Conservation of Apis mellifera from Africanized hybrids Amy Schabel.

Conservation of Apis mellifera from Africanized hybrids Amy Schabel

Background on HoneybeesHoneybeeBumble bee

Why are honeybees important?

Honeybee GeneticsQueen, Worker, DroneThe Queen

Africanized HoneybeeHybrids that are creating competition and inbreeding

Genetic Impacts on the HoneybeeDecrease amount of individuals with each generationHybrids taking over colonies and the genetic diversity of Apis mellifera

ObjectivesTo see if the bottle neck and genetic drifts were impacting Apis melliferas genetic make up.Specifically looked at heterozygosity to see if has been impacted by the hybrids by:Compare Ho and He of different populationsComapre Ho between lineagesComapre Ho between Africanized and Non-Africanized colony populations

MethodsResearch articles and books for more knowledge on the honeybee itself and the genetic impacts the honeybee is going through.

Conclusiont-ratio = 7.40p < 0.05

Chart1

0.6180.016220.01622

0.498

Difference: He - Ho

Figure 1. Comaprison of Ho values and He values from six loci all samples were taken from thirteen Apis mellifera populations from nine different countries throughout the world.

Sheet1

0.01622

MeanStandard Error

He0.618Africanized Colonies0.750.056

Ho0.498Non-Africanized Colonies0.390.037

MeanStandard Error

A0.830.06

C0.530.06

M0.340.04

Sheet1

00.016220.01622

0

Difference: He - Ho


Sheet2

00.0560.037

0

Ho

Figure 2. Comarison of Ho mean values of Africanized colonies and Non-Africanized colonies from six loci from thirteen Apis mellifera populations from nine different countries throughout the world.

Sheet3

00.060.06

00.060.06

00.040.04

Lineages

Ho

Figure 3. Comparison of Ho mean values of the three lineages of Apis mellifera from six loci from thirteen Apis mellifera populations from nine different countries throughout the world.

Table 1. Population differences of Ho and He of mtDNA among different locations of the Old World and divided by the three lineages of the honey bee, Western Europe (M), Eastern Europe (C) and African (A).

PopulationHoHeLocusAfricanized (+/-)Region (Old vs. New World)Lineage

Avignon0.7940.882B124-Southern France - Old WorldM

Avignon0.3540.790A7-Southern France - Old WorldM





Valenciennes0.8760.907B124-Northern France - Old WorldM

Valenciennes0.1740.647A7-Northern France - Old WorldM





Ume0.8970.908B124-Sweden - Old WorldM

Ume0.1380.492A7-Sweden - Old WorldM





Forli0.5880.787B124-Italy - Old WorldC

Forli0.8160.823A7-Italy - Old WorldC





Berlin0.7590.870B124-Germany - Old WorldC

Berlin0.7770.872A7-Germany - Old WorldC





Chalkidiki0.8840.910B124-Greece - Old WorldC

Chalkidiki0.6860.912A7-Greece - Old WorldC





Johannesburg0.8830.921B124+South Africa - Old WorldA

Johannesburg0.9140.921A7+South Africa - Old WorldA





Cape Town0.8790.900B124+South Africa - Old WorldA

Cape Town0.8530.882A7+South Africa - Old WorldA





Tiznit0.8750.893B124+Morocco - Old WorldA

Tiznit0.8190.907A7+Morocco - Old WorldA





Mallorca0.6430.862B124+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM

Mallorca0.4000.529A7+Balearic Islands - Old WorldM





Menorca0.6670.866B124-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM

Menorca0.1910.601A7-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM





Ibiza0.4580.770B124-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM

Ibiza0.0590.164A7-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM





Formentera0.2860.643B124-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM

Formentera0.0000.000A7-Balearic Islands - Old WorldM





ConclusionF = 28.61p < 0.05

Chart2

0.750.0560.037

0.39

Ho


Sheet1

0.01622

MeanStandard Error



MeanStandard Error

A0.830.06

C0.530.06

M0.340.04

Sheet1

00.016220.01622

0

Difference: He - Ho


Sheet2

00.0560.037

0

Ho


Sheet3

00.060.06

00.060.06

00.040.04

Lineages

Ho


















































































ConclusionF =24.11p < 0.05

Chart1

0.830.060.06

0.530.060.06

0.340.040.04

Lineages

Ho


Sheet1

0.01622

MeanStandard Error



MeanStandard Error

A0.830.06

C0.530.06

M0.340.04

Sheet1

00.016220.01622

0

Difference: He - Ho


Sheet2

00.0560.037

0

Ho


Sheet3

00.060.06

00.060.06

00.040.04

Lineages

Ho


















































































DiscussionHeterozygosity of Apis mellifera is decreasing due to the Africanized hybrid.The Africanized honeybee are spreading at a high rate, taking over Apis melliferas colonies.A decrease in honeybees leads to a decrease in genetic diversity of bees and plants and will also impact the economics of our country.

DiscussionConservation tactics should be taken to preserve the genetics of this species.Also research into parasites and pesticides should be done to further investigate colony collapse incidents.

Conservation of Apis mellifera from Africanized hybrids Amy Schabel.

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