Constructing Environments Log Book Interim

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MATERIALS Obviously construction materials need to be suited to their purpose. When deciding what materials to use in a particular constructions we need to consider strength, stiffness, shape, material behaviours, economy and sustainability The forces that will be acted upon the materials also needs to considered; whether there will be compression or tension forces involved and from which direction. Different materials will be suited to different parts of a construction, for example the strength, stiffness and rectangular tridimensional shape of bricks make them suitable for building walls (Newton, 2014b). Bluestone (basalt) is used extensively as a building material in Melbourne, in both modern and early constructions. This is because it is widely available and sourced from the local area, making it a more sustainable and economic material to use. It is a volcanic rock that is hard to fashion, making it ideal for building foundations and paving stones. However over time it can show water and impacts damage, as seen by observing the wheel ruts in the old cobblestone lanes in Melbourne (Walking The Constructed City 2014). As well as having a structural function in the city, bluestone is what gives Melbourne its dark grey aesthetic. (Ashworth, 2013) (Groves, 2014) Impact damage: wheel ruts from carts Shape allows stacking Hollow tubes along brick giving mortar a better hold meaning more stability Stiffness of brick means shape doesn’t change

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Log Book Interim Submission Constructing Environments Melbourne University

Transcript of Constructing Environments Log Book Interim

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MATERIALS    Obviously  construction  materials  need  to  be  suited  to  their  purpose.  When  deciding  what  materials  to  use  in  a  particular  constructions  we  need  to  consider  strength,  stiffness,  shape,  material  behaviours,  economy  and  sustainability  The  forces  that  will  be  acted  upon  the  materials  also  needs  to  considered;  whether  there  will  be  compression  or  tension  forces  involved  and  from  which  direction.  Different  materials  will  be  suited  to  different  parts  of  a  construction,  for  example  the  strength,  stiffness  and  rectangular  tridimensional  shape  of  bricks  make  them  suitable  for  building  walls  (Newton,  2014b).  

 

 Bluestone  (basalt)  is  used  extensively  as  a  building  material  in  Melbourne,  in  both  modern  and  early  constructions.  This  is  because  it  is  widely  available  and  sourced  from  the  local  area,  making  it  a  more  sustainable  and  economic  material  to  use.  It  is  a  volcanic  rock  that  is  hard  to  fashion,  making  it  ideal  for  building  foundations  and  paving  stones.  However  over  time  it  can  show  water  and  impacts  damage,  as  seen  by  observing  the  wheel  ruts  in  the  old  cobblestone  lanes  in  Melbourne  (Walking  The  Constructed  City  2014).  As  well  as  having  a  structural  function  in  the  city,  bluestone  is  what  gives  Melbourne  its  dark  grey  aesthetic.  

(Ashworth,  2013)  

  (Groves,  2014)    

 

Impact  damage:  wheel  ruts  from  carts  Shape  allows  stacking  

Hollow  tubes  along  brick    giving  mortar  a  better  hold  meaning  more  stability  

Stiffness  of  brick  means  shape  doesn’t  change  

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FORCES    Definition:  A  force  is  any  influence  that  produces  change  in  the  shape  or  movement  of  a  body    Forces  have  both  magnitude  and  direction,  which  is  represented  in  the  way  you  draw  them.  The  length  of  an  arrow  correlates  to  its  magnitude,  and  its  direction  is  shown  through  its  position  in  the  space.  (Newton,  2014a)  

 

 

(Rigney,  2013)  

Tension  and  Compression  Forces    Tension:    This  is  when  the  particles  of  a  material  are  pulled  apart  by  an  external  load,  stretching  the  material.  The  amount  of  elongation  the  material  undergoes  depends  on  the  magnitude  of  the  load,  the  stiffness  of  the  material  and  cross  sectional  area.    Compression:    This  is  when  particles  of  a  material  are  pushed  together  by  an  external  load,  resulting  in  the  material  shortening.  (Newton,  2014a)  

(Glade,  2010)  

 

Compression  holds  the  arch  up.  The  

force  is  transferred  downwards  

Because  the  material  is  being  pulled  tightly,  tension  is  applied.  The  load  is  transferred  to  the  masts  and  ground.  

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BUILDING  OUR  TOWER    Material:  The  material  used  (MDF  blocks)  suited  our  purpose  as  it  was  light,  rectangular  with  flat  surfaces  making  it  easy  to  stack,  withstood  compression  forces  and  rigid.    Compression  forces:  Compression  forces  act  upon  the  MDF  blocks  in  the  tower.  As  the  tower  gets  higher  the  self-­‐load  increases,  meaning  that  the  blocks  are  compressed  together  more  tightly.  This  prevents  the  tower,  and  entrance,  from  collapsing.        Brief:  

• Build  a  tower  that  can  fit  a  toy  elephant  so  that  it  can  turn  around  in  the  space  comfortably  

• Has  a  doorway  for  the  elephant  • Is  as  tall  as  possible    • Using  MDF  blocks  only  

 

 

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An  unbroken  circular  base  is  easy  to  construct  and  uses  minimal  blocks.  The  shape  allows  the  elephant  to  turn  around,  as  required  in  the  brief.  The  entrance  is  added  in  the  final  stages  of  construction.  

