibleinademocraticsocietyWemustactivelyrespondtonewchallengesbyapproachingthistransitionalperiodinahistoryofcivilization

UnfortunatelywearenowfacingourgreatestnationalcrisissinceJune25[1950theoutbreakoftheKoreanWar]hellipDuringthisyearconsumerpricesandunemploymentratiowouldincreaseIncomeswoulddropandmanybusinesseswouldgobankruptAllofusarerequiredtoshedsweatandtears

hellipMyFellowCitizensYouhavedemonstratedremarkablepatriotismandpowerevenintodayrsquosdifficultiesWehaveaccomplishedapeacefultransitionofpowereveninthemidstoftheIMFCrisisYouhavegatheredgoldtoovercomethenationalcrisisandhavealreadycollectedover$2billioningoldIamveryproudofyourpatriotismwhichismorevaluablethangold

hellipThebiggesttaskfacingthegovernmentofthepeopleistoovercomeoureconomiccrisisandtorevitalizeoureconomyThegovernmentofthepeoplewillcombinedemocracyandeconomicdevelopmentAmarketeconomyanddemocracyareliketwosidesofthesamecoinorliketwowheelsonacartthatcannotberemovedIftheyareseparatedsuccessisimpossibleEverycountrythathasembracedbothdemocracyandamarketeconomyhasbeensuccessful

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 22: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay222

hellipWiththepromiseofbuildinginanewtechnologywewillimplementapolicytodevelopcuttingedgetechnologies

ThisistheonlywayforcompaniesandoureconomytosurviveThegovernmentwillguaranteecompletelytheautonomyofbusinessButitwillalsostrictlyrequirethattheymakeself-reformefforts

hellipWehaveahigheducationlevelandculturaltraditionWehaveagreatabilitytoexertourpowerintheinformationsocietyofthe21stcenturyThenewgovernmentwilltrytomakeouryounggenerationscanbecomeanewleaderintheknowledgeandinformationsocietyWewillprovidecomputerclassesinelementaryschoolandtheycanchoosecomputersubjectsonthecollegeadmissiontestWewillleadacomputerpowercountryintheworld

Weareproudofourhalf-centuryhistoryThespritsofourancestorsareencouragingus

hellipLetrsquosmaketodayrsquoscrisisintoablessingWecandoitThehistoryofourovercomefromtheruinsof625(KoreanWar)provesitIwillbeattheheadLetrsquosallmoveforwardLetrsquosovercomethenationalcrisisLetrsquosmakeanotherleapforward

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 23: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay223

STUDENTGRAPHICORGANIZER

Howdoyourdocumentsreflectorrespondtoeitherofthesetwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopmentstheColdWareconomicliberalizationortheInformationAge

FirstSource SecondSource

GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere) GeneralObservations(whowhatwhenwhere)

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

Recordevidencethatlinksthesourcetooneormoreofthethreehistoricaldevelopments

ColdWar EconomicLiberalization

InformationAge ColdWar Economic

Liberalization

InformationAge

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 24: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay224

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Identifyandrecordevidencefromhistorynotinthedocumentthathelpstoclarifyorsupportyourevidencefromthedocument

Howdothesourcesdemonstratesimilarordifferentreflectionsorresponsestotwentieth-andtwenty-first-centuryhistoricaldevelopments

Whatcouldexplainthereasonforthesimilarityordifference

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 25: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay225

ASSESSMENTMATERIALS

SAQ1

Directions AnswerQuestion1

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

TheGovernmentoftheDPRKsteadfastlymaintainsJucheinallrealmsoftherevolutionandconstruction

EstablishingJuchemeansadoptingtheattitudeofamastertowardstherevolutionandconstructionofonersquoscountryItmeansmaintaininganindependentandcreativestandpointinfindingsolutionstotheproblemswhichariseintherevolutionandconstructionItimpliessolvingthoseproblemsmainlybyonersquosowneffortsandinconformitywiththeactualconditionsofonersquosownPOLITICScountryTherealizationofindependenceinpoliticsself-sufficiencyintheeconomyandself-relianceinnationaldefenceisaprinciplethegovernmentmaintainsconsistently

TheKoreanpeoplevaluetheindependenceofthecountryandnationandunderthepressureofimperialistsanddominationstshavethoroughlyimplementedtheprincipleofindependenceself-relianceandself-defencedefendingthecountryrsquossovereigntyanddignityfirmly

