ContentsContents xix 13. MalignanT TuMors 255 Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe), Ashok...
Transcript of ContentsContents xix 13. MalignanT TuMors 255 Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe), Ashok...
Contents
1. Microscope 1Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Definition of Microscope 1; History of Microscope 1; Simple Microscope 3;Compound Microscope 3; Parts of Microscope 3; Image Formation in Microscope 10; Specialized Microscopy Techniques 11; Maintenance of Laboratory Microscope 19
2. Tissue processing MeThods 22Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe), Avadhoot Avadhani
Introduction and Terminology 22; Gross Examination 22; Preparation of Tissue Specimen for Histological Staining 23; Routine Method for Histological Study 25; Study of Hard Tissues 30; Frozen Sections 32; Staining of Cut Sections 32; Mounting 33; Artifacts in Histological Sections 33
3. hisTological sTaining MeThods 36Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe), Amol Gadbail
Chemistry of Stains 36; Classification of Stains 37; Theories of Staining 38; Vital Staining 39; Factors Affecting Staining 39; Staining Procedure 40; Hematoxylin and Eosin Stains 40; Special Stains 42; Gordon and Sweets’ Method for Reticulin Fibers 43
4. diagnosTic paThology 47Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe), Pradnya Lele
Biopsy 47; Types of Biopsy Procedures 48; Exfoliative Cytology 51; Oral Mucosal Brush Biopsy 54; Liquid Based Cytology 55; Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology 55; Frozen Section Biopsy 56
5. advanced diagnosTic Techniques 57Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe), Monal Yuwanati
Histochemical Techniques 57; Fixation in Histochemistry 57; Enzyme Histochemistry 58;Immunohistochemical Methods 58; Immunofluorescent Techniques 59;Flow Cytometry 61; Polymerase Chain Reaction 61; Hybridization Methods 62;Laser Captures Microdissection 63; Proteomics 63; Cytogenetics 64
6. healing of Wound 68Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Factors Affecting the Wound Healing 68; Cascade of Wound Healing 72;Healing of Biopsy Wounds 74; Healing of Extraction Wounds 74; Healing of
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Fractures 75; Healing of Osseointegrated Implants 76; Healing of Pulp 76;Cementum 77; Dentin 77; Enamel 77; Skin Healing and Oral Mucosal Wound Healing 77; A Clinical Approach to Optimizing Wound Healing 79
7. hyperplasia, haMarToMa and neoplasM 82Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Dysplasia 82; Metaplasia 82; Hyperplasia 82; Hamartoma 83; Choriostoma 84;Neoplasm 85; Carcinogenesis 87; Chemical Carcinogenesis 87; Physical Carcinogenesis 88; Hormonal Carcinogenesis 89; Biologic Carcinogenesis 89;Metastasis 92; Grading and Staging of Tumors 93
8. TeeTh anoMalies 97Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe), Savita Ghom
Disorders of Development of Teeth 97; Scale of Human Tooth Development 98; Disorders of Size of Teeth 98; Disturbances in Shape of Teeth 99; Disorders of Number of Teeth 109; Structure of Teeth 111
9. craniofacial anoMalies 127Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Developmental Anomalies of Jaws 128; Developmental Disorders of Oral Mucosa 138
10. denTal caries 144Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Theories of Cariogenesis 145; Secondary Contributing Factors in Dental Caries 150;Classification 152; Smooth Surface Caries 153; Pit and Fissure Caries 156; Root Caries 158; Recurrent Caries 160; Chemical Measures of Caries Control 164
11. Benign TuMors 167Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Characteristics of Benign Tumor 168; Classification of Benign Tumor 168; Epithelial Origin 168; Fibrous Connective Tissue 178; Cartilage 184; Adipose Tissue 186;Bone 189; Vascular Tissue 196; Neural Tissue 203; Muscle 211; Giant Cell Lesion 213