The  tower  is  built  directly  upwards,  without  tapering  at  this  stage,  to  form  a  strong,  supporting  base.    Using  one  layer  of  block  in  the  wall  is  more  economical  but  not  as  stable  as  building  a  thicker  base.  

Alternating  to  orientation  of  the  blocks  helped  to  increase  stability.  When  the  blocks  faced  this  way  the  wall  becomes  thicker  and  more  stable.      At  this  point  the  tower  is  just  higher  than  the  elephant  so  efforts  were  made  to  further  stabilize  the  structure  before  tapering.  

 

 

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 Due  to  inaccurate  construction  the  tower  developed  a  straight  wall  and  a  tapered  wall.  This  meant  that  more  of  the  load  was  distributed  onto  the  straight  side,  putting  more  pressure  on  it.  To  distribute  the  load  more  evenly,  effort  was  made  to  straighten  continuing  construction  so  more  of  the  load  would  be  transferred  to  the  tapered  wall.  

 

The  entrance  was  constructed  as  the  final  stage,  on  the  tapered  side  of  the  tower.  If  the  entrance  was  built  into  the  straight  wall  of  the  tower,  it  would  weaken  the  load  bearing  wall  and  the  compression  forces  would  cause  it  to  collapse.  The  straight  wall  acts  as  the  main  support  of  the  tower.  

 

Load  disperses  at  wider  base  

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This  structure  has  a  thick,  multilayered  base  to  give  it  great  strength.  The  shape  of  the  base  is  almost  a  dome  shape,  which  distributes  the  load  

around  the  whole  structure.    The  side  with  the  entrance  is  weaker  because  there  are  no  blocks  for  the  load  to  be  distributed  onto.  Although  the  base  is  strong,  it  isn’t  as  economical  as  a  smaller  base,  and  only  allows  a  smaller  tower  to  be  built  on  top  as  a  concentrated  load.  

This  structure  is  built  with  a  square  base  and  a  tapered  circular  roof.  The  entrance  is  built  in  the  corner  rather  than  the  centre  and  has  been  reinforced  by  filling  any  gaps  with  blocks.  However,  the  entrance  isn’t  wide  

enough  to  allow  the  elephant  to  enter.  

This  tower  also  has  a  square  base  and  the  blocks  forming  the  entrance  have  been  stacked  directly  in  line  with  each  other  to  create  a  neater  

entrance.  At  this  stage  the  load  isn’t  being  transferred  to  the  blocks  in  the  entrance  from  above,  so  the  strength  isn’t  being  tested.    

 

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The  construction  process  started  from  base  of  tower.  The  base  uses  a  triangular  shape,  as  this  is  more  stable  than  a  rectangular  base  and  is  more  economic  as  it  uses  less  materials.  Our  design  has  a  wide  base  at  the  bottom  tapering  to  a  point  and  taking  advantage  of  the  triangular  shape  as  it  reaches  this  point.  

Our  structure  is  a  frame  structure  with  fixed  joints.  Having  fixed  joints  meant  that  all  the  joints  impacted  on  each  other  and  it  was  important  to  try  and  keep  the  lines  of  the  frame  linear.  It  also  meant  that  as  the  tower  increased  in  height  bending  occurred  at  the  joints  and  in  the  frame  itself.  This  bending  compromised  the  stability  of  the  structure.  

The  construction  system  of  the  tower  was  purely  structural,  and  it  would  not  have  been  strong  or  stable  enough  to  allow  for  an  envelope  or  mechanical  system  to  be  added  to  this  scaffold.  This  is  partly  due  to  the  weak  joints  and  partly  to  do  with  the  efficiency  of  the  material.  

 

 

 

 

Triangle:  A  compression  shape  Bending  under  self  load  

Brief  fulfilled:  Reaches  roof  

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Point  of  collapse  

Efficiency  of  material:  Thin  strips  of  balsa  wood  were  used  in  the  construction.  In  the  process  of  cutting  the  wood  into  strips,  some  were  weakened  due  to  the  tendency  of  the  cut  to  follow  the  grain.    

Our  tower  could  have  been  strengthened  with  more  bracing,  if  we  had  enough  materials  to  do  this  effectively.  The  sticks  used  in  the  construction  were  long  and  so  prone  to  bending.  Shortening  the  length  of  the  building  components  would  have  made  it  more  stable  but  would  have  required  more  bracing.    