DemocraticPeoplersquosRepublicofKoreastatementfromtheofficialgovernmentwebsiteofNorthKorea2017

Jucheisoftentranslatedasldquoself-reliancerdquoandreferstothegovernmentrsquosfirmbeliefthattheNorthKoreanpeoplearetheldquomastersoftherevolutionandconstructionrdquo

MyDearMrPresidentIhavemuchforwhichtobegratefultoyouandmuchcausetorejoicethatinthesedesperatedaysourbeleaguerednationhasfoundsogoodafriendYourgreatgenerosityinrushingthroughthislastweekoftheCongressionalsessionanimmediateappropriationoftwohundredmilliondollarstospeedourreconstructionisappreciatedfromthedepthsofourheartsYourconsiderateunderstandingofmypositionduringthesemostdifficultdayshasbeenaheartwarmingexperienceformeButaboveallIwanttothankyouandtocongratulateyouforthestatesmanlikevisionwithwhichyouhavebroughttherelationshipsofyourpowerfulnationandofourweakeroneontoabasisofhonestmutualityandtwo-waycooperationNothingcoulddomoretoreassurethedisillusionedpeoplesoftheFarEastthattheremaybedawninganewdaywhentheyneednomorefeartherevivaloftheoldandhatederaofWesternColonialism

SyngmanRheePresidentofSouthKorealettertoPresidentEisenhowerJuly1953

1 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt

b Identifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt

c BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 26: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay226

SAQ2

Directions

AnswerQuestion2

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

Duringreconstructionofthedestroyedeconomyafterthewar[KoreanWar1950-1953]ourpeoplefoughtinthesameheroicmannerastheydidduringthewar

Forinstance307largeandsmallfactorieswererebuiltexpandedornewlyconstructeduntil[by]theendof1955ByJanuaryofthecurrentyear[1956]thenationalizedandcooperativeindustryhadalreadysurpassedpre-warlevelsasoutlinedinthethree-year-planToday636percentoffarmsand621percentoffarmlandareorganizedinagriculturalcollectivesInordertoincreasegrainproductionthereareextensiveirrigationworksconductedCareistakentoprovidetheagriculturalsectorwithsufficientamountsoffertilizerDuetofourmarkdownsofstate-fixedpricestherealwagesofworkersandallemployeesincreasedTodayourpartyhasbecomeastrongforcewhichleadstheKoreanpeopletovictoryinfulfillmentofitsmainmissionnamelythepeacefulunificationofthefatherlandandthebuildingofthefoundationsofsocialismrdquo

KimIl-sungPresidentofNorthKoreadiscussionoftheThirdPartyCongressoftheKoreanWorkersPartyApril1956

In1962theEPB[EconomicPlanningBoard]introducedthefirstofwhatwastobecomeaseriesoffive-yearplansfor[South]KorearsquosdevelopmentState-ownedbankswerecreatedtohelpimplementthegovernmentrsquosdevelopmentplansandlawswerepassedtoforcetheprivatebankseffectivelyalsotobecomeagentsoftheirimplementationOverthenextyearstheKoreangovernmentbecameinthewordsofhellipDeputyPrimeMinisterIlSaKonganldquoentrepreneur-managerrdquo(Sakong199327)Duringthefirstandsecondfive-yearplansthegovernmentitselfwasinvolvedinindustrialundertakingsInthe1960smorethanone-thirdofgovernmentexpenditureswereforinvestmentandpublicinvestmentaccountedforclosetoathirdofallfixedcapitalformation[hellip]ThisemphasisreflectedParkrsquosownphilosophyunderwhichthestatewasmeanttobethedominantagentintheeconomy

EdwardMGrahamReformingKorearsquosIndustrialConglomerates2003

2 Usingtheexcerptsaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)a IdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcentury

asdescribedintheexcerptsb ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedin

thesecondexcerptc ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartothe

onedescribedinthefirstexcerpt

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3
Page 27: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay227

SAQ3

Directions

AnswerQuestion3

InyourresponsesbesuretoaddressallpartsofthequestionsyouanswerUsecompletesentencesanoutlineorbulletedlistaloneisnotacceptable

NORTHKOREANNUCLEARMISSILES

T h o m a s K a r a k o a n d W e s R u m b a u g h ldquo D i s s e c t i n g t h e B i g M i s s i l e D e f e n s e P l u s - u p rdquo 2 0 1 7 h t t p s w w w c s i s o r g a n a l y s i s d i s s e c t i n g - b i g - m i s s i l e - d e f e n s e - p l u s