12. preMalignanT lesions and condiTions 219Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Concept of Precancer 219; Terminology and Definitions 219; Leukoplakia 220;Erythroplakia 229; Carcinoma in situ 231; Oral Lesion Associated with use of Tobacco 233; Lichen Planus 235; Oral Submucous Fibrosis 243; Dyskeratosis Congenita 249; Lupus Erythematosus 250
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13. MalignanT TuMors 255Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe), Ashok Mhaske
Classification 256; Etiology and Risk Factors for Oral Cancer 256; Risk Factors 258;Epithelial Tumors 258; Metastatic Carcinoma 266; Basal Cell Carcinoma 267;Adenosquamous Carcinoma 269; Basaloid Squamous Carcinoma 269; Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma 270; Verrucous Carcinoma 271; Transitional Cell Carcinoma 273; Malignant Melanoma 273; Spindle Cell Carcinoma 277;Adenoid Squamous Cell Carcinoma 277; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma 278; Merkel Cell Carcinoma 279; Fibrous Connective Tissue 279; Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma 282;Synovial Sarcoma 282; Adipose Tissue 283; Cartilage 284; Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma 287; Bone 287; Ewing’s Sarcoma 289; Vascular 291; Neural Tissue 292; Muscle 294
14. odonTogenic TuMors 299Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Classification of Odontogenic Tumors 299; Development of Tooth 301; Stages of Tooth Development 301; Ameloblastoma 303; Variant of Ameloblastoma 313;Squamous Odontogenic Tumor 317; Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor 318;Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor or Cyst 321; Mixed Odontogenic Tumors 325;Continuum Concept (Cahn and Blum) 325; Ameloblastic Fibroma 326;Ameloblastic Fibrodentinoma 328; Ameloblastic Fibro-odontoma 328; Odontoma 329;Odontoameloblastoma 331; Odontogenic Fibroma 332; Granular Cell Odontogenic Tumor 333; Odontogenic Myxoma 333; Malignant Tumors 335
15. cysT of orofacial region 342Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Classification 343; Theories of Cyst Enlargement 343; Dentigerous Cyst 345;Eruption Cyst 349; Odontogenic Keratocyst 350; Primordial Cyst 355; Gingival Cyst of Newborn 355; Gingival Cyst of Adult 356; Lateral Periodontal Cyst 357; Glandular Odontogenic Cyst 358; Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Cyst 359; Inflammatory Radicular Cyst 361; Residual Cyst 364; Inflammatory Collateral Cyst 365; Paradental Cyst 365; Mandibular Buccal Infected Cyst 366; Suppurating Cyst 366; Healing Cyst 366; Nonodontogenic Cysts 366; Median Palatine Cyst 368; Nasoalveolar Cyst 369; Median Mandibular Cyst 370; Globulomaxillary Cyst 370; Nonepithelial Cysts 370; Aneurysmal Bone Cyst 371; Cysts of the Maxillary Sinus 372; Antral Pseudocyst 374; Retention Cyst 374; Soft Tissue Cyst 374; Branchial Cleft Cyst 376; Oral Lymphoepithelial Cyst 376; Thyroglossal Duct Cyst 377; Anterior Median Lingual Cyst 377; Oral Cyst with Gastric or Intestinal Epithelium 377; Cystic Hygroma 377; Follicular Cysts of the Skin 378; Nasopharyngeal Cyst 378; Thymic Cyst 378; Cysts of Salivary Glands 378; Parasitic Cyst 378; Cysticercosis Cellulose 379; Syndromes Associated with Odontogenic Cysts 380; Treatment of Cysts 381
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16. periodonTal paThology 386Vivek Thombre, Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Fibromatosis Gingiva 386; Retrocuspid Papilla 388; Gingival Inflammation or Gingivitis 388; Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis 391; Desquamative Gingivitis 392;Plasma Cell Gingivitis 393; Granulomatous Gingivitis 394; Gingival Abscess 394;Pericoronal Abscess 395; Chronic Inflammatory Enlargement 396; Gingival Enlargement due to Drugs 397; Pregnancy Tumor 398; Granuloma Pyogenicum 399;Periodontal Pockets 401; Adult Periodontitis 402; Rapidly Progressive Periodontitis 402;Aggressive Periodontitis/Juvenile Periodontitis 403; Papillon-Lefevre Syndrome 405;Haim-Munk Syndrome 406