The  tower  buckled  at  one  of  the  vertical  joins  towards  the  bottom  of  the  structure.  This  caused  the  join  where  the  triangular  frame  and  the  vertical  supports  met  to  also  buckle  and  the  structure  subsequently  collapsed.  Triangles  kept  their  shape  while  rectangles  proved  to  be  weaker  shapes.  

The  material  was  suited  to  its  purpose  because  eit  was  light  but  the  flexibility,  although  useful  as  it  allowed  bending  while  using  fixed  joints  (instead  of  buckling),  also  meant  that  the  structure  became  unstable  and  couldn’t  withstand  a  large  load.    Originally  glue  was  used  to  create  the  joins  but  masking  tape  proved  to  be  stronger  and  quicker.  Tape  was  efficient  for  and  linear  joins  but  less  efficient  for  more  complicated  joins  (at  the  corners).  

 

   

Fixed  

Join  

Bending  –  more  reinforcement  needed  

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Narrower,  more  economic,  cables  crucial  to  stability  (ABC,  2013)  

All  other  towers  in  the  tutorial  were  based  on  the  triangle  framework  in  some  way,  showing  intuitive  knowledge  of  the  strength  of  triangles  in  construction.    This  one  used  a  network  of  shorter  supports  to  brace  the  structure  and  increase  strength  and  stability.  However,  it  was  less  economical  (also  because  it  didn’t  taper)  and  didn’t  reach  the  required  height  of  the  roof  outlined  in  the  brief.  This  was  because  there  was  more  labour  involved  with  more  joins  to  complete.  

 This  structure  was  similar  in  design  to  ours  but  with  smaller  dimensions  of  the  base,  increasing  the  stability  of  the  base  structure.    The  tower  tapered  to  a  point  at  a  lower  height  meaning  that  the  spire  had  to  be  longer,  and  so  prone  to  bending  under  the  forces  of  gravity  as  ell  as  any  external  forces  (wind,  human  contact).  Similarly  they  didn’t  use  any  form  of  bracing  and  had  a  vertical  spire  at  the  top  of  the  structure  to  increase  height  without  significantly  increasing  the  load.  

 Below  is  a  real  life  example  of  a  frame  tower,  in  the  form  of  a  radio  tower.  Similarly  the  structure  is  triangular  in  shape  but  it  has  more  bracing.  It  also  has  pin  joints  at  the  base  which  allows  the  frame  to  resist  bending  in  windy  conditions,  or  when  temperature  changes  cause  the  metal  to  expand  and  contract.  The  structure  uses  a  combination  of  compression  and  tension  forces  for  stability.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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GLOSSARY  

Forces  –  defined  my  direction,  sense  and  magnitude                Sense  (+,-­‐)                                           Direction  –  angle,  position  in  relation  to  space  

Isotropic  –  materials  that  display  similar  characteristics  no  matter  which  direction  the  forces  are  applied  in  

Anisotropic  –  materials  that  display  different  characteristics  depending  on  which  direction  the  forces  are  applied  

Embodied  Energy  –  total  energy  used  during  all  stages  of  a  material’s  life    

 

Reference  list:  

ABC.  (2013).  Radio  Australia's  transmission  site  in  Shepparton,  Victoria.      Retrieved  17th  March,  2014,  from  http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-­‐07-­‐02/radio-­‐australia-­‐transmitter-­‐shepparton/4793766  

Ashworth,  B.  (2013).  Why  Double  Brick.      Retrieved  10th  March,  2014,  from  http://www.anewhouse.com.au/2013/01/why-­‐double-­‐brick/  Glade,  P.  (2010).  High  Style  at  Burning  Man:  Arhcitecture  of  Black  Rock  City  -­‐  Sparseland.      Retrieved  10th  March,  2014,  from  http://news.cnet.com/2300-­‐

13772_3-­‐10010457-­‐5.html  Groves,  M.  (Producer).  (2014,  10.3.14).  Melbourne's  Bluestone.  [Video]  Retrieved  from  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGMA71_3H6o&feature=youtu.be  Newton,  C.  (2014a).  E  N  V  S  1  0  0  0  3  :  Constructing  Environments:  Basic  Structural  Forces  (i)  

.      Retrieved  6th  March,  2014,  from  https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2001/Basic%20Structural%20Forces%201.pdf  

Newton,  C.  (Producer).  (2014b,  5.3.14).  Introdcution  to  Materials.  [video]  Retrieved  from  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4CJ8o_lJbg&feature=youtu.be  Rigney,  M.  (2013).  The  Tales  of  Gemen  the  Antiques  Dealer:  From  Idea  to  Publication.      Retrieved  7th  March,  2014,  from  

http://www.blackgate.com/2013/08/06/the-­‐tales-­‐of-­‐gemen-­‐the-­‐antiques-­‐dealer-­‐from-­‐idea-­‐to-­‐publication/  

 

(      magnitude          )