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

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CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay228

SOUTHKOREANINTERNETUSAGE

NUMBEROFINTERNETUSERSIN[SOUTH]KOREA(INTHOUSANDS)

N a t i o n a l I n t e r n e t D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y o f K o r e a K o r e a I n t e r n e t S t a t i s t i c s 2 0 0 4

3 Usingthesourcesaboveanswer(a)(b)and(c)

a Identifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource

b ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource

c Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources

Year ofInternetUsersinKorea(inthousands)

1995 366

1996 731

1997 1634

1998 3103

1999 10860

2000 19040

2001 24380

2002 26270

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
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CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay229

SAQ1SCORINGGUIDE

Amoredetailedscoringguideincludingsourcesislinkedhere

AIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistandcapitalistnationscausedNorthKoreatofocusondevelopment

TheKoreanWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandtheSouthanditsalliesfocusedNorthKoreaondevelopmenttoreadyitselfforconflict

ThefalloftheSovietUnionandthelossofoutsidesupportfromitsformerlargestsourceofeconomicaidforcedtheNorthtobecomeself-reliant

ThedesiretocontinueaKimfamilydynastyledtheNorthtoseekaseparatedevelopmentpathfromitsformerSovietandcurrentChinesecommunistallies

InternationalsanctionsledbytheWesthavecausedNorthKoreatofocusonself-reliance

BIdentifyahistoricalcontextthatwouldhelpexplainthedevelopmentsdiscussedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheKoreanWarandthedevastatinginvasionbytheNorththatwasthwartedwiththehelpofUNforcesledbytheUStiedSouthKoreatoacontinuedalliance

TheKoreanWarandthecontinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthandSouthfocusedtheSouthonmaintainingclosetiestotheUnitedStatesforprotection

TheKoreanWardestroyedmuchofSouthKoreaby1953requiringsignificantreconstructionanddevelopmentaidfromoutsideallies

TheColdWarrivalrybetweencommunistnations(includingNorthKoreaandChinainEastAsia)forcedSouthKoreatoseekallianceswithstrongcapitalistnationssuchastheUS

C BasedonbothexcerptsexplainadifferenceinthewaythatSouthKoreaandNorthKoreainteractwithothercountrieseconomically(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKorealimitseconomicinteractionpreferringtoisolateandbecomeself-sufficientwhiletheSouthseekstobeconnectedwithalliessuchastheUnitedStates

NorthKoreantradeislimitedduetoitsrelianceononlyitsownresourceswhichalsolimitsitseconomicgrowthSouthKoreatradesinternationallywhichallowsitseconomytogrowandmodernizeduetoitsaccesstoadvancesandassistancefromoutsidenations

TheNorthKoreaneconomywasnotdependentonforeigntradeandinteractionwhiletheSouthKoreaneconomydependedonforeignaidandeconomicinteractions

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
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CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay230

SAQ2SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyONEsimilaritybetweenNorthandSouthKoreaneconomicpoliciesinthetwentiethcenturyasdescribedintheexcerpts(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

NorthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentcontinuedundersocialistprinciplesmdashasithadduringthewarmdashinordertocompletetheprocessofunifyingtheKoreanpeninsula

SouthKoreaneconomicdevelopmentemulatedelementsofasocialiststate-directednationtopursuerapidindustrialization

B ExplainahistoricalcontextotherthantheKoreanWarthatinfluencedthedevelopmentsdescribedinthesecondexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

Stateeconomicinterventionintimesofeconomicdistresswascommoninthemid-twentiethcenturyincapitalistcountriessuchastheNewDealduringtheGreatDepressionintheUnitedStates

TheColdWarandcontinuedhostilitiesbetweencommunistandcapitalistnationsrequiredrapideconomicdevelopmentbySouthKoreatoensureitssecurity

Withtheshiftofdevelopednationstoinformationandcommunicationstechnologiesdevelopingeconomiesturnedtoindustrialproductionandmanufacturing

C ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreadevisedaneconomicprogramsimilartotheonedescribedinthefirstexcerpt(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

TheSovietUniondevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1920saftertheconclusionofitsrevolutionandcivilwar

CommunistChinadevelopedacommandeconomywithcentralplanninginthe1950safteritscommunistrevolutionandcivilwar