17. salivary gland paThology 409Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Classification of Salivary Gland Disorders 410; Development of Salivary Gland 410; Major Salivary Glands 411; Aberrancy 412; Aplasia and Hypoplasia 412; Hyperplasia of Salivary Gland 413; Atresia 413; Accessory Duct 414; Diverticuli 414; Sialorrhea 414; Xerostomia 414; Sialolithiasis 415;Strictures and Stenosis 417; Mucocele (Mucous Extravasation Phenomenon) 417; Salivary Duct Cyst or Mucus Retention Cyst 419; Ranula 419; Sialosis (Sialadenosis) 420;Allergic Sialadenitis 421; Mumps 421; Cytomegalovirus Inclusion Disease 422;Bacterial Sialadenitis 422; Sjögren’s Syndrome 424; Mikulicz’s Disease or Benign Lymphoepithelial Lesion 427; Uveoparotid Fever 428; Tumors of Salivary Glands 428; Histogenesis 428; Theories of Salivary Gland Tumor Histogenesis 429; General Features of Salivary Gland Tumors 429;Clinical Staging of Salivary Gland Tumors 429; Pleomorphic Adenoma 430;Basal Cell Adenoma 433; Canalicular Adenoma 434; Warthin’s Tumor 435;Oncocytoma 437; Myoepithelioma 438; Ductal Papillomas 438; Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma 440; Central Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma 444; Acinic Cell Adenocarcinoma 444; Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma 445; Polymorphous Low-Grade Adenocarcinoma 447; Malignant Mixed Tumor 448; Connective Tissue Tumors 449; Necrotizing Sialometaplasia 450
18. BacTerial infecTion 453Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Impetigo 453; Erysipelas 454; Syphilis 455; Gonorrhea 460; Leprosy (Hansen Disease) 462; Tuberculosis 465; Actinomycosis 468; Noma 471; Scarlet Fever 472;Diphtheria 473; Tularemia 474; Rhinoscleroma 474; Granuloma Inguinale 475; Oral Manifestations 475; Streptococcal Tonsillitis and Pharyngitis 476; Tonsillar Concretion and Tonsillolithiasis 476; Lymphogranuloma Venereum 476; Myiasis 477; Cat Scratch Disease 478; Pyostomatitis Vegetans 479; Sinusitis 479
19. fungal or MyocoTic infecTion 484Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Candidiasis 484; Oral Candidiasis 486; Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis 491;Forms of Candidiasis 491; Histoplasmosis 492; Blastomycosis 493; Mucormycosis 495;
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Cryptococcosis 496; Coccidioidomycosis 497; Geotrichosis 498; Sporotrichosis 498;Rhinosporidiosis 499; Aspergillosis 500; Paracoccidioidomycosis 501;Toxoplasmosis 502; Leishmaniasis 502; Trichinosis 503
20. viral infecTion 505Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Human Herpes Virus 505; Herpes Simplex Infection 505; Measles 509; Varicella Zoster Infection 510; Herpes Zoster 512; James Ramsey Hunt Syndrome 514; Rubella 514;Enteroviruses 514; Foot and Mouth Disease 516; Condyloma Acuminatum 517;Verruca Vulgaris 518; Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia 518; Molluscum Contagiosum Infection 519; Cytomegalovirus Infection 520; Infectious Mononucleosis 521
21. acquired iMMunodeficiency syndroMe 524Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Classification 525; AIDS Related Complex 526; Prevalence 526; Characteristic of HIV Virus 527; Clinical Features 527; Oral Manifestations 528; Uncommon Oral Manifestation of HIV 534; Diagnostic Tests 536; Screening Test for AIDS 536;Management 537; Prevention 538
22. odonTogenic infecTion and pulp paThology 540Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe), Seema Vaidya
Effect of Infection on Host 541; Pathophysiology of Infection 541; Pulp 542;Classification of Pulpitis 542; Pulpitis 542; Pulp Degeneration 545; Pulp Calcifications 546; Necrosis of Pulp 548; Cracked Tooth Syndrome 549; Periapical Abscess 549; Periodontal Abscess 551; Acute Exacerbation of a Chronic Lesion 552;Periapical Granuloma 553; Osteomyelitis 555; Acute Suppurative Osteomyelitis 557;Chronic Suppurative Osteomyelitis 559; Infantile Osteomyelitis 560; Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis and Osteomyelitis Syndrome 562; Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis 563; Cellulitis 565; Ludwig’s Angina 566; Fatal Complications of Oral Infection 568; Oral Foci of Infections 571; Dry Socket 573
23. Bone disease ManifesTed in JaW 576Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe), Pranoti Pradhan