EasternEuropeanstatessuchasPolandEastGermanyCzechoslovakiaYugoslaviaHungaryBulgariaandAlbaniaestablishedcommunistregimesunderSovietdirectionafterWorldWarIIanddevelopedcommandeconomieswithfive-yearplans

VietnamLaosandCambodiaunderwentcommunistrevolutionsandinstitutedacommandeconomy

Cubaestablishedacommandeconomywithcentralplanningafterits1959communistrevolution

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
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Page 31: CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE OVERVIEW...4 CONTEXTUALIZATION MODULE // Day 2 SEQUENCE OF INSTRUCTION CLASS ACTIVITY 1 of 5: WARM UP/INTRODUCTION WARM UP/INTRODUCTION (10 MINUTES): WHOLE

CONTEXTUALIZATIONMODULEDay231

SAQ3SCORINGGUIDE

AIdentifyonehistoricalcontextthatexplainsthedatainthefirstsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

ContinuedhostilitiesbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaanditsalliesledtheNorthtoseeksecuritywithnuclearweapons

ArmsracesaspartoftheColdWarwerecommonbetweencommunistandcapitalistcountries

MissilesandnuclearweaponswereviewedasnecessarydeterrentstoaggressionduringtheColdWarera

B ExplainhowacountryotherthanNorthorSouthKoreachangedinwaysthatweresimilartothechangeshowninthesecondsource(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

AfterWorldWarIIandoccupationJapaneseeconomicdevelopmentshiftedfromindustrialproductiontoconsumerelectronicsandinformationtechnology

Taiwaneseeconomicdevelopmentfocusedoninformationtechnologyfieldsinthelatetwentiethcentury

Chinabegantoinvestheavilyintransformingitseconomyfrommanufacturingtoinformationtechnologyintheearlytwenty-firstcentury

C Explainonereasonforadifferenceinthenationalprioritiespresentedinthetwosources(1point)

Possibleexamplesmayinclude

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreamovedtoconsumertechnologyratherthanremainingfocusedonmilitarydevelopment

EconomicdevelopmentinSouthKoreashiftedfrombasicindustrialproductionandmanufacturingtoinformationandcommunicationtechnologies

NorthKorearemainedatotalitarianclosedstatehostiletotechnologicaldevelopmentsmdashsuchastheinternetmdashthatcouldundermineitsrigidcontrolandgriponinformationabouttheoutsideworld

TotalScore(3pointspossible)

  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a2
  • Copy of Contextualization Day 2 Final Oct 29a3

Visual contextualization of nena countries

Visual contextualization of nena countries

Moving contextualization lbst 80

Moving contextualization lbst 80

What is Contextualization?

What is Contextualization?

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Contextualization and-localization

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION, CONTEXTUALIZATION OF THE …

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION, CONTEXTUALIZATION OF THE …

Contextualization and-location-ntot-ap-g10

Contextualization and-location-ntot-ap-g10

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INTERDISCIPLINARY CONTEXTUALIZATION (ICon) LESSONS IN ...

INTERDISCIPLINARY CONTEXTUALIZATION (ICon) LESSONS IN ...

CONTEXTUALIZATION OF VALUE MANAGEMENT ... - docs.jpa.gov.my

CONTEXTUALIZATION OF VALUE MANAGEMENT ... - docs.jpa.gov.my

Workshop report - ITN-BUET · 2.3 Idea of contextualization of ConCaD training materials The relevance or importance of contextualization, contextualization parameters such as language

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Teaching historical contextualization: the construction of ... · Teaching historical contextualization: the construction ... assess elementary and secondary education, ... Teaching

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Keuka OLED Lighting Module warm white · Keuka OLED Lighting Module warm white ... Now, with the ambition of entering large-scale markets with highly sophisticated, standardized lighting

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Conception and Application of Contextualization in ...

RBM Learning Module 2 - Community Contextualization - Draft 8

RBM Learning Module 2 - Community Contextualization - Draft 8

ABSTRACT CRITICAL CONTEXTUALIZATION OF CHINESE FOLK ...

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Hermeneutics and Contextualization - Henry Center for ...henrycenter.tiu.edu/wp...Ott-GamesHermeneuticsContex…  · Web viewHermeneutics, Contextualization and Games. ... as with

Hermeneutics and Contextualization - Henry Center for ...henrycenter.tiu.edu/wp...Ott-GamesHermeneuticsContex…  · Web viewHermeneutics, Contextualization and Games. ... as with