Fibro-osseous Lesions 576; Classification 576; Fibrous Dysplasia 577; Cherubism 580;Central Giant Cell Granuloma 582; Paget’s Disease 584; Familial Gigantiform Cementoma 587; Ossifying Fibroma, Cementifying Fibroma and Cemento-ossifying Fibroma 588; Juvenile Ossifying Fibroma 590; Osteoporosis 591; Infantile Cortical Hyperostosis 593; Osteopetrosis 594; Osteogenesis Imperfecta 596; Pierre Robin Syndrome 597; Marfan’s Syndrome 597; Down’s Syndrome 598; Achondroplasia 599;Osteosclerosis 600; Massive Osteolysis 600; Gardner’s Syndrome 601
24. diseases of lip 604Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Classification of Lip Disorders 604; Anatomy 604; Developmental Disturbance of Lip 605; Cheilitis 610; Etiology 610; Miscellaneous 617
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25. Tongue disorders 619Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Embryology of Tongue 619; Anatomy of Tongue 620; Papillae 620; Muscle 621;Arterial Supply 621; Venous Drainage 621; Nerve Supply 621;Lymphatic Drainage 622; Functions of Tongue 622; Classification of Tongue Disorders 623; Aglossia and Microglossia 623; Macroglossia 624;Ankyloglossia 625; Cleft Tongue 626; Ankyloglossum Superius Syndrome 626; Lingual Varicosities 627; Lingual Thyroid Nodule 627; Variations in Tongue Movement 628;Patent Thyroglossal Duct Cyst 628; Lingual Polyp 629; Lingual Cyst 629; Fissured Tongue 629; Median Rhomboid Glossitis 630; Benign Migratory Glossitis 631; Hairy Tongue 633; Crenated Tongue 634; Foliate Papillitis 634; Leukokeratosis Nicotina Glossi 634; Depapillation of the Tongue 635; Dysgeusia and Hypogeusia 637;Dyskinesia 638; Paralysis of Tongue 638; Squamous Cell Carcinoma 639;Pigmentation of Tongue 640
26. TeMporoMandiBular JoinT paThology 643Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Coronoid Hyperplasia 643; Condylar Hyperplasia 643; Condylar Hypoplasia 644;Bifid Condyle 645; Osteoarthritis 645; Rheumatoid Arthritis 646;Ankylosis 648; Subluxation (Hypermobility) 650; Gout 651; Synovial Chondromatosis 652; Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction 652
27. cheMical and physical inJuries 655Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Linea Alba 655; Habitual Cheek or Lip Biting 656; Traumatic Ulcer 657; Electrical and Thermal Burns 658; Anesthetic Necrosis 659; Chemical Burns 659; Smoker Melanosis 661; Drug Induced Discoloration of Oral Mucosa 661; Cutright Lesion 662; Traumatic Sequestration 662; Methamphetamine Abuse Lesion 663; Submucosal Hemorrhage 663; Oral Lesion as Complication to Anti-Neoplastic Therapy (Non-Infectious) 664; Cervicofacial Emphysema 665;Myospherulosis 666; Attrition 666; Abrasion 668; Erosion 669; Abfraction 670;Dentinal Sclerosis 671; Secondary and Tertiary Dentin 671; Resorption of Teeth 672;Hypercementosis 675; Cementicles 676; Bruxism 676; Traumatic Lesion Due Sexual Habit 678; Oral Piercing and other Body Modification 679;Fracture of Teeth 680; Amalgam Tattoo 681; Bismuthism 681; Plumbism 682;Mercurialism 683; Argyria 684; Arsenism 685 Auric Stomatitis 685; Inflammatory Fibrous Hyperplasia 685; Inflammatory Papillary Hyperplasia 686; Epulis Granulomatosum 687; Nodular Fasciitis 688; Uremic Stomatitis 688; Traumatic Keratosis 689; Bisphosphonates Associated Osteonecrosis 689
28. Blood paThology 693Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Disease of Lymph Tissue 693; Disease of Red Blood Cells 694; White Blood Cell Disorders 705; Disease of Platelet 708; Disease due to Clotting Defect 710; Dysfibrinogenemia 713; Macroglobulinemia 714; Malignancy Involving
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Blood Tissue 714; Primary Reticular Cell Sarcoma 717; Mycosis Fungoides 718;Burkitt’s Lymphoma 718; Chronic Myeloid Leukemia 723; Chronic Lymphatic Leukemia 724; Multiple Myeloma 725; Plasmacytoma 727; Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma 728
29. skin disorders 731Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Erythema Multiforme 731; Pemphigus 734; Paraneoplastic Pemphigus 737;Bullous Pemphigoid 737; Benign Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid 738; Familial Benign Chronic Pemphigus 740; Dermatitis Herpetiformis 742; Pityriasis Rosea 743; Incontinentia Pigmenti 743; Acanthosis Nigricans 744; Ehlers Danlos Syndrome 745; Psoriasis 746; Pachyonychia Congenita 747; Porokeratosis 748;Keratosis Follicularis 749; Warty Dyskeratoma 750; Seborrheic Keratosis 750;Hereditary Mucoepithelial Dysplasia 751; Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum 751; Hyalinosis Cutis Et Mucosa Oris 752; White Sponge Nevus 753; Hereditary Benign Intraepithelial Dyskeratosis 754; Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia 754; Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome 755; Ephelis 755; Actinic Lentigo 756; Lentigo Simplex 756; Sebaceous Hyperplasia 756; Xeroderma Pigmentosum 757; Tuberous Sclerosis 757; Ectodermal Dysplasia 758; Cowden Syndrome 760; Graft versus Host Resistance 760; Crest Syndrome 761; Scleroderma 761; Kawasaki Disease 763
30. allergic and iMMunologic diseases of oral caviTy 766Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Introduction/Overview 766; Hypersensitivity Reaction 766; Wegner’s Granulomatosis 767; Sarcoidosis 769; Drug Allergy 770; Allergic Contact Stomatitis 771; Secondary Vaccinia 772; Angioedema 773; Aphthous Stomatitis (Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers (RAUs) or Canker Sores) 774; Behçet’s Syndrome 776;Transient Lingual Papillitis 777; Perioral Dermatitis 778; Reiter’s Syndrome 778;Lichenoid Contact Stomatitis/Lichenoid Tissue Reaction 779; Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis 781; Crohn’s Disease 782
31. endocrine disorders 784Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Anatomy and Physiology 784; Diseases of Pituitary Gland 785; Progeria 788;Hyperthyroidism 788; Hypothyroidism 790; Hyperparathyroidism 791;Hypoparathyroidism 793; Pseudohypoparathyroidism 793; Diabetes Mellitus 794;Addison’s Disease 796; Adrenogenital Syndrome 797; Melasma 797; Cushing’s Syndrome 797
32. nuTriTion and oral caviTy 800Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Disturbances in Protein Metabolism 800; Disturbances in Lipid Metabolism 804; Disturbances in Carbohydrate Metabolism 807; Disturbances in Mineral Metabolism 809; Miscellaneous Disorders 811; Fat Soluble Vitamins 821;Disorders of Bilirubin 825
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33. neuroMuscular disorders and orofacial pain 830Anil Govindrao Ghom, Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Muscle Disorders 830; Neuromuscular Disorders 834; Facial Pain 839
34. forensic odonTology 849Anil Govindrao Ghom, Savita Ghom
Record Management 849; Identification 850; Dental Evaluation 850; Personal Recognition 853; Fingerprinting 853; Physical Anthropologic Examination of Bones and Teeth 853; Postmortem Serology and DNA Profiling 854; Bite Marks 854; Human Abuse 858; Dentist as Expert Witness 859
35. syndroMes of The orofacial region 860Shubhangi Mhaske (Jedhe)
Syndromes Associated with Craniofacial Anomalies of Genetic Origin 862; Syndromes Associated with Skin and Pigmentation 868; Broad Groups of Pigmentary Disorders 871;Syndromes Associated with Salivary and Lacrimal Glands 872; Syndromes Affecting Teeth 873; Syndromes Associated with Lips and Cheek 875; Syndromes Associated with Tongue 876; Syndromes Associated with Gingiva 877; Syndromes Associated with Nerves 878; Syndromes Associated with Blood 880; Syndromes Associated with Vascular Malformations 882; Syndromes Associated with Immunodeficiency 882; Syndromes Associated with Hormonal Disturbances 883; Syndromes with Benign Oral Neoplastic or Hamartomatous Components 884
appendices 889Appendix I: Differential Diagnosis of Most Common Lesions of Oral Cavity 890Aparna Thombre
Appendix II: Glossary 938Rashmi Ekka
Appendix III: Normal Values of Various Laboratory Parameters 951Smruti Nanda
Appendix IV: Classification Systems of Odontogenic Tumor 953Satish Chhugani
Appendix V: Histology Diagrams of Oral Tissues 978Sangamesh Halawar
Index 1005